/ 


's  Serbs  of  flltrsteietr  fflktumarics. 


AN 


ILLUSTRATED 


DICTIONABY 


SCIENTIFIC    TEEMS. 


WILLIAM    BOSSITER 


NEW     YORK: 

G.     P.     PUTNAM'S     SONS, 

27   AND   29   WEST   TWENTY-THIRD   STREET. 


PEEFACE, 


THE  present  book  is  intended  as  a  guide  to  the  understanding 
of  our  popular  scientific  literature.  Among  the  multitude  of 
technical  terms  that  are  in  existence,  a  selection  had  to  be 
made,  and  the  reader  will  therefore  not  expect  absolute 
completeness,  which,  if  possible,  would  have  greatly  increased 
the  bulk,  and  thereby  have  impaired  its  convenience  for 
ready  use.  Only  the  most  commonly  used,  and  most  im- 
portant words  have  accordingly  been  included.  At  the  same 
time,  accuracy  with  brevity  has  been  specially  aimed  at.  The 
fact  that  it  has  been  found  possible  to  include  about  14,000 
entries  is  the  best  evidence  of  the  range  and  conciseness  of  tho 
following  pages. 

August,  1878. 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


SCIENTIFIC   TEEMS. 


Aardvark,  (ard'vark).  [D.  aard,  earth;  varlc, 
pig.]  An  ant-eating  quadruped  of  S.  Africa 
=Orycteropus  capensis. 

Aardwolf,  (ard'woolf ).  [D.aard,  earth.]  Afox- 
like  quadruped  of  S.  Africa=Proteleslalandii. 

Aaron's  Beard,  (a'ronz  berd)=Hypericum  caly- 
cinum.  An  under-shrub,  belonging  to  Hy- 
pericacese. 

Abacus,  (ab'a-kus).  [L.  abacus,  table.]  1. 
The  upper  plata 
of  a  column,  be- 
neath the  archi-1 
trave.  2.  A  cal- 
culating apparatus.  Abacus. 

Abatis,  (ab-a-te').  [P.  abatis,  thrown  down.] 
A  breastwork  of  trees,  or  branches  of  trees. 

Abbeville  Flints,  (ab'vel).  Rude  spearheads, 
&c.,  found  in  the  alluvium  near  Abbeville. 

Abdar  process,  for  separating  silver  from  any 
copper  ore  in  which  it  occurs. 

Abdomen,  (ab-do'men).  [L.  abdere,  to  hide.] 
1.  The  posterior  portion  of  the  human  trunk, 
containing  the  intestines.  2.  In  insects,  the 
portion  of  the  body  behind  the  legs,  contain- 
ing the  viscera  of  nutrition  and  reproduction. 

Abdominales,  (ab-dom'i-na-lez).  [Abdomen, 
g.v.]  Fishes  having  the  ventral  fins  far  behind 
the  pectoral  fins.  (Ex. ,  carp,  salmon). 

Abdominalia,  (ab-dom-i-na'lia).  [Abdomen, 
g.v.]  1.  A  sub-division  of  Ascidioida  (Mol- 
luscoida),  in  which  the  branchial  sac  is  small 
in  front.  2.  A  sub-division  of  Cirripedia 
(Articulata). 

Abele,  (a-bel').  [L.  abies;  D.  abeel]  Abel  tree, 
white  poplar,  Populus  alba,  Dutch  beech.  A 
common  European  tree,  about  80  ft.  high. 

Abelmoschus,  (a-bel-mos'kus).  [Arabname]= 
Hibiscus  abelmoschus,  Syrian  mallow,  musk 
mallow.  A  shrub,  belonging  to  Malvacere. 

Aberdavine,  (a-ber-da-vm')=Siskin= Fringilla 
spinus  :  a  small  migratory  singing  bird. 

Aberration,  (ab-er-ra'shou).  [L.  ab,  from; 
errare,  to  wander].  Deviation  of  light  rays 
from  a  true  focus,  caused  either  by  the  form 
of  a  lens=spherical  A.,  resulting  in  an  in- 
distinct image;  or  by  refrangibility  of  light= 
chromatic  A.,  resulting  in  a  coloured  image. 
Abies,  (a'bi-es).  [L.  abies,  from  abeo,  to  rise, 
or  apios,  pear  tree.]  The  fir  tree :  a  genus 
of  Abietese  (Pinaceae).  A.  pectinata,  silver 
fir,  gives  Strasburg  turpentine.  A.  excelsa, 
spruce  fir.  Tall,  evergreen  tree,  common. 
Abietine,  (ab'i-e-tin).  [L.  abies,  the  fir  tree.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  turpentine. 


Abietites,  (a-bi-et-i'tez).  [L.  abies,  fir  tree.] 
Fossil  remains  of  fir  trees,  chiefly  cones,  found 
in  Wealden  and  Greensand. 

Abiogenesis,  (a-bi-6-jen'e-sis).  [Gk.  a,  not;  bios, 
life;  genesis,  birth.]  Spontaneous  generation. 

Abiotos,  (a-bi'o-tos).  [Gk.  a,  not;  biotas,  life.] 
=Hemlock:  so  named  from  its  poisonous 
qualities. 

Ablepsia,  (ab-lep'si-a).  [Gk.  a,  not ;  blepo,  I 
see] = blindness. 

Abnormal,  (ab-nor'mal).  [L.  ab,  from;  norma, 
rule.]  Not  in  accordance  with  the  type  of 
growth:  used  of  animals  and  plants  which 
differ  from  the  ordinary  plan. 

Aboma,  (ab'o-ma).  [The  native  name.]=Epi- 
crates  cenchria:  a  large  yellow  snake  of  S. 
America. 

Abomasum,  (ab-6-ma'sum).  [L.  ab,  from;  oma- 
sum, tripe]:=  Rennet:  the  fourth  cavity  in  the 
complex  stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 

Abranchiate,  (a-brang'ki-ut).  [Gk.  a,  not,  and 
branchia,  gills.]  Without  gills;  unable  to 
breathe  only  in  water.  A.  vetebrata,  mam- 
malia, aves,  and  reptiles,  the  highest  forms 
of  animal  life,  all  of  which  have  an  amnion, 
an  allantois,  but  no  gills.  A.  annelida, 
leeches  and  earthworms. 

Abrazite,  (ab'ra-zit.)  [Gk.  a,  not;  brazo,  I  bub- 
ble.] A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina, 
lime,  and  potash;  one  of  the  zeolite  group, 
which  does  not  effervesce  under  the  action 
of  the  blowpipe. 

Abreuvoir,  (ab-ruv-warO.  [The  French  name.] 
The  space  between  stones  in  masonry, 
usually  filled  with  mortar. 

Abscissa,  (ab-sis'a).    [L.  ab,  from;  scindere,  to 
cutoff].  The  portion  of  a  given 
curve  cut  off  by  another  line. 

Absinthine,   (ab-sinth'in).     [L.     v 
absinthium,      wormwood.]  = 
Ci6H22Os.     A  bitter  crystal-    «  Abscissa, 
line  principle  found  in  wormwood. 

Absolute  Unit  of  Force.  That  force  which  will 
generate  a  unit  of  velocity  when  acting  on  a 
unit  of  mass  during  a  unit  of  time.  The  unit 
of  time  is  usually  1  second,  of  velocity  1  foot 
(in  Britain),  and  of  weight  1  Ib.  avoirdupoiso 
(in  Britain). 

Absorption,  (ab-sorp'shon).  [L.  ab,  from  ;  snr- 
beo,  I  suck  up].  1.  The  stoppage  of  heat  or 
light  rays,  which  varies  inversely  as  the  re- 
flecting power  of  the  absorbing  surface.  2. 
Passage  of  a  liquid  or  gas  into  or  through  a 
porous  substance. 


ABTTTILON 


ACETONIC  ACID 


Abutilon  (a-bu'ti-lon).  [Gk.  abutilon,  mul- 
berry tree.]  A  plant  of  the  mallow  kind. 

Acacia,  (a-ka'shi-a).  [Gk.  akakia,  a  thorn.]  A 
tree  or  shrub,  usually  thorny,  and  yielding 
a  gum.  False  J.=locust  tree. 

Acalephae,  (a-ka-le'fe).  [Gk.  akalephe,  anettle.] 
Jelly  fishes,  sea  nettles,  medusae,  &c. ;  gela- 
tinous, marine,  stinging  zoophytes,  having  a 
central  mouth,  no  senses  but  that  of  touch, 
feeding  on  small  fish,  &c.;  varying  in  size 
from  very  small  to  several  feet  in  diameter. 
Belong  to  Hydrozoa,  q.  v. 

Acanthacese,  (  a-kan-tha'she-e  ).  [Acanthus, 
q.  v.]  Monopetalous  herbs,  shrubs,  and  weeds, 
chiefly  tropical,  resembling  the  Acanthus. 

Acanthocephala,  (  a-kan-tho-se'fa-]a ).  [Gk. 
akantha,  thorn;  kephale,  head.]  Vermiform 
internal  parasites  having  a  spiny  proboscis, 
but  no  mouth,  resembling  threadworms; 
also  called  helminthes  and  echinorhynchi. 
Belong  to  Scolecida. 

Acanthodei,  (a-kari-tho'de-i).  [Gk.  akantha, 
thorn.]  Fossil  fish,  having  thorn-like  fins. 

Acanthometrina,  (a-kan-tho-met'ri-na)  [Gk. 
akantha,  thorn ;  metro,,  medium.]  Minute 
animals;  balls  of  jelly  upon  a  framework  of 
spicules,  belonging  to  Protozoa;  found  in 
Mediterranean  Sea :  intermediate  between 
Polycistina  and  Sponges. 

Acanthophis,  (ak-an'tho-fis).  [Gk.  akantha, 
thorn;  ophis,  serpent.]  A  small  venomous 
serpent  with  sharp  pointed  tail. 

Acanthopteri,  (a-kan-thop'te-ri).  [Gk.  akan- 
tha, thorn;  pterygion,  fin.]  Fish  having 
spiny  dorsal  fins,  as  perch,  mackerel,  &c. 

Acanthospongia,  (a-kan-tho-spun'jia).  [Gk. 
akantha,  thorn;  spongia,  sponge.]  A  fossil 
sponge,  found  in  Silurian  strata. 

Acanthoteuthis,  (  a-kan-tho-tuth'is  ).  [Gk. 
akantha,  spine;  teuthis,  a  fish.]  A  cuttle-fish 
with  spiny  tentacles,  of  which  fossil  bones, 
spines,  &c.,  are  found  in.  Oolitic  strata. 

Acanthurus,  (  a-kan-thu'rus  ).  [Gk.  akantha, 
spine  ;  oura,  tail.]  AQ  herbivorous  fish, 
found  only  in  tropical  seas,  with  short  thick 
body,  and  sharp  spines  at  the  tail. 

Acari,  (ak'ar-i).     Plural  of  acarus,  q.v. 

Acarina,  (ak-ar-i'na).  [Acarus,  q.v.]=A.cari, 
q.v.:  one  of  Hoeven's  sub-divisions  of  the 
Arachnida. 

Acarus,  (ak'ar-us).  [Gk.  ocari,  mite.]  Mite: 
a  minute  spider -like  animal,  sometimes 
parasitic,  belonging  to  Arachnida. 

Accipitres,  (  ak-si'pi-trez ).  [L.  accipiler, 
hawk.]  Birds  of  prey;  strong  carnivorous 
birds,  such  as  the  eagle,  hawk,  &c. 

Aoenaphthene,  ( a-sen-af  then  ).  [Naphtha, 
q.v.]  A  hydrocarbon,  found  in  coal  tar, 
Cia  Hio. 

Acephala,  (a-se'fa-la).  [Gk.  a,  not;  kephale, 
head.]  Molluscs,  such  as  the  oyster,  that 
have  no  bead:  mostly  marine. 

Acephalocysts,  (a-se-fal'o-sistz).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
kephale,  head;  kystis,  bladder.]  Headless 
hydatids;  simple  sacs  filled  with  fluid,  varying 
greatly  in  size,  found  in  bodies  of  animals; 
cysts,  or  larval  forms,  of  cestoid  entozost 

Acephalophora,  (a-se-fa-lo'fo-ra).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
kephale,  head;  pherein,  to  bear.J  A  primary 


division  of  mollusca,  including  all  those 
having  no  distinct  head. 

Acer,  (a'ser).  [L.  acer,  maple.]  Maple:  a 
common  tree,  with  fine-grained  timber; 
leaves  and  seed-vessels  of  A.,  found  fossil. 

Aceraceae,  (a-se-ra'se-e).  [Acer,  q.v.]  Trees, 
common  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  N.  America, 
with  fine-grained  timber,  and  bark  useful 
for  red  and  yellow  dyes.  Belong  to  Sapindales. 

Aceras,  (a'ser-as).  [Gk.  a,  not;  keras,  horn.] 
Man  orchis;  a  plant,  the  flowers  of  which  have 
a  grotesque  resemblance  to  the  human  form. 

Acetabula,  (a-set-ab'u-la).  [L.  acetabulum, 
goblet  or  socket.]  1.  The  sockets  in  which 
the  hip  bones  fit,  in  vertebrate  animals. 
2.  Suckers  on  the  tentacles  of  Cephalopoda. 

Acetabularidse  (a-set-ab-u-lar'i-de).  [Acet- 
abulum, q.v.]  Marine  plants  of  simple 
organization. 

Acetabulum,  (as-e-tab'u-lum).  [L.  acetabulum, 
vinegar  bowl.  ]  The  socket  of  the  hip  joint. 

Acetal,  (a-se'tal).  [Acetic acid,  q. v.]  C6H14O2: 
a  colourless  liquid,  compound  of  aldehyd  and 
ether,  which  becomes  acetic  acid  by  the  addi- 
tion of  oxygen. 

Acetamide,  (a-set'am-id).  [Acetic  acid,  q.v.] 
C2HsNO  :  a  deliquescent  white  crystalline 
substance,  having  the  properties  of  both  base 
and  acid ;  one  of  the  monamides. 

Acetanilide,  (a-set-an'i-lid).  [Acetyl  and  ani- 
line, q.v.]  CgHgNC^ Aniline,  in  which  one 
atom  of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  acetyl. 

Acetates,  (as'-e-tats).  [Acetic  acid,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  acetic  acid  with  bases. 

Acetene,  (as'e-ten).  [  Acetic  acid,  q.v.]  Ethen= 
Olefiant  gas=Ethylene,  q.v.  A  combustible 
gas. 

Acetic  acid,  (a-set'ik  as'id).  [L.  acetum,  vine- 
gar.] CaS^Oa:  a  monobasic  acid,  found  in 
many  plants,  also  obtained  from  alcohol, 
wood,  &c. ;  the  base  of  vinegar.  Also  called 
methyloxalic  acid,  methylformic  acid. 

Acetic  aldehyde,  (a-set'ik  al'de-hid)=C?H4O= 
Aldehyde,  q.v.  A  pungent,  volatile,  inflam- 
mable liquid. 

Acetic  anhydride,  (a-set'ik  an-hi'drid). 
G^eGg.  A  colourless,  pungent,  highly  re- 
fracting liquid. 

Acetic  ether,  (a-set'ik  e'ther).  C4H802= 
Ethyl  acetate  :  an  odorous  acrid  liquid. 

Acetic  ethers,  (a-set'ik  e'therz).  Compounds 
of  acetic  acid  and  alcoholic  radicals. 

Acetic  series  of  acids,  (a-set'ik)=Stearic  series, 
having  the  formula  CnHanOa,  and  including 
acetic,  stearic,  formic,  and  butyric  acids. 

Acetimeter,  (  a-se-tim'et-er ).  [Acetic  and 
meter,  q.v.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  strength  of  acetic  acids. 

Acetone,  (as'e-ton).  [Acetic  acid,  q.v.}  C3H60: 
a  clear  odorous  inflammable  liquid  obtained 
from  gum,  sugar,  and  all  acetates. 

Acetones,  (as'e-tonz).  Ketones :  aldehyds  in 
which  an  atom  of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by 
an  equivalent  of  an  organic  radical. 

Acetonia,  ( as-e-to'ni-a ).  [Acetone,  q.v.  ] 
Acetoiiiue,  q.v. 

Acetonic  acid,  (as-e-ton'ik  as'id).  C4H803:  a 
compound  crystallised  monobasic  acid,formed 
by  the  union  of  acetone  and  formic  acid. 


ACEfOtf  INE 


ACROCHORDTTS 


Acetonine,  (  a-set'o-nm  ).  [  Acetone,  q.v.  ] 
Acetonia=C9H18N2:  a  colourless  liquid  alka- 
line base ;  obtained  by  action  of  ammonia 
on  acetone. 

Acetonitrile,    ( a-se-to-m'tril ).      [Acetic    and 
nitrogen,  q.v.]    C2H3N  :   a  fragrant  liquid 
obtained  from  ammonic  acetate. 
Acetureide,  (a-sGt'u-rid).     [Acetyl  and  urea, 
q.v.]    C3HgN202— urea  in  which  one  atom 
of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  acetyl. 
Acetyl,  (as'e-til).     [Acetic  acid,  q.v.]    C2H30: 
the  radicle  of  acetic  acid. 
Acetylene,  (a-set'i-leu).    [Acetyl,  q.v.]   C2H2= 
Klumene=Ethine:  an  inflammable  gas  ob- 
tained from  marsh-gas,   coal-gas,    &c.;  the 
type  of  the  acetylene  series  of  hydrocarbons. 
Acetylene  series  (a-set'i-len  se'ri-ez)  of  hydro- 
carbons, having  the  form  CuH2n-2,  of  which 
acetylene  is  the  type. 

Acetylia,  (a-se-tile-a).  [Acetyl,  q.v.]  C^oNo 
=  Diethylenia  =  Diethylene  dianiine  :  an 
odorous  inflammable  oily  liquid. 
Achene,  (a'ken).  [Gk.  a,  not;  ckaino,  I 
open]— achenium:  a  small  one-seeded  fruit, 
indehiscent. 

Achernar,  (a-ker'nar)=a  Eridani:  the  chief 
star  of  the  constellation  Eridanus,  of  the 
first  magnitude,  and  one  of  the  brightest  in 
the  S.  heavens. 

Achillea,  (a-kil'le'a).  [Achilles,  the  Greek  war- 
rior.]  An  herb,  with  yellow  flower,  of  which 
the  yarrow  and  sneezewort  are  varieties. 
AchiUeic  acid,  (a-kil'ik  as'id),  an  acid  found  in 
the  plant  Millefoil  or  Achillea  Millefolium. 
Achlamydeae,  ( ak-la-mid'e-e ).     [Gk.  a,  not; 
chlamys,     cloak.]      Plants,    of   which    the 
flowers  have  neither  calyx  nor  corolla;  form 
a  sub-division  of  Apetalae. 
Achlya,  (a-kli'a).      Common  fly  fungus:  a 
minute  aquatic  fungus,  parasitic  on  fish  and 
dead  flies,  &c. ;  a  genus  of  Conferyacea;. 
Achorion,  (a-ko'ri-on).      [Gk.  chorion,  exter- 
nal skin.]    A  microscopic  plant,  found  in  the 
human  skin  during  the  disease  of/avus. 
Achromatism,  (ak-rom'a-tizm),  refraction  of 
light  without  dispersion:  correction  of  chro- 
matic aberration,  so  that  images  formed  by 
lenses  have  no  fringe  of  colour;  also  used  for 
correction  of  spherical  aberration. 
Achromatopsy,   ( a-krom-a-top'si  ).      [Gk.   a, 
not ;    chroma,  colour ;    opsis,   sight]  =  Dal- 
tonism=colour-disease:  an  ocular  affection 
which  causes  different  colours  to  be  more  or 
less  confounded. 

Acids,  (as'idz).  [L.  acidus,  sharp.]  Salts  of 
hydrogen:  chemical  compounds,  of  which 
hydrogen  isan  essential  constituent,  differing 
widely  in  composition  and  origin,  usually 
soluble  in  water,  of  sour  taste,  electro  nega- 
tive, and  turning  vegetable  blue  colour  into 
red;  any  of  which  readily  form  compounds 
with  other  bodies.  Hydrogenated  bodies, 
of  which  the  hydrogen  can  readily  be  re- 
placed by  a  metal.  Monobasic  organic  acids 
have  one  atom  of  oxygen  in  the  radicle ; 
dibasic  organic  acids  two  such  atoms. 
Acid-making  metals,  which  form  acid  com- 
pounds :  antimony,  arseuicum,  bismuth, 
molybdenum,  niobium,  tantalum,  thori- 


num,  tin,  titanium,  tungsten,  ^vanadium, 
zirconium. 
Acid  series,  (as'id  se'ri-ez).      Acetic  series= 


H2ii-204;  glycollic  series=CnH2nO3. 
Aclinic  line,  (a-klin'ik).     [Gk.  a,  not;  klinein, 

to  incline.]  Magnetic  equator:  an  approxima- 

tion  to  a  great  circle  of  the  earth,  equidistant 

from  the  two  magnetic  poles,  at  any  point  of 

which  the  dipping  needle  remains  horizontal. 

Aconite,  (ak'6-nit)=Aconitum,  q.v. 
Aconitic  acid,  (a-kon-I'tik  as'id).   [Aconitum, 
q.v.]  CgHgOi}:  an  acid  found  in  aconitum  and 
equisetum;  also  obtained  from  citric  acid. 

Aconitine,  (a-kon'i-tin).     [Aconitum,   q.v.]= 

Aconitin=C3oH47NO7:acrystalline  poisonous 
alkaloid  substance  obtained  from  m  onkshood. 

Aconitum,  (a-kon-i'tum).  [Gk,  akoniton,from; 
akon,  a  small  spear.]  Monkshood  =  wolf's 
bane:  a  common  hardy  very  poisonous  herb, 
with  pointed  leaves,  belonging  to  Ranun- 
culaceae. 

Aconityl,  (ak-o-m'til).  [Aconite,  q.v.]  C6H3O3: 
the  radicle  of  aconitic  acid. 

Acontia  ( a-kon'ti-a ).  [Gk.  alcon,  a  small 
spear.]  Bunches  of  white  cord,  full  of  lasso- 
cells,  found  in  Actiniae,  by  means  of  which 
they  kill  their  prey. 

Acontias,  (a-kon'ti-as),  [The  Greek  name.] 
A  small  serpent,  having  no  poison  fangs, 
and  feeding  on  insects,  connecting  snakes 
and  serpents  by  resembling  each. 

Acorn  shells,  (a'korn  shelz).  [Name  from  the 
shape.]  Small  crustaceous  animals  found  on, 
shores  below  high-water  mark=Balanidse. 

Acorus,  (a'ko-rus).  [Gk.  akoron.]  Sweet  flag- 
=Sweet  sedge:  a  poisonous  herb  belonging  to 
Orontiaceae. 

Acotyledons,  (a-kot-il-e'donz).  [Gk.  a,  with- 
out; kotyledon,  seed-lobe.]  Cryptogam  ia= 
Cellulares.  Plants  having  neither  seed- 
leaves  nor  flowers,  almost  wholly  of  cellular 
tissue,  reproduced  by  spores;  divided  into 
Vasculares  and  Cellulares. 

Acoustics,  (a-kous'tiks).  [Gk.  akoustos,  audi- 
ble.] The  science  of  sound,  including  the 
vibrations  of  elastic  bodies  which  give 
sounds. 

Acraldehyd,  (a-kral'de-hid).  [Acer  and  alde- 
hyd,  q.v.]  C^jHgOa:  a  form  of  aldehyd,  a 
liquid  obtained  frotn  glycol. 

Acraspedote  medusae,  (a-kras'pe-dot  me-du'se). 
[Gk.  a,  not;  kraspcdo,  to  border.]  Stegan- 
ophthalmous  medusae;  medusae  having  no 
velum  or  border  to  the  swimming  bell. 

Acridine,  (ak'ri-dm).  [L.  acer,  sharp.] 
C12H9N:  a  crystalline  base  obtained  from 
anthracene,  which  causes  sneezing  and 
coughing  when  inhaled  in  dust  or  vapour. 

Acrita,  (ak'ri-ta).  [Gk.  akritos,  indistinct.] 
Protozoa,  &c.:  animals  of  a  low  and  indis- 
tinct organization. 

Acrobates,  (ak-ro'ba-tez).  [Gk.  akros,  point; 
bao,  I  walk.]  Insectivorous  marsupial  ani- 
mals, walking  on  .the  tips  of  the  toes. 

Acrochordus,  (ak-ro-kor'dus).  Gk.  akros,  end; 
chorde,  string.]  Harmless  serpents. 


ACRODONTA 


8 


ADIANTTTM 


Acrodonta,  (ak-ro-dont'a).  [Acrodont  teeth, 
q.v.]  Iguanas,  of  the  old  world,  having  teeth 
fixed  on  the  ridge  of  the  jaw. 

Acrodont  teeth,  (ak'ro-dont).  [Gk.  akros,  high; 
odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  fixed  on  the  upper  ridge 
of  the  jaw,  and  not  in  cavities,  as  in  some 
lizards. 

Acrodus,  (ak'ro-dus).  A  placoid  fish,  known 
only  by  fossil  teeth,  found  in  lias  rocks. 

Acrogeneae,  (ak-rO-jen'e-e).  [Acrogens,  q.v.] 
Acrogens. 

Acrogens,  (ak'ro-jenz).  [Gk.  akros,  high; 
gennao,  I  produce.  ]  Mosses,  ferns,  &c.; 
plants  of  cellular  tissue,  growing  in  length 
only,  having  no  flowers  or  seed-leaves.  Also 
used  as  equivalent  to  acotyledons. 

Acrognathus,  (ak-rog-nath'us).  [Gk.  akros, 
high  ;  gnathos,  jaw-bone.]  A  fish  of  the 
salmon  kind,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  chalk  rocks. 

Acrolein,  (ak-ro'lm).  [L.  acer,  sharp;  Oleic, 
q.v.]  Acrylic  aldehyd=C3H4O:  a  colourless 
inflammable  neutral  liquid  obtained  from 
glycerin,  acetic  bromide,  &c. 
•Acromion,  (ak-ro'mi-on).  [Gk.  akros,  sum- 
mit; omos,  shoulder.]  A  projecting  portion 
of  the  scapula  in  man. 

Acronical,  (a-kron'ik-al).  [Gk.  akros,  point; 
nux,  night.]  Rising  or  setting  at  the  time 
of  sunset. 

Acrpsaurus,  ( ak-ro-saw'rus ).  [Gk.  akros, 
point;  sauroii,  lizard.]  A  fossil  reptile,  hav- 
ing its  teeth  on  the  edge  of  the  jaw. 

Acrylates,  (ak-ri'lats).  [Acrylic  acid,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  bases  with  acrylic  acid. 

Acrylic  acid,  (a-kri'lik  as'id).  [Acrolein,  7.1-.] 
CaH^s,  acroleic  acid  obtained  by  oxidation 
of  acrolein,  an  pdorous  and  acrid  liquid, 
one  of  the  oleio  series. 

Actaea,  (ak-te'a).  [Gk.  akte,  elder.]  Baneberry= 
Herb  Christopher:  a  poisonous  herb,  common 
in  cold  climates,  belongingto  Ranunculacese. 

Actiniae,  (ak-tin'i-5).  [Gk.  aktis,  a  ray.]  Sea- 
anemones,  &c.,  a  group  of  marine  animals, 
belonging  to  Zoantharia,  from  £  in.  to  14  in. 
diameter,  usually  between  £  in.  and  3  in., 
attached  to  stones,  shells,  and  rocks;  can 
move,  but  very  slowly.  Sometimes  found 
on  the  back  of  a  crab;  some  have  eyes,  with 
crystalline  lenses  and  optic  nerves;  also  a 
generally  diffused  sense  of  touch. 

Actinic  rays,  (ak-tin'ik  raz).  [Gk.  aktis,  ray 
(of  sunlight).]  Rays  beyond  the  violet  end 
of  a  spectrum,  usually  invisible,  but  having 
strong  chemical  action  =  Ritteric  rays  = 
Phosphorogenic  rays. 

Actinism,  (ak'tin-izm).  [Gk.  aktis,  ray.]  The 
power  of  sunlight  to  cause  chemical  action, 
as  in  photography. 

Actinocarpus,  (ak-tin-o-kar'pus).  [Gk.  aktis, 
ray;  karpos,  fruit.]  Star  fruit:  a  group  of 
aquatic  plants  belonging  to  Alismaceaa. 

Actinocrinites,  (ak-tin-ok'ri-nlts).  [Gk.  aktis, 
ray;  krinon,  lily.]  A  group  of  encriuites 
having  projecting  spines,  found  in  Carboni- 
ferous and  Silurian  strata. 

Actinoids,  (ak'tin-oidz).  [Actiniae,  q.v.}  Ac- 
tinisw,  and  other  animals  of  the  same  kind, 
as  metridium,  &c.,  some  are  coral  making. 


Actinolite,  (  ak-tin'o-lit ).  [Gk.  aktis,  ray; 
lithos,  stone.]  A  mineral  of  the  amphibolo 
group. 

Actinolite-schist,  (ak-tin'o-lit-shist).  [Actin- 
olite, q.v.]  A  slaty  rock,  chiefly  composed  of 
actinolite,  in  thorn-like  or  radiating  crystals. 

Actinophrys,  (ak-tin'o-fris).  [Gk.  aktis,  ray; 
ophrys,  eyebrow.]  Protozoa,  with  radiating 
cilia,  any  part  of  the  surface  of  which  is 
capable  of  terming  a  temporary  stomach. 

Actinosoma,  ( ak-tin-o-so'ma ).  [Gk.  aktis, 
ray;  soma,  body.]  The  entire  body  of  an 
actinozoon,  whether  single  or  compound. 

Actinozoa,  (ak-tin-o-zo'a).  [Gk.  aktis,  ray; 
zoon,  animal.]  Zoophyta=Anthozoa=Coral- 
pplypes,  Sea-anemonaa,  &c.;  forming  a  sub- 
division of  Coelenterata,  and  including 
Ctenophora  and  Coralligena;  their  structure 
resembles  that  of  Hydrozoa,  but  is  some- 
what more  highly  organised. 

Actinozoon,  (ak-tin-o-zp'on).  [Same  as  Actin- 
ozoa, q.v.]  An  individual  of  the  Actinozoa. 

Acyclic,  (a-si'klik).  [Gk.  a,  without;  kyklos, 
circle.]  Without  cycles. 

Adamantine  lustre,  (  ad-a-mant'm  lus'ter). 
[Gk.  adamas,  a  hard  stone.]  Found  in  sub- 
stances, like  the  diamond,  having  a  high 
refractive  power. 

Adam's  apple,  (ad'amz  ap'pl).  [Name  derived 
from  the  Fall  of  Adam  and  Eve.]  A  ]>n>- 
jection  in  the  front  of  the  neck,  being  the 
apex  of  the  V-shaped  thyroid  cartilage. 

Adam's  needle,  (ad'amz  nSd'l).  A  plant  of 
New  Mexico= Yucca  gloriosa. 

Adansonia,  (ad-an-so'ni-a).  [Adanson,  a 
naturalist.]  Baobab  tree=Calabash:  a  very 
large  African  tree,  sometimes  30  ft.  in 
diameter,  belonging  to  Bombaceaa. 

Adder,  (ad'er).  [A.-S.  alter,  adder.]  Viper; 
a  poisonous  serpent. 

Adder's  tongue,   (ad'erz 
tung).     [From  shape  of  (I 
fronds]=Ophioglossum:    ' 
a  common  fern. 

Adelarthrosomata,  ( a-  j 
del-ar-thro-so'ma  -  ta  ). 
[Gk.  adelos,  hidden ; 
arthron,  joint ;  goma, 
body.]  Harvest -spiders,  Book-scorpions, 
&c.:  a  division  of  Arachnida,  in  which  the 
abdomen  and  thorax  are  not  usually  clearly 
divided. 

Adeniform,  (ad-en'i-form).  [Gk.  aden,  gland.] 
Gland-shaped. 

Adenology,  (ad-en-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  aden,  gland.] 
The  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  purpose 
of  glands. 

Adfected,  (  ad-fek'ted  ).  [L.  ad,  to ;  factus, 
made.]  An  adfected  equation  is  one  having 
the  unknown  quantity  in  different  powers, 
as  yfl  and  x,  x*  and  #3,  <fec. 

Adhesion,  (ad-he'zhun).  [L.  ad,  to;  hcero,  I 
stick.]  The  form  of  molecular  attraction 
which  exists  between  any  solid  body,  and 
any  other  body,  solid,  liquid,  or  gaseous. 

Adiantites,  (adi-an-ti'tez).  [Adiautum,  q.v.] 
Fossil  remainspf  ferns,  resembling  adiantum. 

Adiantum,  (ad-i-ant'um].  [Gk.  adiauton,  un- 
wetted.]  =  Maiden-hair:  a  fern  found  in 


Adder. 


ADIPIC 


9 


AGATE 


damp  places,  the  leaves  of  which  are  finely 
divided,  and  not  easily  wetted,  belonging  to 
Polypodiaceae. 

Adipic  acid,  (ad'i-pik).  [Lat.  adeps,  fat]= 
CgHioC^:  a  fatty  acid  formed  during  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  oleic  acid. 

Adipocere,  (  ad-i-po-seV  ).  [Lat.  a.deps,  fat; 
cera,  wax:  F.  adipocire.]  A  fatty  residue 
from  the  decay  of  animal  matter  in  damp 
places=Grave-wax:  chiefly  composed  of  mar- 
garin  and  ammonia. 

Adit-level,  an  entrance  cut,  to  drain  the 
water  from  a  mine,  through  a  hill  side. 

Adjutant,  (ad'joo-tant).  [Adjutant,  from  its 
imposing  appearance.]  =  Ciconia  argala  :  a 
large  Indian  species  of  crane. 

Adnate,  (ad-naf).  [L.  ad,  to;  natus,  grown.] 
Grown  to  another  body,  as  a  climbing  parasite 
to  a  tree. 

Adonis,  (a-do'nis).  [Adonis,  god  of  beauty.] 
An  herb  resembling  the  buttercup,  the  flower 
of  which  is  often  very  pretty,  belonging  to 
Eanunculacea3. 

Adoxa,  (a-doks'a).  [Gk.  a,  not ;  doxe,  glory] = 
Mosohatel=Musk-crowfoot:  an  odorous  herb 
with  green  flowers,  belonging  to  Araliacere. 

Advice-boat.  A  small  vessel,  built  for  quick 
sailing. 

JEchmodus,  (ek'mo-dus).  [Gk.  aichme,  point; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  ganoid  fish,  with  sharp- 
pointed  teeth,  fossil  remains  of  which  are 
found  in  lias  rocks. 

JEgiceracese,  (e-jis-er-a'se-e).  [Gk.  aix,  goat; 
keras,  horn.]  A  small  group  of  tropical 
shore  plants,  resembling  Ardisiads,  named 
from  the  typical  genus  ^Egiceras,  the  pods 
of  which  are  horn-shaped. 

JEgopodium,  (e-go-po'di-um).  [Gr.  aix,  goat; 
podion,  foot.]=:Goat  weed=Bishop's  weed  = 
ash  weed:  a  common  herb  with  white  flowers, 
belonging  to  Apiaceae. 

JEpiornis,  (  e-pi-or'nis  ).  [Gk.  aipys,  high ; 
onus,  bird.]  A  very  large  bird  belonging  to 
Cursores,  found  at  Madagascar,  but  now  pro- 
bably extinct. 

.SSquoreal  pipe  fish,  (e-qw5're-al  pip  fish).  [L. 
cequoreus,  belonging  to  the  sea.]=Syngnathus 
sequoreus :  a  fish  with  long  slender  body. 

Aerolites,  (a'er-6-lits).  [Gk.  ae>;  air;  lithos, 
stone.]  =  stone  meteorites:  pieces  of  stone 
(sometimes  very  large)  falling  to  the  earth ; 
probably  fragments  of  some  planet ;  sometimes 
called  planetary  dust. 

Aerosiderites,  (a-er-6-sid'er-Its).  [Gk.  cer,  air; 
sideros,  iron.]=Iron  meteorites. 

Aerosiderolites,  (a-er-6-sid'er-o-lits).  [Gk.  atr, 
air;  sideros,  iron;  lithos,  stone.]  Meteors  con- 
taining both  stone  and  iron. 

JEsculaceae,  (gs-ku-la'se-e).  [Aesculus,  q.v.'\= 
Sapindacese,  q.v. 

Aesculin,  (es'ku-lin).  [^sculns,  q.v.]  = 
C2iH24O]3:  an  alkaline  substance,  obtained 
f.iom  the  horse-chestnut. 

JSsculus,  (  es'ku-lus ).  [L.  atsculus,  an  oak 
tree.  ]  =  Horse  -  chestnut,  a  large  handsome 
tree;  root,  fruit,  and  leaves  poisonous.  A. 
Hippocastanum  =  horse-chestnut.  A.  Ohio- 
tensis=\)nck-eye= American  horse-chestnut. 

^Estivation,  (es-tiv-a'shun).    [L.  (estiva,  sum- 


mer time.]  1.  The  method  of  arrangement 
of  the  parts  of  a  flower  bud,  which  comes  in 
summer.  2.  The  dormant  state  of  some 
animals  during  the  hot  season. 

.ZEthalium,  (e-tha'li-um).  A  fungus,  belong- 
ing to  Gasteromycetes.  A.  Septicum  lives 
on  decaying  vegetable  matter;  considered  to 
be  an  animal  from  its  power  of  moving  and 
absorbing  solid  food. 

JEther,  (e'ther).  [L.  cether,  pure  air.]  The 
(hypothetical)  invisible  and  imponderable 
medium  whose  undulations  are  the  cause  of 
light,  supposed  to  fill  all  space,  including 
the  interstices  of  all  bodies. 

JEthrioscope,  (g-thri'os-kop).  [Gk.  aithrios, 
airy;  skopeo,  I  see.]  An  instrument  in- 
vented by  Leslie  to  determine  the  variations 
of  heat  radiation. 

JEthusa,  (e-thu'sa).  [Gk.  aitho,  I  burn.]= 
Fool's  parsley :  a  poisonous  herb  resembling 
parsley,  belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Aflinity,  (af-fin'i-ti).  [L.  ad,  to;  finis,  boun- 
dary.] The  form  of  atomic  attraction  which 
acts  between  unlike  bodies,  as  between  oxy- 
gen and  potassium,  hydrogen  and  chlorine, 
&c.,  causing  chemical  action. 

Afghans,  (af  ghanz).     An  Asiatic  race. 

African  jumping  shrews =Macroscelides,  q.v. 

After-damp,  (aft'e.r-damp).  [After,  q.v.;  G. 
dampf,  vapour. ]=Choke-damp;  the  mixture 
of  carbonic  anhydiide  and  nitrogen  resulting 
from  an  explosion  of  fire-damp. 

Agallochum,  ( a-gal'6-kum  )= Aloes  wood=l. 
Aloexylon  agallochum:  a  tree  belonging  to 
Leguminosffl.  2.  Aquilaria  secundaria:  a 
tree  belonging  to  Aquilariaceoe. 

Agahnatolite,  (a-gal-rnat'6-llt).  [Gk.  agalma, 
image;  and  lithos,  stone.]  Chinese  stones= 
pinites,  pyrophyllites,  &c.,  altered  by  heat 
from  clay  slate;  used  for  grotesque  statuary; 
chiefly  silicate  of  alumina. 

Agama,  (a'gam-a).  A  reptile  resembling  the 
lizard,  found  in  Asia,  Africa,  S.  America, 
and  Australia. 

Agami,  (ii'ga-mi)=Trophia  crepitans:  a  bird 
also  called  Golden  Trumpeter,  with  long  neck 
and  legs. 

Agamic,  (a'g-a-mik).  [Gk.  a,  without;  gamos, 
marriage] = Asexual:  not  having  visible  or- 
gans of  reproduction,  as  flowerless  plants,  &c. 

Agamogenesis,(ag-a-uio-jen'e-sis).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
gamos,  marriage  ;  genesis,  birth.]  Asexual 
reproduction:  procreation  without  previous 
union  of  the  two  sexes. 

Agardh's  classification  of  Plants,  (a-gard'). 
Acotyledons,  pseudocotyledons,  cryptocoty- 
ledons,  phanerocotyledons. 

Agaricacese,  (a-gar-ik-a'se-e).  [Agaricus,  q.v.] 
=  Hymenomycetes  (Fungales)  :  plants  re- 
resembling  the  Agaricus. 

Agaricia,  (a-ga-ri'si-a).  [Agaricus,  q.v. ]=Mush- 
room  madrepore:  acoralresernblingthemush- 
room  in  appearance. 

Agaricus,  ( a-gar'ik-us ).  [Gk.  agaril-on.] 
Flowerless  plants,  consisting  of  a  fleshy 
body,  with  stem,  mostly  poisonous,  belong- 
ing to  Hymenomycetes.  A.  Campestris^ 

common  mushroom. 

Agate,  (ag'at),     [Achates,  the  Greek  name.] 


AGAVE 


ALBINOS 


A  mineral  composed  of  chalcedony,  jasper, 
&c.,  having  many  shades  of  colour :  consists 
chiefly  of  silica. 

Agave,  (a-gu've).  [Gk.  agauos,  noble.]  Alo«:  a 
plant  with  a  veiy  short  stem,  large  leathery 
leaves,  and,  after  70  or  100  years,  a  very  long 
flower  stem,  surmounted  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  green  flowers,  which  bloom  only  once, 
belonging  to  Amaryllidaceae. 

Agglomerate,  (  ag-glom'er-at ).  [L.  ad,  to; 
glomerare,  to  roll.]  Rocks  formed  of  angular 
fragments  of  other  rocks.  See  Conglomerate. 

Aggregata,  (ag-gre-ga'ta).  [L.  ad,  together; 
firego,  I  gather.]  A  family  of  molluscs  = 
Acephala  uuda. 

Aggregate,  (ag-gre-ga'te).  [Same  as  Aggregata, 
q.r.]— Sea  lavender,  <tc. :  flowers  being  aggre- 
gates of  smaller  flowers. 

Agila  wood=Aloes  wood=Eagle  wood :  the 
inner  wood  of  the  trunk,  of  Aquilaria  ovata, 
a  tree  of  Malacca. 

Agonic  line,  (a-gon'ik  Hn).  [Gk.  a,  not;  gonia, 
angle.]  On  which  the  geographical  and  mag- 
netic meridians  coincide. 

Agouti,  (a-goo'ti)  =  Long-nosed  Cavy=Dasy- 
procta  aguti.  A  gnawing  herbivorous  ani- 
mal resembling  the  bare,  found  in  tropical 
America. 

Agrimony,  (ag'ri-mo-ni).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=  Agrimonia :  an  herb  with  small  yellow 
flowers,  belonging  to  Rosaceae.  Hemp  agri- 
wiony=Eupatorium,  q.v. 

Agrippa,  (a-grip'pa).  [Classical.]  A  crater 
in  the  moon,  q.v. 

Agrostis,  (a-gros'tis).  [Tlie  Greek  name.]= 
Bent.  A  creeping  grass  of  quick  growth, 
useful  for  pasture. 

Ai,  (a'e).  [From  the  sound  it  makes.  ]=Sloth 
=Bradypus  tridactylus.  An  arboreal  ape- 
like quadruped  of  S.  America. 

Aich  metal,  (ach  met'al).  An  alloy  of  copper 
and  zinc,  with  a  small  proportion  of  iron. 

Ainos.     An  Asiatic  race. 

Air,  (ar).  [L.  aer,  atmosphere.]  The  gaseous 
mixture  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  that  sur- 
rounds the  earth  to  a  distance  of  40  miles 
or  more. 

Air-bladder,  (ar-bla'der)  =  Swim-bladder:  in 
fishes,  to  enable  them  to  rise  or  sink  in  water. 

Air-cells,  (ur'  selz).  [L.  aer,  air;  cella,  a  little 
room.]  1.  Small  cavities,  containing  air, 
terminating  the  bronchial  tubes.  2.  Small 
cavities  in  the  stem  and  leaves  of  plants. 

Air-pump,  (ar7  pump).      A  machine  for  re- 
moving air  out  of  any 
given  vessel,  or  forcing 
it  in. 

Air-reduction  process= 
Desulphurization  by  the 
action  of  air  in  lead 
refining. 

Air-sacs,  (ar'  saks).  [L. 
aer,  air ;  A.-S.,  sacc, 
bag.]  Air  vessels  in 
birds,  forming  the  ter-  Air-pump, 

mination  of  the  bronchial  tubes. 

Air  thermometer,  (ar  ther-mom'et-er).  [Gk. 
aer,  air ;  thermos,  heat ;  tnetron,  measure.] 
An  instrument  in  which  the  rise  or  fall  of 


temperature  is  shown  by  the  expansion  or 
contraction  of  air. 

Aisle,  (il).  [The  French  word.  ]=W ing,  or  side 
portion,  of  a  building. 

Aix-la-Chapelle  beds,  ( a-la-sha-pel'  bedz). 
[Near  the  town  of  A.]  Thick  white  sands 
and  laminated  clays,  in  which  are  found 
remains  of  land  plants,  belonging  to  the 
Upper  Cretacean  strata. 

Ajuga,  (a'ju-ga).  [Corruption  of  Abija.]= 
Bugle:  an  herb,  with  blue  or  yellow  flowers, 
belonging  to  Lamiacese. 

Ajutage,  (aj'66-taj).  [F.  ajoutage,  piece  added.] 
=A  short  efllux  tube  used  to  increase  the 
flow  of  a  liquid  from  any  vessel. 

Aka.  An  Indian  tribe  living  among  the  hills 
of  Assam. 

Akassa.     An  African  race. 

Akee-tree=Blighia  sapida:  a  tree  -with  edible 
fruit,  found  in  Guinea,  S.  America,  and  W. 
Indies,  belonging  to  Sapindacerc. 

Aki=Lignum  vitas  of  New  Zealand=Metro- 
sideros  buxifolia,  a  shrub,  climbing  round 
trees,  with  very  hard  wood,  belonging  to 
Myrtales. 

Ala  (of  sphenoid)  (ala).  [L.  ala,  wing.]  A 
projection  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Alabaster,  (al'a-bas-ter).  [Gk.  alabastron,  a 
smooth  white  stone.]  A  compact  granular 
variety  of  sulphate  of  lime,  softer  than  mar- 
ble, usually  white,  used  for  small  statuary. 

Alangiaceae,  (a-lan-ji-a'ce-e).  [Alangium,  q. «-.] 
=Alangiads:  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  Indian, 
forming  a  sub-division  of  Myrtales. 

Alangium,  (a-lan'ji-um).  [The  Malabar  name.  J 
An  Indian  tree,  with  showy  flowers. 

Alanin  (a'la-nin)  =  C?H7N02  =  Amidopro- 
pionic  acid  =  Lactamic  acid  =  Amidolactic 
acid:  a  neutral  crystalline  base  obtained 
from  ammonic  aldehyd  by  action  of  hydro- 
chloric and  hydrocyanic  acids. 

Alate,  (a'lut>     [L.  ala,  wing.]    "Winged. 

Alauda,  (a-lau'da).  [L.  laus,  praise. ]= Lark: 
.1  small  migratory  singing  bird  belonging  to 
Piisseres. 

Albacore  (al'ba-core)  =  Thynnus  albacora  = 
Scomber  glaucus:  a  fish. 

Albata,  (al-ba'ta).  [L.  albus,  white].  A  white 
aUoy. 

Albategnius,  (al-ba-teg'ni-us).  A  plain  in  the 
moon,  q.v. 

Albatross,  (al'ba-tros).  [Sp.  alcatrat,  pelican.] 
A  large  carnivorous 
sea-bird,  common  in 
temperate  regions. 
Common  A.  =  Dio- 
medea  exulans. 

Albedo,  (al'be-do).  [L. 
albeo,  to  be  white.] 
The  power  of  a  planet 
to  reflect  light  fall- 
ing on  its  surface. 

Albertite,  (al'ber-tit)=  Albatross. 

Pure  jet=pure  pitch  coal :  found  in  the 
Albert  mine,  Acadia,  and  in  Scotland. 

Albinos,  (al-be'nos).  [The  Spanish  name.]  1. 
=Leuca;thiopes=white  negroes :  natives  of 
the  coast  of  Africa,  Java,  and  Ceylon,  with 
white  skin,  white  hair,  and  pinli  eyes.  2. 


ALBIEEO 


11 


ALDEHYD 


The  New  Zealand  white  kangaroo.     3.  Used 
generally  in  every  race  for  white  varieties. 
Albireo,  (al-bi're-5))=/3  Cygni:  a  star  in  the 
constellation  Cygnus. 

Albite,  (al'blt).  [L.  albus,  white.]=Sodium 
felspar,  a  white  variety  of  felspar,  contain- 
ing sodium. 

Albukalin,  (  al-bu'ka-lin  ).  [  Albumin  and 
al/fcaHn]=C4H8NO3iH2O:  a  friable  brown 
albuminous  substance,  obtained  by  the 
action  of  an  alkali  on  albumin:  found  iu 
leukhsemic  blood. 

Albumin,  (al-bu'min).  [L.  albus,  white. ]= 
Albumen.  1.  A  colourless  viscous  liquid 
•which  solidifies  when  heated,  and  may  be 
evaporated  into  a  yellow  transparent  solid, 
such  as  in  the  white  of  egg  (=ovalbumin), 
and  in  the  serum  of  blood  (=seralbumin). 
Varieties  of  A.  are  synaptase,  diastase,  pepsin, 
&c.  2.  A  compound  of  C.  and  N.  found  in 
plants  and  animals,  especially  in  seeds  of 
plants,  in  which,  when  acted  on  by  oxygenand 
water,  it  changes  to  a  milky  and  sugary  fluid, 
upon  which  the  young  plant  is  nourished. 
Albuminoid  principles,  (al-bu'mi-noid.)  [Al- 
bumin, q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Albumin, 
fibrin,  casein,  legumin,  globulin,  vitellin,  <fcc., 
all  azotised  substances  resembling  albumin. 
Albuminosae.  Term  used  by  Brouguiart  for 

monocotyledonous  plants. 
Alburnum,  (al-bur'num).    [L.  albus,  white] = 
Sapwood :  light  coloured  new  wood,  next  the 
bark,  through  which  the  sap  rises. 
Alca,  (al'ka)=Auk:  a  sea  bird,  with  wide  beak, 
and  short  webbed  feet,  placed  far  back,  found 
in  cold  climates;  feeds  on  fish;  belongs  to 
Natatores. 

Alcarazas,  (al-kar-ats'as).    [Sp.  alcarraza,  un- 
glazed  pitcher.]   Porous  earthen  vessels  used 
in  hot  countries  to  keep  water  cool  by  eva- 
poration. 
Alcargin,  (al-kar'jin)  =  C4H6As03  =  KdO3= 

Cacodylic  acid,  q.v. 

Alcedo,   (al-se'do)  =  King-fisher :    a  perching 
bird,  belonging  to  Halcyonidje. 
Alces,  (al'ses)=Elk:  moose,  &c.    Large  ani- 
mals of  the  deer  kind,  with  large  horns. 
Alcestis,  (al-sest'is).     [The  Greek  name.]    A 

minor  planet,  discovered  August  1872. 
Alchemilla,  (al-ke-mil'a).    [Gk.  alchemy,  from 
being  used  in  it.]=Lady's  mantle=Parsley 
piert,  an  herb  with  very  small  flower,  chiefly 
American,  belonging  to  Sanguisorbacese. 
Alchemy,  (al'ke-mi).  [Ar.  al,  the;  Gk.  chemeia, 
chemistry.]     The  earliest  form  of  chemistry: 
the  art  by  which  it  was  believed,  in  the 
middle  ages,   that  other  metals  might  be 
changed  into  gold,  and  the  elixir  of  life  be 
discovered. 
Alchiba,   (al'ki-ba).  '     [The  Arabic  name.]— 

Algorab,  q.v. 

Alcohol,  (al'ko-hol).  [Ar.  alkohol,  the  finely 
divided  substance.]=Spirit  of  wine=CoHgO 
=Hydrated  ethyl  =  (C2H5)HO:  =  Vinic~A.  = 
Ethyl  A. :  a  colourless  inflammable  liquid, 
volatile  and  stimulating,  much  used  as  a 
solvent,  and  forming  the  base  of  all  fer- 
mented liquors. 
Alcohols,  (  al'ko-holz  ).  1.  A  series  of  com- 


pounds=CnH2n+2O,  resembling  alcohol  in 
character=water  in  which  one  atom  of  H  is 
replaced  by  an  organic  radicle  =  hydrated 
oxides  of  organic  radicles.  2.  Neutral  com- 
pounds of  C,  H,  and  O,  from  which  water 
and  ether  are  formed  by  the  action  of  acids. 
Diatomic  A.=Glycols;  Triatomic  A.  =  Gly- 
cerins; Primary  A.=Monomethyl  A.,  &c.; 
Secondary  A.=Dimethyl  A.,  &c.;  Tertiary 
A.=Trimethyl  A.,  &c. 

Alcohol   thermometer.      A   thermometer   in 
which  changes  of  temperature  are  shown  by 
the  rise  or  fall  of  a  column  of  coloured  alcohol, 
useful  for  very  low  temperatures. 
Alcoholic  hydrogen.    The  atoms  of  H  in  some 
acids  which  are  not  readily  displaced  by  a  base. 
Alcoholometer,  (al-ko-hol-orn'et-er).  [Alcohol, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  metron,  measure.]    An  instrument 
for  determining  the  relative  amount  of  pure 
alcohol  present  in  any  liquid. 
Alcor,  (al'kor).     The  companion  star  of  the 
double  star  Mizar. 
Alcynoe.     Gelatinous  sea- weeds. 
Alcynoid  polyps.  [Alcyone,  q.  v.  ]  Delicate  coral- 
making  polyps,  often  brilliantly  coloured. 
Alcyon,   (al'si-on).      [Gk.   hals,  sea ;    kuo,    I 
hatch.]=Alcedo,  g.v.=kingfisher,  which  lays 
its  eggs  in  the  sand  by  the  sea  shore. 
Alcyonaria,  (al-si-on-a'iia).     [Alcyonium,  q.v.] 
= Asteroid  polypes:  a  division  of  Actiuozoa, 
of  which  Alcyonium  is  an  example, 
flilcyone,  (al-si'o-ni).      [Classical.]     r]   Tauri: 
the  central  star  of  the  Pleiades,  of  the  third 
magnitude,  and  supposed  by  Madler  to  be  the 
central  sun  of  our  universe. 
Alcyonella,  (al-sl-o-nel'la).     [Dim.  of  Alcyo- 
nium, q.v.]    A  genus  of  fresh  water  polypes, 
which  resemble  plants  in  appearance.     It 
has  been  mistaken  for  a  plant,  and  also  for 
a  sponge. 

Alcyonidae,  (al-si-on'i-de).  [Alcyonium,  q.v.] 
A  division  of  Alcyonaria,  q.v. :  a  family  of 
asteroid  polypes. 

Alcyonite,  (al-si'o-nit).  [Classical.]  A  common 
chalk  fossil,  sometimes  found  as  the  nucleus 
of  flint. 

Alcyonium,  (al-si-on'i-um).  [Alcyone,  q.v.]  A 
genus  of  Alcyonidse,  q.v.  A.  digitatum=DG3id 
man's  hand. 

Aldebaran,  (al-deb'a-ran).  [Ar.  al,  the;  de- 
baran,  leader.]=a  Tauri=the  bull's  eye:  a 
reddish  star  of  the  first  magnitude. 
Aldeby-beds.  [Village  of  A.  in  Suffolk.  ]= 
Chillesford  beds:  belonging  to  New  Pliocene 
strata,  and  containing  marine  fossils,  indi- 
cative of  an  Arctic  climate. 
Aldehyds,  (al'de-hldz).  [^Zcohol  cZe/tycfroge- 
nated.]=CnH2nO:  a  series  of  volatile  liquids 
which  readily  combine  with  O  to  form  acids; 
obtained  by  the  removal  of  H  fi-orn  alcohols; 
and  by  addition  of  O  to  glycols:  Acetic  A. 
=C2H4O,  the  first  known =common  A.  (which 
becomes  acetic  acid  by  addition  of  Oo),  a  pun- 
gent volatile  inflammable  liquid.  Aromatic 
A.= Aldehyds  of  aromatic  acids  :  a  variety 
of  oxidized  essential  oils,  such  as  essence  of 
bitter  almonds,  <fec. 

Aldehyd  green=C27H27N3S->O :  a  green  amor- 
phous pasty  substance,  one  of  the  coal-tar  dyes. 


AIDER 


12 


AIIZAHIK 


Alder,  (awl'der).  [A.-S.  air.]  A  tree  resem- 
bling the  birch,  the  timber  of  which  makes 
good  charcoal,  the  bark  is  useful  for  tanning, 
and  the  young  shoots  for  dyeing.  Common, 
A=Alnus  glutinosa.  Berry-bearing  A.= 
Rhamnus  frangula. 

Alderamin,(al'der-am-in).  [Arabic.]=aCephei: 
the  chief  star  of  the  constellation  Cepheus. 

Alecto,  (a-lek'to).  [Classical:  one  of  the  Furies.] 
A  genus  of  sea  polypes,  with  a  branched  struc- 
ture; found  in  deep  water  attached  to  stones, 
shells,  &c. 

Alectrsenas,  (al-ek-tre'nas).  A.  nitidissima= 
a  red  and  grey  pigeon  of  Mauritius,  quite 
recently  extinct. 

Ale-hoof,  (al-h66f)=Ground  ivy:  once  used  in 
ale-making. 

Alembic,  (a-lem'bik).  [Ar.  al,  the;  Gk.  ambix, 
vessel.]  A  vessel  used  in  distilling,  consist- 
ing of  a  boiler  and  apparatus  for  condensation. 

Alethopteris,  (a-leth-op'ter-is).  [Gk.  alethes, 
true;  pteris,  fern.]  A  genus  of  fossil  ferns, 
abundant  in  the  coal  formation,  and  also 
found  in  Oolite  and  "Wealden  rocks:  some- 
times included  in  Pecopteris. 

Aleurometer,  (al-u-rom'et-er).  [Gk.  aleuron, 
flour;  metron,  measure.]  An  instalment 
for  measuring  the  quality  of  wheaten  flour 
by  the  expansion  of  the  contained  gluten. 

Alexanders,  (al-ek-san'derz).  [Alexandria,  in 
Egypt]  =  Smyrnium  olusatum  :  a  common 
herb,  belonging  to  Umbelliferse ;  originally 
brought  from  Alexandria. 

Alexandra,  (al-ek-san'dra).  One  of  the  as- 
teroids, q.v. 

Alexandrite,  (  al-ex-and'rit ).  A  variety  of 
Chrysoberyl. 

Alfourous.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Algae,  ( al'je ).  [L.  alga,  sea-weed.]  =  Sea- 
weed^rose-tangles,  &c. :  flowerless  aquatic 
plants,  of  cellular  substance,  reproduced  by 
spores,  and  varying  much  in  size. 

Algales,  (al-gii'lez).  [Algae,  q.v.}  =  Algre: 
cellular  aquatic  plants,  reproduced  by  spores; 
including  Algas  and  all  similar  plants,  as 
Diatomaceae,  Fucaceae,  Confervaceac,  Cera- 
miacese,  and  Characesa;  forming  a  primary 
division  of  Thallogens. 

Algaroba,  (al-ga-ro'ba).  [Ar.  al,  the;  garoba, 
bean  tree.]  Algaroba  bean=Ceratonias'iliqua, 
a  plant  called  the  bean  tree,  common  in 
Southern  Europe  and  Western  Asia. 

Algaroth  (Powder  of),  (al'ga-roth).  [V.  Algo- 
roth,  its  discoverer]  =  Oxy chloride  of  anti- 
monyr=SbCl3,Sb2O3;  used  medicinally. 

Algebra,  (al'je-bra).  [Ar.  al,  the;  gabr,  put- 
ting together.]  The  science  of  numbers :  a 
method  of  general  arithmetic,  in  which  un- 
known numbers  are  expressed  by  letters,  and 
by  which  their  numerical  value  may  be  dis- 
covered. 

Algebraic  geometry=Analytical  geometry:  a 
method  of  solving  geometrical  problems  by 
the  use  of  algebraic  symbols  instead  of  by  the 
construction  of  geometrical  figures. 

Algeiba,  (al-gi'ba).  [The  Arabic  name.]=y 
Leonis  :  a  star  in  the  constellation  Leo. 

Algenib  (al'jen-ib).  [The  Arabic  name.]:=y 
Pegasi :  a  star  in  tho  constellation  Pegasus. 


Algodpnite,  (al-go'do-nit).  [Algodes  in  Chili.] 
A  mineral  found  in  the  mines  of  Algodes, 
composed  chiefly  of  copper  and  arsenic. 

Algol,  (al'gol).  [The  Arabic  name.]=/3  Persei: 
a  variable  star=head  of  Medusa ;  usually  of 
second  magnitude,  but  changes  to  fourth 
every  third  day. 

Algoid,  (al'goyd).  [Algae,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Resembling  sea- weed  or  algae. 

Algorab,  ( al'gor-ab  )=Alchiba=a  Corvi :  tha 
chief  star  in  the  constellation  Corvus:  a  sun 
star. 

Algorithm,  (al'go-rithm).  [Ar.  al,  fheigorithm, 
«alculation]= Notation:  not  often  used. 

Alhena,  (al'he-na).  [The  Arabic  name.]=y 
Geminprum :  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Gemini. 

Alidad,  (al'i-dad).  [Ar.  al,  the;  hidad,  rule.] 
The  cross-bar  on  which  the  verniers  of  a 
graduated  scale  are  carried/ 

Aliferous,  (a-lifer-us).  [L.  ala,  wing;  fero,  I 
carry.]  Provided  with  wings. 

Alignment,  (  a-lin'ment ).  [F.  ligne,  line.] 
Measurement  by  the  use  of  straight  lines. 

Aliment,  (al'i-ment).  [L.  alimentum,  food.] 
=Food:  any  substance  which  by  assimilation 
can  be  made  to  support  life. 

Alimentary  canal,  (al-i-men'ta-ri).  [Aliment, 
g.v.]  The  long  tube  passing  through  tho 
body,  in  higher  animals,  through  which  the 
food  passes,  terminated  at  one  end  by  the 
mouth,  at  the  other  by  the  anus. 

Alimentary  system,  (al-i-men'ta-ri).  [Aliment, 
q.v.]  The  organs  of  the  body  which  act  on 
the  food  and  extract  nutriment  from  it=the 
mouth,  stomach,  and  intestines. 

Alimentary  tube,  (al-i-men'ta-ri).  [Aliment, 
<7.?;.]=Alimentary  canal. 

Alimentation,  (al-i-men-ta'shun).  [Aliment, 
q.v.]= Con  version  of  food  into  nutriment. 

Alioth,  (al'i-oth)=£  Ursse  Majoris:  a  star  in 
the  constellation  Ursa  Major. 

Aliped,  (al'i-ped).  [L.  ate,  wing;  pedes,  feet.] 
Having  wing- like  feet:  such  as  the  bat, 
whose  fore  feet  are  connected  with  the  body 
by  wing -like  membranes,  which  serve  as 
wings. 

Alisma,  L.  (a-lis'ma).  [The  Greek  name.] 
An  aquatic  herb,  the  type  of  Alismaceaj. 
A.  plantago=WaiGT  plantain. 

Alismaceae,  (al-is-ma'se-e).  [Alisma,  2.^.]= 
Alismads :  Marshy  aquatic  plants,  many 
with  edible  roots;  resembling  the  water  plan- 
tain: the  type  of  Alismales. 

Alismales  (al-is-ma'lez).  [ Alisma,  q.v.]  A 
group  of  endogens,  approximating  to  exogens 
in  character,  including  water  plantain,  ar- 
row-grasses, &c. 

Alisphenoid,  (al-is-fe'noid).  [Ala,  wing;  sphen, 
wedge ;  eidos,  form.]  The  greater  wings  of 
the  sphenoid,  which  in  man  are  large. 

Alisphenoid  canal,  (al-is-fg'noid).  A  bony 
channel  through  the  alisphenoid,  in  some 
animals,  through  which  the  external  carotid 
artery  passes. 

Alizarin,  (al-iz'ar-in).  [Sy.  alizari,  madder.] 
=  Alizaric  acid  =  Oxynaphthalic  acid  = 
CuHgO^  a  red  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  madder  and  from  anthracene. 


AIKAID 

Alkaid,  (al-kad').  [Ar.aZ,  the;  laid,  mourner.] 
=TJ  Ursae  Majoris:  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Ursa  Major,  at  the  end  of  the  tail;  also  called 
Beiietnasch.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
stars  in  the  tail  being  supposed  to  be 
mourners  accompanying  the  bier  formed  by 
the  four  stars  of  the  bear's  body. 

Alkali,  (al'ka-li).  [Ar.  alkali,  ashes  of  glass- 
wort.]=Alkaline  carbonate:  also  used  gene- 
rally for  any  substance,  such  as  ammonia, 
which  counteracts  an  acid;  also  used  for  the 
plant  of  glasswort.  Fixed  ^.=potash  and 
soda.  Volatile  -4.=ammonia. 

Alkali  group  of  minerals.  Sal-ammoniac, 
kalinite,  nitre,  nitratite,  halite:  minerals 
composed  chiefly  of  ammonia,  potash,  or  soda. 

Alkali  metals.  Caesium,  lithium,  potassium, 
rubidium,  sodium.  Monad  metallic  ele- 
ments having  a  great  aflinity  for  oxygen, 
BO  that  they  all  decompose  water  by  simple 
contact,  and  tarnish  (or  oxidise)  in  air;  soft, 
fusible,  and  strongly  alkaline. 

Alkalimeter,  (al-ka-lim'et-er).  [Alkali,  3.7;.; 
and  Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
to  measure  the  amount  of  alkali  present  in 
any  substance. 

Alkaline,  (al'ka-lin  or  alTca-lin).  [Alkali,  q.v.] 
Having  the  properties  of  an  alkali. 

Alkaline-earth  group  of  minerals  —  includes 
barytes,  calcite,  gypsum,  fludr,  magnesite, 
dolomite,  &c.,  composed  chiefly  of  baryta, 
strontia,  lime,  or  magnesia. 

Alkaline-earth  metals  —  Barium,  Calcium, 
strontium :  dyad  metallic  elements  which 
decompose  water  by  contact,  whose  oxides 
combine  very  readily  with  water. 

Alkaloids,  (al'ka-loidz).  [Alkali,  q.v.;  and 
Gr.  eidos,  form.]=Organic  alkalies^vege- 
table  alkalies:  compounds,  usually  found  in 
vegetables,  resembling  alkalis,  and  all  con- 
taining nitrogen;  such  as  morphia,  strych- 
nia, &c. 

Alkanet,  (alTca-net.)  [Ar.  al,  the;  kenna, 
reed.]=Anchusa  tiuctoria,  the  roots  of  wlxich 
give  a  dark  red  dye. 

Allantoic  acid,  (al-lan-to'ik).  [Allantois,  q.v.] 
=Amniotic  acid:  an  acid  obtained  from  the 
fluid  of  the  allantois. 

Allantoidea,  (al-lan-toi'di-a),  [Allantois,  q.v. ; 
and  Gr.  eidos,  like.  ]  A  division  of  Vertebrata, 
including  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles,  all 
of  which  have  an  amniou  and  an  allantois^ 
Abranchiate  Vertebrata. 

Allantoin,  (  al-lan-to'in ).  [Allantois,  q.v.]= 
C4H6N4O3:  a  crystalline  neutral  substance 
found  in  the  allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow. 

Allantois,  (al-lan-to'is).  [Gr.  Dallas,  sausage; 
eidos,  form.]  A  membrane  enveloping  and 
conveying  nutriment  to  the  foetus,  in  mam- 
mals, birds,  and  reptiles. 

Allanturic  acid,  [Allantoin  and  Urea,  q.v.]= 
Glyoxalurea=C3H4N2O3:  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  decomposition,  by  heat,  of  allantoin. 

Allgood,  (awl'good)  =  Chenopodium  bonus- 
henricus  =  Mercury:  a  common  shrub  be- 
longing to  Chenopodiacese. 

Allheal,  (awl-hel)=Valeriana  officinalis=Cat's 
valerian :  a  meadow  herb.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  other  plants. 


13 


AILYL 


Alliacese,  (al-li-a'se-e).  [Allium,  q.v.]  Some- 
times used  as  a  general  term  for  lilies,  &c. 

Alligator,  (al-li-ga'tor).  [Sp.  al,  the;  lagarto, 
lizard.]  A  large  am- 
phibious carnivorous 
reptile  covered  with 
horny  scales,  found  in 
rivers  of  N.  America 
— Crocodilus  lucius. 

Allioth=Alioth,  q.v. 

Allituric  acid,  (al-li- 
tu'rik).     trfltoxa 
and  uric  acid,  q.v.]=" 
C6H6N4p4,  obtained 
from  uric  acid  and  from  alloxantin. 

Allium,  (al'li-um).  [L.  allium,  garlic.] 
Strong  flavoured  herbs  belonging  to  Lili- 
acese,  including  garlic,  wild  leek,  &c. 

Allman's  classification  of  Polyzoa. — Phylac- 
tolaemata,  with  bilateral  lophophore,  and 
epistome  to  mouth;  Gymnolsemata,  with 
orbicular  lophophore,  and  no  epistome. 

AUochroite,  (al-lok'ro-it).  [Gk.  allos,  another; 
chroa,  complexion.]  A  variety  of  garnet, 
marked  by  variety  of  colour  in  fusion. 

AUocotyledones  =  Allovitellians :  Van  Bene- 
den's  term  for  mollusca,  worms,  polyps,  in- 
fusoria, &c. 

Allophane,  (al'lo-fan).  [Gk.  allos,  another; 
phaino,  I  appear.]  A  mineral  of  various 
colours. 

Allophanicacid,(al-lo-fa'nik).  [Allophane.g.v.] 
Known  only  in  combination=C2H4N2O8= 
carbonate  of  urea  and  hydrogen =carbureic 
acid. 

Allophanic  ether  =  C4H8Xo03 :  a  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  cyanic  acid,  and 
from  urea  and  oxalic  ether. 

Allotropic,  ( al-lo-trop'ik ).  [Gk.  allos,  an- 
other; trepo,  I  turn.]  Having  the  capability 
of  assuming  different  conditions  of  molecular 
arrangement;  and  of  undergoing  a  change  in 
chemical  and  physical  properties  without 
any  change  of  chemical  composition. 

Allotropism,  (al-lot'ro-pizm).  Capability  of 
assuming  different  states:  change  in  mole- 
cular arrangement. 

Alloxan,  (al-lok'san).  [From  aHantoin  and 
oaralic  acid.]  Anhydrous  ^4.=:mesoxal  urea 
=C4H2N2C>4 :  a  crystalline  substance  ob- 
tained from  uric  and  nitric  acids. 

Alloxanio  acid,  (  al-lok-san'ik  ).  [Alloxan, 
q.v.]  =  C8H4N4O7'3H2O :  an  unstable  acid 
obtained  from  alloxan. 

Alloxantin,  (al-lok-san'tin).  [Alloxan,  q.v.] 
=C8H6N4O8-2H2O:  formed  by  the  synthesis 
of  dialuric  acid,  alloxan,  and  water. 

Alloys,  (al-loiz).  [F.  alloyer,  to  mix.]  Mix- 
tures of  two  or  more  metals:  if  one  be  mer- 
cury =amalgam . 

All-seed,  (awl'sed)  —  Radiola,  a  small  herb 
belonging  to  Linacese. 

Allspice,  (awl'spis).  [Has  the  combined  flavour 
of  clove,  nutmeg,  &c.]=Dried  fruit  of  Eugenia 
pimenta. 

Alluvium,  (al-lu'vi-um).  [L.  alluvia,  earth 
deposited  by  water.]  Loose  gravel,  sand, 
&c.,  deposited  on  low  land  by  water. 

Allyl,  (al'lil).     [Allium,  q.v.]    A  hydrocarbon 


ALLYL 


ALTAIR 


The  isolated  radical  of  a  series 
of  organic  compounds,  having  the  same  com- 
position as  glycerin,  from  which  the  allyl 
compounds  are  usually  derived. 

Allyl  series.  Allyl  alcohol;  A.  ether;  A. 
sulphide,  <fcc. 

Allylia,  (al-im-a).  [Allyl,  g.v.]=C3H7N:  a 
volatile  alkaline  base,  belonging  to  the  Allyl 
series. 

Allylic  ether,  (al-111'ik).  [Allyl,  ?.v.]-Allyl 
oxide  =  allyl  ether  =  (C3H5>>O,  an  ethereal 
liquid. 

Allylic  series.  [Allyl,  g.w.]=:  Allyl  series:  a 
class  of  chemical  compounds  containing  the 
radical  allyl. 

Almaac,  (al'mak).  [The  Arabic  name.]  = 
y  Andromedaa :  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Andromeda. 

Almacantar,  (al-ma-kan'tar).  A  circle  parallel 
to  the  horizon. 

Almaden  process,  (al-ma'den).  [Almaden,  a 
town  in  Spain.]  The  process  of  obtaining 
mercury  by  sublimation  in  use  at  the  mines 
of  Almaden. 

Almanac,  (al'ma-nak).  Ar.  al,  the;  manak, 
to  reckon.]  A  list  of  astronomical  occur- 
rences, as  succession  of  days,  changes  of 
moon,  eclipses,  etc. 

Almandine,  (al'tnan-din).  [Alabanda,  a  town 
in  Karia.]  A  variety  of  spinel,  ruby,  &c., 
of  a  violet  colour:  a  silicate  of  alumina  and 
magnesia,  coloured  by  oxide  of  iron,  com- 
monly called  garnet;  first  used  at  Alabanda. 

Almond  tree,  (a'mond).  [F.  amande,  almond.] 
=Amygdalus  communis;  a  tree  common  in 
warm  climates,  having  edible  nuts,  belong- 
ing to  Drupaceae. 

Almond  oil,  (a'mond).  From  kernel  of  Amyg- 
dalus  communis. 

Almond-worts,  (a'mund-wurtz).  [Almond, 
q.v.;  A.-S.  wyrt,  plant. ]=Drupace89,  q.v. 

Alnilam,  (al-ni'lam).  [The  Arabic  name.]= 
i  Orionis:  a  star  in  the  constellation  Orion; 
in  the  centre  of  the  belt. 

Alnitak,  (al-ni'tak).  [The  Arabic  name.]= 
£  Orionis:  a  star  in  the  constellation  Orion; 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  belt. 

Alnus,  (al'nus).  [L.  alnus,  alder.  ]= Alder: 
trees  or  shrubs  resembling  the  birch,  com- 
mon in  northern  temperate  countries,  be- 
longing to  Betulaceaa. 

Aloe,  (al'o).  [Aloe,  the  Greek  name.]  An  ever- 
green shrub  or  tree,  belonging  to  Liliacese. 
The  American  aloe  is  the  Agave  Americana, 

Aloe'retinio  acid,  (al-o-re-tin'ik).  [L.  a  loe,  aloe.  ] 
A  bitter  acid  obtained  from  the  aloe  plant. 

Aloes- wood.  Fragrant  and  resinous  timber. 
1.  Inner  wood  of  Aquilaria  ovata.  2.  Wood 
of  Aloexylon  agallochum. 

Aloes,  (al'oz).  [Aloo,  q.v.]  A  bitter  drug 
prepared  from  the  aloe  plant. 

Aloetic  acid,  ( al-o-et'ik  ).  [Aloes,  q.v.]  = 
C8H5N2O7  :  a  bitter  resin-like  acid  sub- 
stance obtained  from  aloes. 

Aloin,  (al-o'in).  [L.  aloe,  aloe  plant.]  A  bitter 
crystalline  principle,  found  in  the  aloe  plants, 
forming  the  chief  ingredient  of  the  aloe  drug 


Alpaca. 


Alonsine  Tables=:Alphonsine  Tables,  q.v. 
Alopecidaa,  (al-o-pes'i-de).     [Gk.  alopex,  fox.] 

=Fox  shark,  q.v. 
Alopecurus,  (  al-o-pe-ktt'rua  ).      [Gk.  alopex, 

fox;  oura,  tail.]=Fox-tail  grass:  a  common 

grass,  having  its  flowers  in  thick  heads. 
Alosa,  (al-o'sa)=Shad  :  a  fish  of  the  herring 

kind. 

Alouettes,  (a-15-etts)=Howling  monkeys,  q.v. 
Aloysia,  (al-oi'si-a).    A  genus  of  plants,  be- 

longing to  Verbenaceae,  of  which  the  sweet- 

scented  vervain  is  an  example. 
Alpaca,  (al-pak'a).    [Paka,  native  name.]    1. 

A    South    Ameri- 

can  animal,  of  tha 

camel    kind,    hav- 

ing  very  long  and 

flue     hair  ;     some- 

times  called  Peru- 

vian  sheep.     2.  A 

textile  fabric  made 

from      its      hair, 

much      used      in  : 

manufactures. 
Alpetragius,  (al-pe-- 

tra'ji-us).    A  plain 

in  the  moon,  q.v. 
Alpha,  (al'fa).     [Gk.  alpha,  first  letter  of  the 

alphabet.]    Used  to  designate  the  brightest 

star  in  a  constellation:  thus,  a  Lyrse,  a  Ursso 

Minoris,  &c. 
Alphard,  (al'fard).       [The   Arabic  name.]  = 

a  Hydree:  the  chief  star  in  the  constellation 

Hydra. 
Alphecca,  (al-fek'ka).      [The  Arabic  name.] 

=Gemma=a  Coronas  borealis:  the  chief  star 

in  the  constellation  Northern  Crown. 
Alpherat,  (al'fer-at).     [The  Arabic  name.]=a 

Andromedse:  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  the 

chief  star  of  the  constellation  Andromeda. 
Alphirk,   (al'firk).      [The  Arabic    name.]=j3 

Cephei:  a  star  in  the  constellation  Cepheus. 
Alphonsine  Tables,  (al-fon'sin).     A  collection 

of  astronomical  facts  and  tables  made  in 

the  reign  of  Alonzo  X.  of  Arragon. 
Alphonsus,   (  al-fon'sus  ).      A    plain  in  the 

moon,  q.v. 
Alpine  warbler.   A  small  bird,  belonging  to  the 

genus  Accentor,  also  called  Motaciila  alpina. 
Alpinia,  (al-pi'ni-a).     [Alpine,  mountainous.] 

1.  A  sub-genus  of  Renealmia,  including  the 

Galangule.      2.   A  genus  of  Zingiberacesu, 

consisting  of  Alpine  plants. 
Alpiniaceae  (Lk.),  (al-pin-i-a'se-e).    [Alpinia, 

9.v.]=ZingiberaceoQ,  q.v. 
Alshain,  (al-shun').     [The  Arabic  name.]=|3 


Aquilaa:  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Alsinaceae,  (al-sin-a'se-e).      [Alsineoa, 

Caryophyllaceso,  q.v. 
Alsineae,  (al-sin'e-e).   [Gk.  alsos,  sacred  grove.] 

=Clove-worts=Caryophyllacese,  q.v. 
Altaic    mongolidae,    (  al-ta'ik    moii-gol'i-de  ). 

[Altaic  mountains.]     Divided  into  Seriform 

and  Turanian  gi-oups.     Seriform—  Chinese, 

Siamese,   Burmese,  etc.      Turanian  =  Mon- 

golian, Turk,  etc. 
Altair,    (  al'tar  ).       [  The  Arabic  name.  ]=a 

Aquilre:  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude;  chief 

in  the  constellation  Aquila,. 


ALTAZIMUTH 


15 


AMALGAMATION 


Altazimuth,  (al-taz'i-muth).  [From  altiinde 
and  azimuth.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing both  the  altitude  and  azimuth  of  a 
star,  &c. 

Altered  strata.  Those  that  have  been  modi- 
fied, since  their  deposition,  by  heat,  mois- 
ture, and  other  forces 

Alternation  of  generations.  The  phrase  used 
to  express  the  recurrence  of  similar  char- 
acters in  every  second  or  third  generation 
only:  obtains  in  some  species  of  every  kind 
of  invertebrate  animaL 

Althsea,  (al-the'a).  [Gk.  altho,  I  heal.]= 
Marsh  mallow,  hollyhock,  &c. :  an  herb  with 
green  petals  and  downy  stem,  belonging  to 
Malvaceae. 

Althionio  acid,  (al-thl'on-ik).  [^looboL  q.v., 
and  Gk.  theion,  sulphur.]  =  C2H6SO4  :  a 
crystalline  substance  obtained  by  the  action 
of  sulphuric  acid  on  alcohol. 

Altica,  (  al'ti-ka  ).  [Gk.  altikos,  active.]  = 
Garden  flea:  an  insect. 

Altimeter,  (al-tim'e-tor).  [L.  altus,  high; 
metrum,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  heights. 

Altingiacese,  (  al-ting-i-a'se-S  )  =  Liquidam- 
bars:  trees  belonging  to  Amentales. 

Altitude,  (al'ti-tude).  [L.  altitudo,  height.] 
The  height  of  a  star,  &c.,  above  the  horizon, 
measured  by  the  angle  of  a  vertical  circle 
passing  through  both. 

Alto-relievo,  (  al'to-r5-15'vo  )  =  High  relief; 
sculptures  in  which  figures  are  connected 
•with  a  background,  but  are  partially  de- 
tached. 

Altrices,  (al-tri'ses).  Term  used  by  Owen  for 
a  sub-division  of  birds,  including  the  flying 
birds:  Raptores,  Scansores,  Voli tores,  and 
Cantores. 

Alum,  (al'um).  [L.  alume.n,  alum.]=Potas- 
Bio-aluminic  sulphate=;KA12SO4-12H2O :  A 
colourless  crystalline  acid  substance,  formed 
naturally  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  of 
volcanoes  upon  potassium  and  aluminum ; 
also  obtained  from  alum  schist :  much  used 
in  dyeing,  painting,  &c. 

Alums.  Double  sulphates,  of  which  alum  is 
the  type. 

Alum  battery.  A  galvanic  battery  consist- 
ing of  carbon  and  zinc  (unamalgamated)  in 
sand  moistened  by  a  solution  of  alum  in 
water :  is  constant  for  two  years. 

Alum-bay  beds=Lower  Bagshot. 

Alum  root  =  Geranium  maculatum,  the  root 
of  which  contains  alum. 

Alum  slate  =  Alum  schist  =  alum  ore.  A 
bluish-grey  rock,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina, 
from  which  alum  is  obtained. 

Alum  stone.  A  rock  containing  alum,  gene-i 
rally  found  in  volcanic  districts. 

Alumina,  (al-u'min-a).  [L.  alumen,  alum.]= 
AloO3=alumine=:oxide  of  aluminum;  the 
basis  of  all  clays :  corundum,  emery,  ruby, 
and  sapphire,  are  varieties  of  alumina. 

Alumina  group  of  minerals :  Includes  corun- 
dum, sapphire,  ruby,  &c.,  varieties  of  anhy- 
drous alumina. 

Aluminate  group  of  minerals,  (a-lii'mi-nat). 
[Alumina,  %.v.]  Jncludes  spinel,  pleonaste, 


balas-ruby,  &c.,  varieties  of  alnminate  of 
magnesium,  with  admixture  of  other  metals. 

Aluminic,  (al-u'mi-nik).  Containing  aluminum 
as  the  base  of  a  compound. 

Aluminite,  (a-lu'mi-nit).  [Alumina,  q.v.]= 
Websterite:  a  white  opaque  mineral,  chiefly 
hydrated  sulphate  of  alumina. 

Aluminium,  (al-u-min'i-um).  [Alum,  q.v.]= 
Aluminum,  q.v.:  one  of  the  earth-metals. 

Aluminium  bronze.  An  alloy  of  1  part  alumi- 
nium with  9  parts  of  copper. 

Aluminous  cake,  (a-lu'min-us).  A  sulphate 
of  alumina,  prepared  from  china  clay  and 
sulphuric  acid;  used  as  a  cheaper  substitute 
for  alum  in  manufactures. 

Aluminum,  (al-u'min-um).  [Alum,  q.v.]—Al'": 
a  white,  malleable,  sonorous  metal,  but  little 
acted  upon  by  oxygen,  which  is  the  base  of 
all  clay  rocks. 

Alunite,  (a'lu-mt).  [F.  alun,  alum.]=Alum 
stone,  q.v. 

Alunogen,  (al-u'no-jen).  [F.  alun,  alum;  Gk. 
gennao,  I  produce.]  A  white  fibrous  mineral, 
frequently  found  on  the  walls  of  mines  and 
quarries;  chiefly  hydrous  sulphate  of  alu- 
mina: also  called  feather  alum,  and  hair 
salt. 

Aluta,  (a-lu'ta).  [  L.  aluta,  soft  leather.  ]= 
Leather  stone :  a  mineral  somewhat  resem- 
bling leather  in  appearance. 

Alveolar  border,  (  al-ve'o-lar  ).  [L.  alveolus, 
a  little  cell.]  The  bone  bordering  the  jaw, 
into  sockets  in  which  the  teeth  are  fitted. 

Alveolar  plates,  (al-ve'o-lar).  [L.  alveolus, 
a  little  cell.]  Bony  plates  to  which  teeth 
are  fastened  by  anchylosis. 

Alveoli,  ( al-ve'o-li ).  [L.  alveolus,  a  little 
hollow.]  Cavities  in  jaw- bones  of  animals, 
in  which  the  teeth  are  fixed. 

Alveolitidse,  (al-ve-o-lit'i-de).  [L.  alveolus,  a 
little  cell.]  A  group  of  tabulate  corals,  in- 
cluding alveolites  and  ccenites. 

Alveolus,  (al-ve'o-lus).  [L.  alveolus,  a  littlo 
cavity.]  Singular  of  Alveoli,  q.v. 

Alwaida,  (al-wa'da)  =  /3  Draconis  :  a  star  in 
the  constellation  Draco. 

Alyssidae,  (a-lis'i-de).  [Alyssum,  q.v.]  A  sub- 
division of  Pleurorhizeaj  (Brassicaceae),  in- 
cluding whitlow  grass,  scurvy  grass,  &c.,  said 
to  have  been  used  as  a  cure  for  hydrophobia. 

Alyssum,  (a-lis'sum).  [Gk.  a,  not;  lysso,  I 
am  mad.  ]= Mad  wort  v.  Alyssidaj. 

Amaoratic,  (am-a-krat'ik).  [Gk.  hama,  to- 
gether; kratos,  strength.]  A  lens  so  arranged 
as  to  collect  all  the  rays  of  light  falling  on 
it  into  one  focus. 

Amadou,  (am'a-do).  [The  F.  name:  L.  ad,  to; 
manus,  hand:  dulce,  soft.]— German  tinder: 
a,  spongy  inflammable  substance  prepared 
from  the  fungus  Boletus  by  its  being  steeped 
in  saltpetre. 

Amalgam,  (a-mnl'gam).  [Gk.  hama,  with; 
gameo,  to  join.]  An  alloy  of  two  or  more 
metals,  of  which  one  is  mercury. 

Amalgamated  zinc,  (  a-mal'gam-at-ed  )=zinc 
coated  with  mercury. 

Amalgamation,  (a-mal-gam -a/shun).  [Amal- 
gam, q.v.]  The  combination  of  any  other 
metal  with,  mercury;  especially  used  for  the 


AMALIC 


16 


AMIA 


combination  with  gold  or  silver  for  the  pur- 
pose of  separation  from  the  ore. 

Amalic  acid,  (am'al-ic).  [Gk.  amalos,  weak.] 
=Ci2H14N4O8=Tetramethyl  alloxantin:  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  chlorine  on  caffeine; 
a  crystalline  substance  having  acid  qualities 
in  a  small  degree. 

Amande  de  terre,  (  a'mang-de-ter/ ).  [  F. 
amande,  almond;  terre,  earth.]=Tubers  of 
Cyperus  esculentus,  used  as  food. 

Amandine,  (a'man-din).  [Almond,  q.v.  ]= 
Vegetable  casein :  found  in  almonds. 

Amandola,  (a-raan'do-la>  A  green  variety  of 
marble. 

Amarantaceae,  (am-ar-an-ta'se-e).  [Gk.  amar- 
antos,  never  fading.]  =  Amaranths:  herbs, 
such  as  globe  amaranth,  cockscomb,  chiefly 
tropical,  which  do  not  soon  fade,  belong- 
ing to  Chenopodales. 

Amaranthacese,  ( arn-ar-an-tha'se-S ).  [Gk. 
amarantos,  unfading. ]=Amarantaceae,  q.v. 

Amarin,  (a'ma-rin)=Benzoline,  q.v. 

Amaryllideae,  (  am-a-ril-lid'e-e  ).  [Gk.  ama- 
rysso,  I  shine.]  Herbs  with  showy  flowers:  Ex. 
Daffodil,  snowdrop=Aniaryllidacea9,  q.v. 

Amaryllidaceae.  (  am-a-ril-lid-a'se-S  ).  [Gk. 
amarysso,  I  shine.]=Amaryllids=Narci83us 
tribe:  a  group  of  plants,  mostly  bulbous  and 
poisonous,  such  as  the  daffodil  and  belladonna 
lily:  chiefly  tropical,  belonging  to  Narcissales. 

Amaryllis,  (  am-a-ril'lis  ).  [  Classic.  ]= Lily- 
daffodil  :  a  genus  of  Amarylleoo  (Amaryl- 
lidacerc). 

Amasatin,  (a-mas'a-tin).  [.Ammonia  and 
i*aii».]  =  Ci6Hi4N4O3=Isamide:  a  product 
of  the  action  of  ammonia  upon  isatin. 

Amasthenic,  (am-as-then'ik).  [Gk.  hama,  to- 
gether; stenos,  compressed.]  A.  lena:  a  kind 
of  lens  which  collects  all  the  actinic  rays  of 
light  into  a  focus. 

Amber,  (am'ber).  [Anbar,  the  Arabic  name.] 
A  fossil  mineralised  resin,  chiefly  composed 
of  carbon,  found  in  coal  beds,  and  on  the  S. 
shores  of  the  Baltic :  it  is  yellow,  transpa- 
rent, combustible,  and  becomes  highly  elec- 
trified by  friction. 

Ambergris,  (amT>er-gres).  [Ambre-gris,  the 
French  name.]  A  fragrant  waxy  grey  sub- 
stance found  on  the  surface  of  the  seas  and 
in  whales;  supposed,  therefore,  to  be  excreted 
by  whales:  used  in  perfumery. 

Ambit,  (amTrit).  [L.  ambitus,  a  circuit.]  The 
perimeter  of  any  space  or  body. 

Amblonyx,  (am-blo'niks).  [Gk.  amblys,  blunt; 
onyx,  claw.]=Aethiopus:  a  bird,  with  thick 
toes,  known  only  by  fossil  footprints,  v. 
Lithichnozoa. 

Amblygonite,  (ara-blig'o-nit).  [Gk.  amblys, 
blunt;  gonia,  angle.  ]=Montebrasite:  an  ob- 
tuse-angled mineral  of  greenish  colour,  found 
only  in  Saxony  and  U.S.  until  1870,  and 
then  in  France,  and  called  Montebrasite= 
crystallised  phosphate  of  alumina  and  hthia. 

Amblypterus,  (am-blip't§r-us).  [Gk.  amblys, 
blunt;  pteron,\ving.]  A  fossil  ganoid  fish  with 
broad  fins,  found  in  carboniferous  rocks. 

Amblypus,  (am'bli-pus).  [Gk.  amblys,  blunt; 
pous,  foot.]  A  tortoise-like  animal,  known 
only  by  fossil  footmarks. 


Amblyrhynchus,  (am-blir-hink'us).  [Gk.  am- 
blys, blunt ;  rhynchion,  snout.]  A  lizard 
found  only  in  Galapagos  islands,  with  a  short 
broad  head.  There  are  but  two  species: 
1.  A.  cristatus,  marine,  feeds  on  sea-weed; 
the  only  existing  reptile  feeding  on  marine 
vegetation.  2.  A.  demarlii,  terrestrial,  herbi- 
vorous, and  burrowing. 

Amblystegite,  (am-blis'tg-jlt)  =  Hypersthene 
=bronzite.  A  bronze  -  coloured  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  magnesia,  coloured  by  oxide 
of  iron;  found  also  in  meteors. 

Amblystoma,  (am-blis'to-ma).  Gk.  amblys, 
blunt ;  stoma,  mouth.]  A  salamandruid 
animal,  resembling  the  Axolotl,  q.v. 

Amblyurus,  ( am-bli-u'rus ).  [Gk.  amblys, 
blunt;  oura,  tail.]  A  fish,  fossil  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  Lias  rocks. 

Amboynese,  (am-boi'uGs).  An  Oceanic  race, 
natives  of  Amboyna. 

Ambreine,(am'brm).  [Amber,  q.v.^C^H^O: 
a  fatty  substance,  the  chief  constituent"  of 
ambergris. 

Ambry,  (amTjri).  [Armoire,  the  French 
name]=Almery:  a  cupboard  found  in  some 
old  churches;  usually  in  the  wall  near  tho 
altar. 

Ambulacra!  system,  (am-bu-lil'kral).  [L.  am- 
bulacrum, a  garden  walk]  =  Ambulacra: 
openings  in  the  shells  of  sea-urchins,  and 
through  which  the  locomotive  organs  pro- 
ject, and  the  vessels  radiating  from  the  cen- 
tral mouth  to  these  cavities. 

Ambulacrum,  (am-bu-LVkrum).  [L.  ambula- 
crum, a  garden  walk.]  The  perforation  in 
the  covering  of  a  sea-urchin. 

Ambulatoria,  (ara-bii-lu-to'ri-a).  [L.  ambula- 
torius,  movable.]  A  group  of  insectivorous 
animals,  resembling  the  armadillo,  of  which 
the  myrmecobius  is  an  example. 

Amentaceae,  (a-men-ta'se-e).  [Amentum,  q.v.} 
A  general  name  for  all  plants,  mostly  forest 
trees,  having  amentaceous  inflorescence:  in- 
cluding plants  (oak,  birch,  beech,  &c.)  belong- 
ing to  various  orders,  as  Betulaceae,  Coryla- 
cea?,  Salicaceac,  &c. 

Amentales,  (a-men-tiVlez).  [L.  amentum,  a 
thong.]  A  division  of  tho  botanical  king- 
dom, containing  plants  with  ameiitaceous 
inflorescence,  and  unisexual  flowers  with  in- 
complete calyx,  such  as  the  birch,  willow, 
&c.,  forming  a  division  of  diclinous  exogens. 

Amentum,  ( a-mcn'tum  ).  [L.  amentum,  a 
thong.]  A  catkin,  or  flower  head  somewhat 
resembling  a  rope. 

Ametabola,  (a-met-ab'o-la).  [Gk.  ametabolos, 
unchanging.]  Insects  that  have  no  wings, 
and  do  not  undergo  any  complete  meta- 
morphosis. 

Amethenic  acid,  (a-me-then'ik)— C7H14p2:  an 
oily  liquid,  having  feeble  acid  properties,  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  potassic  dichromato 
on  diamylene. 

Amethyst,  ( am'e-thist ).  [Amethystos,  the 
Greek  name.]  A  gem,  composed  of  crystal- 
line silica,  usually  of  a  violet-blue  colour, 
owing  to  iron  and  manganese. 

Amia,  (atn'i-a).  A  ganoid  fish,  having  a  lung- 
like  swim  bladder. 


AMIANTHUS 


17 


AMNIOTA 


Amianthus,  (am-i-an'thus).  [Gk.  amiantos, 
pure.]  A  fibrous  incombustible  variety  of 
amphibole ;  resembling  silky  threads :  also 
called  mountain  flax. 

Amici's  compound  microscope  =  Chevallier's 
m.:  an  achromatic  microscope,  in  which  the 
tube  may  be  placed  either  vertically  or  hori- 
zontal. 

Amidated  acids,  (a-mi-dat'ed).  [Amides,  q.v.] 
= Amidic  acids:  compounds,  derived  from  the 
action  of  dibasic  acids  and  the  amides  of  the 
acids,  containing  half  of  each  constituent. 
(Ex.  1  camphoric  acid  +  1  camphor  amide 
=2  camphoramic  acid).  Usually  prepared  by 
the  action  of  ammonia  upon  the  dibasic  acid. 
Amides,  (a'midz).  [Ammonium  and  ide,  ter- 
mination.] Compounds  derived  from  normal 
ammonium  salts  by  the  removal  of  water. 
Ex.  Ammonic  benzoate  -  water=benzamide. 
Monamides  =  amides  —  salts  of  monobasic 
acids— water.  Diamides  =  salts  of  dibasic 
acids -water.  Triaraides=contain  3  atoms 
of  ammonia.  The  amides  are  also  regarded 
as  ammonia,  in  which  one  atom  of  H  is  re- 
placed by  an  acid  organic  radicle. 
Amide  bases,  (a'mid).  [Amides,  g.v.]=Ami- 
dogen  bases =primary  monamines:  ammonia 
in  which  one  atom  of  H  has  been  replaced 
by  a  basic  hydrocarbon.  Ex.  Aiuylia  = 
ammonia — H + amyl. 

Amidic  acids,  (a'mi-dik).  [Amide,  q.v.]= 
Amidated  acids,  q.v. 

Amidin,  (a'mi-din).  [F.  amidon,  starch]= 
zCgHjoO5=the  soluble  portion  of  starch. 
Amido,  (a'mi-do).  [Amide.]  A  prefix  to  the 
names  of  many  acids  (such  as  amido-acetic 
acid),  in  which  one  atom  of  the  acid  is  re- 
placed by  an  atom  of  amidogen. 
Amidogen,  (a-mid'o-jen).  [Amide,  q.v.;  Gk. 
gennao,  I  produce]=H2N:  an  hypothetical 
compound  =  ammonia  —  H  =  the  base  of 
amides.  A.  baiet  =  primary  monamines= 
monammonias,  q.v. 

Amiens  valley  gravel,  (am'i-enz).  [Near 
Amiens  in  France.]  Post-Pliocene  beds,  con- 
taining mammal  bones  and  flint  instru- 
ments. 

Amines,  (am-Inz).  [Amide,  q.v.]  Organic 
bases=ammonia  in  which  one,  two,  or  three 
atoms  of  H  are  replaced  by  one,  two,  or  three 
equivalents  of  hydrocarbon  radicles. 
Ammelid,  (am 'me -lid).  [Melam,  q.v.]  = 
CgHgNcjC^:  a  white  powder  obtained  from 
melam. 

Ammeline,  (am'me-lm).  [Melam,  q.v.]= 
CsH^NjO:  a  substance  of  feeble  basic  pro- 
perties obtained  from  melam. 
Ammineae.  (am-min'e-e).  [Gk.  ammot,  sand.] 
Umbelliferous  plants,  many  growing  in  sandy 
places,  such  as  the  goat-weed,  celery,  hem- 
lock, &c. 

Ammodenia,  (am-mo-de'ni-a).  [Gk.  ammoa, 
sand.]  A  sub-division  of  Arenaria,  contain- 
ing the  sea-purslane. 

Ammonia  (am-mo'ni-a).  [Sal  ammoniac,  q.v.] 
=H3N=:volatile  alkali=spirit  of  hartshorn: 
a  very  pungently  smelling  colourless  gas, 
feebly  combustible,  and  having  strong  alka- 
line properties:  combines  with  any  acid,  can 


be  liquefied  by  a  temperature  of —40°  F.,  and 
frozen  to  white  crystals  by  - 1 03°  F.  A.  bases,  a 
group  of  organic  bases,  formed  on  the  type  of 
ammonia :  include  Arnmouia=:H3N ;  Phos- 
phurreted  H  =  H3P  ;  Arseniu retted  H= 
H3As;  Antimoniuretted  H=H3Sb,  q.v. 

Ammonias,  compound.  Compounds  having 
the  same  properties  with  ammonia,  and  re- 
sembling it  in  composition :  may  be  con- 
sidered as  ammonia  in  which  some  of  the 
hydrogen  is  replaced  by  a  compound  radicle; 
or  as  ether  in  which  oxygen  is  replaced  by 
amidogen. 

Ammonia  type.  [Chemical  types,  g.v.]=Ni- 
tride  type:  a  type  of  chemical  composition, 
represented  by  H3N. 

Ammoniacal,   (am-mon-i'ak-al).      [Ammonia, 


q.v.]   Resembling,  or  belonging  to,  ammonia. 

Ammoniacal  liquor.  A  liquid  formed  during 
the  distillation  of  coal  gas,  in  which  the 
nitrogen  of  the  coal  is  combined  with  hydro- 
gen, and  forms  ammonia. 

Ammoniacum,  (am-mo-ni'a-kum).  [Ammo- 
nia, q.v.]  =  Ammoniac  =  gum  ammoniac :  a 
gum  resin  obtained  from  some  plants,  Do- 
rema  ammoniacum,  Ferula  orientalis,  <tc. 

Ammoniated  salts,  (am-md-ni-at'ed).  Com- 
pounds of  metallic  salts  with  ammonia; 
usually  anhydrous. 

Ammonic  salts,  (an i-nxln'i k).  [Ammonia,  q.v.] 
=Salts  of  ammonium =chemical  compounds 
in  which  ammonium  is  the  base.  Ex.  Chlo- 
ride of  ammonium  =  Ammonic  chloride=- 
H4NCl=Muriate  of  ammonia=Sal  ammo- 
niac. A  product  of  coal-gas  manufacture. 

Ammonides,  (am'mo-nidz).  [Ammonia,  q.v.] 
=Ammons:  compounds  of  ammonia  with 
anhydrides  of  dibasic  acids.  Ex.  Sulphuric 
ammonide=(H3N>2SO3. 

Ammonio,  (am-mo'ui-o).  [Ammonia,  q.v.]  A 
prefix  to  imply  the  presence  of  ammonia  in 
a  compound. 

Ammonites,  (am'mo-nitz).  [L.  cornu  Am- 
monis,  old  name.  ]  Fossil  cephalopodous  mol- 
luscs of  spiral  form,  found  in  all  strata  from 
the  palaeozoic  to  the  chalk;  very  numerous, 
varying  greatly  in  size;  all  now  extinct; 
sometimes  called  snake-stones. 

Ammonitidae,  (am-mon-It'i-de).  [Ammonite, 
q.v.]  Fossil  shells,  of  which  the  Ammonite 
is  the  type. 

Ammonium,  (am-m5'ni-um).  [Ammonia,  q.v.] 
=H4N ;  the  hypothetical  base  of  ammonic 
salts,  resembli ng  in  basic  character  the  metals ; 
produced  by  ammonia  and  water  (=H3N+ 
H2O)  becoming  H4NHO=ammonic  hydrate. 

Ammonium  bases,  a  group  of  organic  bases, 
all  hydrated=ammonic  hydrate  H4NHO,  in 
which  all  four  atoms  of  H  are  replaced  by 
four  equivalents  of  one  or  more  hydrocar- 
bons. Ex.  Hydrated  tetramylium  oxide= 
(C5Hn)4NHO. 

Amnion,  (am'ni-on).  [Gk.  amneios,  lamb-like, 
soft.]  1.  The  soft  envelope,  filled  with  fluid, 
which  encloses  the  embryo  of  a  higher  verte- 
brate animal  during  its  development.  2. 
The  envelope  of  the  seed  in  plants. 
Amniota,  (am-ni-6'ta).  [Amnion,  Q.V.]— Rep- 
tiles, birds,  and  mammals,  a  division  of  Yer- 


AM(EBA 


18 


AMPHITHEATRE 


tebrata,  including  all  those  of  which  the 
frBtus  has  an  amnion;  also  called  Abranchi- 
ate Vertebrata,  q.v. 

Amoeba,  (am-e'ba).  [Gk.  avzoibe,  permuta- 
tion.] Simple  microscopic  organisms,  found 
in  the  alimentary  canal  of  cockroaches,  &c. , 
almost  the  simplest  known  forms  of  animal 
life,  take  in  food  at  any  point  of  the  body, 
and  undergo  several  changes  of  form,  hence 
also  called  Proteus.  Belong  to  Rhizopoda. 

Amomal.es,  (am-6-ma'lez).  [Amomum,  q.v.] 
Plants  found  in  hot  climates,  resembling  the 
Amomum,  having  petaloid  flowers  and  leaves 
•with  diverging  veins.  Ex.,  Banana,  Gin- 
ger-plant, &c. 

Amoraese,  (  am-o'me-5  ).  [  Amomum,  q.v.  ] 
= Ginger  worts=Zingiberaceae.  A  sub-divi- 
sion of  Amomales. 

Amomum,  (a-mo'mum).  [Gk.  amomos,  spot- 
less.] A  plant  belonging  to  Zingiberaceoc, 
•with  white  flowers;  the  type  of  Amomales. 

Amorphous,  (a-mor'-fus).  [Gk.  a,  not;  mor- 
phe,  regular  form.]  Used  of  minerals  that 
are  not  crystalline,  and  therefore  have  no 
regular  and  symmetrical  form ;  also  used 
generally  for  any  substance  having  no  defl- 
nite  form. 

Amorphozoa,  ( am-or-f o-zo'a ).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
morphe,  regular  form;  zoon,  animal.]  A  gen- 
eral term  for  animals  having  no  definite 
shape,  such  as  sponges,  &c. 

Ampelic  acid,  (am'pe-lik).  [Ampelite,  q.v.] 
An  acid  obtained  from  bituminous  shale. 

Ampelideae,  (am-pe-lid'e-e).  [Gk.  ampelos,  a 
vine.]=Vitacese,  q.v.  A  family  of  plants  of 
which  the  grape-vine  is  the  type. 

Ampelin,  (am'pe-lin).  [Ampelite,  q.v.]  A 
substance  like  kreosote,  extracted  from  bitu- 
minous shale. 

Ampelite,  (am'pe-lit).  [Gk.,  ampelos,  a  vine.] 
=alum-slate,  q.v. :  named  from  being  used 
to  kill  vine  parasites. 

Ampere's  hypothesis  of  constitution  of  gases, 
that  at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure  a 
given  volume  of  any  gas  will  always  contain 
the  same  number  of  molecules.  A.'s  theory 
of  magnetism,  that  every  molecule  of  a  body 
when  magnetised  has  an  electric  current 
passing  through  it. 

Amphibia,  (am-nb'i-a).  [Gk.  amphi,  both  ; 
bios,  life.]=Frogs,  &c. :  vertebrate  animals 
having  gills  when  young,  and  when  adult 
usually  both  gills  and  lungs,  sometimes  lungs 
only;  so  that  when  young  they  are  water 
animals,  and  when.adult  can  usually  live  on 
either  land  or  water:  resemble  higher  verte- 
brata  in  having  limbs  and  red  blood,  but 
differ  inhavingno  amnion  or  allantois:  allied 
to  Ganoid  fishes. 

Amphibians,  (am-fib'i-anz).  [Gk.  amphi,  both; 
bios,  life.]= Amphibia,  q.v. 

Amphibichnites,  (  am  -  fib-  ik'nitz  ).  [  Am- 
phibia, q.v. ;  Gk.  ichnos,  footstep.]  Fossil 
footprints  of  amphibia. 

Amphibole,  (am-fib'o-le).  [Gk.  amphibolos, 
doubtful.  ]=Hornblende  =  5MgCaFeMuO,6Si 
Ot>x(KCa)F;>— amphibolite,  a  mineral  easily 
mistaken  for  augite=.Black  schorl,  a  com- 
plex silicate. 


Amphibole  and  Pyroxene  group  of  minerals, 
includes  hornblende  and  other  varieties  of 
Amphibole,  and  also  augite  and  other  varie- 
ties of  Pyroxene. 

Amphibrya,  (am-fi-bri'a)  ==  Endlicher's  term 
for  Endogens,  q.v. 

Amphiccelia,  (am-fi-se'li-a).  [Gk.  amphi,  both 
sides;  koilos,  hollow.]  Vertebrae  that  are  bi- 
concave, or  have  both  surfaces  hollow;  as 
in  most  fishes  and  some  reptiles. 

Amphiccelous,  (am-fi-se'lus).  [Gk.  amphi, 
both  sides;  koilos,  hollow.]  Used  to  describe 
vertebrae,  both  ends  of  which  are  concave. 

Amphicyon,  (am-fik'i-on).  [Gk.  amphi,  doubt; 
kyon,  dog.]  A  fossil  quadruped,  carnivorous, 
and  supposed  to  have  some  resemblance  to  a 
dog;  apparently  intermediate  between  digiti- 
grade  and  plantigrade  animals. 

Amphidiscs,  (am'fi-disks).  [Gk.  amphi,  both 
sides;  diskos,  quoit.]  Spicula  surrounding 
the  gemmules  of  Spongilla,  resembling  two 
toothed  wheels  on  one  axle. 

Amphidotus=Heart-urchins;  a  variety  of  sea- 
urchins=Spatangus,  q.v. 

Amphigens,  (am'fi-jenz).  [Gk.  amphi,  both 
sides;  gennao,  I  grow.]=Amphigenie:  plants 
which  grow  in  all  directions;  used  by  Brong- 
niart  for  algae,  fungi,  and  lichens =Thallo- 
gens,  q.v. 

Amphilestes,  (am-fi-les't5z).  A  small  animal 
belonging  to  Mammalia,  fossil  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  the  Stonesfield-slate  rocks. 

Amphioxus,  (am -  fi - oks'us).  [Gk.  amphi, 
double;  oxus,  pointed.]  A  fish,  about  2  in. 
long,  having  no  brain,  a  simple  heart,  and  a 
respiratory  system  resembling  that  of  a  mol- 
lusc; mistaken  for  a  mollusc  when  first  dis- 
covered, and  named  Limax  lanceolatus:  in- 
termediate between  fishes  and  mollusca.  Also 
called  Branchiostoma,  Lancelot,  and  Phar- 
yngobranchia. 

Amphipneusta,  (ajn-fip-nu'sta).  [Gk.  amphi, 
both  ways;  pneo,  I  breathe.]=Perennihran- 
chiate  amphibia:  animals  which  retain  their 
gills  in  the  adult  state,  such  as  the  Proteus 
and  Siren. 

Amphipoda,  (am-fip'o-da).  [Gk.  amphi,  both 
ways;  podes,  feet.]  Crustacean  animals  hav- 
ing sessile  and  immovable  eyes,  and  append- 
ages resembling  feet  (whence  the  name), 
which  serve  for  both  walking  and  swimming. 

Amphiprostyle,  (am-fi-pros'til.)  [Gk.  amphi, 
both  sides;  prostyle,  portico.]  A  rectangular 
building,  having  a  prostyle  or  portico  at  each 
end,  but  no  columns. 

Amphisbena,  (am-fis-be'na).  [Gk.  amphis, 
both  ways;  baino,  I  go.]  A  non-venomous 
serpent,  of  nearly  uniform  thickness  in  body 
and  tail,  found  in  tropical  America  arid  East 
Indies,  able  to  move  readily  either  way. 

AmphiscuXam-fis'si-I).  [Gk.  amphi,  both  ways; 
skia,  shadow,  doubly  shadowed.]  Inhabit- 
ants of  the  torrid  zone,  whose  shadows  are 
sometimes  to  the  north,  and  sometimes  to 
the  south. 

Amphitheatre,  (am-fi-the'a-ter).  [Gk.  amphi, 
around;  theatron,  theatre.]  A  large  building, 
usually  circular  or  elliptical,  with  seats,  in 
tiers,  on  a}l  sides  of  it. 


AMPHITHERIUM 


19 


ANESTHETICS 


Amphitherium,  (am-fi-thO'ri-um).  [Gk.  am- 
phi, doubtful;  therion,  wild  beast.]  A  small 
animal,  belonging  to  Mammalia,  probably 
marsupial,  remains  of  which  are  found  in 
Stonesfield-slate:  also  called  Thylacotherium. 

Amphithou,  (am-fi'tho-e).  An  amphipodous 
crustacean  animal. 

Amphitrite,  (am-fi-tri'te).  [Classical.]  1.  One 
of  the  asteroids,  q.v.  2.  A  tube  worm. 

Amphitropal,  (am-fit'ro-pal).  [Gk.  amphi,  on 
both  sides;  tropeo,  I  turn.]  Used  of  an  em- 
bryo curved  so  much  that  the  ends  are 
brought  nearly  together. 

Amphiuma,  (am-fi-u'ma).  An  eel-like  am- 
phibious reptile,  with  very  small  feet,  found 
in  ponds,  &c.,  exclusively  North  American. 

Amphodonta,  (am-fo-dont'a).  [Gk.  amphi, 
altogether;  odontes,  teeth.]  Used  by  Aris- 
totle for  Ferae  and  Primates:  having  teeth  of 
three  kinds,  continuous. 

Amplcxicaul,  (am-pleks'i-kawl).  [L.  amplexus, 
a  surrounding;  caulis,  stem.]  Used,  of  leaves 
which  partially  enfold  the  stem. 

Amplexus,  (am-pleks'us).  [L.  amplexus,  a 
surrounding.]  A  rugose  coral,  of  the  car- 
boniferous period. 

Amplitude,(am'pli-tud).  [L.amplitudo, width. ] 
1.  The  distance  of  a  heavenly  body  from  the 
east  in  rising;  or  the  west  in  setting,  meas- 
ured by  the  angular  distance.  2.  The  dis- 
tance through  which  the  atpma  of  air  or 
ether  vibrate  in  a  sound-wave  or  light- wave; 
upon  which  depends  the  loudness  of  the 
sound  and  the  intensity  of  the  light. 

Ampulla,  singular  of  Ampullae. 

Ampullae,  (am-pulle).  [L.  ampulla,  a  bottle.] 
1.  Dilatations,  or  widenings  in  the  semicir- 
cular canals  of  the  ear.  2.  Dilatations  found 
in  leaves,  <bc.,  of  some  aquatic  plants,  by 
which  they  are  made  buoyant. 

Ampullae  Polianae,  vesicles  in  star-fishes,  sea- 
cucumbers,  &c.,  in  which  nutritive  fluid  is 
stored. 

Amygdaleae,  (a-mig-dal'e-5).  [Gk.  amygdalos, 
almond  tree.]  A  division  of  the  order  Rosa- 
ceas  (containing  the  cherry,  plum,  and  almond 
trees),  marked  by  its  fruit  being  a  drupe= 
Drupaceae,  q.v. 

Amygdalic  acid,  (a-mig'da-lik).  [Amygdalin, 
<2.v.]— H2C4oH5oO2g:  obtained  from  amygda- 
lin. 

Amygdalin,  (a-mig'da-lin).  [Gk.  amygdale, 
almond.]=C2oH27NOii3H2O;  a  sweet  crystal- 
line substance,  the  principle  of  the  almond. 
A  compound  of  the  benzoic  series. 

Amygdaloid,  (a-mig'da-loid).  [Gk.  amygdaU, 
almond;  eidos,  form.]  A  variety  of  trappean 
rocks,  containing  almond-shaped  mineral 
nodules. 

Amyl,  (am'il).  [Amylum,  5.v.]=(C5Hn)2— 
Decatyl  hydride— Diamyl=Amyl  amylide: 
an  aromatic  liquid  hydrocarbon,  obtained  in 
the  distillation  of  coal. 

Amyl  alcohol,  (am'il).  [Amyl,  g.r.]=:Fousel 
oil=potato  spirit=C5H12O:  a  clear  trans- 
parent inflammable  liquid,  with  a  burning 
taste  and  strong  odour,  found  in  brandy  made 
from  potatoes,  barley,  etc. 

Amyl  hydride,  (am'il),     [Amyl,  q.v.]= Pentyl 


used  as  an  anaesthetic:  a 
clear  transparent  combustible  liquid,  eva- 
porating very  rapidly. 

Amyl  oxide,  (am'il).  [Amyl,  <?.•».] =(C5Hn)oO 
=Amyl  ether:  a  fragrant  liquid,  obtained 
from  fousel  oil  and  from  amyl  chloride. 

Amylene,  (am'il-en).  [Amyl,  q.v.^C^JELio:  a 
colourless  volatile  liquid  hydrocarbon  of  the 
define  series,  obtained  from  amyl  alcohol: 
its  vapour  destroys  sensibility,  but  not  con- 
scioiisness. 

Amylia,  (a-mlli-a).  [Amyl,  q.v.  ]=C5Hu, 
H2N:  a  colourless  inflammable  liquid  alkaline 
base,  obtained  from  fousel  oil. 

Amyloids,  (am'il-oids).  [Amylum,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Substances  used  as  food,  such 
as  starch,  dextrine,  sugar,  &c.,  which  consist 
mainly  of  carbon,  oxygen,  and  hydrogen. 

Amylum,  (am'i-lum).  [The  L.  name.]=Starch 
=Amidin,  q.v. 

Amyridaceae,  (a-mi-rid-a'se-6).  [Amyris,  q.v.] 
= Amyrids:  tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  such  as 
the  balsatnodendron,  with  small  flowers,  and 
hard  durable  timber,  belonging  to  Rutales. 

Amyrideae,  (a-ml-rid'e-e).  [Amyris,  q.v.]= 
Myrrh,  frankincense,  &c. :  tropical  plants 
yielding  odorous  resins^Amyridacero,  q.v. 

Amyris,  (a-ini'ris),  the  balsam  tree:  the  type 
of  Amyridaceaa. 

Anabas,  (au'a-bas).  [Gk.  anabaino,  I  ascend.] 
=climbing  perch:  an  Indian  fish  resembling 
the  perch,  which  is  able  to  live  for  some 
time  out  of  water=Percascandens=Anthias 
testudineus=Tree-climber. 

Anableps,  (ari'a-bleps).  [Gk.  anablepo,  I  look 
up.]  A  fish  of  Guiana,  with  cylindrical 
body,  flattened  head,  and  eyes  so  divided  as 
to  seem  double,  giving  the  power  of  looking 
upund  down  at  the  same  time. 

Anacanthini,   ( an-a-kan'thi-ni  ).     [Gk.   ana- 


kanthos,  without  horns.]  Fishes,  such  as 
the  cod,  sole,  &c.,  which  have  soft  fin  rays, 
and  the  ventral  fins,  if  any,  near  the  throat. 

Anacardiaceae,  (an-a-kar-di-a'se-e).  [Gk.  ana, 
like;  kardia,  heart. ]=Anacards:  trees  and 
shrubs,  chiefly  tropical,  usually  resinous  or 
milky,  with  poisonous  sap,  (Ex.  Cashew, 
Sumach),  belonging  to  Rutales. 

Anacharideae,  (  an-a-kar-id'e-e  ).  [Gk.  ana, 
without;  charis,  elegance. ]=Hydrocharida- 
ceae,  q.v. 

Anacharis,  ( a-naTca-ris )=Water  thyme:  an 
aquatic  herb  with  small  green  flower,  belong- 
ing to  Hydrocharidacese:  grows  very  rapidly. 

Anaclastics,  (an-a-klas'tiks).  [Gk.  anaklasis, 
deflection  of  light. ]=Dioptrics,  q.v. 

Anadromous,  (an-ad'ro-mus).  [Gk.  ana,  up; 
dromos,  course.]  Used  of  sea  fish  that  visit 
rivers  at  certain  seasons,  such  as  the  salmon 
and  sturgeon. 

Anaemia,  (an-e'mi-a).  A  disease  caused  by  too 
little  iron  in  the  food. 

Anaesthesia,  ( a-nCs-the'si-a ).  [AnaistTiesia, 
the  Greek  word].  Loss  of  sensation. 

Anaesthetics,  (a-ne"s-thet'iks).  [Gk.  an,  with- 
out; aisthesis,  feeling].  Agents  that  produce 
insensibility  to  pain,  or  to  feeling  generally; 
used  at  surgical  operations.  Ex.  Chloroform, 
methylic  alcohol,  chloride  of  methyl,  nitrous 


ANAGALLEID.E 


20 


ANCHUSA 


oxide,  sulphuric  ether,  amyl  hydride,  ethyl 
hydride,  &c. 

Anagalleidae,  (an-a-gal-i'd5).  [Anagallis,  q.v.] 
=Primulace83,  q.v. 

Anagallis,  (an-a-gallis).  [Gk.  anagelao,  I 
laugh. ]=Pimpernel;  an  herb  with  red  and 
blue  flowers,  belonging  to  Primulaceae. 

Anaglyph,  (an'a-glif ).  [Gk.  ana,  up;  glypho, 
I  carve.]  A  sculptured  ornament. 

Anaima,  (an-i'ma).  [Gk.  ano.imos,  without 
blood.]  Used  by  Aristotle  for  invertebrate 
animals. 

Anal,  (a'nal).  [Anus,  q.v.]  Belonging  to  the 
anus,  q.v. 

Analcime,  (a-nal'slm).  [Gk.  a,  not;  alkimos, 
strong.  Analcite:  a  mineral  of  the  Zeolite 
grotip,  chiefly  silicate  of  sodium  and  alumi- 
num, feebly  electrical ;  also  called  cubic 
zeolite. 

Analectrics,  (an-a-lek'triks).  [Gk.  an,  not; 
Electric,  q.v.]  Substances,  such  as  metals, 
that  are  not  electrified  by  friction,  unless 
insulated;  now  called  conductors,  q.v. 

Analeptics,  ( an-a-lep'tiks ).  [Gk.  analepsis, 
recovery.]  Means  of  restoring  health  or 
vigour. 

Anallantoidea,  (an-a-lan-toi'de-a).  [Gk.  an, 
without;  Allantois,  <7.v.=Anamniota,  a  divi- 
sion of  Vertebrata,  including  Amphibia  and 
Fishes,  marked  by  the  absence  of  any  allan- 
tois. 

Anallantoidians,  (an-a-lan-toi'di-anz).  [Gk. 
an,  without;  Allantois,  g.v.]=Anallantoidea. 

Analogues,  (an'a-logz).  [Gk.  ana,  according  to; 
logos,  ratio.]  Objects  which  have  a  general 
resemblance  in  functions,  as  the  wing  of  a 
bird,  the  fin  of  a  fish,  or  the  patagium  of  a 
bat. 

Analysation,  (an-a-liz-a'shun).  The  separa- 
tion of  a  compound  body  into  its  constitu- 
ents, and  the  measurement  of  these. 

Analyser,  (an-a-li'zer).  [Analysis,  q.v.]  In 
a  polarising  apparatus,  the  portion  which 
detects  and  exhibits  the  polarised  ray. 

Analysis,  (a-nal'is-is).  [Gk.  analyein,  to 
unloose].  The  separation  of  a  compound 
body  into  its  constituents.  A.  by  combustion, 
in  Organic  Chemistry,  usually  by  burning 
the  carbon  into  carbonic  anhydride,  and  the 
hydrogen  into  water,  so  that  they  can  be 
measured. 

Analytical  geometry,  (  an -al-it'ik-al )  =  Alge- 
braical geometry,  q.v. 

Anamese,  (an'a-mes).  [A  variety  of  the  Seri- 
form  stock.]  v.  Altaic  Mongolidse. 

A-namesite,  ( an-am'e-sit ).  [Gk.  anamesos, 
intermediate.]  A  variety  of  basalt,  inter- 
mediate between  basalt  proper  and  dolerite. 

Anamniota,  (an-am-ni-o'ta).  [Gk.  an,  with- 
out; amnion,  q.v.]  Anallantoidea:  verte- 
brate animals  having  no  amnion=amphibia 
and  fishes. 

Anamorphosis,  (an-a-mor'fo-sis).  [Gk.  ana- 
morphosis,  renovation.]  A  distorted  drawing 
which  looks  correct  when  viewed  from  a 
certain  point. 

^.namphodonta,  (an-am-fo-don'ta).  [Gk.  an, 
not;  Amphodonta,  q.v.]  A  name  used  by 
Aristotle  for  a  group  of  animals,  including 


the  Cetacea,  Ungulata,  and  Glires,  which 
have  not  continuous  rows  of  teeth. 

Ananas,  (a-na'nas).  Ananassa=Pin«  apple:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Bromeliaceae,  the  fruit  of 
which  is  large  and  succulent. 

Ananchytes,  (an-an-ki'tez).  [Gk.  ana,  up; 
cheo,  I  pour.]  Fossil  echinoderms  peculiar  to 
cretaceous  beds;  also  called  fairy-loaves  and 
shepherds' -crowns,  from  their  helmet -like 
form. 

Anandrse,  (an-and'r5).  [Gk.  an,  without;  aner, 
man.]=Thallogens,  q.v. 

Ananths,  (an'anths).  [Gk.  an,  without;  anthos, 
flower.  ]  Used  by  Martins  for  flowerless  plants. 

Anapophysis,  ( an-a-p5'fis-is ).  [Gk.  ana, 
backwards;  apophysis,  a  branch.]  A  small 
projection  from  the  last  of  the  dorsal  verte- 
brae. 

Anaptotic,  (an-ap-to'tic).  [Gk.  ana,  back; 
ptosi*,  case.]  Falling  back  from  inflexion: 
used  of  languages  (such  as  the  English)  that 
gradually  lose  the  use  of  inflexions. 

Anarthropoda,  (  an-ar-throp'o-da ).  [Gk.  a, 
without;  arthros,  joint;  pous,  foot.]  Annu- 
lose  animals,  having  no  articulated  limbs; 
such  as  Annelida,  Chastognatha,  and  Geph- 

Zrea:  a  sub-division  of  Annulosa,  q.v. 
las,  (a'nas.)  The  Latin  name  at  first  used 
by  Linmeusfor  a  group  of  aquatic  birds,  in- 
cluding the  swan,  goose,  and  duck,  having 
blunt  bills,  fleshy  tongues,  and  webbed  feet; 
now  confined  to  one  genus  of  duck-like  birds, 
of  which  the  shoveler  is  the  type;  belonging 
to  Natatores,  q.v. 

Anastomosis,  (an-as-to-mo'sis).  [Gk.  anasto- 
mosis, an  opening.]  Growing  together  of  two 
parts  by  inosculation,  as  in  grafting. 

Anatidse,  (a-nat'i-de).  [Anas,  g.v.]=Ducks: 
a  family  of  aquatic  birds,  belonging  to  Nata- 
tores, q.v. 

Anatomy,  (a-nat'o-mi).  [Gk.  ana,  apart; 
tome,  a  section.]  The  science  of  the  relation 
to  each  other  of  the  various  parts  of  an  ani- 
mal or  plant;  the  science  of  the  structure  of 
organic  beings:  comprises anthropotomy,  q.v., 
and  zootomy,  q.v. 

Anatropal,  ( an-at'ro-pal ).  [Gk.  ana,  back; 
trepo,  I  turn.  ]  =  Auatropous:  having  the 
ovule  inverted. 

Anchoic  acid,  (ang-ko'ic).  [Gk.  agko,  I 
choke.]=Lepargylic  acid=H2CgHi4O4:  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  olcic 
acid,  named  from  its  irritating  effects  upon 
the  throat  and  lungs. 

Anchor,  (ang'kor).  [L.  aneora.]  An  iron 
instrument  for  holding  ships  at  rest  in  tho 
water.  Stream  A.,  used  in  rivers.  Kedge  A., 
an  extra  light  anchor.  A.  consists  of  shank, 
fluke,  and  stock. 

Anchor  lining,  a  casing  interposed  between 
the  anchor  and  side  of  the  ship. 

Anchovy,  (an-cho'vi).  [Anchova,  the  Spanish 
name.]=Engraulis  encrasicolus:  a  small  fish 
resembling  the  herring,  common  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, used  as  a  sauce;  also  found  on 
the  coast  of  Devonshire  and  Cornwall. 

Anchusa,  (ang-ku-sa)=Alkanet:  an  herb  with 
blue  and  purple  flowers,  belonging  to  Bora- 
ginaceaa. 


ANCHYLOSIS 


21 


ANHYDRIDES 


Anchylosis,  (an-ki-lp'sis).  [Gk.  agkylosis, 
bending.]=:Ankylosi8,  q.v. 

Ancon,  (an'con).  [The  Latin  word.]  An  el- 
bow or  angle  of  a  building:  from  which  is 
derived  the  words  coin=corner  and  quoins= 
corner-stones. 

Anconeus  muscle,  (ang-ko'ne-us).  [L.  ancon, 
elbow.]  A  small  muscle,  connecting  the 
humerus  and  ulna,  at  the  elbow. 

Ancylotherium,  (an-sl-15'the'ri-um).  An  ani- 
mal between  the  extinct  mastodon  and  liv- 
ing pangolin,  known  only  by  fossil  remains. 

Ancylus,  (an'si-lus)=Fresh-water  limpet:  a 
molluscous  animal  belonging  to  Lirnnoeadse. 

Ancyropus,  (an-si'ro-pus).  [Gk.  ankura,  an- 
chor; pous,  foot.]  A  tortoise-like  animal, 
known  only  by  fossil  footprints. 

Andalusite,  (an-da-166'sit).  [Andalusia,  in 
Spain.]  A  mineral  of  the  topaz  group,  chiefly 
silicate  of  aluminum,  variously  coloured  by 
iron  and  other  metals. 

Andrsea,  (an-dre'a).  A  genus  of  mosses;  the 
type  of  the  division  Andraeaceae. 

Andrseacese,  (an-dre-a'ce-e).  [Andraea,  q.v.] 
=Split  mosses:  red  or  brown  moss-like 
plants,  found,  in  cold  climates,  on  mountain 
sides,  belonging  to  Muscales. 

Androcoeum,  (an-dro-se'um).  [Gk.  aner,  man.] 
=Stameus:  the  fructifying  organ  in  plants. 

Androgynous,  (an-dro'jin-us/.  [Gk.  aner, 
man  ;  gyne,  woman.]  =  Hermaphrodite :  in 
animals,  such  as  have  the  male  and  female 
organs  in  the  same  body;  in  plants,  those 
having  them  both  in  the  same  flower,  or 
having  both  male  and  female  flowers. 

Andromeda,  (an-drom'e-da).  [Classical.]  1.  A 
small  shrub  with  pink  or  white  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Ericaceae.  2.  Fossil  remains  of 
these  found  in  Lower  Miocene  rocks.  3.  A 
N.  constellation,  of  which  Alpherat  and 
Mirach  are  the  chief  stars. 

Androphores,  (an'dro-forz).  [Gk.  aner,  man; 
phero,  I  carry.]  =  Medusiform  gonophores, 
q.v.,  which  carry  the  spermatozoa  of  Hy- 
drozoa. 

Anelectrics,  (an-e-lek'triks).  [Electricity,  q.v.] 
Substances,  such  as  metals,  that  readily  con- 
duct electricity,  and  can  not  ^be  electrified  by 
friction =Analectrics,  q.v. 

Anelectrotonus,  v.  Electrotonus. 

Anellata,  (an-ne-lu'ta).  [L.  anellus,  a  little 
ring.]= Annelida,  q.v. :  ringed  worms. 

Anemograph,  (an-em'o-graf)  [Gk.  anemos, 
wind;  grapho,  I  write.]  An  apparatus  which 
registers,  automatically,  the  amount  and 
variations  of  the  wind's  force. 

Anemometer,  (  an-e-mom'e-ter  ).  [Gk.  ane- 
mos,  wind;  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment which  measures  the  velocity  and  direc- 
tion of  the  wind. 

Anemone,  (a-nem'o-ne  or  a-ne-mo'ne).  [Gk. 
anemone,  wind  flower.]— Wind  flower;  corn 
rose:  a  flower  of  the  crowfoot  kind,  belonging 
to Ranunculacese.  Sea-anemone^ Actinia,'/. v. 

Anemoscope,  (an-em'os-kop).  [Gk.  anemos, 
wind;  skopeo,  I  show.]  An  instrument  to 
show  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

Anenterati,  ( an-en-tcr-a'ti ).  [Gk.  an,  in; 
entcron,  intestines.]  Used  by  Leuckart  for 


a  division  of  Vermes,  including  Acantho- 
cephalis  and  Cestodes. 

Aneroid  barometer,  (an'e-roid).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
neros,  wet;  eidos,  form.]  An  instrument 
which  measures  the  pressure  of  the  atmos- 
phere by  its  action  on  a  small  watch-shaped 
metallic  box,  from  which  the  air  is  removed. 
Maury's  B.  is  an  improved  form  of  aneroid. 

Anet,  (a'net)  [Anethum,  g.v.]=Dill  seed= 
Anethum  graveoleus:  a  species  of  Anethum. 

Anethum,  (a-ne  thum).  [anethon,  the  Greek 
name.]=Dill:  a  plant,  belonging  to  Apiaceae: 
formerly  applied  also  to  fennel,  which  is 
now  separated  and  called  Foeniculum. 

Aneurism,  (an-u'rizm).  [Gk.  aneuruno,  I 
widen. ]=Extension  or  widening:  used  espe- 
cially of  an  artery. 

Angel  fish,  (an'jel).  [Angel  and  fish,  q.v.]= 
Squatina  angelus:  a  fish  remarkable  for  its 
white  colour  and  wing-like  fins. 

Angelic  acid,  (an-jel'ik).  [Angelica,  q.v.]= 
110511702:  solid  acid  found  in  angelica  roots; 
also  obtained  by  the  action  of  caustic  potash 
on  essence  of  camomile. 

Angelica,  (an-jel'ik-a).  [Gk.  aggelikos,  angelic.] 
A  tall  herb  with  white  or  purple  flowers,  a 
pleasant  odour,  used  in  medicine,  belonging 
to  Apiacese. 

Angeliceae,  (an-jel-is'e-6).  [Angelica,  q.v.]  A 
sub-division  of  Seselineae,  including  Angelica. 

Angiography,  (an-ji-og'ra-fi).  [Gk.  angeion, 
vessel;  graphe,  description.]  Description  of 
the  vessels  of  an  organised  body. 

Angiology,  (an-ji-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  angeion,  ves- 
sel;  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of^the 
vessels  of  organic  bodies. 

Angiospermae,  (an-ji-o-spgr'rae).  [Gk.  angeion, 
a  vessel;  sperma,  seed.]  A  general  term  for 
plants  whose  seeds  are  inclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

Angiotomy,  (an-ji-ot'o-mi).  [Gk.  angeion,  ves- 
sel; tome,  cutting.]  Dissection  of  the  vessels 
of  an  organised  body. 

Angle,  (ang'gl).  [L.  angulus,  corner.]  1.  Tha 
point  where  two  lines  meet.  2.  The  differ- 
ence between  the  directions  of  two  lines  in 
the  same  plane. 

Angler  fish  =  Lophius  piscatorius  =  Fishing 
frog:  a  fish  some  4  feet  long,  having  some 
degree  of  resemblance  to  a  frog. 

Anglesite,  (ang'gl-sit).  One  of  the  lead  group 
of  minerals,  chiefly  sulphate  of  lead,  crystal- 
lising in  rhombs. 

Angola  tree = Pigeon-pea :  a  shrub  with  long 
leaves  and  edible  pea-like  fruit. 

Anguilla,  (an-gwil'la).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Muraena,  g.v.=Eel:  a  snake-like  fish,  belong- 
ing to  Apodes. 

Anguillulidae,  (an-gwil-lu'lid-e).  [L.  anguilla, 
eel.]  Free  nematpids:  worm-like  animals,  of 
small  size,  belonging  to  Scolecida,  q.v.;  found, 
in  fresh  water  and  on  sea-shore. 

Anguis,  (ang'gwis).  [L.  anguis,  a  snake.]= 
Slow-worm=blindworm:  a  small  snake-like 
reptile,  belonging  to  Lacertilia,  q.v. 

Anharmonic  ratio,  (an-har-mon'ik).  [Gk.  an, 
without;  harmonia,  harmony.]  See  Ratio. 

Anhydrides,  (an-hi'dridz).  [Gk.  an,  without; 
hydor,  water,  q.v.]  Oxygen  compounds  in 
which  there  is  no  water,  such  as  carbonic 


ANHYDRITE 


ANNUALS 


anhydride,  which  form  acids  when  combined 
with  water=C02.  Metallic  ^.=M205.  E.g., 
Antimonic  A.=&\x£>5.  Organic  ^.=Anhy- 
drous  acids=acids  not  containing  water= 
(CuH2n-iO)2O.  E.g.,  Acetic  acid=C4H6O3. 

Anhydrite,  (an-hi'drit)  =  Karstenite  =  anhy- 
drous gypsum:  a  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime 
containing  no  water. 

Anhydro  salt,  (an-hl'dro).  Salts  having  no 
water  in  combination  with  them. 

Anhydrous,  (an-hi'drus).  [Gk.  an,  without; 
hydor,  water.]  Free  from  admixture  of  water. 

Aniles,  (anllz).  [Aniline,  q.v.]  Compounds 
formed  by  the  union  of  aniline  with  dibasic 
acids  and  the  abstraction  of  water. 

Anilic  acid,  (an'il-ik).  [Aniline,  g.v.]=ln- 
digotic  acid=Nitro  salicylic  acid,  obtained 
from  action  of  nitric  acid  on  indigo. 

Anilidated  acids,  (an-il-i-dat'ed).  [Aniline, 
q.v.]  Compounds  of  aniline  and  dibasic  acids. 

Anilides,  (an'il-idz).  [Aniline,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds formed  by  the  union  of  aniline  with 
monobasic  acids  and  the  abstraction  of  water. 

Aniline,  (an'i-lm).  [Port,  anil,  indigo.]= 
C6H5-H2N  =  Phenylia  =  Kyanol  =  Phenyla- 
mine=Phenamide=Benzidam:  a  colourless 
aromatic  poisonous  liquid,  which  readily 
unites  with  oxygen,  acting  as  a  base=Am- 
monia  with  one  atom  of  H  replaced  by  pheuy  I 
=H3N-H+C6H5,  obtained  from  coal. 

Aniline  bases=CnH2n-5N=:Aniline,  Cuminy- 
lia,  Cyminylia,  Toluylia,  &c. 

Aniline  dyes.  Dye  stuffs  obtained  from  aniline. 
Mauve,  a  violet-coloured  dye  stuff  prepared 
from  aniline  by  acting  on  it  by  potassic 
dichromate.  Roseine,  a  rose-coloured  dye 
stuff.  Magenta,  a  red  dye  stuff.  Rosaniline, 
the  base  of  a  red  dye.  Triphenyl  Rosaniline, 
a  blue  dye  stuff. 

Animal,  (au'i-mal).  [L.  anima,  breath  or  life.  ] 
An  organism  having  power  to  feed  on  other 
organic  substances,  to  move  either  in  part  or 
as  a  whole;  capable  of  sensation,  of  repro- 
duction, and  of  growth,  which  inspires  oxy- 
gen, and  respires  carbonic  acid,  and  whose 
size,  specific  gravity,  solidity,  temperature, 
and  power  of  locomotion,  are  usually  greater 
as  its  development  is  more  complex. 

Animal  electricity.  Found  in  fishes,  such  as 
the  torpedo  and  electric  eel,  which,  when 
touched,  give  an  electric  shock  resembling 
the  discharge  of  a  Leyden  jar. 

Animal  flowers,  a  popular  name  for  Actinozoa, 
q.v. 

Animal  heat,  caused  by  chemical  changes  in 
the  body;  increased  by  activity;  highest  in 
birds,  lowest  in  invertebrates.  A.  //.  of  man 
about  98°  F.,  of  swallow,  111°  F. 

Animal  kingdom,  includes  all  animals,  ar- 
ranged in  groups  according  to  general  re- 
semblances. Most  modern  division,  that  of 
Huxley,  into 

Vertebrata.    ' 

Mollusca.  Annulosa. 

Molluscoida.  Annuloida. 

Coeleuterata.  Infusoria. 

Protozoa. 

For  divisions  by  various  naturalists,  see 
under  the  given  name, 


Animalcule,  (an-i-malTcul).  [L.  animalculum, 
little  animal.]    A  very  minute 
organism=Infusoria,  q.v. 

Animalia,  (an-i-ma'li-a)= Animal 
kingdom,  q.v. 

Anione,  (an'i-on).  [Gk.  ana,  up; 
ion,  going.]  The  electro-negative 
constituent  of  a  chemical  com- 
pound, which,  in  decomposition  Animalcules, 
by  electricity,  goes  to  the  anode,  or  positive 
pole. 

Anisamide.  (  an'is-a-mld  ).  [Anisyl,  q.v.]= 
CgIl9O2N=Ammonia  in  which  one  atom  of 
H  is  replaced  by  one  of  auisyl:  one  of  the 
primary  monamides. 

Anise,  (an'is).  [Anison,  the  Gk.  name.]=: 
Pimpinella  anisuin,  also  called  anny:  a  plant 
with  aromatic  seeds,  belonging  to  Umbolli- 
ferre. 

Aniseed  (essence  of).  [Anise,  g.v.JsrCjoHiaO! 
a  crystalline  substance  from  oil  of  A.,  found 
in  the  seeds  of  anise,  fennel,  &c. 

Anishydramide,  (an-is-hid'ra-mid).  [^>myl, 
hydride,  and  amide.]  C^E^NoOs:  a  com- 
pound of  ammonia  and  auisyl  hydride;  one 
of  the  hydramides,  q.v. 

Anisic  series,  a  series  of  chemical  compounds 
containing  the  radicle  anisyl. 

Anisoine,  (an'i-soin).  [Anise,  q.v.]  A  white 
resinous  substance  obtained  from  essence  of 
aniseed.  •'••&  -<•  •  ~  •> 

Anisol,  (an'i-sol).  [Anise,  qtv.]zzC7THsO=i 
Phenomethol  =  Methyl  phenatej  a  colour* 
less  aromatic  liquid,  obtained  from  anisio 
acid.  "•;.  •--  » 

Anisuric  acid.  [Anise,  5.v.]=Ci0HioNO4:  a 
crystalline  acid  substance  obtained  from 
anisyl  chloride.  • 

Anisyl,  (an'is-il).  [Anise,  q.v.]=C^R7Q^,  the 
radicle  of  the  anisic  series,  obtained  from  oil 
of  aniseed.  < 

Ankle  joint,  (angTcl-joint).  The  joint  between 
the  leg  bones  and  the  tarsus,  connecting  the 
foot  with  the  leg. 

Ankylosis,  (ang-ki-los'is).  [Gk.  agkylosis,  a 
stiffening].  The  joining  of  two  bones  so  as 
to  become  practically  one. 

Annatto,  (an-nat'to).  A  pasty  colouring  mat- 
ter, used  as  a  yellow  dye,  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  Bixa  orellana. 

Annelida,  -  (an-nel'i-da).  [L.  annellus,  little 
ring.]=Worms:  a  group  of  invertebrate  ani- 
mals, mostly  aquatic,  including  the  leech, 
earthworm,  forming  a  division  of  Annulosa, 
q.v.;  also  called  Aunulata:  are  mostly  seg- 
mented; possess  a  nervous  system  and  a  cir- 
culatory system,  but  no  heart,  nor  any  arti- 
culated limbs. 

Annelidans,  (an-nel'i-dans).  [Annelida,  q.v.l 
Worm-like  animals,  known  only  by  fossil 
tracks,  v.  Invertebrate  Lithichnozoa. 

An  nelidaria,  (an  -  nel  -  i  -  da'ri  -  a  )  =  Gastro  - 
physaria :  De  Blainville's  term  for  tho 
group  of  animals  now  termed  Annelida, 
q.v. 

Annellata,  ( an-nel-la'ta ).  [L.  annellatus, 
ringed.]  Used  by  Owen  for  the  group  of 
animals  now  termed  Annelida,  q.v. 

Annuals,  (an'uu-als).   [L.  annus,  year.]  Plants 


ANNULAR 


23 


ANT 


that  live  but  one  year=Monocarps:  having 
but  one  set  of  seeds. 

Annular,  (  an'nu-lar  ).  [  L.  annulus,  ring.  ] 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring.  A.  ligament: 
one  round  the  instep.  A.  eclipse:  a  solar 
eclipse  in  which  only  the  central  portion  of 
the  sun  is  hidden,  the  whole  circumference 
being  visible. 

Annulata,  (an-nu-la'ta).  [L.  annulus,  a  ring.] 
= Bed-blooded  worms:  having  the  body  in 
segments=Annelida,  q.v. 

Annulated  columns,  Columns,  usually  in  clus- 
ters, joined  by  bands  or  rings. 

Annuloida,  (  an-nu-loi'da ).  [Annulosa,  q.v. 
and  eidos,  like.]  Considered  temporarily  as 
a  primary  division  of  the  animal  kingdom : 
sea-urchins,  star -fishes,  and  entozoa,  re- 
moved from  Annulosa,  and  made  into  an  in- 
dependent group  by  Huxley.  Also  called 
Echinpzoa:  it  comprises  Echinodermata  and 
Scolecida;  invertebrate  animals  having  a 
nervous  system,  a  closed  alimentary  canal, 
and  a  water-vascular  system. 

Annulosa,  (an-uu-ld'sa).  [L.  annulus,  ring.] 
Insects,  shrimps,  crabs,  leeches,  &c. ,  all  being 
animals  formed  of  a  series  of  segments  or 
rings  =  Articulata  and  Anartbropoda,  :  a 
primary  division  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

Anoa,  (a-no'a).     An  animal,  resembling  the 

•  antelope,  belonging  to  Rumiriantia. 

Anode,  (an'od).  [Gk.  ana,  up;  hodos,  a  road.] 
The  positive  pole,  or  electrode,  of  a  galvanic 
battery. 

Anodon,  (an'o-don).  [Gk.  an, without;  odontes, 
teeth.  ]=Anodonta= Fresh-water  mussel:  be- 
longing to  Lamellibranchiata,  the  only  shell 
found  in  Old  Bed  Sandstone  in  Britain. 

Anodontophora,  (an-o-don-tofo-ra).  [Gk.  an, 
without;  odontes,  teeth;  phero,  I  bear.]= 
Lamellibranchiata:  a  division  of  mollusca 
having  no  odontophore. 

Anodyne,  (an'o-dln).  [Gk.  a,  without;  odyne, 
pain.]=Soothing  medicine. 

Anolis,  (an'o-lis),  a  tree  lizard=Anolius,  q.v. 

Anolius,  (a-no'li-us).     An  American  reptile, 

i  belonging  to  Iguanidse. 

Anomalistic,  (  a-nom-a-lis'tik)  .  [Anomaly, 
g.v.]=Anomalous,  irregular.  A.  year,  3(55 
days,  6  hours,  13  min.,  49'3  sec.,  the  time 
between  two  consecutive  passages  of  the  sun 
through  the  aphelion  or  perihelion  point.  A. 
month,  27  days  13  hours,  18  min.,  37'40  sec., 
the  time  between  two  consecutive  passages 
of  the  moon  through  any  given  point  in  her 
orbit. 

Anomalous,  (an-om'al-us).  [Anomaly,  q.v.'} 
Irregular:  not  according  to  the  ordinary  law. 

Anomaly,  (an-om'a-li).  [Gk.  a,  not;  homalos, 
equal.]  In  astronomy,  the  angular  distance 
of  a  star  from  its  perihelion.  True  A.= 
Distance  of  a  star  or  comet  from  perihelion. 
Mean  A.= Estimated  distance,  assuming  a 
mean  velocity. 

Anomodontia,  (a-nom-o-don'shi-a).  [Gk.  ano- 
mos,  irregular;  odontes,  teeth.]  A  group  of 
reptiles,  including  the  Dicynodon  and  Cryp- 
todon,  in  which  the  teeth,  if  there  be  any, 
are  abnormal;  known  only  by  fossil  remains; 
found  iu  Triassic  rocks. 


Anomopteris,  (an-o-mop'ter-is).   [Gk.  c 
irregular;  pteris,  fern.]     Ferns  with 


anomos, 

pteris,  fern.]  Ferns  with  unusu- 
ally large  leaves,  known  only  by  fossil  re- 
mains found  in  New  Bed  Sandstone  rocks. 

Anomura,  (a-no-niu'ra).  [Gk.  anomos,  irre- 
lar;  oura,  tail.]  Crustaceans,  intermediate 
between  Brachyura  and  Macrura,  character- 
ised by  irregular  tail.  Ex.  The  hermit  crab. 

Anona,  (an-o'na).  [Said  to  be  a  corruption  of 
L.  aliment,  nourishment.]=Custard  apple, 
&c.:  the  type  of  Anonacea?,  q.v. 

Anonacese,  (  a-no-na'se-e  ).  [Anona,  q.v.]= 
Anonads=Anonse :  custard-apple,  &c.,  ever- 
green exogenous  plants,  chiefly  tropical  and 
often  fragrant;  trees  and  shrubs  with  axil- 
lary flowers  having  leathery  petals;  belong 
to  Banales. 

Anophytes,  (a-nof  i-tgz).  A  division  of  crypto- 
gamous  plants,  consisting  of  cellular  tissua 
only. 

Anoplophora,  (an-o-plofo-ra).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
hoplon,  weapon ;  phero,  I  bear.]  An  insect, 
having  no  sting. 

Anoplotheria,  (an-o-plo-thg'ri-a).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
hoplon,  arm;  thcrion,  beast.]  Fossil  pachy- 
dermatous quadrupeds,  resembling  the  rhino- 
ceros, but  having  no  tusks,  horns,  or  trunk; 
found  in  Lower  Miocene  and  Upper  Eocene 
strata:  the  most  ancient  form  of  Paridigi- 
tata,  intermediate  between  the  present 
Pachydermata  and  Buminantia. 

Anoplotherium,  (an-o-plo-the'ri-um),  singular 
of  Anoplotheria,  q.v. 

Anoplura,  (an-o-plu'ra).  [Gk.  anoplos,  un- 
armed ;  oura,,  tail.]=Lice:  parasitic  insects, 
belonging  to  Aptera. 

Anorthic  crystals,  (a-north'ik).  [Gk.  «,  not; 
orthos,  upright.]  Crystals  in  which  no  two 
of  the  axes  are  at  right  angles. 

Anorthite,  (an-or'thit).  [Gk.  a,  not;  orthos, 
upright.]=Lime  felspar:  a  mineral  of  the 
felspar  group,  in  which  the  cleavages  are  not 
at  right  angles.  Cf.  Orthoclase. 

Anorthoscope,  (an-orth'o-skop).  [Gk.  anor- 
thoo,  I  set  straight;  skopeo,  I  see.]  An 
instrument  by  which  distorted  images  ara 
made  to  appear  correct. 

Anosteozoaria,  (  a-nos-te-6-zo-a'ri-a ).  [Gk. 
a,  not;  osteon,  bone;  eoon,  animal.]  Used 
by  De  Blainville  for  animals  having  articu- 
lated forms,  but  no  bones,  such  as  insects, 
Crustaceans,  Myriapoda,  &o. 

Anoura=Anura,  q.v. 

Anourous,  (a-nu'rus).  [Gk.  a,  without:  ourat 
tail.]=Tailless. 

Ansae,  (an'se).  [L.  ansce,  handles.]  The  parts' 
of  Saturn's  ring  that  are  visible  on  each  side 
of  the  disc,  and  have  the  appearance  of 
handles. 

Anser,  (an'ser).  [L.  anser,  goose;  from  gJia,  to 
open  the  mouth.]=Goose:  an  aquatic  bird, 
belonging  to  Natatores. 

Ant,  ( ant ).  [  Contraction  of  emmet,  the 
Anglo-Saxonname.]=Formica:asrnallinsect 
belonging  to  Hymenoptera,  living  in  com- 
munities, in  nests  called  ant  hills,  as  bees  do 
in  bee  hives ;  probably  the  most  intelligent 
of  all  animals,  excepting  man,  having  larger 
cerebral  ganglia  tlioa  auy  otlier  insect. 


ANT-BEAB 


AHTHOZOA 


Ant-bear,  (antT>ar)=Myrmecophaga  jubata= 
Great  ant-eater:  an  animal  belonging  to 
Edentata,  living  chiefly  on  ants. 

Ant-lion,  (anfli-ou)=Myrmeleo:  A  large  bur- 


ing  on  ants  and  other  insects. 

Antacid,  (ant'as-id).  [Gk.  anti,  against;  acid, 
q.v.]  Having  properties  contrary  to  those  of 
an  acid. 

Antse,  (an'te).  [The  L.  word.]  1.  Piers  formed 
by  the  ends  of  the  side  walls  of  a  building, 
when  they  are  prolonged  beyond  the  end 
walls.  8.  Pilasters  opposite  columns. 

Antagonistic  actions,  (an-tag-on-ist'ik).  [Gk. 
anti,  against;  agonizomai,  I  contend.]  Op- 
posed to  each  other,  as  the  actions  of  mor- 
phia and  quinia,  atropia  and  muscaria,  &c. 

Antarctic,  (an-tark'tic).  [Gk.  anti,  against; 
arktos,  north.]  Relating  to  the  south.  An- 
tarctic circle  :  23$°  round  the  south  pole. 

Antares,  (an-ta'rez).  [The  Arabic  name.]= 
a  Scorpii,  a  red  star  of  first  magnitude,  some- 
times called  the  Scorpion's  Heart. 

Ant-eater,  (ant'et-er).  A  quadruped  whose 
chief  food  is  ants 


Orycteropus 
pensis.  Grea 


ca- 
reat  A. 


jubata. 

tailed  A.  =Manis 

pendactyla. 
Antecian,  (an-te'- 

si-an).  [Gk.cmti,  Ant-eater. 

against;  oikeo,  I  dwell.]    On  the  same  meri- 
dian, but  on  opposite  sides  of  the  equator, 

and  equi-distant  from  it. 
Antedon,  (  an'te-don  )= Feather  star= Coma- 
tula,  q.v. 
Antefixae,  ( an-ti-fik'se ).      [L.  ante,  before; 

Jingo,  I  fix.]    Upright  ornamented  blocks,  at 

intervals,  on  a  cornice. 
Antelope,  (ant'e-15p).   [Gk.  anthos,  splendour; 

opsis,    eye.]  =  An- 

tilope:    a  graceful 

quadruped    resem- 
bling both  the  deer 

and  the  goat,  ha  vi  ng 

hollow  horns    and 

especially      bright 

eyes ;    belongs    to 

Ruminantia. 
Antemural,    (an-te- 

mu'ral).  [L.a?ife,be- 

fore;  murus,  wall.]  Antelope. 

The  outer  wall  of  any  large  group  of  build- 
ings: an  outwork. 
Antennae,  (an-ten'ne).     [L.  antenna,  sail  yard 

of  a  ship.]      1.   Small 

horn-like  organs  on  the 

heads    of    insects    and 

crustacea,     serving    as 

organs  of  touch,  or  of 

smelling,   or  both.     2. 

An  order  of  Annelida. 
Antennaria,  (an-ten-na'-         a  a,  Antenuae. 

ri-a).      [Antenna?,  resemblance  to.]     1.  A 

group  of  plants,  such  as  the  oat's-foot,  be- 


longing to  Asteraceae.  2.  A  fungus  belong- 
ing to  Physomycetes. 

Antennules,  (an-ten'nulz).  [Antennae,  q.v. ] 
Small  antennae. 

Anthelia,  (  ant-helia  ).  [Gk.  anti,  against; 
helios,  sun.]=Mock-suns;  circles  opposite  the 
sun. 

Anthemideae,  (  an-the-mid'e-e  ).  [Anthemis, 
q.v.]  A  sub-division  of  Compositse,  including 
the  chamomile,  tansy,  and  corn  marigold; 
also  considered  as  a  sub-di  vision  of  Asteracese. 

Anthelmintic,  (an-thel-min'tik).  [Gk.  anti, 
against;  helmins,  a  worm.]  Any  substance 
destructive  of  worms. 

Anthemis,  ( an'the-mis ).  [Gk.  anthemis, 
flowery:  from  its  many  flowers.]  Herbs,  in- 
cluding the  chamomile  and  stinking  May- 
weed, belonging  to  Asteraceae. 

Anther,  (an'ther).  [Gk.  anthos,  flower.]  The 
termination  or  bead  of  a  stamen,  q.v.,  con- 
taining the  pollen. 

Antheridia,  (an-ther-id'i-a).  [Anther,  q. v. ,  and 
eidos,  form.]=False  anthers:  organs  in  flower- 
less  plants  containing  the  spermatozoids. 

Antherozoa,  (an-ther-o-zo'a).  [Gk.  anthos, 
flower;  zoa,  animals] = Flower  animals=An- 
thozoa,  q.v. 

Antherozoids,  (an-ther-o-zo'idz).  [Gk.  anthos, 
flower;  zoon,  animal;  eidos,  form.]  Auimala 
resembling  Anthozoa,  q.v. 

Anthocarpous,  (an-tho-kar'pus).  [Gk.  anthos, 
flower;  karpos,  fruit.]  Fruits  such  as  the 
pine-apple  and  fir-cone. 

Antholites,  (anth'o-lits).  [Gk.  anthos,  flower; 
lithos,  stone.]  Fossil  impressions  made  by 
flowers. 

Antholithes,  (an-tho-llth'ez).— Antholites,  q.v. 

Anthology,  (an-thol'o-ji).  [Gk.  anthos,  flower; 
logos,  discourse.]  A  general  description  of 
flowers. 

Anthony's  nut.  [S.  Anthony,  the  patron  saint 
of  pigs.]=Pig-nut=Bunium  flexuosum. 

Anthony's  rape=Anthony's  turnip=Ranun- 
culus  bulbosus:  tubers  eaten  by  pigs. 

Anthophora,  (an-thofor-a).     A  bee. 

Anthophore,  (an'tho-for).  [Gk.  anthos,  flower; 
p hero,  I  bear.  ]  A  small  stalk  supportin  g  a  petal. 

Anthophoridae,  (an-tho-forl-de).  [6k.  anthos, 
flower;  phora,  bearing.]  Used  by  Van  Bene- 
den,  for  a  sub-division  of  Medusae,  q.v. 

Anthophyllite,  (an-thofil-It).  [Anthrophyl- 
lum=Clove.]  A  mineral:  a  variety  of  horn- 
blende, resembling  the  clove  in  colour. 

Anthophyllum,  (an-thof'il-lum).  [Gk.  anthos, 
flower;  phyllon,  leaf.]  A  fossil  coral  in  Mio- 
cene strata. 

Anthospermece,  (an-tho-sper'me-C).  [Gk.  an- 
thos, flower;  sperma,  seed'.]  Plants  belong- 
ing to  Cinchonaceae. 

Anthoxanthine,  (  an-thok-san'thin ).  [  Gk. 
anthos,  flower;  xanthos,  yellow.]  Yellow 
colouring  matter  in  plants. 

Anthoxanthum,  (an-thok-santh'um)  =  Vernal 
grass:  a  plant  belonging  to  Graminaceae. 

Anthozoa,  (an-tho-zo'a).  [Gk.  anthos,  flower; 
zoon,  animal.]  =  Actinozoa,  q.v.  =  Coral 
polypes=Zoophyta:  a  class  of  Ccelenterati, 

sometimes  called  animal  flowers,  from  their 

resemblance  to  flowers. 


ANTHRACENE 


25 


ANTIUM 


Anthracene,  (an'thra-sen).  [Gk.  anthrax,  live 
coal.]  =  Paranaphthalin  =  C14Hi0:  a  white 
crystalline  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal 
tar. 

Anthracite  coal,  (  an'thra-sit ).  [  Gk.  an- 
thrax, coal.]  =  Stone  coal  =  Culm  =  Blind 
coal=Glance  coal:  a  hard  shining  variety  of 
coal,  which  burns  without  much  flame  or 
smoke,  owing  to  the  small  quantity  of  bitu- 
men, composed  chiefly  of  carbon. 

Anthraconite,  (an-thra'ko-nit).  [Gk.  anthrax, 
coal.  ]= Black  marble. 

Anthracosaurus,  (an-thra-ko-saw'rus).  [Gk. 
anthrax,  coal;  saurus,  lizard.]  A  large  lizard- 
like  reptile,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  coal. 

Anthracosiae,  (an-thra-ko'si-e).  [Gk.  anthrax, 
coal.]  Bivalve  shells  found  in  or  near  coal. 

Anthracotherium,  (an-tb ra-ko- the'ri-um).  Gk. 
anthrax,  coal;  therion,  beast.]  A  pachy- 
dermatous animal,  known  only  by  fossil 
remains  found  in  coal. 

Anthraflavic  acid,  (an-thra-fla'vik)=Ci5H10O4 
= Monoxy  anthraquinone, 

Anthrakerpeton,  (an-thra-ker'pe-ton).  [Gk. 
anthrax,  coal;  herpeton,  lizard.]  A  small  air- 
breathing  reptile,  known  only  by  fossil  re- 
mains found  in  coal-fields. 

Anthropography,  (  an-thro-pog'ra-fi  ).  [Gk. 
anthropos,  manigrrap/io,  I  write.]  The  account 
of  the  distribution,  customs,  and  manners  of 
men. 

Anthropoid,  (an'thro-poid  or  an-thro'poid). 
[Gk.  anthropos,  man;  eidos,  form.]  Applied 
to  those  apes,  such  as  the  Siamang  Gibbon, 
which  approximate  most  nearly  to  the 
human  form. 

Anthropolite,  (an-throp'o-lite).  [Gk.  anthropos, 
man;  lithos,  stone.]  A  term  used  to  express 
any  petrified  human  remains. 

Anthropology,  (an-thro-po'lo-ji).  [Gk.  anthro- 
pos.man;  £o0os,discourse.]  The  science  of  man: 
the  natural  history  of  the  human  species. 

Anthropomorphous,  (an-thro-po-mor'fus).  [Gk. 
anthropos,  man;  morphe,  shape.]  Having 
the  form  of  man. 

Anthropomorphous  apes  =  Anthropoid  apes: 
gorilla,  chimpanzee,  and  orang.  Hylobates 
is  sometimes  considered  to  belong  to  this 
group. 

Anthropophagous,  (an-thro-pof'a-gus).  [Gk. 
anthropos,  man;  phago,  I  eat.]  Cannibal. 

Anthropotomy,  (an-thro-pot'o-mi).  [Gk.  an- 
thropos, man;  temnein,  to  cut. ]= Anatomy 
confined  to  the  human  body;  the  study  of 
man's  anatomy. 

Anthyllis,(an'thil-lis.)— Kidney- vetch ;  an  herb 
belonging  to  Fabacese. 

Antiarin,  ( an-ti'ar-in  )=Ci4H2oO5+ 2H20  :  a 
poison  obtained  from  the  upas  tree= Antiaris, 
q.v. 

Antiaris,  (  an-ti'ar-is  ).  [Antjar,  the  native 
name.  ]  A  genus  of  Artocarpaceee,  including 
the  poisonous  upas  tree  and  sack  tree,  found 
in  Java. 

Antibrachium,  (an-ti-brak'i-um).  [The  Latin 
name.]  The  fore-arm  of  the  higher  verte- 
brata=Ulna  and  radius. 

Anticlinal,  (an-ti-kli'nal).    [Gk.  anti,  against; 


klinein,  to  bend.)  Sloping  away  in  different 
directions.  A.  curve:  formed  by  strata  that 
curve  concavely  downwards.  A.  line:  the 
line  from  which  strata  slopes:  a  vertical  line 
passing  through  the  middle  of  an  anticlinal 
curve:  cf.  synclinal. 

Antichthones,  (an-tik'thonz).  People  living  far 
apart  on  the  same  latitudes. 

Antidesmeae,  (au-ti-des'me-e)  =  Stilaginaceae, 
q.v. 

Antihelix,  (an-ti'he-liks).  [Gk;  anti,  against; 
helix,  margin  of  ear.]  The  elevation  within 
the  outer  border  of  the  external  ear  in  man; 

Antilogous  pole,  in  a  crystal  which  is  being 
electrified  by  heat  that  end  which  is  nega- 
tive, and  afterwards  when  cooling,  positive. 

Antilope,  (au'ti-lop)= Antelope,  q.v. 

Antimoniates,  (an-ti-mo'ni-ates).  [Antimony, 
q.v.]  Compounds  of  antimonic  acid  with  the 
metals  of  the  alkalies.  Ex.  Potassic  anti- 
moniate. 

Antimonic  acid,  (an-ti-mo'nik).  [Antimony, 
$.v.]=npw  called  antimonic  anhydride,  q.v. 

Antimonious  acid,  (an-ti-mo'ni-us).  [Anti- 
mony, q.v.].  Now  called  antimonious  anti- 
moniate=Sb2O4:  a  compound  obtained  from 
antimonic  anhydride,  which  possesses  no  acid 
properties. 

Antimonite,  (an'tim-o-nit).  [Antimony,  q.v.] 
A  mineral  of  the  antimony  group:  the  chief 
ore  of  antimony. 

Antimoniuretted  hydrogen,  ( an-ti-mo-ni-u- 
ret'ted)=H3Sb:  an  inflammable  gas  obtained 
from  dissolving  antimony  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Antimony,  (ant'i-mo-ni).  [Antimonium,  the 
Latin  name.]=Sb'"=Stibium:  a  brittle  crys- 
talline metal,  in  great  use  as  a  constituent  of 
Britannia  metal,  type  metal,  pewter,  &c. : 
one  of  the  phosphorus  group.  A.  glance, 
an  ore  of  antimony.  A.  </roitp=Antimonite, 
Jamesonite,  &c. :  soft  and  easily  fusible  min- 
erals, which  colour  the  blowpipe  flame  green, 
and  contains  antimony  as  a  chief  constituent. 

Antinous,  (an-tin'o-us).  [Classical.]  A  part 
of  the  constellation  Aquila,  q.  v. 

Antipathidse,  (an-ti-path'i-de).  A  division  of 
Zoantharia  sclerobasica,  q.v. 

Antiphlogistic,  (an-ti-flo-jist'ik).  [Gk.  anti, 
against;  phlogizo,  I  burn.]  Preventing,  or 
tending  to  prevent,  consumption  by  burning. 

Antipodes,  (an-tip'o-dez).  [Gk.  anti,  against; 
podes,  feet.]  Inhabitants  of  opposite  sides 
of  the  globe. 

Antirrhineae,  (an-tir-hi'ne-e).  [Antirrhinum, 
q.v.]  1.  A  sub-division  of  Scrophulariacese, 
includes  toadflax  and  snapdragon.  2.  Also 
used,  by  De  Candolle,  a9=Scrophulariacese. 

Antirrhinum,  ( an-tir-hi'num  ).  [Gk.  anti, 
against;  rhin,  snout.  Form  of  flower.  ]=Snap- 
dragon:  an  herb  belonging  to  Scrophula- 
riaceae. 

Antisoii,  (an-tis'si-i).  [Gk.  anti,  against;  tkia, 
shadow. ]=Antiscians:  people  living  on  dif- 
ferent sides  of  the  equator,  so  that  their  sha- 
dows are,  at  noontide,  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. 

Antium,  (an'ti-um).  The  porch  to  a  southern 
door;  that  to  a  northern  door  being  a  por- 
tium. 


AKTISEPtlC 


APOCYNACEJE 


Antiseptic,  (an-ti-sep'tik).  [Gk.  anti,  .against; 
septos,  putrid.]    Preventing  putrefaction. 
Antjar,  (an'ti-ar);      [The  native  name.]    A 
poison  extracted  from  Antiarid  tbxicaria. 
Antlers,  (ant'lerz.)     [Andouiller,  the  French 
word.]    The  horns  of  Cervidae  or  deer:  pro- 
perly confined  to  the  branches. 
Antlia,  (ant'li-a).     [L.  antlia,  pump.]    Spiral 
proboscis  of  butterflies,  &c.,  Used  to  suck  up 
honey,  &C.,  from  flowers. 
Antlia  pneunlatica=The  Air-pump:  a  southern 
constellation. 

Anted,  (an-te'si)=Antiscii,  q.v. 
Antozone,   (an'to-zon).       [L.   anti,   against; 
Ozone,  q.v.]    Probably=peroxide  of  hydro- 
gen: used  by  Schonbein  to  express  a  theo- 
retical condition  of  oxygen,  opposed  to  ozone. 
Antrum   Highmori,   (an'trum  hi-mo'ri).     [L. 
antrum,  cave;   Highrnori,  of  Highmoor.]= 
Cave  of  Highmoor :  a  large  cavity  in  the  body 
of  the  maxillary  bone. 

Antwerp  Crag=Black  Crag:  rocks  found  near 
Antwerp,  aud  corresponding  to  Red  Crag  of 
Suffolk. 

Anura,  (a-nu'ra).  [Or.  an,  without;  oura,  tail.] 
=Frogs,  toads,  &c.=Theriomorpha:  a  divi- 
sion of  Amphibia,  the  adults  of  which  have 
no  tail.  The  term  Batrachia  is  sometimes 
limited  to  this  group. 

Anus,  (a'nus).  [The  Latin  name.]  The  ter- 
minal aperture  of  the  intestines. 

Aorta,  (a-or'ta).  [Aorte,  the  Greek  word.]  The 
great  artery,  or  chief  vessel,  conveying  blood 
from  the  heart,  and  subdividing  into  the  iliac 
arteries. 

Aortic  arch,  (a-or'tik).  [Aorta,  q.v.]  The 
bend  of  the  aorta. 

Apara,  (ap'ar-a).  [The  native  name.]=Mataco 
=Dasypus  3  cinctus=3  banded  armadillo= 
Tolypeutes  conurus.  v,  Armadillo. 

Apathetic,  (ap-a-thet'ik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  pathe- 
tikos,  sensitive.]  Without  highly  developed 
senses.  A.  animals:  term  used  by  Lamark 
to  describe  Infusoria,  Polyps,  Tunicata,  &c. 

Apatite,  (ap'a-tit).  [Gk.  apate,  deception. ]= 
Phosphorite:  chiefly  phosphate  of  lime;  a  vari- 
ously-coloured mineral  found  in  Cornwall.  •') 

Apatite  group.  Apatite,  francolite,  phospho- 
rite, &c. 

Apes,  (aps).  [Apa,  the  early  English  name.] 
=Pithecus:  tailless 
monkeys:  those  ap- 
proximatiug  most 
nearly  to  man.  An- 
thropoid A.:  chim- 
panzee, gorilla,  &c. 

Apetalae,  (a-pet'a-le). 
[Gk.  a,  not ;  Petal, 
g.v.]=Incompleta}: 
plants  the  flowers 
of  which  have  no  Ape. 

corolla,  and  often  no  calyx=Monochlamy- 
dese+Achlamydeoo. 

Apetalous,  (a-pet'al-us).  [Gk.  a,  not ;  Petal, 
q.v.]  Having  no  corolla. 

Aphanapteryx,  (a-fan-ap'ter-iks).  [Gk.  aph- 
anes,  obscure ;  pteryx,  wing.]  A  genus  of 
wingless  birds,  of  large  size,  recently  become 
extinct.  A.  bmcLn=Dodo. 


Aphaniptera,  (a-fan-ip'ter-a).  [Gk.  aphanos, 
hidden;  pteron,  wing.]"  Insects  -whose  wings 
are  not  developed.  Ex.  Flea. 

Aphanite,  (afan-it).  [Gk.  aphanes,  obscure.] 
A  variety  of  dolerite,  in  which  several 
minerals  are  so  mingled  as  to  be  with  diffi- 
culty distinguished. 

Aphelion,  (a-fe'li-on).  [Gk.  apo,  from ;  helios, 
sun.]  That  point  in  a  planet's  orbit  which 
is  the  most  remote  from  the  sun. 

Aphides,  (afi-dez).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Plant-lice:  insects  belonging  to  Hemiptera. 

Aphis,  (a'fis).     Singular  of  Aphides,  q.v. 

Aphis-lion=Hemerobius,  q.v. 

Aphlogistic,  (a-flo-jist'ik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  phlo- 
giz(±  I  flame.  ]  Without  flame. 

Aphroditaceae,  (af-r5-dit-a'se-e).  [Aphrodite, 
2.v.]=Sea-mice:  worm-like  animals  belong- 
ing to  Errantia,  a  sub-division  of  Annelida. 

Aphrodite,  ( af-ro-di'te  ).  [Classical.]  =  Sea- 
mouse:  the  type  of  Aphroditacese,  q.v. 

AphyUae,  (a-fil'le).  [Gk.  a,  not;  phyllon,lea.f.] 
Plants  having  no  leaves,  and  no  apparent 
sexual  characters=Thallogens. 

Aphyllous,  (a-fillus).  [Gk.  a,  without;  pliyl- 
lon,  leaf.]=Leafless. 

Apiaceae,  (a-pi-a'se-e).  [L.  apium,  parsley.]= 
Umbellifers:  herbs,  often  milky,  with  poly- 
petalous  flowers  in  umbels,  belonging  to 
Umbellales. 

Apiocrinidae,  (a-pi-o-krin'id-e).  [Apiocrinite, 
q.v.]  Animals  belonging  to  Crinoidea,  q.v., 
supposed  to  be  extinct,  until  one  was  found 
in  300  fathoms  of  sea,  near  Norway,  in 
1866. 

Apiocrinite,  (ap-i-o-kri'nit).  [Gk.  apion,  pear; 
fcmipn,  lily.]=Pear-lily:  an  echinoderm,  be- 
longing to  Criuoidea,  q.v.,  somewhat  pear- 
shaped;  known  only  by  fossil  remains. 

Apium,  (a'pi-\im).  [The  Latin  name.  ]=Celeryf 
an  herb  belonging  to  Apiacesd. 

Aplacental,  (a-pla-sent'al).  [Gk.  a,  without; 
Placenta,  g.v.]=Aplaceutalia:  used  of  ani- 
mals belonging  to  Mammalia  that  have  no 
placenta=Monotremata  and  Marsupiala. 

Aplacentaria,  (a-pla-sent-a'ri-a).  [Gk.  a,  with- 
out; Placenta,  q. v>]= Aplacental,  q.v. 

Aplanatic,  (a-plau-at'ik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  plana- 
OWMI,  I  wander.]  Corrective  of  spherical 
aberration :  used  of  lenses  which  collect  rays 
into  one  focus» 

Aplectrum=Ribless=:Plectognathi,  q.v. 

AplosporeaB=Fucace89,  q.vk 

Aplysiae,  (a-pli'si-e)*  [Gkk  a,  not;  ply  no,  I 
clean,] =Sea-hares :  molluscous  animals  whose 
tentacles  resemble  the  ears  of  a  hare, 

Apocarpae,  (a-po-kar'pe).  [Gk.  apo,  from; 
karpos,  fruit.]  Plants  in  Which  the  carpels 
are  distinct  from  each  other,  including 
Eosales,  Saxales,  &c. 

Apocarpous  plants,  (a-po-kar'pus)=;Apocarpa?, 
q.v. 

Apocineae,  (a-po-si'ne-e)r=Dog-worts=Apocy- 
naceaa,  q.v. 

Apocrenic  acid,  (a-po-kre'nik).  [Gk.  apo,  from ; 
krene,  spring.]  =  C^H^Ojs:  an  acid  sub- 
stance found  in  some  mineral  springs. 

Apocynaceae,  (a-po-sm-ii'se-e).  [Gk.  opo,  from; 
kyon,  dog.]=:Dogbanes:  shrubs  aud  trees, 


APODA 


AQTTA-REGlA 


chiefly  tropical;  xisually  milky,  and  often 
poisonous,  with  large  showy  flowers  and 
opposite  leaves:  belonging  to  Gentianales. 

Apoda,  (ap'o-da).  [Gk.  a,  not;  podes,  feet.] 
=Apodes:  used  for  animals  having  no  feet: 
1,  by  Aristotle  for  Cetacea;  2,  by  Vogt  for  a 
sub-division  of  Reptiles;  3,  by  Lamark  for  a 
sub-division  of  Annelida;  4,  by  Cuvier  for 
such  fishes  as  the  eel,  which  have  no  ventral 
fin. 

Apodemata,  (a-po-de'ma-ta).  [Gk.  apo,  from; 
daio,  I  divide.]  Septa  dividing  the  tissues 
in  Crustacea. 

Apodes,  (ap'o-dez)=Apoda,  q.v. 

Apogee,  (ap'o-jg1).  [Gk.  apo,  from;  ge,  earth.] 
That  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  planet  which  is 
farthest  from  the  earth. 

Apoglucic  acid,  (ap-o-glu'sik).  [Gk.  apo,  from ; 
Glucose,  fl.v.^CgHjiOg:  an.  acid  substance 
obtained  from  glucic  acid. 

Apomorphia,  (a-po-mor'fi-a).  [Gk.  apo,  from; 
Morphia,  fl.v.^C^H^NC^Morphia-HoO: 
a  base  obtained  from  morphia:  a  powerful 
emetic;  also  called  Apomorphine. 

Apomorphine,  (  a-po-mor'fin  ).  [  Gk.  apo, 
from;  Morphine,  q. v.]  =  Morphine— fl^O= 
CtfH^NOa:  obtained  from  morphine= Apo- 
morphia, q.v. 

Aponeuroses,  (a-pon-u-ro'ses).  [Gk.  apo,  apart; 
neuron,  sinew.]  Membranes  separating  the 
muscles. 

Apophyge,  (a-po'fi-ge).  [Gk.  apo,  from;  pliyfjf, 
flight.]  A  concave  moulding  connecting  the 
shaft  of  a  column  with  the  base  and  with 
the  capital;  also  called  an  escape. 

Apophyllite,  (a-po-fil'it).  [Gk.  apo,  from; 
phyllon,  leaf.]  =  Ichthypphthalmite  =  Fish- 
eye  stone:  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  lime, 
•which  readily  breaks  up  into  leaf-like  scales. 

Apophysis,  (a-po'fis-is).  [Gk.  apophysis,  a 
branch.]  l=Apophyge:  the  part  at  the  top 
or  bottom  of  a  fillet,  where  it  springs  out  to 
meet  the  fillet.  2.  Any  prominence  on  the 
surface  of  a  bone,  or  flower  stalk,  &c. 

Aporosa,  (a-po-ro'sa).  [Gk.  aporos,  not  open.] 
A  division  of  Zoantharia  sclerodermata. 

Apostasiacese,  (  ap-os-ta-si-a'se-e  ).  [Gk.  apo- 
stasia,  separation.  ]=Apostasiads:  herbaceous 
plants  with  thin  sheathing  leaves,  resem- 
bling orchids:  chiefly  tropical. 

Apparatus  sculptoris,  (ap-pa-ra'tus  skulp-tS'- 
ris).  [The  Latin  name.]  =  The  Sculptor's 
Workshop:  a  southern  constellation. 

Appendicular,  (ap-pen-dik'u-lar).  [L.  ad,  to; 
pendo,  I  hang.  ]=:  Appended;  subordinate  to 
a  central  body.  A.  skeleton=The  skeleton 
of  the  limbs.  A.  mwscies=Muscles  belonging 
to  the  limbs. 

Appendiculata,  (ap-pen-dik-u-la'ta).  [L.  ad, 
to;  pendo,  I  hang.]  A  sub-division  of  In- 
fusoria; fringed  with  small  appendages. 

Apple,  (ap'pl).  [Aepl,  the  A.-S.  name.]  For- 
merly applied  to  any  rounded  fruit:  now  re- 
stricted to  the  fruit  of  the  cultivated  varieties 
of  Pyrus  Malus.  Devil's  A.  =  Mandrake; 
Thorn  J.=Datura  stramonium.  Wild  A. 
=Crab  apple— Pyrus  Malus,  L.  Love  A.= 
Solarium  persicum.  A.  of  tJte  eye=Pupil  of 
the  eye.  A.  oil  =  C5Hn,  C5H902= Alcoholic 


solution  of  amyl  valerate,  having  an  apple- 
like  flavour. 

Apple-weevil=Anthonomus  pomorum,  an  in- 
sect belonging  to  Rhynchophora. 

Apple- worts,  (ap'pl  wurts).  [Apple  and  worts, 
<?.v.]=Pomaeeae,  q.v. 

Applicate  ordinate,  (ap'pli-kat)= Double  ordi- 
nate:  a  straight  line 
crossing  tho  axis  of  a 
conic  section  at  right 
angles,  and  reaching 
from  side  to  side,  bi- 
sected by  tho  diameter. 

Apricct,  (a'pri-kot).     [F. 
abricot,  from;  L.  prtc- 
cocia,   early. ]=Prunus 
armeniaca:  a  plant  with  a  «  Applicate  ordinate. 
a  plum-like  fruit,  named  from  the  supposi- 
tion of  its  being  an  early  peach. 

Apricot-weevil  =  Otiorhynchus  tenebricosus: 
an  insect  belonging  to  Rhynchophora. 

Apron,  (a'pron).  1.  A  platform  of  plank  at 
the  entrance  of  a  lock,  on  which  the  gates 
shut.  2.  Timbers  connecting  the  stem  and 
keel  of  a  ship. 

Apron-piece.  Timbers  fixed  in  the  wall  to  sup- 
port the  landings  of  a  staircase. 

Apse,  (aps).  [Gk.  apsis,  arch.]  The  portion 
of  a  building  which  has  a  circular  or  poly- 
gonal termination,  such  as  the  eastern,  or 
altar  end  of  a  church ;  also  called  apsis. 

Apsides,  (ap'si-des).  [Gk.  apsis,  arch.]  Plural 
of  apsis:  the  two  points  in  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  that  are  respectively  nearest  and  most 
distant  from  the  sun.  Lower  A.  =Perihelion. 
Upper  ^.=Aphelion. 

Apsis,  (ap'sis).  [Gk.  apsis,  arch.]  1.  Singular 
of  apsides,  q.v.  2=Apse,  q.v. 

Aptera,  (ap'ter-a).  [Gk.  apteros,  without 
wings.]  Applied  to  insects  that  have  no 
wings. 

Apteral,  (ap'tgr-al).  [Gk.  a,  without;  pteron, 
wing. ]= Apterous,  q.v,:  used  of  a  building 
that  has  columns  in  front,  but  none  at  the 
sides. 

Apterous,  (ap'tgr-ua).  [Gk,  a,  'Without  j^feron, 
wing.  ]= Wingless. 

Apteryx,  (ap'ter-iks).  [Gk.  a,  without;  pteryx, 
wing.]=Kiwi:  a  nocturnal  insectivorous  bird 
of  the  ostrich  kind,  very  rare,  in  N.  Zealand, 
having  the  wings  almost  entirely  abortive. 

Aptotic,  (ap-to'tik).  [Gk.  a,  without;  ptosis, 
case.]  Used  of  languages  in  which  the  nouns 
do  not  express  variety  of  case  by  variety  of 
spelling. 

Apus,  (a'pus).  [Gk.  a,  without;  pous,  foot.] 
=The  Bird  of  Paradise:  a  southern  constel- 
lation; named  from  the  belief  that  the  bird 
of  paradise  had  no  feet. 

Aqua,  (ak'wa).     [The  Latin  word.]=Water. 

Aqua-fortis,  (ak-wa-fort'is).  [L.  aqua,  water; 
fortis,  strong.]r=Nitric  acid,  q.v. 

Aqua-marine,  (ak-wa-ma-ren').  Alessbiulliant 
variety  of  emerald  and  beryl. 

Aqua-regia,  (ak-wa-re'ji-a).  [L.  aqua,  water; 
regia,  royal.]=Nitro-muriatic  acid  =  Nitro- 
hydrochloric  acid:  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
hydrochloric  acids,  which  will  dissolve  gold 
and  platinum. 


AQUABIUM 


ARATTCAEITES 


Aquarium,  (ak-wa'ri-um):=Aquavivarium. 

Aquarius,  (a-kwa'ri-us).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
The  Water-bearer :  the 
sign  of  the  Zodiac  in 
which  the  sun  is  from 
Jan.  20  to  Feb.  20:  one 
of  the  Zodiacal  constel- 
lations. 

Aquatic  (a-kwat'ik).  [L. 
aqua,  water.]  Inhabit- 
ing  water. 

Aquatic  respiration,  (a-  Aquarius, 

kwat'ik).  [L.  aqua,  water.]  By  means  of 
gills  or  branchiae,  which  absorb  oxygen  from 
the  air  present  in  water.  Sub-A.  nests,  built 
by  sticklebacks,  water  spiders,  caddis  flies, 
&c. 

Aquatinta,  (ak-wa-tin'ta).  [It.  acqua,  water; 
tinta,  tinted.]  Etching  on  copper  by  means 
of  aqua-fortis. 

Aquavivarium,  (ak-wa-Yi-va'ri-um).  [L.  aqua, 
water;  vivo,  I  live.  J= Aquarium:  an  enclosed 
space  filled  with  water,  in  which  animals 
and  plants  live  in  their  accustomed  manner. 

Aqueduct,    (ak'we-dukt).     [L.    aqua,  water; 
ductus,  led.]      An 
artificial    water- 


Aqueous,  (aTiwe-us).    ; 
[L.  aqua,  water.] = 
Watery.  A.  forma-  ! 


Eatery.  A.  forma- 
tions=:Fossiliferous 
formations  =  Sedi-  Aqueduct. 

mentaryformations=Stratified  rocks:  cover- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  earth's  surface, 
chiefly  deposits  of  sand  and  mud,  spread  out 
by  the  action  of  water:  may  be  divided  into 
silicious,  argillaceous,  and  calcareous.  A. 
humour:  a  watery  liquid  in  the  eye. 

Aquifoliacese,  (ak-wi-fo-li-a'se-e).  [L.  aqui- 
folium,  pointed  leaf.]=Holly,  &c. :  evergreen 
trees  and  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  flowers: 
also  called  Ilicineee. 

Aquila,  (ak'wil-a).  [The  Latin  name.]=Eagle. 
1.  A  large  bird  of  prey,  belonging  to  Acci- 
pitres.  2.  A  northern  constellation:  in  which 
Antinous  is  now  included.  The  chief  stars 
are  Altair  and  Alshain. 

Aquilariacese,  (ak-wi-la-ri-a'se-e).  [L.  aquila, 
eagle.]=Aquilariads:  trees  with  apetalous 
flowers,  having  a  tubular  calyx,  in  tropical 
Asia  only,  including  eagle  wood  and  aloes, 
belonging  to  Rhamnales. 

Aquilarineas,(ak-wi-la-rin'e-e)=Aquilariaceae, 
q.v. 

Aquilegia,  (ak-wi-le'ji-a).     [L.  aquila,  eagle: 
from  form   of  flower.] 
=  Columbine  =  Water-  iRiflffllf 
gatherer:  an  herb  with 
leaves  that  catch  water,    ' 
belonging  to  Banuncu- 
lacese. 

Ara,  (a'ra).  [The  Latin 
name.  ]= The  Altar:  a 
southern  constellation. 

Arabian  architecture  = 
Arabesque  A.  =  Mor- 
esque A.  =Saracenic  A. : 
ornamented  with,  repre-  Arabesque. 


sentations  of  fruit  and  flowers,  but  not  of 
animals. 

Arabidese,  (  a-ra-bid'e-e  ).  [  Arabia,  q.v.  ]= 
Stocks,  wallflower,  cress,  &c. :  a  sub-division 
of  Cruciferae,  q.v. 

Arab  in,  (ar'a-bin).  [  From  Arabia.  ]=Gum 
Arabic,  found  in  all  plants,  but  especially  in 
acacia:  a  compound  of  gummic  acid  with 
sodium  and  potassium. 

Arabis,  (a'ra-bis).  [From  Arabia.]  Rock- 
cress:  an  herb  with  white  flower,  belonging 
to  Brassicaceae. 

Araceae,  (a-ra'se-e).    [Arum,  Q.r.]=Aroidese= 
Arads:  tropical  herbs  and  shrubs,  sometimes 
stemless,  with  sheathing  leaves,  and  naked 
flowers,  the  type  of  Arales. 
Arachidic  acid,  (a-rak'id-ik).  [ A  rachis, ground- 
nut.J=Butic  acid=C2oH4oO2,  from  Arachia 
hypogaea,  from  butter,  and  from  oil  of  ground- 
nut.    One  of  the  fatty  acids. 
Arachnida,(ar-ak'ni-da).  [Gk.arachnes,  spider; 
eidos,    form.]  =  Spiders,    scorpions,  mites: 
spider- like    animals,    mostly    carnivorous, 
forming  a  sub-division  of  Arthropoda:  tho 
body  of  each  is  divided  into  segments,  having 
articulated    appendages;    they  breathe    by 
means  of  pulmonary  sacs  or  simple  lungs. 
Arachnoda,   (  ar-ak'no-da  ).      [Gk.   arachnes, 
spider;  eidos,  form.]   Used  by  Burmeister  to 
include  Myriapoda  and  Arachnidae. 
Arachnodermaria,  (a-rak-no-der-ma'ri-a).  [Gk. 
arachnes,  spider;  derma,  skin.]     Used  by  De 
Blainville  for  Acalephse. 
Arachnoid,  (a-rak'noid).  [Gk.  arachne,  spider's 
web;  eidos,  form.]    1.  A  very  thin  mem- 
braneous covering  to  the  brain.     2.  One  of 
the  coats  of  the  eye.     3.  A  fossil  coral. 
Arads= Araceae,  q.v. 

Araeometer,  (a-re-om'e-ter).   [Gk.  araios,  thin; 
metron,  measure.]     A  variety  of  hydrometer 
used  to  find  the  specific  gravity  of  any  fluid 
or  solid;  but  especially  adapted  to  fluids  less 
dense  than  water. 
Aragonite^Arragonite,  q.v. 
Arales,  (a-ralez).     [Aracese,  q.v.]  '  The  lowest 
flowering  plants:  with  naked  or    petaloid 
flowers=Duckweeds,  bulrushes,  &c.,  form- 
ing a  division  of  Endogens. 
Araliacese,  (a-ra-li-a'se-e).   [Aralia,  <?.t'.]=Ivy- 
worts:  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees:  with  green 
pentamerous  flowers,  and  many-celled  fruits, 
including  the  ivy  and  ginseng. 
Aralia,  (a-ra'li-a)=Ivy. 
Aralise,  (a-ra'li-e).     [•Arabia.*  q.v.]    Ivy-worts 

=Araliacea3,  Ld. 
Araneida,  (ar-a-ni'da).     [L.  araneus,  spider.] 

=Spiders:  a  division  of  Arachnida,  q.v. 
Araneiform,  (a-ra'ni-form).  [L.araneM5,spider; 
forma,  form.]=Spider-like. 
Arar  tree,  (ar'ar).      Of  Barbary=Sandarach 
tree;  the  gum  of  which  is  sandarach. 
Araucanians,  (a-raw-ka'ui-ans).    A  S.  Ameri- 
can race. 

Araucaria,  (a-raw-kn'ri-a).  [Araucania,  in  S. 
America.]  A  pine-like  tree  of  very  large 
size,  found  in  Australia. 

Araucarites,  (a-raw-ka-ri'tez).  [Araucaria.] 
Fossil  remains  of  trees  resembling  the  living 
Araucari*,  found  iu  Secondaiy  rocks. 


ARBOR 


29 


AECTuviH 


Arbor,  (ar'borJ^Axle,  when  small,  as  in  a 
watch. 

Arbor  Dianas,  (ar'bor  di-a'ne).  [L.  arbor,  tree; 
Diance,  of  Diana.]=Silver  tree,  q.v.,  a  tree- 
like deposit  of  metallic  silver,  obtained  from 
a  salt  of  silver. 

Arbor  saturni,  (ar'bor  sa-tur'ni):=Lead  tree, 
q.v.,  analogous  to  silver  tree. 

Arbor  vitae,  (ar'bor  vi'te).  Tree-like  rami- 
fications in  the  brain. 

Arborescent,  (ar-bo-res'sent).  [L.  arbor,  tree; 
cresco,  I  grow.]  Tree-like. 

Arboreal  monkeys.  [L.  arbor,  tree.]  Having 
the  hands  more  or  less  modified  into  hooks, 
with  which  to  grasp  the  branches,  especially 
in  Hylobates  and  Ateles. 

Arbutese,  (ar-bu'te-e).  [Arbutus,  q.v.}  In- 
cludes strawberry  tree,  bearberry,  and  plants 
belonging  to  Ericaceae. 

Arbutin,  (ar'bu-tin).  [Arbutus,  g.v.]=Ci2Hi6 
Oy :  a  crystallised  principle  found  in  leaves 
of  bearberry. 

Arbutus,  (arTju-tus).  [L.  arbutus,  straw- 
berry tree.]  A  shrub  with  white  and  red 
flowers,  belonging  to  Arbutese,  q.v.  A.  unedo 
= Strawberry  tree. 

Arc,  (ark).  [L.  arcus,  a  bow.]  Any  part  of 
a  simply  curved  line. 

Arcanite,  (ar'ka-nit).  [L. 
arcanus,  hidden.]  A 
colourless  variety  of  sul-  Arc. 

phate  of  potash. 

Arch,  (artsh).  [Arc,  the  French  word.]  Any 
structure  concave  below,  supported  at  the 
lower  extremities,  usually  supporting  a 
weight,  and  bridging  over  a  space,  as  a  door- 
way, window,  or  the  arch  of  a  bridge.  Neu- 
ral A.,  encloses  the  spinal  chord;  Cranial  A. 
encloses  the  brain ;  Visceral  A.  encloses  the 
stomach,  <fec. 

Archsegosaurus,  (ar-ke-go-saw'rus).  [Gk.  ar- 
chegos,  first  or  leader;  sauros,  lizard.]  A 
batrachian  reptile,  known  only  by  fossil  re- 
mains found  in  Carboniferous  rocks.  Pro- 
perly Archegosaurus. 

Archaeocidaris,  (ar-ke-o-sid'a-ris).  [Gk.  arch- 
aois,  ancient;  kidaris,  turban. ]=Seed-egg:  a 
turban-shaped  sea-urchin,  found  fossil  in 
Palaeozoic  rocks. 

Archaeoniscus,  (ar-ke-o-nis'kus).  [Gk.  arch- 
aios,  ancient;  oniscos,  wood-louse.]  A  crus- 
tacean animal,  resembling  the  wood-louse, 
known  by  fossil  remains  in  Oolitic  rocks. 

Archseopteryx,  ( ar-ke-op'ter-iks ).  [Gk.  ar- 
chaios,  ancient;  pteryx,  wing.]  An  extinct 
bird:  fossil  remains  of  one  were  found  in  Up- 
per Oolite  strata.  A.  macrura,  unites  rep- 
tiles and  birds,  but  nob  so  closely  as  does  the 
Compsognathus ;  has  a  Saurian,  feathered 
tail. 

Archseotherium,  (  ar-ke-o-the'ri-um  ).  f  Gk. 
archaios,  ancient;  therion,  beast.]  A  pachy- 
dermous  animal  known  only  by  fossil  re- 
mains found  in  Lower  Miocene  rocks  in 
Nebraska. 

Archal,  (art'shal,  corruption  of  orchil)=Or- 
chil=Rocella  tinctoria:  a  lichen,  from  which 
a  purple  colouring  matter  is  obtained. 
Archangel,  (ark-an'jel).     [Blossoming  at  St. 


Archimedes'  Screw. 


Michael's  day.  ]=Angelica  archangelica :  a 
tree  belonging  to  Labiate.  Yellow  A.= 
Lamium  galeobdolon.  White  ^.=Lamium 
album .  RedA.=  Stachys  sylvatica. 

Archebiosis,  (ar-ke-bi'o-sis).  [Gk.  arclie,  be- 
ginning; bios,  life.]=Independent  origina- 
tion of  living  matter. 

Archegosaurus,  (ar-ke-go-saw'riis).  A  batra- 
chian reptile,  fossil  remains  of  which  are 
found  in  coal=Archsegosaurus,  q.v. 

Archencephala,  (ar-ken-sefa-la).  [Gk.  archos, 
chief;  egkephalos,  brain.]  Owen's  term  for 
man,  as  being  first  in  mental  power. 

Archer-fish,  (art'sher)=Toxotes:  a  fish  belong- 
ing to  Squamipennae,  named  from  its  habit 
of  discharging  drops  of  water  at  insects  by 
means  of  its  tubular  mouth. 

Archetype,  (arTje-tip).  [Gk.  arche,  beginning; 
typos,  pattern.]  Original  model  or  type. 

Archil,  (art'shil).  [Corruption  of  orchilla,  the 
Spanish  name.]  Orchil,  a  purple  dye  obtained 
from  lichens,  especially  from  Rocella  tinc- 
toria,; also  called  Litmus. 

Archimedean  Screw,  (  ar  -  kim  -  S  -  de'an  ). 
[  Archimedes.  J  A 
spiral  tube  wound 
round  an  axis:  the 
archetype  of  the 
screw-propeller. 

Archimulacris,  ( ar- 
kim-u-la'kris).  A. 
acadicus :  the  only 
American  fossil 
cockroach,  known 
only  by  a  wing. 

Architecture,  (  ark-i-tek'tur ).  [Gk.  archos, 
chief;  tekton,  builder.]  The  science  and  art 
of  building. 

Architrave,  (ar'ki-trav).  [Gk.  archos,  chief; 
L.  trabs,  beam.]=Epistylion.  1.  The  beam 
resting  upon  the  columns,  and  supporting 
the  roof,  sometimes  represented  by  an  arch; 
the  lower  division  of  an  entablature.  2. 
Moulded  lining  on  the  face  of  jambs. 

Archivolt,  ( ar'ki-volt ).  [  Archivolto,  the 
Italian  name.]  The  inner  band,  or  mould- 
ing of  an  arch;  if  plain = Soffit. 

Arciform,  (ar'si-form).  [L.  arcus,  form;  forma, 
shape.]  Arch-like. 

Arctic,  (ark'tik).  [Arktikos,  the  Greek  word.] 
Belonging  to  the  north.  A.  circle,  extends 
for  23 y  round  the  N.  pole.  A.  floral  region, 
marked  by  firs  and  berry  trees,  in  Lapland, 
Sweden,  and  the  Alps.  A.  /oa;=Vulpes  la- 
gopa.  A.  miocene  beds,  in  Iceland,  Spitz- 
bergen,  &c. :  contain  fossil  beeches,  oaks, 
vines,  &c.,  proving  a  warmer  climate  to  have 
once  existed  there. 

Arctisca,  (ark-tis'ka.)     [Gk.   arktos,  bear.]= 

Water-bean=Tardigraaa :   minute  animals 

with  a  vermiform  body  and  suctorial  tube 

for  mouth,  forming  a  division  of  Arachnida. 

Arctocyon,  found  fossil  in  Eocene  beds:  the 

oldest  known  placental  mammal. 

Arctomys,   (ark'to-mis).      [Gk.   arl'tos,  bear; 

mys,  rat.]=Marmot  of  the  Alps=Mus  Al- 

pinus:  a  small  burrowing  rodent  quadruped. 

Arctuvin,  (ark-tu'vin).  [Gk.  arktos,  bear;  uvat 

berry.  ]=^Hydroo^uii;one=C6H6Og:  a  crystal- 


ARCTUEUS 


30 


ARISTOTLE'S 


line  substance  found  in  the  leaves  of  the 

bear  berry. 
Arcturus,  (  ark-tu'rus ).      [Gk.   arUos,  bear; 

oura,  tail.]=a  Bootes.     A  reddish  star  of  the 

first  magnitude,  which  is  also  a  sun-star  and 

a  parallax-star,  in  the  constellation  Bootes, 

near  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear. 
Ardea,  (ar'de-a).     [The  Latin  name.]=Heron: 

a  bird  belonging  to  Grallatores. 
Ardeidae,  (ar-di'dC).      [Ardea,  g.v.]=Herons: 

a  family  of  birds  of  which  the  heron  is  the 

Ardisiacese,  (ar-dis-i-a'se-e).    Myrsinaceaj,  q.v. 

Ardisiads,  (ar-dis'i-adz).  =Myrsinaceaa,  q.v. 

Ardwick- lime  stone,  (ard'wik).  [A.  near 
Manchester.]  A  sub-division  of  Upper  Car- 
boniferous rocks :  contains  remains  of  fish 
and  shells. 

Are,  the  unit  of  land -measure  in  the  French 
decimal  system=100  square  metres=119'6 
square  yards. 

Area,  (a're-a).  [The  Latin  word.]  A  plane 
surface;  also  used  for  the  measurement  of 
such  a  surface. 

Areca,  (a-re'ka)=Aroca  palm:  a  tree  belonging 
to  Palmaceaa.  A.  catechu,  bears  the  betel- 
nut. 

Arenaceous  foraminifera,  (  ar-e-na'shS-os  ). 
Foraminifera  having  a  test,  formed  entirely 
of  sand-grains  in  the  place  of  a  shell.  A. 
?-oc/ls=Sand8tones,  q.v. 

Arenicolites,  ( a-re-ni-k51its ).  [L.  arena, 
sand;  colo,  I  inhabit:  Gk.  Uthos,  stone.] 
Fossil  worm  burrows  found  in  sandstones. 

Arenig,  (ar'e-nig)=Stiper  stones,  the  lowest 
of  the  Lower  Silurian  strata. 

Areola,  (a-re'o-la).  [Areola,  the  Latin  word.] 
Any  small  surface  or  space:  especially  used 
in  biology  for  small  interstices  and  rings. 

Areolar  tissue  (a-re'o-lar).  [Areola,  q.v.]= 
Connective  tissue,  q.v. 

Areometer,  (a-re-om'et-er).  [Gk.  araios,  thin; 
nietron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  the 
measurement  of  specific  gravity,  v.  Araeo- 
meter. 

Areometric  method,  ( a-re-o-met'rik ).  [Gk. 
araios,  thin  ;  metron,  measure.]  Measure- 
ment of  the  specific  gravity  of  a  solid  body 
by  weighing  it  in  a  liquid. 

Arethusa,  (a-re-thu'sa).  [Classical.]  One  of 
the  Asteroids,  No.  95. 

Arfvedsonite,  (arf-ved'so-mt).  A  mineral  be- 
longing to  the  hornblende  group,  chiefly 
silicate  of  iron. 

Argal,  (ar'gal).  1.  A  sheep=0vis  argala= 
Ovis  nahool.  2.=Argol,  q.v. 

Argand  lamp,  (ar'gand).     [M.  Argand,  the  in- 
ventor.]   An  oil  lamp  hav- 
ing   a   tubular  wick,    and 
clock-work    machinery   for 
pumping  up  the  oil. 

Argentic,  ( ar-jen'tik  ).  [L. 
argentum,  silver.]  Silrery; 
containing  silver:  used  of 
the  ordinary  salts  of  silver. 
v.  Chemical  nomenclature. 

Argentine,  (ar-jen'tin).  [L.  argentum,  silver.] 
l.=Scopelus  Humboldtii,  q.v.  2.  A  white 
variety  of  calcareous  spar. 


Argand  Lamp. 


Argentisatin,  (ar-jen-tis'a-tin).  [Argentum 
and  isatin,  fl.v.J^CsI^AgNOo :  a  red  amor- 
phous substance  obtained  from  argentic 
nitrate  and  isatin. 

Argentite,  (ar-jen'tit).  [L.  arrtentum,  silver.] 
—Silver  glance:  one  of  the  silver  group  of 
minerals,  chiefly  subsulpliide  of  silver;  a 
common  ore  of  silver. 

Argentous,  (ar-jent'us).  [L.  argentum,  silver.] 
Containing  silver,  used  of  the  sub-salts,  v. 
Chemical  nomenclature. 

Argentum  =  Ag7  =  Silver :  one  of  the  Noble 
II  eta  Is,  q.v. 

Argil,  (ar-jil).  [The  French  word. ]•=  Pure  clay. 

Argillaceous,  (  ar-jil-la'she-us.  ).  [  F.  argil, 
clay.]  =  Clayey.  A.  rocks:  clay  rocks:  con- 
taining alumina. 

Argillite,  (ar'jil-it).  [F.  argil,  clay.]  A  rock 
resembling  clay-slate,  but  without  its  cleav- 
age. 

Argol,  (ar'gol)  =  Grade  tartar=Potassic  tar- 
trate= Impure  cream  of  tartar:  found  in  all 
wine  casks. 

Argonaut,  (ar'go-nawt).  fGk.  argo,  Jason's 
Ship;  nautes,  sailor.]=Paj>er  nautilus:  an 
animal  belonging  to  Cephalopoda,  the  female 
only  of  which  has  a  shell,  shaped  somewhat 
like  a  boat. 

Argo-Navis,  (ar'go-na'vis).  [L.  navis,  ship.]= 
The  Ship  Argo:  one  of  the  southern  constel- 
lations; also  called  Jason's  Ship:  sometimes 
divided  into  four  parts,  contains  one  star  of 
first  magnitude,  Canopus;  also  a  large  ne- 
bula. The  star  rj  is  a  very  variable  star, 
varying  from  first  to  sixth  magnitude. 

Arguzise,  (ar-gu'zi-e)=:Cordiace8e,  q.v. 

Ariadne,  (  a-ri-ad'ue  ).  [Classical.]  One  of 
the  Asteroids,  No.  43. 

Aricine,  (  a'ri-siu  )=C23H2rN2O4=.Cinchona- 
tine:  a  white  crystalline  base  found  in  cin- 
chona bark. 

Aries,  (a'ri-ez).    [L.  aries,  a  ram.]=:Ram:  the 
first  of  the  twelve  signs 
of  the  Zodiac:  also  one 
of  the  constellations  of 
the  Zodiac.     The  point 
of  intersection  of  the 
celestial   equator    and      "^^^^^^^B^^. 
ecliptic    is    called    the  ^ 

first    point    of    Aries,  Aries, 

though  it  is  now  really  in  Pisces. 

Ariel,  (a'ri-el).     A  satellite  of  Uranus. 

Aril,  (ar'il).  [F.  arille,  seed  coat.]  A  cup-like 
covering  for  seeds,  in  which  only  the  lower 
part  is  covered. 

Aristolochia,  (ar-is-to-loTci-a).  [Gk.  aristos, 
best;  locheia,  birth. ]=Birthwort:  an  herb 
or  shrub,  often  twining;  named  from  being 
used  at  childbirth,  the  type  of  Aristolo- 
chiaceae. 

Aristolochiaceae,  (ar-is-to-lo-ki-a'se-e).  [Aris- 
tolochia, q.v.]  Herbs  and  shrubs,  with  axil- 
lary apetalous  flowers,  belonging  to  Asarales; 
resemble  endogens  in  flowers,  but  exogens 
in  stems  and  leaves,  found  chiefly  in  tropical 
America,  &c. 

Aristotle's  classification  of  animals,  —  Zoa 
(animals)  are  divided  into  Enaima  (Verte- 
brata)  and  Auaima  (Invertebrata),  Tha 


ARITHMETIC 


31 


ARSENIOUS 


Enaima  are  divided  in  Zootoka  (Mammalia) 
and  Ootoka  (Ovipara).  The  Zootoka  are 
divided  into  Dipoda  (man),  Tetraixxla  (quad- 
rupeds), and  Apoda  (cetacea);  and  the  Ootoka 
into  Pterota  (birds),  Pholidota  (reptiles),  and 
Lepidota  (fishes). 

Arithmetic,  (a-rith'me-tik).  [Gk.  arithmeo,  I 
number.]  The  science  and  art  of  calcula- 
tion by  numbers. 

Arithmetical,  (a-rith-met'ik-al).  [Arithmetic, 
q.v.]  Kelated  to  the  science  of  arithmetic. 
A.  mean,  the  middle  term  of  three  terms  in 
arithmetical  progression.  A.  progression, 
the  increase  or  decrease  in  a  series  of  num- 
bers when  the  same  number  is  continually 
added  or  subtracted,  as  1,  3,  5,  7,  &c.,  or  15, 
12,  9,  6,  3,  0. 

Ann,  (arm).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  1.  The  ante- 
rior limb  in  man,  consisting  of  the  humerus, 
ulna,  radius,  and  bones  of  the  hand,  and 
accompanying  nerves,  muscles,  &c.  2.  The 
projecting  lobes  of  star-fishes.  3.  The  ten- 
tacles of  cuttle-fishes,  &c.  Often  used  gene- 
rally for  any  processes  in  invertebrate  ani- 
mals. 

Armadillo,  (ar-ma-dil'lo).  _  [Dim.  of  Sp.  orma- 
da,anned.]=Dasy- 
pus :   a  small  bur-. 
rowing  quadruped, 
found  only  in  Ame- 
rica,   belonging   to 
Edentata,  interme- 
diate  between  ant- 
eaters  and  sloths;  Armadillo, 
having  the  back  and  head  covered  with  bony 
armour  plates. 

Armature,  (ar'ma-tur).  [L.  armatus,  armed.] 
1.  A  piece  of  soft  iron  used  to  connect  the 
poles  of  a  magnet  when  not  in  use.  2.  A 
bobbin  of  wire  used  to  connect  the  poles  of 
an  electro-magnet,  and  to  convey  the  cur- 
rent which  is  generated. 

Armeria,  (ar-me'ri-a).  [L.  flot  armeria!,  pink.] 
=Thrift:  sea-pink,  an  herb  belonging  to 
Plumbaginacese. 

Armillary  sphere,  (ar'mil-la-ri).  [L.  armilla, 
bracelet.]  A  number 
of  rings  arranged  round 
a  centre,  so  as  to  repre- 
sent a  sphere :  used  to 
illustrate  the  relative 
positions  of  the  ecliptic, 
equator,  etc.,  of  the  ce- 
lestial sphere. 

Armoracia,  ( ar-mo-rii'- 
si-a)=Nasturtium  am- 
phibium;  alsp=Cochle- 
aria  armoracia=Horse- 
radish. 

Armorican  floral  region,       Armillary  sphere, 
(ar-mo'rik-an ).      Marked    by  pastures  and 
orchards,  extends 
through    S.   Eng- 
land, the  Channel 
Islands,  Norman- 
dy, and  Brittany. 

Armstrong  gun, 
(arm'strong).  [Sir 
>V.  Armstrong  tho  Armstrong  gun. 


inventor.]  A  breech-loading  rifled  gun.  v. 
Gun. 

Arneb,  (ar'neb).  [The  Arabic  name.]=a  Lepo- 
ris:  the  chief  star  in  the  constellation  Lepus. 

Arnpseris,  (  ar-no-se'ris ).  [Gk.  arnos,  lamb; 
seris,  succory.]  =  Lamb's  succory  =  Swine's 
succory.  A  small  herb  belonging  to  Cicho- 
racese. 

Arnut,  (ar-nut).  [D.  aard,  earth;  noot,  nut.] 
l=Carum  bulbocastanum,  q.v.  2=Bunium 
flexuosum,  q.v. 

Arnptto=Annatto,  q.v. 

Aroideae,  (  a-roi'de-c" )  =  Arads :  herbs  with 
showy  flowers:  some  epiphytous=Araceae,  q.v. 

Aromatic,  ( ar-o-mat'ik  ).  [L.  aroma,  fra- 
granca]  Fragrant.  A.  acids  have  the  general 
formula  CnHon-gC^.  A-  alcohols  =  Benzoic 
series.  A.  al'dehyds:  oil  of  cumin,  oil  of 
cinnamon,  &c.  A.  hydrocarbons:  Benzol, 
Toluol,  Xylol,  Cumol,  and  Cymol,  having 
the  general  formula  CnH2n-6- 

Arquerite,  (arTte-rit).  [Arqueros,  in  Chili.] 
An  amalgam  of  silver,  found  in  the  mine  of 
Arquerps. 

Arragonite,  (ar-rag'o-nlt).  [Arragon  in  Spain.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  carbonate  of  lime. 

Arris,  (ar'ris).  [F.  arete,  corner.]  =  Edge : 
used  especially  for  intersections  of-  curved 
surfaces,  as  mouldings,  &c.  A.  fillet:  used 
to  raise  the  slates  of  a  roof,  to  throw  off  rain. 
A.  gutter:  a  raised  gutter. 

Arrow  grasses.  [Named  from  shape  of  cap- 
sules.]=Juncaginace8e,  q.v.:  plants  belong- 
ing to  Alismales. 

Arrow  head.  [Named  from  shape  of  leaves.] 
=Sagittaria,  q.v. 

Arrow-root.  A  variety  of  starch  obtained  from 
the  roots  of  various  tropical  plants,  and  used 
for  food. 

Arsenates,  ( ar'se-natz ).  [Arsenit,  q.v.]  = 
Arseniates,  q.v. 

Arseniates,  (ar-sen'i-atz).  [Arsenic,  q.v.]= 
31'3As04 :  compounds  of  arsenic  acid  with  a 
base. 

Arsenic,  (ar'sen-ik).  [Gk.  arsenikos,  strong.] 
=Arsenicum,  q.v.  A  brilliant  brittle  metal, 
very  poisonous,  which  is  known  only  as  a 
solid  and  as  a  gas,  since  when  heated  it 
volatilises  without  melting.  White  A.= 
Arsenious  acidi=  Oxide  of  arsenic.  A.  anhy- 
dride =  A.  acid  =  AsoOg,  Reinsch's  test  for 
A.,~by  deposit  of  A.  on  pure  copper.  Marsh's 
test  for  A.,  by  combination  with,  nascent 
hydrogen. 

Arsenic  group  of  minerals:  Arsenic,  orpi- 
ment,  and  realgar,  which  tinge  the  blowpipe 
flame  blue. 

Arsenicum,  (ar-sen'i-kum).  [Arsenic,  q.v.]= 
As"'= Arsenic:  one  of  the  phosphorus  group 
of  metals:  dark-grey,  brittle,  lustrous,  and 
very  poisonous:  used  for  green  and  yellow 
pigments,  and  in  glass-making. 

Arsenides,  (ar'sen-idz).  [Arsenic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  arsenic  with  a  base. 

Arsenites,  (ar'sen-its).  [Arsenic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  arsenious  acid  and  a  base. 

Arsenious,  (ar-seii'i-us).  [Arsenic,  q.v.]  Con- 
taining arsenic,  A.  acid— A.  anhydride= 


ARSENIRTTETTED 


ASCI 


Arseniuretted,  (a,r-sen-i-u-rot'ted).     [Arsenic, 
g.v.]    Saturated  with  arsenic.     Ex.  A.  Hy- 


Arsmart,  (ar'smart).  [Named  from  causing 
smarting.  ]=  Polygonum  hydropiper. 

Artemisia,  (ar-te-mis'i-a).  [Artemis,  Diana."] 
=  Worm  wood:  a  bitter  herb  belonging  to 
Anthemideae.  A.  imfr/arw=Mugwort.  A. 
(tb8inthium=Vform\vood.  A.  co£uJa=Stink- 
iug  mayweed. 

Arterial  blood,  (ar-te'ri-al).  [Artery,  g.v.] 
Pure  blood,  passing  from  the  heart  through 
the  arteries  to  the  various  parts  of  the  body. 
A.  system,  the  system  of  arteries,  of  which 
the  aorta  is  the  chief. 

Arterialization,  (ar-te-ri-al-iz-a'shun).  [Ar- 
tery, q.v.]  The  purification  of  venous  blood 
by  the  action  of  oxygen,  which  fits  it  for 
passage  through  the  arteries. 

Artery,  (ar'ter-i).  [arteria,  the  Greek  name.] 
One  of  a  number  of  elastic  tubes  conveying 
blood  from  the  heart  to  the  capillaries.  Caro- 
tid A.,  belonging  to  the  neck.  Pulmonary 
A.,  belonging  to  the  lungs.  Hepatic  A.,  be- 
longing to  the  liver.  Renal  A.,  belonging 
to  the  kidneys.  Splenic  A.,  belonging  to  the 
spleen. 

Artesian  wells,  (ar-te'si-an).  [P.  Artois,  where 
they  are  common.]  Openings  made  in  tlio 
earth  deep  enough  to  reach  water,  which  is 
driven  up  to  find  its  level. 

Arthrodia,  (  ar-thro'di-a).  [Gk.  arthroo,  I 
join.]=Ball  and  socket  joint,  q.v. 

Arthrodieae,  (ar-thro'de-e).  Bory's  term  for 
Algales,  q.v. 

Arthrogastra,  (ar-thro-gas'tra).  [Gk.  arthron, 
joint  ;  (faster,  stomach.]  A  snb-divi&ion  of 
Arachuida,  in  which  the  abdomen  is  in  seg- 
ments. 

Arthropoda,(ar-throp'o-da).  [Glt.arthron,  joint  ; 
podes,  feet.]=Articulata=Arthropodaria:  a 
sub-division  of  Annulosa,  having  jointed 
limbs  attached  to  an  exoekeleton,  and  thu 
head  com  posed  of  six  somites  and  appendages; 
includes  Insects,  Myriapoda,  Arachuida,  and 
Crustacea. 

Arthrozoa,  (ar-thro-zo'a.)  [Gk.  arthron,  joint; 
2oo?i,  animal.]  Used  by  Burmoister  for 
Vermes,  Crustacea,  Insecta,  Myriapoda,  and 
Arachnida;  and  by  Fitzinger  for  Crustacea, 
Arachnida,  and  Insecta. 

Artichoke,  (  ar'ti-chok  ).  [Ar.  ardi,  earth; 
sc/iauki,  thorn.]  Succulent  receptacle  of 
Cynara  Scolymus.  Jerusalem  ^f.=Tubers  of 
Helianthus  tuberosus. 

Articular,  (ar-tik'u-larjL  [L.  artieularis,  be- 
longing to  a  joint.]  Relating  to,  or  connected 
with,  a  joint.  A.  bone,  a  projection  of  the 
mandible;  also  a  small  bone  in  the  ear=A 
segment  of  the  malleus.  A.  processes,  bony 
projections  of  vertebrae,  by  which  they  are 
connected. 

Articulata,  (  ar-tik-u  -lata  ).  [L.  articulus, 
little  joint.]  1.  A  sub-division  of  Brachio- 
poda.  2.  A  sub-division  of  Polyzoa.  3.  A 
sub-division  of  Annulosa  called  Arthropoda. 

Articulated  limbs,  (ar-tik-u-la'ted).  [L.  articu- 
latus,  jointed.]  Jointed  appendages:  in 
Vertebrate  uever  mure  than  four,  always 


having  an  internal  skeleton.  In  Inverte- 
brate the  number  may  be  greater  than  four, 
and  the  skeleton  is  external. 

Artificial,  (ar-ti-fish'i-al).  [L.  ars,  art;  facia, 
1  make.]  Made  by  art.  A.  bases,  organic 
chemical  bases  formed  by  synthesis  or  meta- 
thesis=Ammonia,  Amide,  Imide,  Nitrile, 
ami  Ammonium,  bases.  A.  stone,  stono 
formed  by  aggregation  of  particles  of  sand  by 
means  of  cement 

Artiodactyla,  (ar-ti-o-dak'til-a).  [Gk.  ortios, 
even;  daktylos,  finger.]  A  division  of  Ungu- 
lata,  including  the  Ruminantia,  hippopo- 
tamus, and  all  others  having  either  two 
or  four  functional  toes  and  a  complex 
stomach. 

Artiomorpha,  (;ir-ti-o-mor'fa).  [Gk.  artios, 
even;moJVJ&e,Bhape)=Artiozoaria:  Ue  Blaiii- 
ville's  term  for  Vertebrata,  Articulata,  and 
Mollusca. 

Artiozoaria,  (  ar-ti-o-zo-a'ri-a ).  [Gk.  artios, 
even;  soon,  animal.]=Artiomorpha,  q.v. 

Artocarpaceae,  (ar-to-kar-pa'ee-6).  [Artocar- 
pus,  9.v.]=Artocarpads=Bread-fniit,  Ujias. 
&c.;  tropical  shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to 
Urticales,  with  milky  sap,  dense  flower-heads, 
and  edible  fruit;  many  yield  caoutchouc. 

Artocarpus,  (ir-to-kar'pus).  [Gk.  artox,  bread; 
karpox,  fruit].  A  tropical  tree  belonging  to 
Artocarpaoese.  A.  tnewa=Breadfruit  tree. 
A.  integrifolia=Jnck.  tree. 

Arum,  (ar'um).  [Aron,  the  Greek  name.]= 
Cuckoo  pints:  lords  and  ladies,  &c. ;  an  herb 
belonging  to  Araceaj. 

Arvicola,  (i^r-vik'o-la).  [L.  arvum,  field;  colo, 
I  inhabit.]  A  field  mouse. 

Arytenoid,  (  a-ri-te'noid.  )  [  Gk.  arytaina, 
pitcher.  ]  Pitcher-shaped.  A.  cartitaye: 
two  small  cartilages  in  the  larynx. 

Asafoetida,  (  as-a-fet'i-da  ).  [  L.  asa,  gum  ; 
fmtida,  stinking.]  1.  A  gumresin  having  a 
strong  unpleasant  odour,  obtained  from 
Ferula  A.  and  Narthex  A.  2.  Also  used  for 
the  plant  from  which  it  is  obtained. 

Asangos.     An  African  people. 

Asarales,  (as-a-rri'lC-z).  Plants  with  mono- 
chlamydeous  flowers,  and  sm.-ill  allxtminous 
embryo,  forming  a  sub-division  of  Epigynous 
Exogens. 

Asbestos,  (as-bes'tos).  [Gk.  asbestos,  indes- 
tructible.] A  name  used  for  actinolite,  tro- 
molite,  and  other  minerals  of  the  Amphi- 
bolic series,  occurring  in  long  hair-like  crys- 
tals, which  do  not  burn  readily,  and  VMO 
fresh  are  often  ductile. 

Ascarides.  ( as-kart-dez ).  [Ascaris,  q.v.]= 
Thread  worms:  the  plural  of  Ascaris,  q.v. 

Ascarina,  (as-ka-ri'na).  [Ascaris,  q.v.]  A 
plant,  the  anthers  in  the  flowers  of  which 
resemble  worms. 

Ascaris,  (as'ka-ris).  [Gk.  atkarizo,  I  leap.] 
Thread  worm. 

Ascension,  (as-sen'shun).  [L.  ascensio,  rising.] 
Right  A.:  the  distance  of  a  star  E.  or  W. 
from  the  first  point  of  Aries,  measured  along 
the  equinoctial  or  celestial  equator.  Ascen- 
sional di#'emice=Diflerence  between  right 
and  oblique  A. 

Asci,  (as'si).    [Gk.  askos,  a  leathern  bottle.] 


ASCIAN 


33 


ASPHALT 


Membraneous  sacs,  containing  the  sporulea 
of  lichens,  fungi,  &c. 

Ascian,  (a'si-an).  [Gk.  a,  not;  sktit,  shadow.] 
Used  of  people  living  near  the  equator,  who 
have  sometimes  the  sun  right  overhead. 

Ascidia,  (as-sid'i-a).  [Gk.  oskidion,  a  little 
wallet.]  l=Simple  Ascidians:  leathery  mol- 
luscous animals,  having  no  head  or  shell, 
found  on  rocks,  Ac.,  forming  a  division  of 
Tunicata,  and  being  probably  the  ancestors 
of  vertebrate  animals,  since  the  embryo  has 
a  rudimentary  chorda  dorsalis.  2=Pitchers: 
bottle-shaped  leaves  found  on  some  plants, 
as  the  Nepenthes. 

Ascidians,  (as-sid'i-anz).  [Ascidia,  q.v.]  In- 
vertebrate, hermaphrodite,  marine  animals, 
permanently  fixed  to  a  support:  the  larvas 
can  swim  freely,  like  tadpoles.  Compound  A. 
=Botryllaria,  q.v.  Simple  A.  =Ascidia,  q.v. 

Ascidioida,  (as-sid-i-oi'da).  ( Ascidia,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]=Tunicata:  a  division  of  Mollus- 
coida,  consisting  of  Ascidians  and  animals 
resembling  them. 

Ascidium,  (  as-sid'i-um  ).  [Gk.  askidion,  a 
little  bag.]=Pitcher  leaf.  v.  Ascidia. 

Asclepiadac  eae,  (as-klS-pi-a-da'se-e).  [ Asclepias, 
5.r.]=Asclepiads:  milky  shrubs:  often  twin- 
ing, with  flowers  in  which  the  anthers  and 
stigmas  are  consolidated,  belonging  to  Solan- 
ales.  , 

Asclepias,  (as-kle'pi-as).  [Gk.  AsHepios,  the 
god  of  medicine.]  A  genus  of  plants,  includ- 
ing the  swallow-wort,  much  used  medicinally, 
belonging  to  Asclepiadaoea. 

Asclepion,  (as-kle'pi-on).  [Asclepias,  q.v.]= 
C-ioHaaOs:  a  neutral  principle  found  in  the 
sap  of  Asclepias. 

Ascomycetes,  (as-ko-mi-s$'tSz).  [Gk.  atlcos, 
bag;  mi/Ices,  mushroom. ]=Morels:  a  division 
of  Fungales,  q.v. 

Ascus,  (asTcus).    Singular  of  Asci,  q.v. 

Aseptic,  (a-sep'tik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  tepo,  I 
putrefy.]  Not  putrefying. 

Asexual,  (a-seks'u-al).  [Gk.  a,  without;  Sex, 
§.v.]=Agamic :  without  the  distinction  of 
sex.  A.  reproduction=A.gamogen0sia. 

Ash,  (ash).  \2E*c,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Fraxinus: 
a  large  tree,  with  tough  elastic  timber,  be- 
longing to  Oleacete.  Common  .4.=Fraxinus 
excelsior.  Flowering  .4.=Ornus  (from  re- 
semblance in  foi  ra  of  leaves).  Mountain  A .  = 
Rowan-tree=Pyrus  aucuparia.  A.  key 8= 
Seeds  of  ash-tree. 

Ashantees,  (a-shan'tez).    An  African  race. 

Ashburnham  beds.  A  sub-division  of  Ilast- 
ings-sands:  in  Wealden  formation. 

Ashdown  sand,  A  sub-division  of  Hastings- 
sands:  in  Wealden  formation. 

Ashlar,  (ashlar).  [It.  asciare,  to  square.]  1. 
Bough-hewn  stones.  2=Ashler:  stones  used 
to  face  brick  walls. 

Ashlering,  (ash'ler-ing).  [ Ashlar,  q.v.]  1.  Using 
ashlar  or  hewn  stone.  2.  An  upright  beam 
in  the  roof  of  a  house,  which  helps  to  form 
the  wall  of  the  garret  by  cutting  off  the  angle 
of  roof  and  floor. 

Asia,  (a'shi-a).  OneoftheAsteroids,5.v.,No.67. 

Asilidae,  (a-sll'i-dg).  [Asilus,  q.v.]  A  family 
of  Lnsecta,  of  which  the  hornet-fly  is  the  type. 


Asilus,  (a-si'lus).     [L.  astlus,  gad-fly.]=Hor« 

net-fly:  an  insect  belonging  to  Diptera. 
Asiphonate,  (a-sifo-nat).     [Gk.  a,  without; 

siphon,  tube.]   Having  no  siphon  or  respira- 

tory tube;  used  of  a  division  of  Lamelli- 

branchiata. 

Asira,  (a-si'ra).    An  African  race. 
Asmamte,  (as-mault)  =  A  mineral,  chiefly 

meteoric  silica. 
Asp,  (asp),    [aspis,  the  Greek  name.]=Vipera 

aspis:  a  venomous  serpent. 

The  name  is  also  used  gene- 

rally for  several  poisonous 

serpents. 
Asparagine,    (  as-par'a-jin  X 

[Asparagus,  9.  v]=C4U8NoC^: 

an  amide  of  malic  acid:  a 

crystallisable       monobasic 

compound  found  in  many/ 

vegetables,   and    especially  Asp. 

in  asparagus:  also  called  Althein  and  Aspar- 

ainide. 
AaparaginaB,    (  as-pa-raj'i-ne  ).      [Asparagus, 


Asparagolite,    (as-pa-rag'o-lit).     [Asparagus, 

q.  v.]=  Asparagus-stone,  q.v. 
Asparagus,  (as-par'a-gus).    [The  Greek  name.] 

=  Asphodelus  officinalis  :  a  plant,  belonging 

to  Liuacese,  the  young  shoots  of  which  are 

edible.    A.  6ee(/c=Crioceris  asparagi:  an  in- 

sect, belonging  to  Eupoda,  which  feeds  on 

asparagus.  A.  «£on«=  Asparagolite:  a  variety 

of  apatite,  named  from  its  greenish  colour. 
Asparamic  acid,  (as-par'a-mlk).    [Asparagus, 

g.v.J=Aspartic  acid,  q.v. 
Asparamiae,  (as-par'a-mid).     [^s^aragua  and 

a7nid#.]=Asparagine,  q.v. 
Aspartic  acid,  (as-par'tik).     [Asparagus,  q.v.] 
=C4H^NO^  =  Asparamic  acid:  a  crystallised 

bibasic  acid  substance  obtained  from  usparu- 

gine. 
Aspasiolite,  (as-pi'si-o-lit).    A  variety  of  Cor- 

dierite. 
Aspect,  (as'pekt).    [L.  aspectut,  appearance.] 

The  position  of  one  star  relatively,  to  an- 

other. 
Aspen,  (as'pen).     [Aspe,  the  old  Saxon  name.] 

=Populus  tremula,  q.v.  :  a  poplar  tree,  the 

leaves  of  which  move  very  readily  in  the 

wind. 
Asperifoliae,  (as-p§r-i-foli-e).  [L.  asper,  rough; 

folium,  leaf.]  =  Borage-  worts=Boragiuaceae, 

q.v.  :  plants  having  rough  leaves. 
Asperifolious,  (  as-per-i-foli-us  ).     [L.  asper, 

rough  ;  folium,  leaf.]    Having  rough  leaves. 
Aspermous,  (a-sper'mus.]  [Gk.  a,  not;  sperma, 

seed.]    Having  no  seed. 
Asperolite,  (as-per'o-lit).     [L.  asper,  rough.] 

A  brittle  silicate  of  copper. 
Asperugo,  (a-sper-u'go).     [L.  asper,  rough.]= 

Madder-worts  =  an    herb  with  small    blue 

flowers  and  rough  leaves. 
Asperula,  (a-sper'u-la).    [L.  asper,  rough.]= 

Wood-rufl7,  &c.  :  an  herb  with  small  funnel- 

shaped     flowers,    belonging    to    Galiaceae. 

Named  from   many  species  having  rough 

hairs. 
Asphalt,    (as'falt).      lasphaltos,  the  Greek 

name.]=Bituminous  limestone:  a  solid  re- 


ASPHALTIN 


ASTERITE 


sinous  substance,  usually  black,  resembling 
pitch,  used  for  pavements,  roofs,  &c.;  of 
vegetable  origin,  and  composed  chiefly  of 
hydrocarbons.  Also  called  mineral  pitch  and 
Jew's  pitch ;  said  to  be  a  compound  of  petro- 
lene  and  asphaltene.  > 

Asphaltin,  (as-falt'in).  [Asphalt,  5.v.]=As- 
phaltene=C2oH32O3:  the  chief  constituent 
of  asphalt;  possibly  au  oxidised  form  of 
petrolene. 

Asphaltum=Asphalt,  q.v. 

Asphodel,  (as'fo-del).  [Gk.  aspJiodelos,  daffo- 
dil. ]=Asphodelus;  also  applied  to  some  spe- 
cies of  the  Narcissus.  A.  officinalis=A.sp&- 
ragus.  Sag  A.  =  Narthecium  ossifragum. 
Scotch  ^.=Tofieldia  palustris. 

Asphodelese,  (as-fo-dcle-e).  [ Asphodel, 'q.v.] 
=Onion,  &c. :  plants  forming  a  division  of 
liliaceae,  q.v.,  having  small  gaily-coloured 
flowers:  also  used  as=Liliace8e. 

Asphycta,  (as-fik'ta).  [Gk.  asphyctos,  with- 
out pulse.]  Ehrenberg's  term  for  a  group  of 
lower  animals,  including  Bryozoa,  Echin- 
oidea,  Acalephse,  &c. 

Asphyxia,  (as-fix'i-a).  [Gk.  a,  not;  sphygmos, 
pulse.]  A  temporary  stoppage  of  the  action 
of  the  heart,  and  consequent  accumulation 
of  carbonic  acid  and  absence  of  oxygen  in.  the 
blood,  usually  producing  death:  may  bo 
caused  by  strangulation,  drowning,  &c. 

Aspic,  (as'pik).    [Aspis,  the  Latin  name.]= 

Aspidiaria,  (as-pid-i-a'ri-a).  [Aspidium,  q.v.] 
Plants,  known  only  by  fossil  remains  of 
stems,  having  shield -shaped  leaf  scaurs, 
found  in  coal. 


Aspidium,  (as-pid'i-um).  [Gk.  aspis,  a  shield.] 
=Shield  fern :  a  fern,  belonging  to  Polypo- 
diaceae,  the  involucres  of  which  are  shield- 
shaped.  A  &aromete=Tartarian  lamb. , 

Aspidorhynchus,  (  as-pid-o-rin'kus  ).  [Gk. 
aspis,  shield;  rhynchos,  beak.]  Buckler- 
beak:  a  fish,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  Secondary  rocks,  having  a  beak-like 
upper  jaw. 

Aspidura,  (as-pi-du'ra).  [Gk.  aspis,  shield; 
oura,  tail.]  A  star-fish,  known  only  by  fossil 
remains  found  in  the  Muschelkalk  of  Ger- 
many, having  small  shield-like  ossicles  on 
the  arms. 

Aspirator,  (as-pi-ril'tor).  [L.  aspiro,  I  breathe.] 
An  apparatus  for  drawing  a  stream  of  gas 
through  a  vessel. 

Aspleniopteris,  (as-pl5-ni-op'ter-is).  [Asple- 
nium,  q.v.',  Gk.  pteris,  fern.]  A  fern-like 
plant,  resembling  the  asplenium,  known  only 
by  fossil  remains  found  in  Lias  and  Oolite 
rocks. 

Asplenium,  (as-plc'ni-um).  [Gk.  a,  not;  splen, 
spleen.]  =  Spleen-wort :  a  fern  belonging  to 
Polypodiacese,  named  from  having  been  used 
as  a  medicine  for  the  spleen. 

Ass,  (as).  [L.  asinus.]  =  Asinus  =  Equus 
asinus:  an  animal  somewhat  resembling  the 
horse,  but  usually  more  or  less  marked  by 
bands  of  colour,  belonging  to  Equidae,  q.v. 

Assafoetida=Asaf(£tida,  q.v. 

Assai  =  Euterpe  oleracea ;  a  plant  found  in 


Ass' s-foot= Colt's  foot=Tussilago  farfara. 

Assamar,  (as'sam-ar).  [L.  asso,  I  roast;  ama- 
rus,  bitter.3=C24H130i3:  a  bitter  substance 
obtained  from  meat,  bread,  sugar,  &c.,  by 
roasting  them. 

Assaying,  (as-sa'ing).  [F.  assay er,  to  try.]= 
Partial  analysis;  for  tho  purpose  of  estimat- 
ing one  constituent,  usually  a  metal,  of  any 
compound:  usually  confined  to  the  analysis 
of  compounds  containing  silver  or  gold. 
A .  by  dry  method='by  heat.  A.  by  wet  method 
=by  chemical  agents. 

Assimilation,  (as-sim-i-la'shun).  [L.  ad,  to; 
similis,  like.]  The  conversion  of  nutriment 
into  the  materials  composing  the  gubstauca 
of  a  plant  or  animal. 

Astacolite,  (as-tak'o-lit).  [Gk.  astakos,  cray 
fish;  lithos,  stone.]  Fossil  remains  of  Crus- 
taceans resembling  tho  cray-fish. 

Astacus,  (as'ta-kus).  [Astakos,  the  Greek 
name.]  Cray-fish,  &c.:  Crustacean  animala 
belonging  to  Macrura,  q.v.  Originally  in- 
cluded many  animala  now  formed  into  sepa- 
rate genera. 

Astarte,  (as-taYte).  [Classical.]  1.  A  con- 
chiferous  animal,  belonging  to  Mollusca, 
known  by  fossil  remains.  2  =  Astartea:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Myrtacese. 

Astatic,  (a-stat'ik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  statikos,  fixed 
— by  the  earth's  magnetism.]  Not  under  the 
influence  of  any  directive  action.  A.  needle.' 
a  magnetised  needle  so  placed  that  the  earth's 
magnetic  influence  on  it  is  neutralised.  A. 
system:  two  magnetised  needles,  combined 
so  as  to  neutralise  each  other,  and  so  remain 
in  any  position. 

Aster,  (as'ter).  [L.' aster,  star.}  'An  herb, 
with  star-like  flowers,  belonging  to  Aster- 
acese;  chiefly  American. 

Asteracanthus,  ( as-ter-a-kan'thus ).  [Gk, 
aster,  star;  akantha,  thorn.]  A  fish  known 
only  by  fin-rays,  found  in  Lias,  Oolite,  and 
Wealden  rocks,  ornamented  with  star-like 
tubercles. 

Asteraceae,  (as-ter-a'se-C).  [Aster," q.v.] ^Com- 
posites: an  extensive  and  varied  group  of 
herbs  and  shrubs,  witli  unisexual  capitate 
flowerets,  having  syngenesious  stamens;  in- 
cludes nearly  £  of  all  known  plants,  belongs 
to  Campanales.  -  ^f. 

Asteria,  (as-te'ri-a).  [Gk,  aster,  star,]=Astc- 
rite,  q.v. 

Asteriadae,  (as-ter-i'a-de)=Asteridea,  q.v. 

Asterias,  (as-to'ri-as).  A  genus  of  star-fishes, 
belonging  to  Asteridea. 

Asterid,  (as'ter-id).  [Gk.  aster,  etar;  eidos, 
form.]=A  star-fish;  used  especially  of  the, 
young  condition. 

Asteridea,  (as-ter-id'e-a).=Star-fishes:  a  div> 
sion  of  Echinodermata;  animals  having  flat, 
star-shaped  bodies,  with  a  mouth  in  the 
centre  of  one  side,  and  the  digestive  and 
reproductive  apparatus  extending  into  the 
arms. 

Astecion  and  Chara,  (as-te'ri-on)=Canes  Ven- 
atici,  q.v. 

Asterism,  (as'ter-izm).  [Gk.  aster,  star.]  A 
small  cluster  of  stars. 

Asterite,  (as'ter-it.J    A  variety  of  sapphire  or 


ASTEBOIDEA 


35 


ATHERFIELD 


corundum,  which,  when  cut  perpendicular 
to  its  axis,  resembles  a  star. 

Asteroidea,  (as-ter-oi'de-a).  [Gk.  aster,  a  star; 
eidos,  form,]  A  division  of  Echinodermata, 
incluidng  Ophiuridse  and  Asteriadse,  or  sand- 
stars  and  star-fishes :  pentagonal  inverte- 
brate animals,  with  coriaceous  integument. 

Asteroids,  (as'ter-oidz).  [Gk.  aster,  star;  eidos, 
form.]  1.  =  Asteroidea,  q.v.  2.  =  Minor 
planets=Planetoids:  small  stars,  nearly  150 
in  number,  varying  from  20  to  250  miles  in 
diameter,  usually  of  low  magnitude,  whose 
orbits  lie  between  those  of  Mars  and  Jupiter: 
supposed  to  be  fragments  of  a  large  planet. 
These  have  been  discovered  at  intervals  be- 
tween 1800  and  now,  and  the  number  is  fre- 
quently increased  by  new  discoveries. 

Asterolepis,  (as-ter-ol'e-pis).  [Gk.  aster,  star; 
lepis,  scale.]  A  very  Jarge  ganoid  fish,  re- 
mains of  which  are  found  in  Devonian  strata, 
named  from  the  star-like  markings  on  the 
head. 

Asterophyllites,  (as-ter-o-fil'lits).  [Gk.  aster, 
star;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Fossil  remains  of  plants, 
resembling  Calamites,  and  allied  to  Lyco- 
pods,  the  leaves  of  which  are  in  star-like 
whorls:  common  in  Coal-measures. 

Asthenia,  (a-sthen'i-a).  [Gk.  a,  without;  sthen- 
os,  strength.]  Weakness. 

Asthenic,  (a-sthen'ik).  [Asthenia,  q.v.]  Hav- 
ing but  little  strength. 

Asthenopia,  (as-then-o'pi-a).  [Asthenia,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  ops,  eye.]  Weakness  of  eyesight. 

Astoma,  (a'sto-ma).  [Gk.  a,  without;  stoma, 
mouth.]  A  sub-division  of  Infusoria,  marked 
by  the  absence  of  any  mouth. 

Automatons,  (a-stom'a-tus).  [Gk.  a,  without; 
stoma,  mouth.  ]  =  Astornous  :  having  no 
mouth. 

Astracamite,  (as'tra-ka-mit).  A  white  mine- 
ral, chiefly  suluhate  of  magnesium  and 
sodium. 

Astrsea,  (as-tre'a).  [Classical.]  1.  One  of  the 
Asteroids,  q.v.,  No.  5. '  2=Star-coral:  a  coral 
polype,  belonging  to  Aporosa,  q.v. 

Astrseidae,  (as-trg-i-de).  [Astrsea,  q.v.]= Star- 
corals:  a  family  of  coral  polypes,  of  which 
Astrtea  is  the  type. 

Astragal,  (as'tra-gal.)  [Gk.  astragalos,  ankle- 
bone.]  A  semicircular  moulding,  forming  a 
kind  of  ring  at  the  base  and  top  of  columns; 
sometimes  cut  into  beads. 

Astragalus,  (as-trag'a-lus.)  [Gk.  astragalos, 
ankle  bone.]  1.  Milk  Vetch:  herbs  and 
shrubs,  some  with  stems  that  yield  gums, 
belonging  to  Fabacese,  said  to  be  named  from 
the  shape  of  the  seeds.  2.  The  bone  in  the 
ankle  by  which  the  foot  bears  the  weight  of 
the  body. 

Astralite,  (as'tra-lit).  A  glass  flux  resembling 
avanturine. 

Astrea=Astrsea,  q.v. 

Astrogeny,  (as-troj'e-ni).  [Gk.  aster,  star.]= 
Astronomy:  the  laws  of  the  re-distribution 
of  matter  and  motion  among  the  molecules 
of  celestial  masses. 

Astrography,  (as-trog'ra-fi).  [Gk.  aster,  star; 
grapho,  I  write.]  A  description  of  the 
planets,  fixed  stars,  &c. 


Astrolabe,  (as'tro-lab).  [Gk.  aster,  star;  to- 
bein,to  take.]  Originally 
used  for  any  instrument 
used  for  observing  stars; 
afterwards  used  for  au 
instrument  for  meas- 
urement of  altitude:  re- 
placed, in  modern  prac- 
tice, by  the  quadrant. 

Astrology,  (as-trol'o-ji). 
[Gk.  aster,  star;  logos, 
description.]  Properly 
^Astronomy,  but  used  Astrolabe, 

only  for  the  pretended  science,  now  almost 
obsolete,  of  the  influence  of  the  stars  upon 
the  fortunes  and  actions  of  men. 

Astroraetry,  (as-trom'e-tri).  [Gk.  aster,  star; 
metron,  measure.]  The  measurement  of  the 
stars  as  to  their  brightness,  diameters,  &c. 

Astronomy,  (as-tron'o-mi).  [Gk.  aster,  star; 
nomos,  law.]  The  science  of  the  stars  and 
their  motions,  and  the  laws  governing  them. 

Astropecten,  (as-tro-pek'ten).  An  animal  be- 
longing to  Asteridea,  which  has  no  swim- 
ming organs,  and  is  found  only  at  the  sea- 
bottom  ;  found  fossil  in  London  Clay. 

Astrophyllite,  (as-tro-fil'lit).  [Gk.  aster,  star 
phyllon,  leaf.]  A  variety  of  mica,  contain- 
ing more  iron  than  usual:  named  from  the 
crystals  being  often  in  star-like  groups.  A. 
crispatus. 

Astroscopy,  (as-trosTco-pi).  [Gk.  aster,  star 
skopeo,  I  observe.]  Observation  of  the  stars. 

Asymmetry,  (a-sim'met-ri).  [Gk.  ajiymmetros, 
disproportionate.]  Not  symmetrical. 

Asymptote,  (a-simp'tot).  [Gk.  a,  not;  syn, 
with;  ptosis,  fall ]=A.sym tote:  a  line  which 
continually  approaches  a  curved  line  with- 
out ever  actually  touching  it. 

Asyzgetic,  (a-siz'jet-ik).  A  system  not  in  in- 
volution. A  mathematical  term. 

Atacamite,  (  at'a-ka-mit ).  [From  Atacama, 
Peru.]=Native  cupric  oxychloride=Copper- 
sand,  found  in  Chili  and  Australia. 

Atalanta,  (at-a-lau'ta).  One  of  the  Asteroids, 
q.v.,  No.  36. 

Atavism,  (a'ta-vism).  [L.  atavus,  ancestor.. 
The  tendency  of  offspring  to  closely  resemble 
their  parents:  one  of  the  causes  of  species. 

Ataxic,  a-taks'ik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  tasso,  I  ar- 
range.] Irregular;  not  in  order.  Cf.  Taxo- 
nomy. 

Ateles,  (a'te-lez.]  [Gk.  ateles,  imperfect.]= 
Spider-monkeys  :  American  monkeys,  with 
long,  slender  limbs  and  prehensile  tails,  liv- 
ing in  trees,  and  having  no  thumb,  forming 
a  division  of  Simia.  A.  paniscus=Qna.ta.— 
Coaita.  A.  marginatus=Clmvo.  A.  ater, 
Cayou.  A.  6eZsc6w6=Marimonda.  A.  hypo- 
xanthus  =  Mono.  A.  subpentadactylus  = 
Chameck. 

Athabasca,  (ath-a-baslca).  An  American  race. 

Athamantin,  (a-tha-man'tin).—  C24H30O7  :  a 
fibrous  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
several  species  of  the  Athamanta  plant. 

Athar= Attar,  q.v. 

Atherfield  clay.  [Atherfield,  in  Isle  of  Wight.] 
A  marine  sub-division  of  Upper  Neocomian 
rockg. 


ATHEBICEBA 


ATT  WOOD'S 


Atlantes. 


Athericera,  (a-ther-is'er-a).  [Gk.  cither,  point; 
keras,  horn.]  A  group  of  insects  belonging 
to  Diptera. 

Atherina,  (a-ther-i'na).  Atherine:  a  fish,  be- 
longing to  Abdominales.  A.  presbyter  = 
Atherine=Sandsmelt. 

Athermancy,  (  a-ther'man-si ).  [Gk.  a,  not; 
thermaino,  I  heat.]  The  power  of  absorbing 
radiant  heat:  corresponding  to  opacity  in 
the  case  of  light. 

Athermanous,  ( a-ther'man-us ).  [  Ather- 
mancy,  q.v.]  Not  allowing  heat  to  pass 
through. 

Atherospermaceae,  (  a-ther-o-sper-ma'se-e  )  = 
Plume-nutmegs :  fragrant  trees  of  Australia 
and  Chili,  belonging  to  Menispermales. 
Atherospennine,  (a-the.r-o-sper'mm).  A  white 
electric  powder  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
Atherospenna. 

Atlanta,  (at-lan'ta).    A  small  molluscous  ani- 
mal, belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 
Atlantes,  (at-lan'tez).     [The  Greek  name.]= 
Atlantides :  figures  of  men  _":r^.-^r~ 
used,  instead  of  columns, 
to  support  an  entablature. 
Cf.  Caryatides. 
Atlantic  ooze,       [Atlantic 
Ocean.]  A  fine  bluish-grey 
tenacious  calcareous  mud, 
with  some  sand  and  many 
Globigerinaa. 

Atlantides,  (  at-lan'ti-dez). 
[The  Greek  name.]  1  = 
Pleiades,  q.v.  2  =  Atlan- 
tes, q.v. 

Atlas,  (atlas).    [Gk.  Atlas,  who  was  said  to 
carry  the  world.  ]    1.  The  first  vertebra  of  tho 
neck,  which  supports  the  weight  of  the  head. 
2.  A  cluster  of  stars.    A.  moth  =  Saturnia 
atlas,  builds  pensile  nest. 
Atmidoscope=Atmometer,  q.v. ' 
Atmology,  (at-mol'o-ji).     [Gk.  atmos,  vapour; 
logos,  discourse.]    The  science  of  the  nature 
and  laws  of  vapours. 

Atmometer,    (  at-mom'e-ter ).        [Gk.   atmos, 
vapour;  metron,  measure.]    An  instrument 
for  measuring  evaporation. 
Atmosphere,  (at'inos-fer).  [Gk.  atmos,  vapour; 
sphaira,  sphere.]      1.  The  air  surrounding 
the  earth;  also  any  vapour  surrounding  any 
heavenly  body.  v.  Air.    2.  Used  as  a  measure 
of  pressure :    1  At.  =  about  15  Ibs.  to  the 
square  inch;  2  At.  =30  Ibs.,  &c. 
Atoll,  (at'ol).     [The  Maldive  name.]=Lagoon 
island :  a  coral  island,  usually  circular,  hav- 
ing a  lake  in  the  centre. 
Atom,  (at'om).     [Gk.  a,  not;  temno,  I  cut.] 
An  ultimate  indivisible  particle:  estimated 

not  to  be  smaller  than  goo  ow  665  "1C^1  *n 
diameter  in  the  case  of  water. 
Atomic,  ( a-tom'ik  ).  [Atom,  q.v.]  Relating 
to  atoms.  A.  theory  =  Molecular  theory: 
the  theory  that  every  substance  is  com- 
pounded of  atoms  which  are  unalterable 
in  size,  weight,  or  density,  and  which 
have  a  definite  value  in  combining  with 
each  other.  A.  volume  =  Equivalent  vol- 
ume —  Molecular  volume  =  Specific  volume 


atomic  weight     ,  , 
=s^ecifk  gravity1  the  8Pace  occupied  by  the 


quantity  of  a  body  proportionate  to  the 
atomic  weight.  A.  weight:  used  by  Ber- 
zelius  to  express  the  relative  weights  of  equal 
gaseous  volumes.  The  relative  weight  of  any 
atom  as  compared  with  one  atom  of  H. 

Atomicity,  (a-to-mis'i-ti).  [Atom,  q.v.]  The 
combining  capacity  of  a  chemical  element? 
whether  monatomic,  diatomic,  &c. 

Atrial,  (a'tri-al).  [L.  atrium,  hall  or  open 
court.]  Belonging  to  an  open  space  or  hall. 
A.  system:  a  mimber  of  connected  cavities 
open  to  the  exterior,  found  in  the  bodies  of 
molluscoida.  A.  chamber  =  Atrium  =  The 
largest  of  these  cavities,  serving  as  the  clo- 
aca. A.  ftmic=The  lining  membrane  of  the 
atrium. 

Atricha.  A  term  used  by  Iloeven  for  a  sub- 
division of  the  Infusoria. 

Atriplex,  (a'tri  -picks).  [Atriph'x,  the  Latin 
name.]=Orache:  an  herb  or  shrub  with  small 
flowers,  belonging  to  Chenopodiacese. 

Atrium,  (at'ri-urn).  l=Atiial  chamber,  q.v. 
2.  A  large  hall  of  audience. 

Atropa,  (at'ro-pa).  [Gk.  Atropos,  one  of  the 
Fates.J=Dwale:  an  herb  with  violet  or  green 
flowers;  mostly  poisonous,  belonging  to  Sola- 
naceae.  A.  belladonna=t)e&dly  nightshade. 
A.  maneZra<7ora=Mandrake. 

Atrophy,  (at'ro-fi).  [Gk,  a,  not  ;  trepho,  I 
nourish.]  Wasting:  want  of  nutriment. 

Atropia,  (at-ro'pi-a).  [Atropa,  q.v.]  =  Atro- 
pine  =  Daturine  :  composed  of  tropic  and 
atropic  acids=C17H23NO3,  a  crystalline  poi- 
sonous alkaline  base  found  in  the  atropa, 
datura,  <fec.  Sulphate  of  atropia  is  an  anti- 
dote to  Physostigma. 

Atropic  acid,  (at'ro-pik).  [  Atropia.  ^CgllgOo: 
obtained  from  atropine,  of  which  it  is  one  of 
the  constituents. 

Atropous,  (at'ro-pus).  [Gk.  a,  not  ;  trepo,  I 
turn.]  Used  of  seeds  in  which  the  embryo 
does  not  turn  during  growth.  Cf.  Anatropal. 

Atrypa,  (at'ri-pa).  [Gk.  a,  without;  trype, 
hole.]  A  shell,  belonging  to  Brachiopoda, 
found  in  Palaeozoic  and  Trias  rocks,  in  wliich 
the  foramen  is  very  small. 

Attar  (of  roses),  (at'tar).  [H.  utr,  essence.  ]= 
CHo  :  a  fragrant  oily  hydrocarbon  obtained 
from  rose  leaves. 

Attelabidse,  (  at-te-lab'i-de  ).  A  family  of 
beetles,  belonging  to  Rhynchophoridae. 

Attic,  (attik).  [Gk.  attikos,  Athenian.]  The 
parapet  wall  forming  the  top  of  a  facade; 
also  used  for  a  room  at  the  top  of  a  house. 
A.  base:  in  Ionic  and  Doric  consists  of  torus, 
scotia,  and  torus,  with  fillets  between.  A. 
story  :  the  room  or  rooms  behind  the  para- 
pet wall  or  attic;  also  used  generally  for  tho 
top  rooms  of  a  house. 

Attraction,  (at-trak'shun).  [L.  ad,  to;  tralio, 
I  draw.]  The  force  which  every  body  exerts 
upon  other  bodies  in  tending  to  draw  them 
towards  itself,  of  which  gravitation  is  an 
example. 

Attractylic  acid,  (at-trak-til'ik).     A  tribasic 

acid  obtained  from  the  root  of  Attractylia  sp. 

Attwood's  machine,  [Attwood,  the  in-ventor.] 


AUCHENASPIS 


37 


AVAIANCHE 


A  machine  which  illustrates  the  laws  of  fall- 
ing bodies,  by  showing  the  spaces  through 
which  they  pass  in  given  times.  Cf.  Moriu's 
machine. 

Auchenaspis,  (  aw-ken-as'pis  ).  [Gk.  auchen, 
neck;  aspis,  shield.]  A  fish,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains  found  in  Old  Red  Sandstone 
rocks,  resembling  the  Cephalaspis,  q.v,: 
named  from  having  a  buckler-like  plate  on 
the  neck. 

Auchenia,  (aw-ke'ni-a).  [Gk.  auchen,  neck.] 
=Llama  and  alpaca:  Illiger's  name  for  the 
sub-division  of  Camelidae,  belonging  to  Ame- 
rica, now  called  Llama,  q.v. 

Auditory,  (awd'it-or-i).  [L.  audio,  I  hear.] 
Connected  with  hearing.  A.  capsules:  car- 
tilaginous enclosures  of  the  internal  ear. 
A.  meatus:  the  canal  leading  to  the  internal 
ear.  A.  nerves:  the  nerves  of  hearing,  con- 
necting the  ear  with  the  brain.  The  eighth 
pair  of  cerebral  nerves  A  organ  =  Ear. 
A.  ossicles:  small  bones  in  the  ear=Malleus, 
incus,  and  stapes. 

Augite,  (aw'jit).  [Gk.  auge,  lustre  ]  =  Py- 
roxene=(CaMgFeMn)  O,  SiO2-  a  crystalline 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  magnesium  and 
calcium,  belonging  to  Hornblende  group. 

Augustite,  (a  w-gus'tit)= Apatite,  q.v. 

Auk,  (awk)=Alca,  q.v. :  a  sea-bird:  used  gene- 
rally for  several  different  species.  Great  A. 
=AIca  impennis:  Little  ^.=Alcaalle.  Per- 
roquet  A=Phaleris  psittacula. 

Aulostoma,  (aw-los'to-ma).  [Gk.  aulos,  pipe; 
stoma,  rnouth.]=: Pipe-fishes,  q.v. 

Aurantia,  (aw-ran'shi-a).  [L.  aurum,  gold — 
from  colour. ]= Orange,  &c.:  plants  belonging 
to  Aurantiacese. 

Aurantiaceae,  (aw-ran-ti-a'se-e).  [Aurantia, 
q.v.  ]  =  Citron  -  worts  :  tropical  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  hard  and  compact  stems,  com- 
pound leaves,  fragrant  flowers,  and  consoli- 
dated succulent  fruit,  belonging  to  Rutales. 

Aurantin,  (aw-ran'tin).  [Aurantia,  q.v.]= 
Hesperidin,  q.v. 

Aurates,  (aw'rats).  [Auric  acid,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  peroxide  of  gold  with  a  base. 

Aurelia,  (aw-re'li-a).  [L.  aureolus,  golden.] 
=Chrysalis=Pupa:  tho  intermediate  state 
of  an  insect  between  tho  caterpillar  and 
imago,  which  in  some  is  marked  by  a  gold 
colour. 

Aurelia,  (aw-rel'la).  [L.  aurum,  gold.]  Chry- 
salides of  some  Lepidoptera,  which  have  a 
golden  lustre. 

Auric,  (aw'rik).  [L.  aurum,  gold.]  Belong- 
ing to  gold:  the  prefix  for  compounds  con- 
taining gold  as  a  chief  constituent.  Ex. 
Auric  iodide^AuIs.  A.  acid  =  Peroxide  of 
gold=Au03. 

Aurichalcite,  (aw-ri-kal'sit).  [L.  aurum,  gold; 
Gk.  chalkos,  ore.]  An  ore  of  gold  contain- 
ing also  copper. 

Auricle,  (aw'ri-kl).  [L.  auriculus,  ear.]  1. 
The  external  ear.  2.  The  name  given  (be- 
cause of  their  shape)  to  two  cavities  in  a  fully 
developed  heart,  which  receive  blood  from 
the  veins,  and  transfer  it  to  the  ventricles. 

Auricula,  (aw-rik'u-la).  [Auricle,  q.v.]  1. 
Midas's  ear;  a  plant-witing  molluscous  ani- 


mal, belonging  to  Pulmonifera,  the  shell  of 
which  resembles  a  human  ear  in  shape.  2. 
Bear's  ear:  a  variety  of  the  primrose= 
Primula  auricula. 

Auricular,  (aw-rik'u-lar).  [Auricle,  q.v,]  Con- 
nected with  the  ear  or  hearing.  A.  muscles: 
muscles  belonging  to  the  ear.  A.  surface:  a 
portion  of  the  os  innominatum. 

Auriculate,  (aw-rik'u-lat).  [L.  auricula,  little 
ear. ]=  Auriform:  ear-shaped. 

Auriga,  (aw-ri'ga).  [L.  auriga,  charioteer.] 
=The  Waggoner=The  Charioteer:  one  of  the 
northern  constellations,  of  which  Capella  is 
the  chief  star. 

Aurine,  (aw'rin).  [L.  auruin,  gold.]=Co4Hi808 
= Yellow  coralline:  an  orange-coloured  dye, 
formed  of  sulphuric,  carbolic,  and  oxalio 
acids. 

Auro,  (aw'ro).  [L.  aurum,  gold.]=Aurous:  a 
prefix  for  compounds  containing  gold  as  an 
important  constituent. 

Aurochsen,  (aw'rok-sen)=:Auroch=Bos  urus= 
BosEuropaaus=Lithuanian  bison,  v.  Bison. 

Aurora  australis  =  Southern  dawn:  pheno- 
mena corresponding  to  Aurora  borealis, 
visible  in  the  S.  heavens. 

Aurora  borealis,  (  aw-ro'ra  bo-re-a'lis.  ]  = 
Northern  lights=Northern  streamers=Polar 
light :  a  luminous  appearance  resembling 
daybreak,  seen  at  times  in  the  northern 
heavens. 

Auroral,  (aw-ro'ral).  [L.  aurora,  daybreak.] 
Term  used  by  Rogers,  an  American  geologist, 
for  American  rocks  corresponding  to  our 
Middle  Cambrian  rocks,  v.  Rogers'  Nomen- 
clature. 

Auscultation,  (aws-kul-ta/shun).  [L.  avsculto, 
I  listen.]  A  method  of  discovering  the  con- 
dition of  the  heart,  &c.,  by  the  sound  of  its 
working.  Cf.  Stethoscope. 

Ausonia.    One  of  the  Asteroids,  q.v.,  No.  63. 

Austral=Southern. 

Autochthon,  (aw-tok'thon).  [Gk.  autos,  self; 
c/ithon,  land.]=Indigenous. 

Autogenous,  (aw-toj'en-us).  [Gk.  autos,  self; 
gennao,  I  produce.]=Self-generated. 

Autogony,  (aw-tog'o-ni).  [Gk.  autogennetos, 
born  of  itself.]  The  generation  of  simple 
organisms  from  an  inorganic  formative  fluid. 

Automolite,  (aw-tom'o-lit).  [Gk.  automolos, 
deserter.]  =  Gahnite :  a  variety  of  spinel 
coloured  by  zinc:  also  spelt  automalite. 

Autophagi,  (  aw-tof a-ji ).  [Gk.  autos,  self; 
phago,  I  eat.]  Used  by  Vogt  of  birds  which 
can  obtain  food  for  themselves  as  soon  as 
they  are  hatched. 

Autumn,  (aw'tum).  [Autumnus,  the'L.  word.] 
The  third  season  of  the  year;  the  period  of 
fruition  in  plants. 

Autumn  bells,  [Shape  and  time  of  flowers.] 
=Gentiana  pneumonanthe. 

Autumnal,  (aw-tum'nal).  [Autumn.]  Relat- 
ing to  Autumn.  A.  equinox:  the  point  where 
the  ecliptic  and  equator  cross  in  Autumn. 
In  theory  this  is  at  the  beginning  of  Libra, 
but  in  reality  is  in  Virgo.  A.  point=A.. 
equinox,  q.  i\  A»  si^ns=Libra,  Scorpio,  and 
Sagittarius. 

Avalanche,  (av'a-lanch),    [The  French,  word.] 


AVANTURINE 


38 


AZOBENZENE 


=Snow-slip:  the  fall  of  a  large  body  of  ice  or 
enow  down  the  slope  of  a  hill. 

Avanturine,  ( a-van'tu-rin  ).  [F.  aventure, 
chance.]=Aventurin:  a  mineral  belonging 
to  the  quartz  group,  especially  brilliant, 
owing  to  the  presence  of  minute  particles  of 
mica.  A.  glass=Gold.  flux:  glass  artificially 
coloured  so  as  to  resemble  avanturine.  The 
name  is  said  to  have  arisen  from  artificial 
aventurine  having  been  first  made  by  acci- 
dent. 

Avena,  (a-ve'na).  [The  Latin  name. ]= Oat: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Graminaceaa.  A .  steriiis 
=Animal  oat,  q.v. 

Avenaceous,  (a-ve-na'she-us).  [Avena,  q.v.] 
Relating  to  oats. 

Avenin,  (a've-nin).  A  nitrogenous  substance, 
resembling  leguinin,  found  in  oats. 

Avens,  (a'venz)=:Geum,  q.v. :  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Rosacese.  Mountain  A.=Dryas  octo- 
petala. 

Averdupoise=Avoirdupoise,  q.v. 

Averrhoa,  (a-ver-ho'a).  [Averhoes,  a  Spanish 
physician.]  An  East  Indian  plant,  having 
fleshy  winged  fruits  and  sensitive  leaves, 
belonging  to  Oxalidaceoe. 

Aves,  (a'vez).  [L.  aves,  birds.] =Birds:  the 
general  term  for  all  birds:  oviparous  verte- 
brate biped  animals,  covered  with  feathers, 
and  generally  adapted  to  flying;  have  the 
fore -limbs  developed  into  wings,  and  hot 
red  blood;  resemble  mammalia  in  having  an 
amnion  and  allantpis,  but  differ  in  the  ram  us 
being  in  several  pieces,  and  not  articulated 
directly  with  the  skull. 

Avicularium,  (a-vik-u-la'ri-um).  [L.  avicula, 
small  bird.]  An  appendage  present  in  some 
Polyzoa,  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
head  of  a  bird,  possibly  zooids. 

Aviculopecten,  (a-vik-u-lo-pek'ten).  [L.  avi- 
cula, little  bird;  pecten,  comb.]  A  bivalve 
shell,  common  in  Carboniferous  Limestone. 

Avifauna,  (a-vi-faw'na).  [L.  avis,  bird;/awna, 
animals.]=Birds. 

Avis,  (a'vis).  [L.  avis,  a  bird.]  Singular  of 
Aves,  q.v. 

Avocet,  (a'vo-set).  A  wading  bird,  belonging 
to  Grallatores,  with  very  long  flexible  curved 
beak=Recurvirostra  avocetta. 

Avoirdupoise  weight,  (av-war-du-pois').  The 
system  of  weight  measurement  in  common 
use  in  Britain.  437^  grains=.l  ounce;  7000 
grains=l  pound;  28  poundsz^l  quarter;  4 
quarters  =  1  hundredweight ;  20  hundred- 
weight^ ton. 

Awl -wort,  (awl'wurt).  [Shape  of  leaves.]= 
Subularia  aquatica:  a  small  aquatic  plant. 

Awn,  (awn)=Arista:  the  beard  of  such  plants 
as  barley. 

Axe-stone.  A  variety  of  jade-stone,  used  in 
the  Pacific  islands  for  axes  and  other  weapons. 

Axial,  (ak'si-al).  [  Axis,  q.v.  ]=Axile:  con- 
nected with  an  axis.  A.  muscle:  muscles 
connected  directly  or  indirectly  with  the  axis 
of  the  body  or  vertebrae.  A.  skeleton:  the 
central  axis  of  the  body.  A.  system  of 
mineralogy:  by  which  the  minerals  are 
classed  according  to  their  axes.  A.  develop- 
ment: in  most  plants;  and  in  Ccelenterata, 


Mollusca,  Annulosa,  and  Vertebra  ta,  amongst 
animals. 

Axiferous,  (ak-sif'er-us).  [Axis.  q.v. ;  L.  fero, 
I  bear.]  A  term  applied  to  plants  having  no 
leaves  or  other  appendages  to  the  stem  or  axis. 

Axilla,  (ak-sil'la).  [L.  ala,  a  wing.]  1.  The 
arm  pit.  2.  The  junction  of  a  leaf  with  its 
stem.  3.  Used  generally  for  any  junction  of 
a  limb  with  a  central  body. 

Axillary,  (ak-sil'la-ri).  [Axilla,  q.v.]  Grow- 
ing or  proceeding  from  an  axilla. 

Axinite,  (ak'sin-it).  [Gk.  axine,  axe.)=Thum- 
ite:  a  mineral  of  the  garnet  group:  chiefly  a 
silicate  of  alumina,  lime,  iron,  tfcc.,  named 
from  the  shape  of  its  crystals. 

Axioms,  (aks'i-omz).  [Gk.  axioma. ]=Neces- 
sary  truths:  those  that  are  self-evident,  ami 
therefore  do  not  require  to  be  demonstrated. 

Axis,  (ak'sis).  [L.  axis,  axle  tree.]  l=Shaft 
— Spindle=Axle=Arbor.  2.  An  imaginary 
line  joining  the  N.  and  S.  poles  of  a  planet. 
3.  The  central  line  of  «iny  organised  body,  as 
the  stem  of  a  plant.  4.  An  Indian  deer,  an 
animal  belonging  to  Cervidse.  A.  vertebra, 
=The  second  vertebra  of  the  neck,  on  which 
the  atlas,  supporting  the  head,  turns  as  on 
an  axis. 

Axle,  (ak'sl).  [axis,  the  Latin  word.]  The 
axis  upon  which  a  wheel  revolves. 

Axolotl,  (ak'so-lotl).  [The  Mexican  name.]— 
Axolotes=Gyrinus:  a  small  amphibious  ani- 
mal, common  in.  Mexico,  having  both  lungs 
and  gills. 

Axotomous,  (ak-sot'o-mus).  [Gk.  axon,  axis; 
temno,  I  cleave.]  Used  of  minerals  that  caa 
be  cleaved  in  one  given  direction. 

Aye-aye,  (ae-ae,  its  cry).  [The  local  name.] 
=Cheiromys  Madagascariensis  :  a  nocturnal 
burrowing  quadruped,  found  in  Madagascar. 

Aye-green.  [A.-S.  aye,  ever,  and  green.  ]  = 
E  ver-green= Scm  pervi  vum. 

Aymaras,     An  American  race. 

Aymestry  limestone.  [A.,  Herefordshire.] 
Remarkable  for  numerous  Pentameri:  be- 
longs to  Ludlow  formation. 

Ayr-stone,  (ar).  [Ayr,  in  Scotland.]=Snake- 
stone:  a  variety  of  whet-stone. 

Azalea,  (a-za'le-a).  [Gk.  azaleas,  parched.] 
=Loiseleuria  procumbens:  a  fragrant  plant 
belonging  to  Ericaceae. 

Azimuth,  (a'zi-muth).  [A.  al,  the;  snmp, 
path.  ]  The  horizontal  angular  distance 
between  two  meridians.  Magnetic  A.:  the 
horizontal  angular  dis- 
tance of  the  magnetic 
from  the  geographical 
meridian.  A.  compass: 
a  variety  of  ship's  com- 
pass. 

Azimuth  circle,  ( az'i- 
muth).  [Ar.  al,  the; 
samp ,  path.  ]  A  gradu- 
ated circle,  showing  the 

difference  between  two 

celestial  meridians. 

Azo.     A  prefix  implying  Azimuth. 

the  presence  of  nitrogen. 

Azobenzene,  (a-zo-ben'zen).  [Azote  ami  7>/-w- 
zene,  q.v.]  =  CjoHlo^— Azobenzol—  Azoben- 


AZOBENZOYL 


SAGrTTETTE 


zide:  a  reddish  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  nitrobenzene. 

Azobenzoyl,  (a-zo-ben'zoyl).  [Azote  and  ben- 
zoyl,  q.v.]  =  CaiHigN2  :  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  ammonia  and  bitter- 
almond  oil. 

Azoic,  (a-zo'ik).  [Gk.  a,  not;  zoon,  animal.]  1. 
Without  any  traces  of  animal  life:  used  in 
speaking  of  the  earlier  rocks,  in  which  no 
animal  remains  have  been  found.  2.  "With- 
out life,  either  animal  or  vegetable. 

Azoleic  acid=(Enanthylic  acid,  q.v. 

Azote,  (az'ot).  [Gk.  a,  not;  zoe,  life.]=Nitro- 
gen:  which  forms  four-fifths  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, but  will  not  support  life. 

Azotic  acid^Nitric  acid,  q.v. 

Azotides,  (a'zo-tidz).     [Azote,  2.v.]=Nitridea. 


Azoxibenzol,  (a-zok-si-ben'zol).      [Azote,  oxy- 
gen, and  benzol,  $.i;.]=Azoxibenzene,  q.v.= 


Azoxybenzene,  (  a-zok-si-ben'zen  ).  [Asote, 
oxygen,  and  benzene,  q.v.]  =  Ci2Hi0N2O  = 
Azoxybenzol  =  Azoxybenzide=Azoxydifune: 
a  yellow  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
nitrobenzene. 

Azure-stone=:  Lapis  Lazuli,  q.v. 

Azurite,  (a'zu-rit).  [F.  azur,  blue.]=Chessy- 
lite=Lazulite:  an  ore  of  copper,  composed 
chiefly  of  hydrous  carbonate. 

Azygous,  (a'zi-gus).  [Gk.  a,  without;  zygon, 
fellow].  Single:  having  no  fellow. 

Azymous,  (az'i-mus).  [Gk.  a,  without;  tyme, 
leaven.]  Unfermented. 


B. 


Babbitt's  metal,  (bab'bit).  An  alloy  of  cop- 
per, tin,  and  zinc;  named  after  the  in- 
ventor. 

Babel-quartz,  (ba'bl).  A  variety  of  rock-crys- 
tal, the  form  of  which  has  some  faint  resem- 
blance to  the  tower  of  Babel. 

Babiana,  (ba-bi-a'na).  [Baboon,  q.v.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Iridacese,  the  roots  of  which  are 
eaten  by  baboons. 

Babingtonite,  (bab'ing-ton-it).  [Mr.  Babing- 
ton.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  iron  and 
calcium;  a  variety  of  hornblende. 

Babiroussa,  (  ba-bi-roo'sa  )  =  Horned  hog:  a 
wild  animal  of  the  boar  kind,  found  in 
Malay  islands,  having  large  and  curved 
canine  teeth, 

Baboon,  (ba-boon').  [Babouin,  the  French 
name.]  =  Cynocephalus  =  Dog-headed  mon- 
key: a  catarhine  monkey,  the  ugliest  and 
lowest  of  the  Quadrumana,  almost  exclu- 
sively African:  Jives  on  the  ground  amongst 
hills  and  rocks;  also  called  the  Howling  mon- 
key of  the  Old  World. 

Baccate,  (bak'kat).  [L.  bacca,  berry.]  Berry- 
like. 

Baccharis,  (  bakTcar-is ).  [Bacchus,  god  of 
wine.]  =  Ploughman's  spikenard :  a  plant, 
belonging  to  Asteracese,  haviug  a  wine-like 
odour. 

Bacciferous,  (bac-sifer-us).  [Bacciferus,  the 
Latin  word.]  Bearing  berries. 

Baccivorous,  (bak-siv'or-us.  [L.  bacca,  berry; 
roro,  I  eat.]  Feeding  on  berries. 

Bachelor's  buttons.  The  popular  name  of  a 
variety  of  Ranunculus. 

Bacillary  layer,  (ba-sil'la-ri).  [L.  bacillum, 
little  staff.]  In  the  retina  of  the  eye:  a  layer 
of  minute  rods  and  cones. 

Bacillaria,  (ba-sil-la'ri-a).  [L.  bacillum,  little 
staff.]  Used  by  Ehrenberg  for  a  group  of 
Infusoria. 

Backbone,  (bak'bon).  [Back  and  bone.]=Ver- 
tebrae=The  spine  :  the  central  bone  of  the 
endoskeleton. 

Backstays,  (bak'staz).     [Back  and  stay=to 


hold.]    In  a  ship,  long  ropes  from  the  mast 

head  to  the  channels,  helping  to  steady  the 

mast.  ,   ...I    - 

Bacon-beetle=Dermestes  lardarius:   a  beetle 

belonging  to  Necrophaga. 
Bacteria,  (bak-te'ri-a).     [Gk.  bakteria,  little 

stick.J=Microzymes:  very  minute  organisms 

found  in  infusions  of  hay.    v.  Spontaneous 

generation. 
Bactris,  (bak'tris).     [Gk.  baktron,  cane.]    A 

species  of  palm  tree:  the  branches  of  which 

are  used  for  canes. 
Baculites,  (bak'u-llts.)    [L.  baculum,  a  stick.] 

A  group  of  Ammonites,  with  straight  coni- 

cal shells,  with  many  chambers;  common  in. 

chalk  rocks. 
Baculometry,  (bak-u-lom'et-ri).    [L.  baculum, 

stick;  metron,  measure.]    Used  of  measure- 

ment by  rods  or  sticks. 
Badge,  (baj).    [A.-S.  beag,  a  crown.]   A  small 

port  near  the  stern  of  a  ship. 
Badger,  (ba'jer).     [L.  blada,  corn.]=Meles:  a 

nocturnal  burrow-  ^, 

ing       corn  -  eating 


un).  [Badigeon,  tha 

French  name.]     A 

stone  -  coloured   ce- 

ment or  paint. 
Baer's  classification 

of  animals,  accord-  Indian  Badger. 

ing  to  embryological  characteristics,  of  which 

the  principal  divisions  are  :  Double  symme- 

trical type=Vertebrata.     Longitudinal  type 

=Articulata.  Massive  type=Mollusca.  Peri- 

pherie type=Radiata. 
Bagrationite,  (ba-gra'shun-it).     A  variety  of 

Orthite. 
Bagshot-beds.  [Bagshot,  in  Surrey.  ]=Brackle- 

sham  beds:  of  coloured  sands  and  clays,  with 

few  fossils,  in  Isle  of  Wight  and  Sussex,  be- 

longing to  Middle  Eocene  strata. 
Baguette,  (ba-gef).    [The  French  name.]    A 

small  round  moulding. 


BAIEBIN 

Baierin,  ( ba'gr-in  )  =  Baierite :  a  variety  of 
Niobite. 

Baikalite,  (balsa-lit).  [Lake  Baika.]  A  variety 
of  augite,  found  near  Baika,  a  lake  in  Siberia. 

Bailey's  beads.  [Bailey,  the  discoverer.]  A 
string  of  bright  spots,  seen  round  part  of  the 
moon  in  an  annular  eclipse. 

Bakalahari,  A  timid  race,  found  in  the  desert 
of  Africa. 

Bakeless.    An  African  people. 

Bakevellia,  (bak-vel'li-a).    A  Permian  shell. 

Bala  beds.  [Bala,  in  Wales.  ]  =  Bala  and 
Caradoc  beds:  the  highest  of  the  Lower  Silu- 
rian strata:  remarkable  for  fossil  brachiopoda 
and  trilobites. 

Balaena,  (ba-le'na).  [The  Latin  name.]  A 
genus  of  Cetacean  mammalia,  which  includes 
the  whale. 

Balsenidae,  (  ba-le'ni-d5  ).  [Balaena,  ?.i'.]  = 
Whales:  a  general  name  for  all  animals  re- 
sembling the  whale. 

Balaenodon,  (  ba-16'no-don  ).  [Balcena.  and 
Odontes,  q.v.]  A  term  used  for  several  teeth 
of  whales,  found  in  a  semi-fossil  condition. 

Balaenoptera,  (ba-le-nop'tgr-a).  [Balaena,  3.1'.; 
ptera,  fins.]  =  Finners:  whales  having  a  fin 
on  the  back. 

Balais  ruby,    A  variety  of  spinel,  q.v. 

Balance,  (bal'ans).  [L.  bis,  two;  lanx,  scale.] 
=Libra:  a  sign  of  the  Zodiac. 

Balanced  slide.  A  valve  so  arranged  that  the 
pressure  of  steam  upon  it  is  balanced,  and 
does  not  prevent  it  being  easily  moved. 

Balancers=Halteres,  q.v. 

Balanidae,  (ba-lan'i-de).  [Balanus,  <7.v.]=Acorn 
shells=Sessile  Cirripedes:  small  sessile  fixed 
crustacean  animals;  a  sub-division  of  Cirri- 
pedia,  often  spoken  of  as  Sessile  Cirripedes. 

Balaninus,  (ba-la-ni'nus).  [L.  balamw,  acorn.] 
An  insect  belonging  to  Coleoptera.  B.  nu- 
cwm=Nut  weevil. 

Balanites,  (bal'a-nlts).  [Balanus,  q.v.]  Fossil 
Balanid39. 

Balanoid,  (bal'an-oid).  [Balanus,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Kesembling  barnacles,  or  acorn 
shells. 

Balanophoraceae,  (  bal-an-5-for-a'se-S  ).  [  Gk. 
balanos,  acorn;  phoreo,  I  carry.]  Parasitical 
fungus-like  plants,  belonging  to  Ehizogens, 
growing  upon  roots  of  trees,  &c. 

Balantia,  (bal-an'shi-a).  [Gk.  balantion,  a 
money  bag.  ]  1.  =Phalanger,  a  marsupial  ani- 
mal, somewhat  resembling  the  fox.  2.  A  fern. 

Balanus,  (bal'an-us).  [L.  balanus,  acorn.]= 
Acorn  shell.  A  small  crustacean  animal, 
usually  found  on  rocks,  ships,  &c.,  having  a 
shell  somewhat  acorn-shaped. 

Balas  ruby=Ballas,  q.v. 

Balata,  (ba'la-ta).  [Bully  tree.  ] "  A  gum  resin ; 
the  dried  sap  of  Sapota  Muelleri  or  Bully  tree. 

Balcony,  (bal'ko-ni).  [Saloon,  the  French 
name.]  1.  A  gallery  outside  a  building.  2. 
A  gallery  in  the  stern  of  a  large  ship. 

Baldachin,  (bal'da-kin).  [Baldachino,  the 
Italian  name.]  A  canopy  of  state,  especially 
one  used  above  an  altar. 

Bald  buzzard=Falco  halifetus=Osprey=Fish- 
ing  eagle:  a  bird  of,  prey  belonging  to  Fal- 
conidse. 


40 


BALM 


Bald-coot=Porphyrio  melanotns,  a  S.  Aus- 
tralian bird. 

Bald  crow=Corvus  oalvus,  a  bird  belonging 
to  Corvidae. 

Bald  money.  [A  corruption  of  L.  valde  bona, 
very  good.]  =  Meum  arithamanticum.  A 
small  herb. 

Baldwin's  phosphorus.  Fused  nitrate  of  lime, 
which  emits  light  for  hours  after  exposure  to 
sunlight. 

Balearica,  (ba-le-a'ri-ka).  =Crowned  crane:  an 
African  bird,  belonging  to  Grallatores. 

Baleen,  (balgn).  [Balcena,  g.v.]=Whalebone: 
the  horny  plates  lining  the  roof  of  the  mouth 
in  some  whales. 

Balinese.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Balistes,  (ba-lis'tez).  [Gk.  ballo,  I  throw; 
dart.]  Balistini= Leather  jackets^File  fish. 
New  Zealand  fish  with  very  tough,  spiny 
skins;  intermediate  between  bony  and  carti- 
laginous fishes. 

Balistidse,  (ba-list'i-de).  [Balistes,  q.v.]  File 
fishes:  a  sub-division  of  Plectognathi,  q.v. 

Ball  and  socket  joint,  in  which  a  spheroidal 
surface  moves  in  a  cup-like  surface,  so  as  to 
permit  motion  in  any  direction,  as  in  the  hip 
or  elbow  joints. 

Ball-soda.  A  compound  of  soda  with  lime,  and 
formed  in  the  manufacture  of  sodic  carbonate. 

Ball-stone  =  Wenlock  limestone,  with  large 
nodules. 

Ball-tin.  Balls  of  tin  formed  by  pouring 
melted  tin  upon  a  copper  plate. 

Ball-vein,  A  miner's  term  for  a  vein  in  which 
the  metal  occurs  in  nodules. 

Ball's  dredge.  [Dr.  Ball,  inventor.]  A  bag 
of  fine  network,  with  a  scraper  on  each  side 
of  the  mouth. 

Ballan  wrasse=Labrus  bergylta=L.  macula- 
tus,  q.v. 

Ballas  ruby,  (ballas).   A  variety  of  spinel,  q.v. 

Ballast,  (bal'last).  [A.-S.  bed,  boat;  last,  load.] 
Any  heavy  weight  carried  in  the  hold  of  a 
vessel  to  bring  the  centre  of  gravity  lower 
down,  and  so  keep  the  vessel  steady. 

Ballesterosite.     A  variety  of  iron  pyrites. 

Ballister,  (bal'lis-ter).  [L.  balustrum.]=~Balna- 
ter,  q.v. 

Ballistic  pendulum,  (bal-lis'tik).  [Gk.  ballo, 
I  throw.]  A  suspended  block  of  wood  used 
to  measure  the  velocity  of  projectiles,  by  the 
number  and  extent  of  its  oscillations  when 
struck  by  the  projectile. 

Ballock-grass,  (bal'lok).  [A.-S.  bealloc-wyrt.] 
A  name  sometimes  used  for  orchis. 

Balloon,  (bal-loon7).  [Ballon,  the  French 
name.]  1.  A  spheroid  of  any  light  imperme- 
able material,  usually  silk,  which,  when  filled 
with  any  gas  lighter  than  air  (usually  hydro- 
gen), rises  through  the  atmosphere.  2.  A 
spherical  glass  vessel  used  in  chemistry. 

Ballota,  (ballo-ta).  [Ballo,  I  reject — unpleas- 
ant. ]=  Stinking  or  black  horehound:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Lamiaceae. 

Balm,  (bam).  [L.  balsamum,  balsam-gum.] 
=Balsam,  q.v.  =Melissa.  B.  of  Gilead,  ob- 
tained from  Icica  carana  and  Dracocephalum. 
B.  of  Mecca,  obtained  from  Balsamodendron 
myrrha.  Canada  B.t  from  Abies  balsamea. 


BALSAM 


41 


BARAMMONIUM 


Balsam,  (bal'sam).  [Balsamum,  the  Latin 
name.]=Impatiens :  a  plant,  chiefly  East 
Indian,  the  type  of  Balsaminaceoe.  B.  fir= 
Abies  balsamifera.  B.  of  Pent=Myrosper- 
mum  peruiferum. 

Balsam-bog=Bolax  glebaria. 

Balsams,  (bal'samz).  [Balsam,  q.v.]  l.=Bal- 
saminaceoe.  2.  Aromatic  liquids,  compounds 
of  resins  and  volatile  oils,  obtained  from 
trees;  intermediate  between  volatile  oils  and 
perfect  resins. 

Balsams,  Artificial.  R  opodeldoc,  a  solution  of 
soap  in  alcohol  and  ammonia.  B.  sulpkuris, 
a  solution  of  sulphur  in  linseed  oil. 

Balsamifluse,  (bal-sam-if  lu-e). =Liquidainbars 
=Altingiaceje,  q.v. 

Balsaminaceae,  ( bal-sam-in-a'se-5  ).  [BaLsam, 
<2.tf.]=Balsams:  succulent  herbs,  chiefly  E. 
Indian,  belonging  to  Geraniales. 

Balsamodendron,  (bal-sam-5-dend'ron).  [The 
Greek  name.]  A  name  for  trees  yielding 
balm  of  Gilead,  &c., belonging  to  Amyridaceo). 

Baltimore  oriole  =  Yphantes  Baltimore:  a 
bird,  also  called  the  honey-bird. 

Baltimorite.    A  fibrous  variety  of  Serpentine. 

Baluster,  (bal'us-ter).  [L.  balustrum,  a  place 
railed  in.]=Ballister:  an  ornamental  railing 
or  small  column:  one  of  a  series  called  a  bal- 
ustrade. 

Balustrade,  (bal'us-trud).  [L«  baluster,  q.v.] 
A  row  of  balusters,  used  to  inclose  a  stair- 
case, terrace,  balcony,  &c. 

Bamboo,  (barn-boo).  [The  Malay  name.]= 
Bambusa,  q.v. 

Bambusa,  (bam-boo'sa).  [Bambos,  the  Indian 
name.]=Bamboo:  a  division  of  Graminace.'e. 
Grass-like  plants  growing  to  the  size  of  trees, 
with  hard,  hollow  stems,  which  are  used  for 
Avalking-sticks,  &c. 

Bambusacese,  (bam-boo-sii'se-e).  [Bambusa, 
q.v.}  Plants,  of  which  the  Bambusa  is  the 
type,  growing  wild  in  marshy  places. 

Bamlite,  (bam'lit).  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate 
of  aluminium. 

Banana,  (ba-na'na).  [Banana,  the  Spanish 
name.  ]  =  Musa  sapien- 
tum,  and  other  species: 
a  variety  of  the  plan- 
tain tree,  belonging  to 
Musacese.  Wild  B.  = 
Urania  Amazonia,  has 
leaves  8  ft.  long. 

Band,  (band).     [Banda, 
the  A.-S.  name.]    1.  A 
flat  moulding  used  in  "^ 
architecture.  2.=Wrap-  -*1S=—  ^^yy**-— 
ping  connector :  a  belt  of  B.\nana. 

leather,  gutta  perch  a,  &c. ;  a  cord  or  a  chain 
used  to  communicate  motion  from  one  part 
of  a  machine  to  another. 

Bandelet,  (band'let).  [Dim.  of  band,  q.  v.]  A 
small  band  or  flat  moulding. 

Banderole,  (band'rol).     [The  French  name.] 
A  narrow  streamer  or  flag;  especially  one 
encircling  a  staff'. 
Band  fish=Cepola  rubescens. 
Bandicoot,  (ban'di-kOot).     [The  native  name.] 
l.=Perameles,  an  Australian  marsupial  ani- 
mal. 2.=Mus  giganteus=Urcat  Hat  of  India. 


Bandicoots,  (ban'di-koots).  [Bandicoot,  q.v.] 
=Peramelid8e:  small  Australian  animals  re- 
sembling hedgehogs. 

Bandolier,  (ban'do-ler)=Zanonia  indica,  q.v.; 
also  called  Indian  cucumber. 

Baneberry,  (ban'ber-ri).  [A.-S.  bana,  poison; 
and  berry.  ] = Actsea  spicata :  an  herb  with  fetid 
leaves  and  poisonous  pulpy  fruit,  belonging 
to  Ranunculacese. 

Banewort,  (ban'wurt).  [A.-S.  bana,  poison; 
wyrt,  plant.]=Ranunculus  flammula:  a  pois- 
onous plant. 

Bangor  group=Longinynd,  q.v. 

Banian = Banyan,  q.v. 

Banister,  (ban'is-tgr).  [A  corruption  of  Balus- 
ter, q.v.]  Especially  used  in  the  case  of  stair- 
case railings. 

Bankans,  (ban'kanz).    An  Oceanic  race. 

Bank-cress.  [Grows  on  banks.]=Sisymbrium 
ofBcinale=Hedge  mustard. 

Banker,  (bang'ker).  [A.-S.  bane,  bench.]  A 
stone  bench  used  in  masonry  work. 

Banksia,  (bangk-si-a).  [Sir  J.  Banks.]  Aus- 
tralian plants  belonging  to  Proteaceae. 

Bannock  fleuk,  (ban'nok).= Rhombus  maxi- 
mus,  q.v. 

Banquette,  (bang-kef).  [The  French  word.] 
A  small  bank,  usually  of  earth,  against  tho 
parapet  of  a  rampart. 

£anstickle=Gasterosteus,  q.v. 

Ban-well  cave,  (ban' well).  [B.,  in  Somerset- 
shire.] In  the  Carboniferous  Limestone,  from 
which  many  mammalian  remains  have  been 
obtained. 

Banxring,    ( bangks'ring ).      [Tho    Sumatran 
name.  ] =Tupaia  Ja- 
vanica:  a  small  ar- 
boreal  animal    re- 
sembling the  shrew. 

Banyan  tree,  (ban'- 
yan).  [The  Indian 
name.  ] —Fi  cus  indi- 
ca. An  Indian  tree 
with  large  branches, 
some  of  which  root 
again  into  tha 
earth. 

Baobab,  (ba'o-bab). 
name.  ]    =  Adan- 
sonia  :  the   largest 
tree  in  the  world  ; 
found    in    tropical 
Africa, with  a  trunk 
20  to  30  ft.  in  dia- 
meter;  also  called 
monkey-bread  tree:    _ 
belongs    to     Bom-  S? 
bacese.  Baobab  Tree. 

Baptistery,  (bap-tis'ter-i).  [Gk.  baptisterion.] 
A  building  for  the  ceremony  of  bap- 
tism. 

Bar,  (bar).     [A.-S.  beorgan,  to  shut  in.]    A 
dry  level  between  two  waters. 
Bar -magnet.     A  straight  magnet,  the  ends 

being  the  poles. 

Baralite,  (ba'ra-lit).    [Baralon,  in  France.]    A 
mineral    containing    silica,    alumina,    iron, 
lime,  and  magnesia. 
Bar  ammonium,  (bar-am-mo'ni-um).    [.Barium 


Banyan  Tree. 
[Bahobab,  the  Eg}*ptian 


BARB  42 


BABQTTE 


and  ammonium.]  A  compound  of  barium 
and  ammonium. 

Barb,  (barb).  [From  Barbary.]  1.  A  variety 
of  pigeon.  2.  A  horse  of  a  Barbary  stock. 

Barbacou,  (bar-ba-koo').    A  kingfisher. 

Barbara's  cress.  [St.  Barbara;  or  a  corrap- 
tion  of  barbel's  cress,  eaten  by  barbels.]=Bar- 
barea  vulgaris. 

Barbarea,  (bar-bar'e-a).  [St.  Barbara.]='Win- 
ter-cress:  an  herb  belonging  to  Brassicacese. 

Barbary-ape=Simia  sylvanus. 

Barbasco,  (bar-bas'ko):=Jacquinia  artmllaris: 
a  tree  found  in  tropical  America,  the  sap  of 
which  is  used  to  poison  fishes. 

Barbel,  (barrel).  [Barbus,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Barbus,  q.v.  A  carp-like  fish. 

Barberry,  (bar'ber-ri).  [Berberis,  the  Latin 
name.  ]=Berberis.  A  shrub,  with  edible 
fruit.  B.  blight,  a  species  of  ^Ecidium,  a 
parisitic  fungus,  found  on  the  barberry. 

Barbets,  (bar'bets).  [L.  barbus,  bearded.  ]= 
Puff-birds=Bucco:  climbing  birds, with  large 
conical-bearded  beaks. 

Barbette,  (bar-bet').  [The  French  word.]  A 
terrace  or  bank  of  earth,  on  the  inner  side  of 
a  parapet,  on  which  guns  may  be  mounted. 

Barbican,  (bar'bi-kan).  [Barbacane,the  French 
name.]  An  outer  fortification,  intended  for 
the  defence  of  an  entrance  or  approach. 

Barbituric  acid,  (  bar-bi-tu'rik  )=C4H4N2O3. 
2H20:  a  crystalline  acid,  formed  by  action 
of  urea  upon  malonic  acid. 

Earbule,  (bar'bul).  [L.  barba,  beard.]  A 
diminutive  of  beard. 

Barbus,  (bar'bus).  [L.  larba,  beard.  ]= 
Barbel.  A  carp-like  fish,  having  fleshy, 
beard-like  projections  at  the  mouth:  fresh 
water  and  herbivorous. 

Baregin.  [Bareges,  in  France.]  =  Glairin= 
Plombierin :  a  gelatinous  or  horny  sub- 
stance found  in  sulphurous  thermal  springs. 

Barge,  (barj).  [TheO.  French  name.]  A  boat, 
about  30  ft.  long,  used  for  conveyance  of  offi- 
cers and  other  persons  of  rank;  a  pleasure 
boat.  B.  boards:  used  in  gables  of  build- 
ings, forming  a  decorative  ending,  and  serv- 
ing to  keep  off  the  rain.  B.  course:  thejtilea 
that  project  over  the  gable  end  of  a  house, 
&o.  B.  couple:  a  strengthening  beam. 

Baric,  (ba'rik).  [Barium,  q,v.]  Containing 
barium  as  a  constituent. 

Barilla,  (ba-ril'la).  [The  Spanish  name.]= 
Barillor:  ash  of  marine  plants,  especially  Sal- 
sola=Impure  carbonate  of  soda. 

Barita,  (ba'ri-ta).  A  crow-like  bird.  JB.  tibi- 
cen,=Piping  crow  of  N.  S.  Wales. 

Barium,  (bu'ri-um).  [Gk.  barys,  heavy.]=Ba": 
one  of  the  metals  of  the  alkaline  earths,  and 
the  heaviest  of  the  alkaline  metals;  a  yellow 
substance  which  decomposes  water  by  reason 
of  its  affinity  for  oxygen. 

Bark,  (bark).  [Bern-can,  the  A.-S.  name.]  1. 
The  outer  coating  of  trees.  Cascarilla  B.  of 
Croxton  eleutheria.  Jesuit's  B.  of  Solanum 
pseudoquina.  Peruvian  B.  of  Cinchona  con- 
daminea.  2.=Barque,  q.v. 

Barker's  mill=Hydraulic  tourniquet,  q.v. 

Barley,  (bar'li).  [A.-S.  here,  barley;  leac, 
plant.]=Hordeum:  a  variety  of  com,  espe- 


cially grown  to  be  converted  into  inalt;  one 
of  the  cereals,  q.v.  Wall  B.  =  Hordeum 
murinum. 

Barley-bird,  (barti-berd^Fringilla  spinus:  a 
perching  bird. 

Barley-sugar,  (barli-su'gar).  A  transparent 
form  o£  sucrose. 

Barm,  (barm).  [Beorma,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Yeast:  a  fungus-like  substance  found  in  fer- 
menting liquids,  which  has  the  property  of 
causing  fermentation ;  for  which  purpose  it 
is  used  in  breadmaking. 

Barnaby- thistle.  [Flowers  about  St.  Bar- 
nabas' day.]=Centaurea  solstitialis :  a  plant 
belonging  to  Compositse. 

Barnacle,  (  bar'na-kl ).  [Perna,  the  Latin. 
name.]=Lepas  anatifera:  a  small  crustacean, 
animal  usually  found  adhering  by  the  ped- 
uncle to  other  animals,  ships,  rocks,  &c.  The 
name  is  also  said  to  be  derived  from  S.  beam, 
child;  aac,  oak,  from  its  being  supposed  to 
grow  on  oak  trees. 

Barnacles,  (bar'na-klz).  [Barnacle,  q.v.]=. 
Lepadidse,  q.v.:  a  sub-division  of  Cirripedia. 

Barnhardtite,  ( barn-hard'tit ).  [Earnhardt's 
Land,  N.  Carolina.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  sul- 
phide of  copper. 

Barnstickle,  ( barn'stikl )  =  Gasterosteus  tra- 
churu8=Stickleback:  a  small  pond  fish. 

Barocalcite,  (ba-ro-kal'slt).  [Baryta  and  Cal- 
cium, g.v.j^Baryto-calcite,  q.v.  A  translu- 
cent mineral. 

Barograph,  (bar'o-graf).  [Gk.  baros,  weight; 
grapho,  I  write.]  =  Recording  barometer:  a 
barometer  and  auxiliary  apparatus  for  regis- 
tering its  variations. 

Barolite,  (bar'o-lit).  [Barium,  q.  v.]=Witherite: 
a  mineral,  chiefly  carbonate  of  barium. 

Barometer,  (ba-rom'e-ter).  [Gk.  baros,  weight; 
metron,  measure.]  Att 
instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  pressure  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  thus  to 
tell  the  height  of  a  moun- 
tain or  the  probable  state 
of  the  weather. 

Barometric,  ( ba-ro-met- 
rik).  [Barometer,  q.v.] 
Connected  with  a  baro- 
meter. B.  column:  the 
column  of  mercury  which 
in  an  ordinary  barometer  is  supported  by  the 
pressure  of  the  air.  B.  height:  the  height  of 
the  column  of  mercury,  usually  about  29  in. 

Barometz,  (ba'ro-metz)  —  Hare's-foot  fern= 
Aspidium  barometz=Tartarian-lamb,  q.v. 

Baroscope,  (bar'o-skop.)  [Gk.  baros,  weight; 
skopeo,  I  mark.]  A  balance  supporting  two 
balls,  of  unequal  sizes  but  equal  weights,  in 
air;  in  a  lighter  gas  the  larger  ball  falls;  in  a 
heavier  gas  it  rises. 

Baroselenite,  ( ba- 
ro-sel'e-nit ).  [Gk. 
fe«?-7/s,heavy;  selene, 
bright.]  =  Barytes, 
q.v. 

Barque,  (bark).  [The, 
French  name.]  Pro- 1 
perly,  a  three- 


BarometeR 


BARRACUDA 


BASILICA 


masted  vessel  ;  used  also  for  any  small 
vessel. 

Barracuda=Sphyrsena,  q.v.  \  a  fish. 

Barren- wort.  [Said  to  cause  sterility.]  = 
Epimedium  alpinum. 

Barrier  reefs=Coral  reefs  parallel  to  a  coast, 
but  often  many  miles  distant. 

Barringtoniacese,  (bar-ring-to-ni-a'se-e).  [Mr. 
Barrington.  ]  =  Barringtoniads  :  tropical 
shrubs  and  trees,  with  pulpy  fruit,  belonging 
to  Grossales. 

Barris,  (bar'ris).  A  common  name  for  the 
mandrill  and  the  chimpanzee. 

Barrow,  (bar'ro).  [A.-S.  beonj,  hill.]  A  heap 
of  stones  forming  a  raised  grave. 

Barsowite,  (  bar'so-wit ).  [Barsowska  river, 
Ural  Mountains.]  A  white  mineral,  chiefly 
silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminium. 

Bartizan,  (bar-ti-zanO.  [The  French  word.]  A 
small  projecting  turret,  at  the  corner  of  a 
building. 

Bartling's  classification  of  plants,  made  1800. 
Cellular:  Homonemeous=Alg£e  and  lichens, 
&c. ;  Heteronemeous  =  Mosses.  Vascular: 
Cryptogamic  =  Ferns,  &c. ;  Phaneroganiic= 
Flowering  plants. 

Barton  beds,  (bar'ton).  [Barton,  in  Hamp- 
shire.] =  Upper  Bagshot:  the  lowest  of  tho 
Upper  Eocene  strata. 

Barton's  buttons.  [Mr.  Barlpn,  the  maker.] 
Steel  buttons  having  the  surface  engraved 
with  very  fine  lines,  so  as  to  refract  light  in 
an  ornamental  manner. 

Earwood,  (  barSvood  )  =  Camwood :  a  wood 
used  in  dyeing,  coloured  red  by  santolin. 

Barystrontianite,  (  ba  -  ri  -  stron '  shi  -  an  -  it ). 
[Barytes  and  Strontia,  q.v.]  =•  Stromnite  :  a 
mineral  containing  carbonate  of  strontium 
nnd  sulphate  of  barium. 

Baryta,  ( ba-ri'ta ).  [Barium,  q.v.]  =  Baric 
oxide— BaO:  the  protoxide  of  barium,  found 
in  crystalline  and  earthy  forms,  used  in  manu- 
facture of  paint,  &c.;  also  called  barytes. 

Barytes,  (ba-ri'tez).  [Barium,  q.v.]  =  Heavy 
spar=Native  sulphate  of  barium =BaSO4:  a 
crystalline  mineral,  poisonous,  used  in  mak- 
ing paint:  also  used  as=Baryta. 

Barytine,  (ba-ri'tin).  [Barium,  q. v.]=Barytes, 
q.v. 

Baryto-calcite,  (ba-ri'to-kal'sit):=:Alstonite:  a 
mineral,  chiefly  carbonite  of  calcium  and 
barium. 

Barytophyllite,  (ba-ri-to-finit)=Chloritoide : 
a  silicate  of  alumina  and  iron. 

Barytum,  (ba-ri'tum).  [Barytes,  q.v.]  Some- 
times used  for  barium. 

Basalt,  (ba-sawlf).  [Basaltes,  the  Latin 
name.]  A  compact 
amorphous  igneous 
rock,of  which  silica, 
in  the  forms  of  au- 
gite  and  felspar,  is 
the  chief  constitu- 
ent, and  which  has 
usually  cooled  in 
columns:  a  variety 
of  trappean  rocks.  Basalt. 

Basaltine,  (ba-sawl'tin).  [Basalt,  q.v,]=Crys- 
tallisedhomblonde:aniinuralfouudin  basalt. 


Basalts,  (ba-sawltz').  [Basalt,  q.v.]  A  divi- 
sion of  trappean  or  volcanic  rocks,  contain- 
ing more  lime  and  magnesia  and  less  silica 
than  the  others. 

Basanite,  (baz'a-nit).  [Gk.  basanos,  touch- 
stone.] =  Lydian  stone:  chiefly  a  silicate  of 
lime,  magnesia,  &c. ;  a  variety  of  jasper. 

Bascanion,  (bas-ka'ni-on).  A  snake  belonging 
to  Viperina.  B.  constrictor=Bla,ck  snake. 

Base,  (bas).  [Gk.  basis,  foundation.]  1.  The 
lowest,  fundamental  portion,  as  of  a  column, 
&c.  2.  The  principal  line  of  a  survey,  to 
which  the  others  are  referred.  3.  A  com- 
pound, relatively  electro-positive,  substance, 
which  will  combine  with  an  acid  so  as  to 
form  a  salt.  Ammonia  bases:  volatile;  re- 
sembling ammonia  in  character.  Ammo- 
nium bases:  non-volatile;  resembling  caustic 
potash  in  character.  Bases  of  organic  origin 
=Organic  alkalies=Alkaloids. 

Base  broom.  [Used  as  a  base  in  dyeing.  ]= 
Genista  humilis=Genista  tinctoria. 

Base  rocket.  [Used  as  a  base  in  dyeing.  ]= 
Reseda  lutea:  a  variety  of  mignonette. 

Basellaceae,  (  ba-sel-lii'se-e ).  [Basella,  tho 
Malabar  name.]=Basellads:  climbing  herbs 
and  shrubs,  usually  succulent,  belonging  to 
Ficoidales. 

Basi-branchials,  (  ba-si-brangTd-alz.  )  [Base 
and  Branchial,  q.v.]  Series  of  pieces  to  which, 
the  branchial  arches  are  attached. 

Basic,  (ba'sik).  [Base,  q.v.]  Having  the  pro- 
perties of  a  base;  able  to  combine  with  aa 
acid  to  form  a  salt. 

Basic  group =Dycrasite  group,  q.v. 

Basic-hydrogen.  The  hydrogen  contained  in 
an  acid  which  is  readily  replaced  by  a  metal 
or  basylous  radicle. 

Basic  salts=Sub-salts:  in  which  the  propor- 
tion of  the  base  is  greater  than  that  of  the 
acid,  the  excess  being  attached  as  water  of 
crystallization  is. 

Basi-cranial  axis  of  tho  skull.  A  line  drawn 
from  the  upper  surface  of  the  sphenoid  to 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  foramen  magnum. 

Basicity,  (ba-sis'i-ti).  [Base,  q.v.]  The  power 
of  an  acid,  or  electro-negative,  constituent  of 
a  salt  to  combine  with  a  base:  measured  by 
the  numbers  of  atoms  of  basic  hydrogen,  q.v. 

Basidia,  (  ba-sid'i-a  )  =  Sporpphores :  minute 
stalks  supporting  spores,  in  ferns,  &c,  £. 
spores,  the  spores  on  basidia. 

Basidium,  (bu-sid'i-um).  Singular  of  Basidia, 
q.v. 

Basifacial  axis,  ( ba-si-fa'si-al ).  [Base  and 
facial.]  A  line  drawn  from  the  sphenoid  to 
the  alveolar  margin  of  the  maxilla. 

Basi-hyal,  (ba-si-hi'al).  [Base  and  Hyal,  q.v.] 
The  body  of  the  hyoid  bone;  in  man,  a  small 
bone  beneath  the  tongue. 

Basil,  (baz'il).  [Gk.  basilikos,  royal.]  l.=Ocy- 
mum  basilicum:  an  aromatic  herb.  2.  Wild 
B.  =  Calamintha  cliuopodium.  3.  Tanned 
sheepskin. 

Basilar,  (baz'i-lar).  [Base,  q.v.]  Belonging 
to  a  base.  B.  artery,  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  vertebral  arteries,  which  serve  the  brain. 
B.  region,  the  lowest  part  of  the  skull. 

Basilica,  (ba-siTik-u),     [Gk.  l)asilike.\     Pro- 


BASILISK 


BATRACHOPtJS 


perly  a  royal  residence ;  but  also  used  for 
any  spacious,  roofed  building  supported  by 
columns. 

Basilisk,  (baz'il-isk).  [Basilislcos,  the  Greek 
name.]=Basiliscus  rnitratus:  a  small  Saurian 
reptile. 

Basilosaurus,  (ba-sil-o-saw'rus).  [Gk.  basileus, 
king;  saurus,  a  lizard.] =Zeuglodon:  a  large 
whale,  known  only  by  fossil  remains  in 
Eocene  strata  in  Alabama.  Its  name  is 
owing  to  its  having  been  supposed,  when 
first  discovered,  to  be  a  huge  reptile. 

Basin,  (ba'sn).  [Bassin,  the  French  name.] 
1.  In  geology=Syncline,  a  depression  in  the 
surface,  caused  by  sinclinal  dip's.  2.  All  the 
land  drained  by  all  the  rivers  entering  any 
given  sea  is  called  the  basin  of  that  sea. 

Basioccipital,  (ba-si-ok-sip'it-al).  [L.  basis, 
base;  occipitium,  back  of  head.]  The  centre 
of  the  first  cranial  segment  of  the  skull;  the 
base  of  the  occipital  bone.  B.  tooth:  a  tooth 
on  the  basioccipital  bone,  as  in  the  Tench. 

Basisphenoid,  ( ba-si-sfe'uoid ).  [  L.  basis, 
base ;  Sphenoid,  q.v.  ]  The  centre  of  the 
second  cranial  segment  of  the  skull ;  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  sphenoid. 

Basket  of  lamprey.  A  cartilaginous  basket- 
like  process  supporting  the  gills. 

Basking  sharks Selachus  maximus:  the  larg- 
est known  shark,  found  in  Northern  seas, 
and  named  from  its  habit  of  floating  in  the 
sunlight. 

Basque  language,  (bask).  [The  French  word.] 
Spoken  in  the  Basque  provinces  and  in 
Navarre. 

Bass,  (bas)— Basse=Labrax  lupus=Perca  la- 
brax^Sciaeua  labrax:  afish  of  the  perch  kind. 

Basset,  (bas'set).  [F.  bassette,  low.]=Outcrop: 
the  portion  of  an  inclined  stratum  that 
comes  to  the  surface. 

Bassia,  (bas'si-a).  A  plant  of  Africa  and  In- 
dia. B.  butyracea= Indian  butter  tree. 

Bassic  acid=Stearic  acid,  q.v. 

Bassinet,  (bas-si-nef).  [The  French  word.] 
=Ranunculus:  from  the  shape  of  the  flower, 
like  a  small  basin. 

Basso-relievo,  (bas-so-re-le'vo).  Sculpture  in 
which  the  figures  are  detached  in  only  a 
small  degree. 

Bassorin,  (bas'so-rin).  [Bassoragum.]=Salep 
=Tragacanth=;rC6HioO5=Mucilage  :  a  gum 
found  in  many  seeds. 

Bass-relief,  (ba-re-lef).  [F.  6as,low;  relief, 
raised  work.  ]= Basso-relievo  :  in  sculpture, 
figures  which  do  not  stand  out  far  from  the 
surface. 

Bastion,  (bast-yun).     [The  French  name.]    A 
projecting    portion 
of  a  fortified  inclos- 
ure. 

Bastite,      (bas'tit). 
[Basti,    in      Hart* 
Mountains.  ]     A 
green    mineral,!?^; 
chiefly    silicate    of  A,  Bastion, 

magnesium  and  iron. 

Bast-tree,  (bast).  [Bout,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Lime  tree=Tilia  Europsea:  inner  bark  used 
for  matting. 


Basyl,  (bas'il).  [Gk.  basis,  base;  liyle,  ma- 
terial. ]= Base:  the  electro-positive  ingredient 
of  any  chemical  compound,  usually  either  a 
metal  or  a  substance  equivalent  to  it. 

Basylous,  (ba'sil-ous).  [Base,  Q.v.]=Base-like: 
fulfilling  the  functions,  or  having  the  pro- 
perties, of  a  base. 

Bat,  (bat).  [  Sc.  backe,  bird.  ]=Cheiroptera 
=  Vespertilio  :  a 
mouse-like  animal, 
with  membranes 
connecting  its  front 
legs  enabling  it  to 
fly.  Besides  this 
there  are — Lyre  B. 
=  Megaderma  lyra 
Bulldofi  .B.=Molossus  longicaudatus.  Long- 
cared  -B.=Galeopithecus. 

Batara,  (ba-ta'ra).  A  name  for  Bush-shrikes 
=Thamnophilus . 

Batatas,  (ba-ta'tas).  [The  Malay  name.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Convolvulaceje=Convol- 
vulus  batatas,  the  root  of  which  is  edible. 
B.  cdtdis=S\veet  potato. 

Bath-bird=Vanellus  cristatus:  a  bird  of  the 
plover  kind. 

Bath-metal.    An  alloy  of  brass  with  zinc. 

Bathstone.  [Bath,  in  west  of  England.]— 
Great  Oolite  freestone  :  a  shelly  limestone 
much  used  for  building:  one  of  the  great 
Oolite  strata. 

Bathybios,  (bath'ib-i-os).  [Gk.  bathys,  deep; 
bios,  life.]  Mere  specks  of  living  gelatinous 
matter,  found  at  bottom  of  Atlantic,  often  in 
large  sheets  of  amorphous  protoplasm.  "Or- 
ganisms without  organs,"  formed  by  Hseckel 
iato  a  class  of  Rhizopoda,  under  the  name  of 
Monera. 

Bathygnathus,  (bath-yg-na'thus).  [Gk.  bathys, 
deep ;  gnathos,  jaw.}  A  fossil  reptile.  B. 
borealus,  found  in  New  Bed  Sandstone  of  N. 
America. 

Bathymetrical  zones,  (bath-I-met'ri-kal).  [Gk. 
lathys,  deep;  metron,  measure.]  According 
to  depth,  comprising  littoral,  sea-weed,  and 
deep  sea  regions. 

Bathyptilum,  (bath-ip'ti-lum).  [Gk.  bathys, 
deep.]  B.  Carpenteri,  a  remarkable  sea-pen 
found  at  bottom  of  N.  Atlantic  in  G50  fa- 
thoms, and  formed  into  a  new  genus. 

Batides,  (bat'i-dez).  [Gk.  batit,  thornhack,  a 
fish.]=Rays,  &c. :  fishes  forming  a  sub-divi- 
sion of  Plagiostoini. 

Batikin,  (bat'i-kin).  [Native  name.]=Ento- 
myza  cyanotis=;Blue-faced  honey  eater:  a 
bird  living  in  the  nest  of  another  bird. 

Batrachia,  (bat-rii'ki-a).  [Gk.  batrachos,  frog.] 
= Frogs  and  Toads:  animals  forming  a  divi- 
sion of  Amphibia,  q.v. 

Batrachians,  (ba-tra'ki-anz).=Batrachia,  q.v. 

Batrachite,  (bat'ra-kit).  [Gk.  batrachos,  frog.] 
A  mineral  of  a  greenish  colour,  somewhat 
resembling  a  frog;  chiefly  a  silicate  of  lime 
and  magnesia,  a  vai'iety  of  olivine. 

Batracholites,  (ba-tra'ko-lits).  [Gk.  batracJios, 
frog;  lithos,  stone.]  Fossil  remains  of  frog- 
like  animals,  found  in  Tertiary  strata. 

Batrachopus,  (  ba-tra'ko-piis  ).  Fossil  foot- 
prints of  frog-like  animals. 


BATBACHOSPERMEJE 


45 


BEARDING 


Batrachospermese,  (ba-trS-ko-spe.r'me-e).  [JBa- 
trachos,  frog;  sperma,  seed.]  Plants  belong- 
ing to  Algae,  the  fronds  of  which  have  some 
resemblance  to  the  ova  of  frogs. 

Batrichnis,  (bat-rik'nis).  [Gk.  batrachos,  frog; 
ichiios,  footprint.]  Used  for  footprints  of 
batrachian  animals  found  in  New  Bed  Sand- 
stone. 

Battalion,(bat-tal'ion).  [Bataillon,  the  French 
name.]  A  division  of  an  infantry  regiment, 
usually  numbering  about  1000  men. 

Battardeau,  (bat-ar-do').  [The  French  word.] 
A  wall  built  across  a  ditch,  having  in  it  a 
sluice  gate. 

Battens,  (bat'nz).  [F.  baton,  a  stick.]  Lengths 
of  wood,  7  in.  wide,  used  for  flooring,  &c. 

Batter,  (bat'ter).  [F.  batir,  to  build.]  The 
build  of  a  wall  that  is  not  perpendicular  to  its 
base.  Straight  B.,  when  the  slope  is  straight. 
Curved  B. ,  when  the  slope  is  curved. 

Battering  walls.  Sloping  walls,  intended  to 
resist  side  pressure,  as  in  reservoirs,  &c. 

Battery,  (bat'ter-i).  [Batterie,  the  French 
name.]  1.  A  number  of  cannon;  especially 
when  placed  in  position.  2.  A  number  of 
cells  or  jars  for  generating  or  accumulating 
electricity.  Bunsen's  J?.=Grove's  B.,  the 
platinum  being  replaced  by  carbon.  Bun- 
sen's  New  B.,  with  Zn  and  C  in  the  same 
cell,  in  a  mixture  of  sulphuric  and  chromic 
acids.  Daniell's  B.,  a  constant  battery;  zinc 
and  copper  in  sulphate  of  copper  solution. 
Grove's  B.,  a  powerful  battery:  zinc  in  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  platinum  with  nitric  acid  to 
absorb  the  evolved  hydrogen.  Secondary  B. , 
a  number  of  pieces  of  metal,  such  as  plati- 
num, separated  by  pieces  of  moistened  cloth, 
which,  after  being  connected  with  an  active 
battery  for  some  time,  become  charged,  and 
act  as  an  independent  battery.  Magnetic  B., 
a  number  of  magnets  arranged  to  act  in 
unison.  Thermo- electric  B.,  a  number  of 
thermo-electric  couples,  arranged  iri  a  con- 
tinuous series. 

Battery,  chemical  action  of.  The  origin  of 
the  galvanic  current.  Intensity  of  C.  A.= 
Intensity  of  current.  Quantity  of  C.  A.= 
=Quantity  of  current. 

Batting  machine=Blower=Scutcher.  A  ma- 
chine used  in  spinning. 

Battlement,  ( bat'1-ment ).  [F.  bastille,  for- 
tress. ]=The  wall  of  a  parapet,  usually  with 
openings. 

Baudisserite,  (bau-dis'ser-it).  A  variety  of 
magnesite,  q.v. 

Bauhinia,  (baw-in'i-a).  [M.  Bauhin.]  A  plant, 
usually  twining,  belonging  to  Leguminoseaj. 
B.  po'/rwia=Mountain  ebony. 

Baulite,  (baw'lit).  [Baulaberg,  Iceland.  ]= 
Krablite:  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alum- 
inium. 

Bauxite,  (bo'zit).  [Baux,  in  France.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  a  compound  of  alumina  and 
ferric  oxide. 

Bavin,  (ba'vin).  Impure  and  nodular  lime- 
stone and  shale. 

Bay,  (ba).     [F.  6aie.]=Lanrel  tree:  a  tree  be- 
longing to  Lauracea?. 
laureola. 


Bayonet,  (ba'yon-et).  [Bayonne,  where  first 
made.]  A  sharp  weapon  of  attack,  fitted  to 
the  muzzle  of  a  musket  or  rifle. 

Bay  salt,  (bil'sawlt).  [Bay  or  tank  used  in 
evaporation.]  Salt  obtained  from  sea-water 
by  evaporation. 

Bay  window.  A  window  projecting  outwards, 
so  as  to  form  a  bay-like  recess. 

Bdellium,  (del'i-um).  [Bdellion,  the  Greek 
name.]  A  brittle,  transparent  gum-resin, 
from  Balsamodendron  Africanum,  &c.,  some- 
what resembling  myrrh. 

Beads  (specific  gravity).  Beads  of  different 
densities  used  to  ascertain  the  specific  gravity 
of  a  liquid,  by  the  density  of  the  bead  which 
just  floats  in  it. 

Beadlet,  (bed'let)  =  Actinia  mesembryanthe- 
mum.  A  sea  anemone. 

Beagle,  (b5-gl).  [Gael,  beag,  small.]  A  small 
hound. 

Beak,  (bek).  [Bee,  the  Gaelic  name.]  1.  A 
small  fillet.  2.  A  horny  modification  of  the 
epidermis  on  the  outside  of  the  muzzle  or 
jaws,  as  in  birds. 

Beak-head,  (beklied).  A  platform  on  the 
deck  of  a  ship  at  the  fore  end. 

Beam,  (bem).  [A.-S.  beam,  tree  or  post.]  1. 
A  strong  piece  of  timber.  2.  A  ray  of  light. 
B.  compass:  a  compass,  one  of  whose  points 
slides  along  a  beam ;  used  for  describing  large 
circles.  B.  engine:  an  engine  having  abeam, 
by  the  motions  of  which  power  can  be  trans- 
mitted. B.  tree=Fyi\is  aria. 

Bean,  (ben).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  A  form  of 
fruit,  of  which  the  pea  and  bean  are  examples; 
also  a  common  name  for  several  plants  bear- 
ing such  fruits.  B.  cafJers^Zygophyllacese. 
Buck  J5. =Bog-bean=Menyanthes.  St.  Igna- 
tius' I?.=Seeds  of  Ignatia  amara.  Jonka  B. 
Dipterix  odorata.  Garden  B.  =  Faba  vul- 
garis  =  Vicia  faba.  French  B.  =  Phaseolus 
vulgaris.  B.  copper  =  Granulated  copper. 
B.  goose=A.nser  segetum. 

Bear,  (bar).  [Bern,  the  A.-S.  name.]  1.= 
Ursus:  a  large  omnivorous  hybernating  quad- 
ruped, belonging  to  Plantigrade  carnivora. 
Black  5.=Ursus  Americanus.  Brown  B.= 
Ursus  arctos.  Sea  .B.=Phoca  ursina.  Cave 
£.=Ursus  speleeus.  2.  The  name  of  two 
Northern  constellations.  Greater  .S.=Ursa 
Major.  Lesser  .B.=Ursa  Minor.  3.  A  local 
name  in  N.  England  for  a  variety  of  barley. 

Bear's-foot=Helleborus,  q.v. 

Bearberry,  (bar/ber-ri)=:Arctostaphylos  uva- 
ursi,  a  wild  trailing  plant,  fruit  eaten  by 
bears,  belonging  to  Arbutese. 

Bear-bind=Convolvulus  arvensis:  a  trailing 
plant,  used  for  binding  barley  sheaves. 

Beard,  (berd).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  1.  Hairy 
appendages  on  the  face,  possessed  by  men, 
orangs,  Diana  monkeys,  andSakis.  2.  Greater 

forked  £.=Blennius  phycis:  a  fish  belonging 
to  Gobioidae. 

Beardie,  (berdi)=Cobitis  barbatula  =  Loche: 
a  smaU  fish  belonging  to  Cyprinidee. 

Bearding-line.  The  line  of  intersection  of 
the  surface  of  keel,  dead-wood,  stem,  and 
stern-post  of  a  ship,  with  the  outer  surface 
of  the  frame  timbers. 


BEARD 

Beard-like  lichen=Usnea  florida. 

Bearings,  (bar'ingz).  [To  bear.]  1.  Planes, 
cylinders,  spheres,  conoids,  <fec.,  usually  of 
metal;  used  to  transfer  motion  from  one 
part  of  a  machine  to  another,  and  to  direct 
the  motion  of  the  pieces  supported.  2.  The 
direction  of  a  line:  used  in  sailing  and  sur- 
veying. 

Beatricea,  (be-a-trl'si-a).  A  fossil:  now  sup- 
posed to  be  the  tube  of  an  annelide  animal; 
at  first  mistaken  for  a  large  feru;  found  in, 
Silurian  rocks. 

Beats,  (bets).  1.  Beats  in  music,  the  alternate 
strengthening  and  weakening  of  one  tone  by 
another.  2.  Beats  of  the  heart,  caused  by  the 
resistance  in  the  arteries  to  the  passage  of 
blood  from  the  heart. 

Beaumaris  shark=Lamna  cornubica. 

Beaume's  hydrometer.  A  glass  tube,  contain- 
ing some  mercury,  and  having  a  graduated 
stem,  used  to  test  the  specific  gravity  of  a 
liquid. 

Beaumontite,  (  bo'mon-tlt ).  1.  A  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  aluminium  and  lime:  pro- 
bably=Stilbite.  2.  A  variety  of  Malachite. 

Beaver,  (be'ver).  [Befer,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
1.  Castor  fiber:  a  graminivorous  amphibious 
quadruped,  living  in  families,  in  houses  made 
of  wood,  mud,  <fec.  2.  The  front  movable 
portion  of  a  helmet,  from  the  French  name 
baviere. 

Beaver -tree,  (  be'yer-tre  ).  [Bark  eaten  by 
beavers.]  =  Magnolia  glauca  =  White  laurel 
:=Sweet  bay,  a  tree  common  in  American 
swamps. 

Bebiric  acid,  (be'bi-rik).  [Bibiru,  the  native 
name.]  Found  in  bark  of  Nectandra  Rodiei, 
or  Bibiru,  of  Guiana. 

Bebirine,  ( be'bi-rin ).  [Bibiru,  the  native 
name,  in  Guiana.]— CssHoiNOg:  an  alkaloid 
obtained  from  the  bark  of  Nectandra. 

Beccafico,  (bek-a-fe'ko).  [The  Italian  name.] 
=  Fig-eater  =  Sylvia,  a  bird  belonging  to 


46 


BELL 


Becker,  (beTjer).    A  fish=Sparus  pagrua,  q.v. 

Becquerel's  thermo-electric  battery,  of  arti- 
ficial sulphuret  of  copper  and  copper. 

Bed,  (bed).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  In  geology,  a 
thick  stratum  of  uniform  materials ;  pro- 
perly confined  to  the  junction  of  two  such 
strata. 

Bedding,  (bed'ding).  [Bed,  q.v.]  The  deter- 
mination of  the  dip  and  character  of  one 
stratum  by  the  stratum  upon  which  it  rests. 
Cross  B.  =  False  B.=Cross  stratification. 

Bedstraw,  (bed'straw)  =  Galium,  a  common 
herb,  used  in  cheesemaking  and  for  dyeing, 
belonging  to  Galiacese. 

Bee,  (be).  [Beo,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Apis:  an 
insect  living  in  societies,  building  dwellings, 
and  storing  up  honey;  belonging  to  Hymen- 
optera. 

Bee-eater,  (be'e-ter)  =  Merops,  a  bird,  living 
on  bees,  wasps,  &c.,  belonging  to  Insessores. 

Beech,  (bech).  [Bece,  the  A.-S.  name.]  = 
Fagus:  a  large  forest  tree,  the  wood  of  which 
is  hard  and  much  used,  belonging  to  Cory- 
lacese. 

Beef-eater,  (bef e-tgr).    [Beef-eater.]  =  Buph- 


aga:  a  bird  that  feeds  on  insects,  which  it 
finds  in  the  skins  of  oxen;  at  first  supposed 
to  feed  on  the  oxen's  flesh. 

Beefwoods,  (bef'woodz).  [The  Australian 
name.]  =  Casuarinacere  :  exogen  trees  ap- 
proximating to  endogens. 

Bee-hive,  (be'hiv).  [From  the  form.]=Pnc- 
sepe,  jn  Cancer,  q.v. 

Beekite,  (  be'kit  or  be-kl'te  ).  [Dr.  Beeke.] 
Peeble-like  varieties  of  chalcedony,  found  in 
New  Red  Sandstone  rocks. 

Beer,  (ber).  [Beor,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Wine 
of  grain:  obtained  from  malt. 

Beer  and  Madler's  map  of  the  Moon,  in  which 
the  surface  is  divided  by  triangulation. 

Bees-wax,  (bez'waks).  [Bee  and  Wax,  q.v.] 
An  unctuos  yellow  animal  secretion,  com- 
posed of  myricin,  cerin,  and  ceroleiu:  pro- 
duced chiefly  by  bees. 

Beet,  (bet).  [Celtic,  bett,  red.]  =  Beta:  an 
herb  having  a  large  succulent  red  root,  much 
used  as  food  for  cattle,  and  for  the  extraction 
of  its  sugar,  belonging  to  Chenopodiacero. 

Beetle,  (bu'tl).  [Bytel,  the  A.-S.  name.]  = 
Coleoptera;  also  a  sub-division  of  Coleop- 
tera:  insects  having  a  horny  covering. 

Beetroot  sugar,  Obtained  in  a  crystalline 
form  from  the  juice  of  the  roots  of  beet, 
almost  identical  with  ordinary  cane  sugar. 

Begonia,  (be-go'ni-a).  [M.  Begon.]  The  typo 
of  Begoniacese,  q.v.:  will  grow  from  a  very 
small  portion  of  a  leaf. 

Begoniacese,  (  be-go-ni-a'se-e).  [Begonia,  the 
typical  plant. ]=Begoniads:  S.  American  and 
Indian  shrubs  and  herbs,  belonging  to  Cucur- 
bitales:  generally  with  succulent  sterna  and 
fleshy  leaves. 

Beimbing=Averrhoabilimbi:  an  East  Indian 
plant,  with  cucumber-like  fruit. 

Belemnites,  (bel'em-mtz).  [Gk.  belcmnon,  a 
dart.]  Conical  fossils,  remains  of  dibran- 
chiate  cephalopodous  molluscs,  abundant  in 
Chalk,  Oolite,  and  Lias. 

Belemnoteuthis,  ( be-lem-no-tu'this  ).  [Gk. 
belemnon,  dart;  teuthis,  cuttle-fish.]  A  cuttle- 
fish, known  by  well  preserved  fossil  remains. 

Belemnoziphius,  (  be-lein-no-zif i-us  ).  [Gk. 
belemnon,  dart;  xiphos,  sword.]  A  dolphin- 
like  animal,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Belfry,  (bel'fri).  [O.F.  Mfroit.]  1.  The  por- 
tion of  a  steeple  containing  the  bells.  2.  Any 
building  erected  especially  for  a  peal  of  bells. 

Bell's  cement,  made  of  shell-lap  and  gold  size. 

Bell-bird=Chasmorhynchus  niveus:  an  Aus- 
tralian bird,  belonging  to  the  Honey-eaters, 
whose  tinkling  voice  can  be  heard  two  or 
three  miles  off. 

Bell-crank  lever.  A  lever,  the  two  arms  of 
which  are  inclined  so  as  to  form  a  bent  lever: 
used  to  move  small  pieces  of  machinery. 

B«!ll-flower=Campanula:  also  used  for  other 
plants,  belonging  to  Campanulacea;,  the 
flowers  of  which  are  bell-shaped. 

Bell-gable:=Bell  turret,  a  small  belfry,  of  the 
gable  form. 

Bell  metal,  A  variety  of  bronze:  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  tin,  used  for  bells.  .  B,  ore,  con- 
taining tin  and  copper  pyriteg. 


BELLADONINE 


BENZIDINE 


Belladonine.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  bella- 
donna. 

Belladonna,  (bel-la-don'na).  [It.  belladonna, 
fair  lady.]— Atropa  belladonna:  a  poisonous 
plant,  belonging  to  Solanacese,  having  a  fruit 
resembling  the  cherry. 

Bellatrix,  (bel-la'triks).  [Bellatrix,  the  Latin 
name.]— y  Orionis,  the  north-western  star  in 
the  quadrilateral  of  Orion. 

Bellerophon,  (bel-lerVfon).  [Classical.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  Heteropoda,  known 
only  by  shells  found  in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

Bellis,  (bel'lis).  [L,  bellus,  pretty.  ]  I.Daisy, 
a  small  wild  flower,  belonging  to  Compositae. 
2.  Sea-daisy,  belonging  to  Actiniae,  a  sea- 
anemone. 

Bellona.  (bel-16'na).  [Classical.]  One  of  the 
Asteroids,  No.  28. 

Bellows,  (bel'loz).  [Bcelg,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
Applied  to  any  machine  for  the  purpose  of 
forcing  air  through  a  fire. 

Bellows-fish,  (bel'lows-fish).  [From  its  form.] 
=Centriscus  scolopax:  an  Acanthopterygiau 
fish. 

Bell-worts,  (bell'wurtz).  [Form  of  flowers. ]= 
Campanulaceso:  herbs  and  shrubs  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers. 

Belodon,  (bel'o-don).  [Gk.  belos,  a  dart;  odous, 
a  tooth].  An  extinct  reptile  of  the  crocodile 
kind,  fossil  remains  of  which  are  found  in 
Triassic  strata. 

Belt,  (belt).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  B.  of  Jupiter: 
two  streaks  of  comparative  darkness,  one  on 
either  side  of  the  planet's  equator.  B.  of 
Saturn :  appear  to  be  of  the  same  kind  as 
in  Jupiter.  B.  of  Orion:  three  bright  stars 
in  the  constellation  Orion,  v.  Warrior's  belt. 

Beluga,  (be-166'ga).  [Bieluga,  the  Russian 
name.]  A  cetacean  animal. 

Belvedere,  (bel've-der).  [It.  belvedere,  a  fine 
sight.]  A  small  building,  sometimes  on  the 
roof  of  a  palace,  <fec.,  intended  as  a  kind  of 
observatory  or  pleasure  seat. 

Belvisiaceae,  (bel-vi-si-a'se-e).  [M.  Beauvois, 
its  discoverer.]— Napoleon-worts:  bushes  of 
tropical  Africa,  with  soft  wood  and  berry- 
like  fruit,  belonging  to  Myrtales. 

Bembidiidae,  (bem-bi-di'ide).  [Bembidium.] 
A  family  of  minute  beetles,  belonging  to 
Geodephaga. 

Bembridge  series,  [Bembridge,  in  Isle  of 
Wight.]  The  uppermost  beds  of  Upper 
Eocene  strata,  in  which  are  found  remains 
of  the  Palgeotherium. 

Bends,  (bendz).  [A.-S.  benden,  to  curve.] 
The  widest  part  of  a  ship.  Anchor  B.,  the 
fastening  of  a  cable  to  an  anchor. 

Beneden's  classification  of  animals.  Hypo- 
cotyledones— Vertebrates.  Epicotyledones= 
Insects,  Myriapoda,  Crustacea,  &c.  Allo- 
cotyledones=:Mollusca,  worms,  polyps,  in- 
fusoria, &c. 

Benetnasch,  The  Arabic  name  of  the  star  77 
Ursae  Majoris;  also  called  Alkaid,  q.v. 

Bengal  hemp  =  Crotalaria  juncea,  a  plant 
belonging  to  Fabacese. 

Bengal  quince=vEgle  marmelos:  a  fragrant 
plant,  belonging  to  Aurautiacese,  with  an 
orange-like  fruit. 


Benic  acid,   (ben'ik).     [Oil  of  ben.]    Name 

given  to  two  fatty  acids  obtained  from  oil  of 

ben.      1.    Benostearic  acid  =  C22H.J4O2.     2. 

Benomargaric  acid=Ci5H3oOo. 

Benjamin  tree=Ficus  benjairfina,  q.v.;  also 

— Laurus  benzoin,  q.v. 
Ben-nut  tree=Moringa,  q.v. 
Ben-oil  tree— Moringa,  q.v. 
Bennett's  electroscope=GoId-leaf  electroscope: 
two  strips  of  gold  leaf,  usuallj'  enclosed  in  a- 
glass  shade,  in  metallic  communication  with 
a  knob  or  plate  at  the  top,  which  show  the 
proximity  of  any  electrified  body  by  diverging. 
Benolic  acid=C22H4oO2:  obtained  from  erucio 
acid. 

Bent,  (bent)=Agrostis:  a  grass  plant,  belong- 
ing to  Graminacese. 

Bentham  and  Hooker's  classification  of  plants, 
Dicotyledones. 

Angiospermese. 
Polypetalaa. 

Thalamiflorso. 
Disciflorse. 
Calyciflone. 
Monopetalfe. 
Monoch  lam  y  deae. 
Achlamydese. 
Monocotyledones. 

Petaloidese. 
Glumacese. 
Acotyledones. 
Acrogens. 
Thallogens. 

Benzaldide,  (ben'zal-did).      [Benzoyl,  q.v.]=s 
Hydride  of  benzoyl,  q.v. 

Benzamio  acid,   (ben'za-mik).     [Benzoyl  and 
AmideSj^  q.v.]  =  Amido-benzoic  acid  =  Oxy- 
benzamic  acid=C7H7N02:  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  benzoic  acid. 
Benzamide,  (ben'za-mid).  [Henzoyl  and  Amide, 
q.v.]=C7~H7T3O:  a  primary  monamide=:Am- 
monia,  in  which  one  atom  of  hydrogen  ia 
exchanged  for  one  of  benzoyl,  forming  a 
crystalline  fusible  substance. 
Benzamil,       (  ben'za-mil  ).       [  Benzoyl.  ]  = 
^23^20^203 :  a  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  oil  of  bitter  almonds. 
Benzanilide,   (ben-zan'i-Hd).      [Benzoyl  and 
Aniline,  q.  v.]=Ci3H11NO= Aniline,  in.  which 
one  atom  of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one  of 
benzoyl=Ph  enylbenzamide. 
Benzene,   (ben'zSn).     [Benzol,  q.v.l^CoHs— 
Pure  benzol,  g.y.=Bicarburet  of  hydrogen; 
also  called  Benzine  and  Hydride  of  phenyl. 
Benzene  sulphuric  acid  =  Phenylsulphuroua 
acid— CgHgSOs:  a  compound  of  benzene  and 
sulphuric  acid. 

Benzhydramide,  (benz-hl'dra-mid).    [Benzoy], 
Hydrogen,  and  Amide,  2.v.]=Cyanazobenzoyl 
hydride  =  C22H18N2O.      A   crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  essence  of  bitter  almonds. 
Benzhydrol,  (benz-hid'rol).    [Benzoyl  and  Hy- 
drogen, q.v.]    1.  A  camphor  obtained  from 
oil  of  cassia.     2.  A  constituent  of  the  above; 
the  other  constituent  being  benzhydrolic  acid. 
Benzidam,  (ben'zi-dam).    [Benzol,  q.v.]=Phe" 
nylamine— Aniline,  q.v. :   so  named  from  ita 
being  obtained  from  nitrobenzol. 
Benzidjjie,   ( ben'zi-din ).      [  Benzene,    q,v.  ] 


BENZIL 


48 


BERGAPTENE 


r=C12H12N2:  an  alkaline  substance  obtained 
from"  azobenzeue. 

Benzil,  (ben'zil).  [Benzoin,  q.v.;  Gk.  Jiyle, 
material.]  :=Ci4HioC>2  =  Benzile:  a  yellow, 
crystalline,  inflammable  substance  obtained 
from  benzoin. 

Benzilam,  (ben'zi-lam).  [Benzil  and  ainmonia.] 
r=Ci4HgN:  a  crystalline  substance  obtained 
by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  benzil. 

Benzilic  acid,  (ben'zi-lik).  [Benzile,  q.v.]= 
Stilbylicacid=Stilbic  acid^CuH^Oy.  acrys- 
talline  acid  substance  from  potassic  bensilate. 

Benzilimide,  (ben-zil'i-mld).  [Benzil  and  Am- 
monia.] =C2sH22N2O2=Benzilim  :  a  crystal- 
line compound  derived  from  benzil  and  am- 
monia. 

Benzimic  acid,  (ben'zi-mik).  [Benzimide,  q.v.] 
A  crystalline  acid  substance  obtained  by  act- 
ing on  oil  of  bitter  almonds  with  ammonia. 

Benzimide,  (ben'zi-mid).  [Benzoyl  and  Amide, 
q.v.  ]=rC23Hi8N2O2=Hydride  of  cyanoben- 
zoyl,  acrystallisable  substance  obtained  from 
oil  of  bitter  almonds. 

Benzine,  (ben'zin).  =  Benzol,  q.v. 

Benzoates,  (ben'zo-ats).  [Benzoic  acid,  q.v.]= 
M  0711562:  compounds  of  benzoic  acid  and  a 
base. 

Benzoen,  (ben'zo-en)=Toluol,  q.v. 

Benzoeretic  acid=Parabenzoic  acid,  q.v. 

Benzoglycol=C7H802=Oil  of  bitter  almonds 
and  water. 

Benzoglycolic  acid^HCglfyO^:  a  crystalline 
compound  of  benzoic  and  glycolic  acids. 

Benzohelicin=C2oH2oOg  :  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  by  dissolving  populin  in 
nitric  acid. 

Benzoic  acid,  (ben-zo'ik).  [Benzoin,  q.v.]= 
Water  in  which  one  atom  of  H  is  exchanged 
for  one  of  benzoyl=C7H6C>2=:Benzoyl  hy- 
drate=HBzO  :  a  crystalline  acid  obtained 
from  benzoin;  also  called  flowers  of  benzoin: 
found  in  many  resins  and  balsams. 

Benzoic  alcohol=Benzyl  A.=C7H8O:  an  oily 
liquid  obtained  from  bitter  almonds. 

Benzoic  anhydride  =  C14H10O3  =  Water  in 
which  both  atoms  of  H  are  exchanged  for 
benzoyl;  also  called  benzoate  of  benzoyl. 

Benzoicin,  (ben-zo'i-sin).  [Benzoyl,  q.  v.]= 
Benzoate  of  Glycyl:  glycerin,  in  which  one 
or  three  atoms  of  H  are  exchanged  for  one  of 
benzoyl. 


Benzoin,  (benz'o-in).  [Benzoali,  the  Arabic 
name.]  !.=:Ci4Hj2O2:  a  fragrant  resin  ob- 
tained from  Styrax  benzoin.  2.  Laurus 
benzoin,  a  plant  belonging  to  Lauracese. 

Benzoine,  (benz'o-in).  [Benzoyl,  q.v.}=Gu!L-^ 
O2:  a  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
benzol.  The  same  as  Benzoin. 

Benzol,  (ben'zol).  [Benzoin,  2.v.]=:Benzine= 
Phene=Bicarburet  of  hydrogen=Phenyl  hy- 
dride^CeHg:  one  of  the  aromatic  hydrocar- 
bons: a  colourless  liquid  much  used  as  a  sol- 
vent for  wax,  fats,  caoutchouc,  &c.;  when 
quite  pure  benzol  is  called  benzene. 

Benzolactic  acid,  (ben-zo-lak'tik).  [Benzol 
and  Lactic  Acid,  q.v.]=Ci0Hi0O^:  lactic  acid 
in  which  one  atom  of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by 
benzoyl. 


Benzoline,  (ben'zo-len).  [Benzol,  g.v.]=Amar- 
ine=C2iHigN2 :  an  alkaline  compound  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  benzol 
hydride. 

Benzone,  (ben'zon).  [Benzoic,  q.v.]='BQnzo- 
phenone^CeHsCyHgO :  obtained  from  ben- 
zoic acid. 

Benzo-nitrile,  (  ben-zo-ni'tril ).  [Benzol  and 
Nitrile,  g.v.]=C7H5N:  a  colourless  odorous 
oil,  the  vapour  of  which  is  inflammable. 

Benzo-sulphuric  acid=G7HeSO5:  compounded 
of  strong  sulphuric  acid  and  benzoic  acid. 

Benzoyl,  (ben'zo-il).  [Benzoin,  q.v. ;  Gk.  hyle, 
material.]=Bz=C7H5O=The  supposed  radi- 
cle of  benzoic  acid= Radicle  of  bitter  almonds. 

Benzureide,  ( ben-zu're-id ).  [Benzoyl  and 
Ureide,  ^.v.]=Urea  benzoate -H2O=H8C8O2 
N2:  a  crystalline  powder,  compounded  of 
benzoyl  and  urea. 

Benzyl,  (ben'zil).  [Benzoyl,  q.v.;  Gk.  ule, 
material.]=;C7H7=:Tolyl=Toluenyl:  the  sup- 
posed radicle  of  the  benzoic  series  of  ethers. 

Benzylamine:  C7H9N:  a  crystalline  substance 
=Toluidine,  q.v. 

Benzylene,  (ben'zi-len).  [Benzyl,  q.v.]=C7Tte: 
one  of  the  acetylene  series  of  hydrocarbons: 
an  hypothetic  radicle. 

Benzylia,  (ben-zi'li-a).  [Benzyl,  g.v.]=Phenyl- 
methylia— C7H9N=:CH3-C6H5.  HN :  a  volatile 
base  obtained  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on 
benzyl  chloride. 

Beraunite.  [Beraun,  in  Bohemia.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  phosphate  of  iron. 

Berbers.    An  African  people. 

Berberales,  (  berTjer-alz)).  [  Berberis,  q.v.  ] 
Plants  with  very  small  embryos,  and  much 
fleshy  albumen,  forming  a  sub-division  of 
Hypogynous  exogens. 

Berberidaceae,  (ber-ber-i-da'se-e).  [Berberis, 
g.v.]=;Berberids :  herbs  and  shrubs,  some- 
times spiny,  belonging  to  Berberales. 

Berberine,  (ber'ber-ui).=C2oH17NO4:  an  alka- 
loid obtained  from  Berberis. 

Berberis,  (ber'ber-is).  [The  Arabic  name.]= 
Barberry:  a  shrub  from  which  a  yellow  dye 
and  oxalic  acid  are  extracted. 

Berberry,  (  ber'ber-ri ).  ^Barberry— Berberis, 
q.v. 

Berengelite,  (ber-en-je'lit).  [Berengela,  in 
Peru.]=Berengela  resin^CooHsoC^:  a  pitch- 
like  mineral  found  in  Peru,  used  for  caulk- 
ing vessels. 

Berg  (berg).  [Sw.  berg,  mountain.]:=  Iceberg, 
q.v. 

Bergamot,  (ber'ga-mot).  [Bergamotte,  the 
French  wordJ^Citrus  bergamia. 

Bergamot  camphor  =  Bergaptene  :  obtained 
from  oil  of  bergamot. 

Bergamot  mint=Mentha  odorata:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Lamiaceae. 

Bergamot  oil.  A  volatile  oil  obtained  from 
fruit  of  Citrus  bergamia. 

Bergamotte,  oil  of,  (berg'a-mot).  [Bergamotte, 
the  French  name.]=3CioHi6:  obtained  from 
the  rind  of  the  bergamotte  or  lime  fruit. 

Bergamint,  (ber/ga-mint)=Mentha  citrata. 

Bergaptene,  (ber-gap'ten).  [Bergamot,  q.v.'} 
=C3HO:  a  camphor-like  substance  obtained 
from  essence  of  Bergamot. 


BERGMEHL 


BICABDIAL 


Bergmehl,  (berg-mal.)  [The  Swedish  name.] 
=Mountain  meal :  a  fine  earth,  found  in 
Sweden,  containing  remains  of  Diatomaceaa, 
and  said  to  be  nutritious  when  mixed  with 
flour. 

Bergylt,  (  ber'gilt  )=Sebastes  norvegicus  = 
Perca  marina^Norway  haddock. 

Bernicle  goose=Clakis=Anser  bernicla:  visits 
England  only  in  autumn  and  winter. 

Berme.  A  terrace  at  the  foot  of  the  outer 
side  of  a  pai-apet. 

Bermuda  cedar^Juniperus  bermudiana. 

Beroe,  (ber'o-e).  [Classical.]  A  small  phos- 
phoric marine  animal  belonging  to  Actino- 
zoa. 

Berry,  (ber'ri).  [Eerie,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A 
fruit,  such  as  the  gooseberry,  which  has  seeds 


Berry-bearing  alder=Rbamnus  frangula:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Rharanaceae. 

Bertsch's  machine.  An  electrical  machine, 
consisting  of  a  plate  of  Ebonite  electrified  by 
induction,  and  fittings  for  the  production  of 
sparks  when  the  plate  is  made  to  revolve. 

Beryl,  (ber'il).  [Beryllus,  the  Latin  name.] 
—Silicate  of  aluminium  and  glucinum:  a  gem 
of  a  rich  green  colour,  which,  when  very 
rich  in  colour,  is  called  an  emerald:  a  mineral 
of  the  topaz  group. 

Beryllium,  (be-ril'ium).  [Beryl,  q.v.]  Another 
name  for  Glucinum,  q.v. 

Berzelian  nomenclature,  (ber-zeli-an).  [Ber- 
zelius,  a  Swedish  chemist.]  Potassic  sulphate 
for  sulphate  of  potassium;  sodic  nitrate  for 
nitrate  of  sodium,  &c.,  &c.,  the  name  of  the 
base  being  used  first  as  an  adjective,  and 
that  of  the  acid  as  a  noun. 

Berzelian  notation.  H^O  for  water;  863  for 
sulphuric  acid,  &c.,  &c.,  the  given  substance 
being  represented  by  the  initials  of  its  con- 
stituents, and  the  number  of  atoms  of  each 
expressed  by.  small  numerals. 

Berzelianite,  (ber-zeTi-a-nit).  [M.  Berzelius.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  sulphide. 

Berzelite,  (  ber'ze-lit  ).  [  M.  Berzelius.  ]= 
Kuhnite:  an  oxide  of  arsenic,  lime,  and 
magnesia:  also  used  for  Mendipite,  Petalite, 
and  Thorite. 

Bessemer  flame,  (bes'se-mer).  [Mr.  Bessemer, 
the  inventor.]  The  flame  given  out  during 
the  Bessemer  process:  at  first  yellow  and 
slightly  luminous,  afterwards  a  long  and 
extremely  luminous  body  of  flame. 

Bessemer  process.  A  substitute  for  puddling 
and  refining,  by  which  cast  iron  is  converted 
into  cast  steel,  by  the  removal  of  all  un- 
necessary carbon;  cold  air  is  forced  through 
molten  iron  until  all  the  carbon  is  burnt. 

Bessemer  ship:  in  which  a  saloon  is  designed 
to  remain  horizontal  even  in  a  rough  sea, 
being  supported  on  telescopic  pneumatic 
tubes. 

Beta,  (be-ta).  [1.  )3  the  second  letter  in  the 
Greek  alphabet;  2.  Celt,  belt,  red;  the  colour 
of  the  root.]  1.  Used  to  represent  the  second 
star  of  each  constellation.  2.=Beet:  a  plant 
with  large  succulent  root,  belonging  to 
Chenopodiacese. 

Betacese,  (bS-ta'se-e).    [Beta,  q.v.]    An  order 


of  plants,  of  which  the  beet  is  the  type:  now 

included  in  Chenopodiaceae. 
Beta-orcein.     A  homologue  of  Orcein,  q.v., 

obtained  from  usnic  acid. 
Beta-orsellic  acid.    A  variety  of  orsellic  acid, 

Betelgeuse  =  Betelgeux  =  a  Orionis:  a  ruddy 
star  containing  no  hydrogen,  the  N.E.  star  in 
the  quadrilateral  of  Orion:  once  red,  now 
orange. 

Betel  nut,  (bet-1).  [P.  betel]  A  compound  of 
areca  nut  and  betel  leaves;  also  =  Fruit  of 
piper  betel,  a  plant  belonging  to  Piperacese, 
the  leaves  of  which  are  used  with  the  areca  nut. 

Betel  nut  pabn= Areca  catechu,  the  nuts  of 
which  are  narcotic. 

Beton,  (be-ton).  [The  French  name.]  A  hy- 
draulic cement. 

Betonica,  (be-ton'i-ka)=Betony,  q.v. 

Betony,  (bet'on-i).  [L.  betonica;  or  C.  len, 
head;  ton,  good.]  =  Betonica=Stachy's  be- 
tonica:  an  herb  belonging  to  Fabaceae. 

Bettong,  (bet'tong).  [Native  Australian  name.] 
= Jerboa:  a  small  nocturnal  kangaroo,  build- 
ing a  nest  on  the  ground. 

Betula,  (bet'u-la).  [The  Latin  name.]=Birch: 
a  tree  or  shrub  belonging  to  Betulacese. 

Betulaceae,  ( bet-u-la'se-e ).  [Betula,  q.v.]= 
Birch- worts:  shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to 
Amentales,  including  the  birch  and  alder. 

Betulin,  (bet'u-lin).  [Betula,  q.v.]  C^H^Og: 
a  resinoid  substance  obtained  from  the  bark 
of  the  birch  tree. 

Beudantite.  A  mineral,  chiefly  sulphate  of 
lead  and  iron. 

Bevel  wheels.  Two  intersecting  wheels  re- 
volving in  different  planes. 

Beyrichite,  (ba'rik-it).     [M.  Beyrich.] 

Bezetta.  A  blue  dye,  obtained  from  plants 
belonging  to  Chrozophora  and  Croton. 

Bezoar  stones,  (bg'zor).  [The  Persian  name.] 
Concretions,  consisting  of  several  concentric 
waxy  layers,  found  in  the  stomachs  of  some 
goats  and  other  ruminating  animals. 

Bezoaric  acid=Ellagic  acid:  so  named  from 
being  also  found  in  bezoar  stones. 

Bhotias.    An  Asiatic  people. 

Bi,  (bi).  [L.  bis,  twice.]  A  prefix,  usually 
meaningtwo:  as  bimana,  two  handed;  bifacial, 
with  two  faces. 

Biauriculate  animals,  (bl-aw-rik'u-lat).  [L. 
bis,  twice;  Auricle,  q.v.]  Term  used  by  Oken 
for  Acephala. 

Biaxial,  (bi-ak'si-al).  [L.  bis,  twice;  Axis, 
q.v.]  Having  two  axes.  B.  crystals:  crystals 
having  two  optic  axes,  including  the  mono- 
clinic,  trimetric,  and  triclinic  crystals. 

Bib,  (bib).  Whiting  pout:  a  fish=Gadus  lusus, 
q.v. 

Bibasic,  (bl-ba'sik).  [L.  bis,  twice;  Base,  q.v.] 
Having  two  atoms  of  hydrogen,  which  in. 
combination  are  replaced  by  two  equivalents 


Bicarbonate,  (bi-kar-bo-nat).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
Carbonate,]  A  salt  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  the  base. 

Bicardial animals,  (bl-kar'di-al).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
cardiacus,  of  the  stomach.]  Oken's  term  for 
Cephalopoda. 

D 


BICEPS 


50 


BINOXIDE 


Biceps  muscle,  (bi'seps).  [L.  Ms,  twice;  caput, 
head.]  Connecting  the  fore-arm  and  shoulder 
bone,  and  bending  the  arm  at  the  elbow: 
named  from  being  connected  with  the 
shoulder  bone  by  two  tendons. 

Bichloride,  (bl-klo'rid).  [L.  fcis.twice;  Chloride, 
q. v. ]  Compounds  containing  two  equivalents 
of  chlorine  to  one  of  a  base. 

Bichromate,  (bi-kro'mat).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
Chromate,  q.v.]  Compounds  containing  two 
equivalents  of  chromic  acid  to  one  of  a 
base. 

Bicipetal  groove,  (bl-sip'it-al).  [Biceps,  q.v.] 
A  depression  in  the  humerus,  in  -which  the 
tendon  of  the  biceps  muscle  is  inserted. 

Bicuspid,  (bi-kus'pid).  [L.  bis,  twice;  cuspis, 
point.]  Twice  pointed.  S.  teeth  =  teeth 
having  two  points:  outside  the  canine  teeth. 

Bidens,  (bi'denz).  [L.  bidens,  two  teeth.  ]= 
Bur-marigold,  an  herb  belonging  to  Aster- 
acese,  having  two  prominent  bristles. 

Biela's  comet.  [M.  Biela,  the  discoverer.]  A 
short  period  comet,  returning  every  6£  years, 
came  near  the  earth  27th  Nov.  1872. 

Biennials,  (bi-en'ni-alz).  [L.  biennis,  lasting 
two  years.]  Plants  producing  seed  only  at 
the  end  of  their  second  year. 

Bi-equivalent,  (  bi-e-kwiv'a-lent ).  [L.  bis, 
twice;  and  Equivalent.]=Divalent:  equiva- 
lent to  two  atoms  of  hydrogen,  or  to  two 
units  of  any  standard. 

Bifllar  suspension,  (bi-filar).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
filum,  thread.]  Suspension  by  two  threads. 

Bifurculapes,  (bi-fur-ku'la-pez).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
furcula,  a  little  fork:  pes,  foot.]  An  inverte- 
brate animal  known  only  by  its  tracks,  pro- 
bably a  crustacean. 

Bigeminate,  (bi-jem'in-at).  [Bigemmis,  the 
Latin  name.]  Each  division  having  two 
similar  leaflets. 

Bignonia,  (big-no'nia).  [M.  Bignon.]=Trum- 
pet  flower:  a  climbing  shrub,  belonging  to 
Bignoniacese. 

Bignoniaceae,  ( big-no-ni-a'se-e  ).  [Bignonia, 
g.-y.^Bignoniads:  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees, 
chiefly  tropical,  belonging  to  Bignonales. 

Bignonales,  (big'no-nalz).  [Bignonia,  q.v.]  A 
sub-division  of  perigynous  exogens,  of  which 
bignonia  is  the  type. 

Bikh,  (bik).    [The  Indian  name.]=Aconitum 
ferox,  of  Nepaul,  a  very  poisonous  plant. 
Bilabiate,  (bl-lab'i-at).   [L.  bis,  twice;  labium, 

lip.]    Two-lipped. 

Bilander,  (bi-lan'der).     [By,  near;  Land.]    A 
vessel  with  fore  and  aft  mainsail,  used  chiefly 
for  traffic  near  land. 
Bilberry,  (bil'ber-ri).     [A.-S.  bleo,  blue;  and 

Berry.]    Fruit  of  Vaccinium  myrtillus. 
Bildstein,  (bild'stin).     [The  German  name.] 

z=Agalmatolite,  q.v. 

Bile,  (bil).  [Bilis,  the  Latin  name.]  A  secre- 
tion formed  by  the  liver  from  the  blood:  a 
bitter,  yellowish,  alkaline  fluid,  containing 
the  solids  bilin  and  cholesterine.  Crystallised 
B.:  a  mixture  of  potassic  and  sodic  glycocho- 
lates. 

Bilge,  (bilj)=Builge,  q.v. 
B  ilge  and  feed  pumps.  Pumps  used  to  draw  off 
the  bilge  water,  and  feed  the  boilers  with  water. 


Bilhoolas.    An  American  race. 

Biliary  calculi.  Stones  found  in  the  gall 
bladder. 

Bilifuscin,  (bl-li-fu'sin).  [Bile,  q.v.;  and  L. 
fuscus,  dark.]:=Ci(;H2oN204:  a  brown  colour- 
ing matter  in  the  bile. 

Bilimbi=Averrhoa  bilimbi:  an  East  Indian 
plant,  with  edible  fruit  and  sensitive  leaves.. 

Bilin,  (bfl-in).  [Bile,  q.v.]  The  solid  portion 
of  bile:  a  resinous  compound  of  carbon,  hy- 
drogen, oxygen,  nitrogen,  and  sulphur  = 
Taurocholic  and  Glycocholic  acids. 

Biliphein,  (  bil'i-fin  ).  A  brown  colouring 
matter  found  in  the  bile. 

Bilirubin,  (bi-li-ru'bin).  [Bile,  q.v.;  and  L. 
rubens,  red.]=Ci6H18N2O3:  crystals  of  a  dark 
red  colour,  found  in  the  bile. 

Biliverdin,  (bfli-ver'din).  [Bile,  q.v.;  F.  vert, 
green.]=A  green  colouring  matter  in  the  bilo 
=C16H2oN2O5. 

Billbergia,  (bil-be^ji-a).  [M.  Billberg.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Bromeliacete. 

Bimaculated,  (bi-mak'u-lat-ed).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
macula,  spot.]  Spotted.  B.  /Suc£er=Lepi- 
dogaster  bimaculatus,  q.v.  B.  Wrasse  = 
Labrus  bimaculatus,  q.v. 

Bimana,  (bi-ma'na).  [L.  bis,  twice;  manus, 
hand.]  Two  handed:  applied  to  the  human 
race  when  it  is  considered  as  a  class  of  Mam- 
malia. 

Bimanese.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Binary,  (bi'na-ri).  [L.  bini,  two  at  a  time.] 
Double.  B.  stars:  two  stars,  each  revolving 
round  the  other.  E.g.,  y  Delphini,  a  Gemi- 
norum,  £  Ursae  Majoris.  B.  theory  of  salts: 
1.  That  salts  are  compounds  of  a  metal  or 
other  basylous  radicle,  with  an  acid  or  chlo- 
rous radicle.  2.  That  hydrated  acids  consist 
of  a  base  and  radicle,  the  former  being  hy- 
drogen. B.  compounds:  consisting  of  two 
elements  only. 

Bindweed,  (  bind'wed  ).  [Bind  and  weed.] 
l.=Convolvulus:  twining  herbs  or  shrubs, 
belonging  to  Convolvulacese.  2.  =  Smilax 
aspera:  a  plant  belonging  to  SmilacesB. 

Binnacle,  (bin'akl).    [Habitaclet  the  French 
name.]    A  box  to  contain 
a  ship's  compass. 

Binnite,  (bin'nlt).  [Bin- 
nentbal,  in  Switzerland.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  sul- 
pharsenite  of  lead. 

Binocularvision,(bi-no'ku- 
lar).  By  two  eyes,  which 
gives  better  judgment  of 
distance  than  with  one 
eye. 

Binomial,  (bi-no'mi-al).  [L. 
bis,  twice;  nomen,  name.] 
equation  of  two  terms,  as  x3=yi.  J5.  theorem: 
that  a  binomial,  or  expression  of  two  terms, 
may  have  any  given  power  of  it  written  at 
once  by  use  of  a  general  formula.  Ex. 
(a+b)"=a"+nan-lb+ +nabn-l+bn. 

Binoxide,  (bi-noks'id).  [L.  bis,  twice;  and 
Oxide,  q.v.]  An  oxide,  in  which  there  ai'e 
two  equivalents  of  oxygen  for  one  equiva- 
lent of  the  base.  Ex.  C0a  =  Carbonic  di- 
oxide. 


Binnacle. 
B.  equation:  an 


BIOGENESIS 


51 


BISTTLPHATE 


Biogenesis,  ( bi-o-jen'es-is ).  [G.  bios,  life; 
genesis,  birth. ]=Biogeny:  the  origin  of  life 
from  life  only :  opposed  to  Abiogenesis,  q.v. 

Biology,  (bl-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  bios,  life;  logos, 
discourse.]  The  science  of  Jiving  beings,  in- 
cluding all  vegetables  and  animals,  divided 
into  Morphology  and  Embryology. 

Bioplasm,  (bi'o-plazm).  [Gk.  bios,  life;  plasma, 
formed  matter.  ]= Protoplasm,  q.v. 

Biot's  apparatus  for  measuring  the  power  of 
rotatory  polarization  in  liquids. 

Biotin,  (bi'o-tin).   [M.  Biot.]=Anorthite,  q.v. 

Biotite,  (bi'o-tit).  [M.  Biot.]=Magnesia  mica: 
a  mineral  of  the  mica  group,  found  iu  recent 
volcanic  rocks,  a  silicate  of  alumina,  mag- 
nesia, &c. 

Bipes,  (bi'pez).  [L.  bis,  two ;  pes,  foot.]  1. 
A  reptile  with  two  pelvic  limbs  or  legs,  but 
no  thoracic  limbs  or  arms:  belongs  to  Lacer- 
tilia.  2.  =  Man,  sometimes  called  Bipes 
implumis.  to  distinguish  him  from  birds. 

Biquadratic,  (bi-kwad-rat'ik).  [L.  bis,  twice; 
quadratus,  square.]  The  fourth  power  of  a 
numerical  quantity. 

Birch,  (birch).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  =s  Betula, 
q.v.  A  tree  belonging  to  Betulacese,  the  tim- 
ber of  which  is  valuable  for  the  strength  and 
fineness  of  grain. 

Birch-worts,  (birch'wurtz).  [Birch  and  wort, 
q.  v.  ] = Betulacese,  q.  v.  Tree*  resembling  tha 
birch. 

Bird,  (bird).  [Birds,  q.v.]  Used  as  an  adjec- 
tive. B.  c/im-2/=Cerasus  padus.  B.  pepper 
=  Capsicum  baccatum.  B.  lime  =  A  fer- 
mented gluey  compound,  chiefly  of  holly- 
bark.  B.  Tice=Mallophaga:  wingless  parasitic 
insects,  chiefly  found  on  birds.  Bird's-eye: 
LAN.  American  stratum,  corresponding  to 
the  Caradoc  of  Britain,  containing  many 
Phytopsis  cellulosa,  which  look  like  eyes;  2.= 
Primula  farinosa.  B.  of  prey— Accipitres= 
Raptores,  q.v.  B.  &i£Z=Trigonella  oruitho- 
podioides.  B.  foot:  l.=Ornithopus;  2.= 
Euphorbia  ornithopus.  B.  £on#«e=Ornitho- 
glossum.  B.  foot-trefoil= Lotus. 

Birds,  (birdz).  [Brid,  the  A.-S.  name.]  Ver- 
tebrate animals  adapted  for  flying  by  having 
the  fore  limbs  modified  into  wings,  covered 
with  feathers;  connected  with  reptiles  by 
the  Archseopteryx.  Classified  by  Latham, 
Blumenbach,  Cuvier,  Temminck,  Vigors, 
M'Leay,  Latrielle,  Swainson,  &c. 

Bird's  nest.  The  popular  name  for  Mono- 
tropa,  q.v. ;  also  for  Neottia,  q.v. 

Birds  of  Paradise,     Birds  belongi: 
vidae,  the  males  of  which 
are  remarkable   for   the 
beauty  of  their  plumage: 
found  only  in  New  Guinea. 

Birgus,  (  bir'gus  )  =  Tree- 
crab:  a  crustacean  animal, 
belonging  to  Anomura, 
said  to  be  able  to  climb 
trees. 

Birthwort,  (birth'wurt)  = 
Aristolochia,  q.v. 

Biscuit   porcelain.      Fine 
earthenware  in  a  porous  condition,  in  Avhich 
any  required  pattern  or  design  can  be  printed 


jing  to  Cor- 


Bird  of  Paradise. 


on  it  in  colours,  the  colouring  matter  being 
readily  absorbed. 

Bisethyl,  (bis-eth'il).  [Bismuth  and  Ethyl, 
q.v.]=C^ll^3i :  an  organic  radicle;  a  com- 
pound of  bismuth  and  ethyl;  also  called  bis- 
muthethyl. 

Bisextile.    v.  Bissextile. 

Bisexual,  (bi-seks'u-al).  [L.  bis,  twice;  Sexual, 
q. v.]  =  Hermaphrodite:  having  both  sexes 
xinited. 

Bishop's  weed=^Egopodium,  q.v. 

B  ismethyl,  (bis-meth'il).  [Bismuth  and  Ethyl, 
<Z.v.]=Bistriethyl,  q.v. 

Bismite,  (bis'mit).  [Bismuth,  q.v.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  oxide  of  bismuth. 

Bismuth,  (bis'muth).  [  Wismuth,  the  German 
name.]=Bi/":  a  brittle  metal  found  in  quartz 
rock,  which  expands  in  cooling,  and  is  dia- 
magnetic:  one  of  the  ingredients  of  fusible 
metal.  B.  glance  =  Native  B. -sulphide  = 
BioSs.  B.  group  of  minerals,  includes  bis- 
muth, bismuthinite,  &c. ;  soft,  heavy,  fusible, 
brittle  minerals.  Native  B.  crystallises  in 
hexagons,  and  is  usually  mixed  with  small 
quantities  of  other  metals. 

Bismuthethyl,  ( bis-muth-eth'il ).  [Bismuth 
and  Ethyl,  g.v.]=Bisethyl,  q.v. 

Bismuthic  acid,  (  bis'muth-ik ).  [Bismuth, 
tf.v.]=Pentoxide  of  bismuth,  BioO5. 

Bismuthinite,  (  bis-mu-thi'nit ).  "  [Bismuth, 
q.v.]  =  Bismuthine:  a  mineral,  chiefly  sul- 
phide of  bismuth,  BiaSs,  crystallising  in 
rhombs;  belongs  to  the  bismuth  group;  also 
called  Bismuth  glance. 

Bismuthite,  (bis'mu-thit).  [Bismuth,  q.v.] 
A  sulphuretted  ore  of  bismuth. 

Bismuthyl,  (bis'mu-thfl).  [Bismuth,  q.v.]= 
BioOo:  an  oxide  of  bismuth. 

Bismutite,  (bis'mu-tit).  [Bismuth,  q.v.]  A. 
mineral,  chiefly  carbonate  of  bismuth. 

Bison,  (  bi'zon  ).     [Tho  Latin  name.]  =  Biso 
Eurppaeus:  a  large 
ox-like  animal,  be- 
longing to  Bovidaj. 

1.  European    B.  — 
Aurocb :  very  rare. 

2.  American   B.  = 
Buffalo. 
Jissextile 

seks'til ).  "   [L.  'bis, 
twice ;sextus, sixth.]  American  Bison. 

=Leap  year:  every  fourth  year,  when  the 
year  is  366  days,  February  having  29  days. 
Named  from  two  consecutive  days  having 
been  each  counted  as  the  6th  of  March. 

Bistort,  (bis'tort).  [L.  bistortus,  twisted.  ]= 
Polygonum  bistorta=Snakeweed:  a  plant. 

Bistriethyl=Triethyl-bismuthine=(C2H5)3Bi 
=Bismethyl:  a  liquid  organic  radicle  com- 
pounded of  ethyl  and  bismuth. 

Bisulca,  (bi-sul'ka).  [L.  bisulcus,  cloven.] 
Giebel's  term  for  giraffes,  goats,  &c. 

Bisulcate,  (bi-sul'kat).  [L.  bisulcus,  cloven.] 
r=bisulcous:  having  the  hoof  cloven. 

Bisulphide,  (  bi-sul'fid  ).  [Bi  and  Sulphide, 
q.v.]  A  sulphide  in  which  there  are  two 
equivalents  of  sulphur  to  one  of  the  metal. 

Bisulphate,  (bi-sul'fat).  [Bi  and  Sulphate, 
q.v.]  A  sulphate  in  which  there  are  two 


BITTACLE 


BLASTEMA 


equivalents  of  sulphuric  acid  to  one  of  the 
base. 

Bittacle,  (bit'ta-kl)=Binnacle,  q.v. 

Bitter  (bit'ter).  [Biter,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Hav- 
ing a  biting  flavour  when  tasted.  B.  almond 
=Amygdalis  communis.  B.  almond,  oil  of 
=Benzoyl  hydride=C7H6O:  one  of  the  aro- 
matic aldehyds.  B.  apple  =  Cucumis  colo- 
cynthis.  B.  6Zain=Vandelia  diffosa.  B.  cress 
:=Cardamine.  B.  principle:  l.=Carbazotic 
acid,  q.v.  2.  Used  generally  for  substances 
such  as  absinthin,  obtained  from  vegetables. 
B.  oa£=Quercus  cerris.  B.  stceei=Solanum 
dulcamara.  B.  spar= A.  magnesian  mineral; 
also  called  dolomite  and  rhomb  spar.  B. 
wood=Xylopia  glabra;  also=Quassia  amara. 

Bittern,  ( bit'tern  ).      1.  =  Concentrated  sea- 
water.    2.  =  Botaurus:  a 
heron-like  bird. 

Bitts.  (bits).  Vertical  pro- 
jections in  the  deck  for 
securing  ropes,  &c. 

Bitumen,  (bi-tu'men).  [L. 
bitumen,  or  Gk.  pitus, 
pine  tree.]  An  inflam- 
mable amorphous  mineral 
substance,  of  which  there 
are  many  varieties.  Solid 
B.:  Mineral tallow=Hat-  Bittern, 

chetin;  mineral  caoutchouc=Elaterite.  Fis- 
com  B. :  Mineral  tar=Maltha.  Liquid  B. : 
petroleum  and  naptha. 

Bituminous,  (bi-tu'min-us).  Containing  bitu- 
men. B.  coal  =  Caking  coal  =  Parret  coal, 
cannel  coal,  &c. 

Biuret,  (bi'u-ret)=:  C2H5N302.  H2O :  a  com- 
pound of  cyanuric  acid  and  ammonia. 

Bivalve,  (  bi'valv  ).  [L.  bis,  twice ;  valvce, 
doors.  ]=  Lamellibranchi- 
ata,  q.v.  Having  two 
valves  or  plates,  as  mus- 
sels, oysters,  &c. ;  mostly 
marine,  divided  intoDim- 
yary  and  Monomyary. 

Bixa,  (biks'a).  [S.  Ameri- 
can name.]  A  tree  belong- 
ing to  Flacourtiacesa.  B. 
ore  llana= Arnotto. 

Bixacese.  Plants,  now  included  in  Flacour- 
tiacese. 

Bixads,  (biks'adz).  [Bixa,  q.v.]  =  Flacour- 
tiacese,  q.v. 

Bixin,  (biks'in).  [Bixa,  q.v.]  The  red  colour- 
ing matter  of  arnotto,  from  Bixa  orellana. 

Bizcacha.  A  S.  American  animal  of  the  rab- 
bit kind,  connecting  the  Kodeutia  with  Mar- 
supialia. 

Black,  (blak).  [Blaec,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Not 
reflecting  light:  absorbing  all  light  which 
falls  upon  it.  B.  adiantum  =.  Asplenium 
adiantum.  B.  as/i=Ball  soda:  impure  sodic 
carbonate.  B.  band:  1.  A  carbonaceous  iron 
ore.  2.  A  variety  of  chalybite.  B.  belly = 
Pterocles  arenarius.  B.  bryony=Ta.m\T.s.  B. 
coc£=Tetrao  tetrix.  B.  cap=Motacilla  atri- 
capilla.  B.  chalk:  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate 
of  alumina  and  carbon.  B.drop:  I.  A  sedative 
medicine  containing  morphia.  2.  A  phenome- 
non in  eclipses  of  the  sun  at  the  instant  before 


Bivalve. 


contact,  when  the  two  appear  connected  by 
a  small  black  body.  B.  down  beds,  in  Devon- 
shire, connecting  upper  and  lower  cretaceous 
strata.  B.  ./is/i=Centrolophus  pompilius.  B. 
flux:  a  deliquescent  mixture  of  carbon  and 
potash,  used  in  smelting.  B.  ipecacuanha^. 
Polygola  glandulosa.  B.  jack.  l.=Quercu3 
nigra;  2.=Blende:  an  ore  of  zinc.  B.  lac= 
Melanorrhcea  usitata.  B.  lead  =  Graphite, 
q.v.,  a  variety  of  carbon.  B.  marble=An- 
thraconite.  B.  mMstard=Brassica  nigrus. 
B.  oi!ii;e=Bucida  buceras.  B.  pine=Pin\i3 
austriaca.  B.  quitch  =  Agrostis  vulgaris. 
B.  races=Caffres,  Hottentots,  Negroes,  Pa- 
puans, Andamans.  B.  s/tagr=Phalacrocorax 
carboides,  a  bird.  B.  scoter-duck=Oidemia. 
P.  snafce-roo£=Macrotys  racemosa.  B.  squirrel 
=  Fox  squirrel  =  Sciurus  capistratus.  B. 
t/iorn=Prunus  spinosa.  B.  walnut— Jug- 
lans  nigra.  B.  wa(^6=Callicoma  serratifolia. 
B.  wadd:  an  ore  of  manganese.  B.  ioood= 
Melhania  melanoxylon.  B.  water -beetle— 
Hydrous  piceus,  belongs  to  Hydrophilidse. 

Blackbeetle=Cockroach.  When  young  quite 
white. 

Blackberry= Vaccinias. 

Blackbird=Turdus  merula. 

Bladder,  (blad'der).  The  membraneous  re- 
ceptacle for  the  urine  secreted  by  the  kid- 
neys. B.  catchfly=Silene  inflata.  B.  chain 
=Durvillsea  utilis.  B.  locks=M&ria.:  a  sea- 
weed. B.  n«<=Staphylea.  B.  senna=Colu- 
tea.  J5.  seed=Physospermum.  B.  thread= 
Macrocystis.  B.  wrack=Fucus  vesiculosus. 
B.  worms=Internal  parasites :  v.  Taeniada. 
B.  icoj-is^Staphyleaceas. 

Blade,  (blad).  [A.-S.  bleed.]  Used  of  any 
portion  which  is  flat  and  spread  out.  B.  of 
leaf,  the  broad  flat  part.  B.  of  screw:  the 
broad  flat  part.  J5.  6<me=Scapula,  q.v. 

Blainville's  classification  of  animals:— 
Osteozoaria= Vertebrata, 
Anosteozoaria=Articulata,<fec 
Malantozoaria^=Cirripedia,  &c 
Malacozoaria=Mollusca,  &c. 
Actinomorpha=: Actinozoaria  =  Actinia),  In- 
fusoria, &c. 

Blainville's  classification  of  Mammalia; — 
Monodelphia:  or  placental  mammals. 
Didelphia:  all  marsupial  animals. 
Ornithodelphia:  duck-mole,  and  porcupine 
ant-eater  only. 

Blaptidae,  (blap'ti-de).  [Blaps,  the  typical 
genus.]  A  family  of  beetles  belonging  to 
Heteromera. 

Blast,  (blast).  [A.-S.  blast.]  A  strong  cur- 
rent  of  air  driven  through 
a  furnace  to  increase  the 
heat.  Hot  B.  :  a  current 
of  heated  air.  B.  furnace, 
in  which  iron,  &c.,  is 
smelted;  a  very  high  tem- 
perature being  obtained 
by  forcing  in  a  stream  of 
air. 

Blastema,(blast-5'ma).  [Gk. ' 
blastema.  ]  =  Formative  ' 
material    of   plants    and       Blast  Furnace, 
animals  :  a  fluid  capable  of  forming  tissues. 


Artiomorpha 


BLASTING 


53 


BLUE 


Blasting,  (blast'ing).  [Blast,  q.v.]  The  re- 
moval of  masses  of  rock  by  means  of  explo- 
sive agents.  B.  oii=Nitro-glycerine,  q.v.= 
Nitroleum. 

Blastocheme,  (blas'to-kem).  [Gk.  blastos, 
sprout.]  Special  generative  buds  developed 
from  radiating  canals  in  Medusas. 
Blastoderm,  ( blas'to-derm ).  [Gk.  blastos, 
sprout;  derma,  skin.]  A  primitive  organised 
layer  surrounding  the  embryo  in  its  earliest 
condition. 

Blastoidea,  (blas-toid'e-a).  [Gk.  blastos,  bud; 
eidos,  form.  ]=Pentremites :  an  order  of 
Echinodermata,  now  extinct,  found  only  in 
Palaeozoic  rocks,  having  a  bud -like  oval  or 
globular  form. 

Blatta,  (blat'ta).  [The  Greek  word.]=Cock- 
roach:  an  insect,  the  type  of  Blattidae. 

Blattarius  (blat-ta'ri-us).  [Gk.  blatta,  moth.] 
Relating  to  moths. 

Blattidse,  (blat'i-de).  [Blatta,  q.v.]  Cock- 
roaches, &c. :  a  family  of  insects  belonging  to 
Orthoptera. 

Blattina,  (blat-ti'na).  [Blatta,  q.v.]=Cock- 
roaches :  a  family  of  insects  belonging  to 
Orthoptera. 

Blazing-star=Helonias  dioica:  an  American 
plant,  named  from  its  flower. 

Bleaching,  (blech'ing).  [A.-S.  blcecan,  to 
shine.]  1.  By  exposure  to  air  and  light,  and 
washing  in  alkaline  leys.  2.  By  use  of  chlor- 
ine for  cotton  goods.  3.  By  use  of  sulphur- 
ous acid  for  wool  and  silk.  The  bleaching  is 
supposed  to  be  performed  by  the  colouring 
matters  being  decomposed,  and  the  hydrogen 
in  them  being  absorbed  by  the  bleaching  com- 
pound. B.  compounds:  chloride  of  lime,  of 
potash,  of  soda,  &c.;  oxymuriate  of  lime,  <fec. 

Bleak,  (blek).  [A.-S.  blaec.  ]=Leuciscus  al- 
burnus:  a  fish. 

Elechnum,  (blek'num).  [Gk.  blechnon,  fern.] 
A  fern,  belonging  to  Polypodiacese. 

Bleinerite,  (bli'ner-it).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
antimouiate  of  lead. 

Blende,  (blend).  [G.  blenden,  to  dazzle.] 
Black  Jack=Zincic  sulphide:  the  most  com- 
mon zinc  mineral:  also  used  for  other  lus- 
trous minerals,  as  hornblende,  &c. :  crystal- 
lises in  cubes:  one  of  the  zinc  group. 

Blenniidse,  (blen'ni-de).  [Blennius,  q.v.]= 
Blennies:  a  family  of  fishes  belonging  to 
Acanthopteri. 

Blennius,  (blen'ni-us).  [Gk.  blenna,  mucous.] 
=Blenny:  a  small  fish,  the  body  of  which 
is  covered  with  a  mucous  secretion:  the  type 
of  Blenniidse.  B.  oceHans=Butterfly  fish. 

Blets,  (blets).  Spots  on  decaying  fruit,  caused 
by  a  small  fungus. 

Blight,  (blit).  Used  for  any  diseased  condi- 
tion of  cultivated  plants:  caused  by  insects, 
fungi,  &c.  Potato  j6.=Peronospora  infectans. 

Blights,  (blits)=Coniomycetes,  q.v. 

Blighter,  (bli-ter)= Aphis,  q.v.:  an  insect  par- 
asitic on  plants. 

Blimbing,  (blim'bing).  [Corruption  of  bil- 
imbi.]=Averrhoa  bilimbi:  has  edible  fruit. 

Blind,  (blind).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  Used  gene- 
rally for  animals  without  eyes,  or  whose 
eyes  are  very  small:  also  for  inanimate  ob- 


jects of  a  specially  dull  kind.  B.  beetle=. 
Anommatus:  an  eyeless  beetle,  belonging  to 
Colydidaa.  B.  coa  1=  Anthracite.  B.  rat= 
Spalax.  B.  spot:  on  the  retina  of  the  eye, 
where  the  nerve  enters  the  eye.  B.  worm= 
Slow  worm=Anguis  fragilis  :  a  snake  -  like 
reptile,  about  a  foot  long,  with  small  eyes, 
belonging  to  Lacertilia. 

Blindage,  (blind'aj).      [Blind,  q.v.]    A  tem- 
porary protection  against  artillery  fire. 
Blinding,  (blinding).     A  layer  of  sand  and 
gravel  spread  over  newly  macadamised  roads. 
Blinks,  (blinks). =Montia,  q.v. 
Blister,   (blis'ter).      [Blatter,  the    German 
word.]    A  bladder  caused  by  external  appli- 
cation of  irritation.     B.  6eetie=Spanish  fly 
=Lytta  vesicatoria:  an  insect  belonging  to 
Meloidse. 

Block,  (blok).  [The  German  word.]  A  pulley 
or  number  of  pulleys,  in  a  wooden  frame. 
B.  house:  a  wooden  erection,  usually  in- 
tended to  serve  as  a  temporary  fort.  B.  tin: 
an  inferior  variety  of  tin.  B.  work:  erec- 
tions composed  of  blocks  of  wood  or  stone. 

Blood,  (blud).  [A.-S.  blod.]  A  somewhat 
viscous,  opaque,  red  fluid,  consisting  of 
small,  red  particles  in  a  colourless  fluid,  com- 
posed of  water,  fibrin,  fatty  matter,  serolin, 
albumin,  metallic  salts,  &c.  Arterial  B.: 
pure  blood  (containing  more  oxygen  and  less 
carbonic  acid  than  venous  blood),  proceeding 
from  the  heart  to  the  various  parts  of  the 
body  by  means  of  the  arteries.  Venous  B. : 
impure  blood  returning  to  the  heart  by  the 
veins;  contains  more  carbonic  acid  and  less 
oxygen  than  arterial  blood.  B.  corpuscles: 
small  red  and  white  particles  of  solid  matter 
suspended  in  the  fluid  of  the  blood.  B.  discs 
=Red  corpuscles;  the  white  being  more  irre- 
gular than  the  red,  into  which  they  also 
develop.  B.  /otPer=Haemanthus.  B.  heat; 
98°  Fahrenheit.  B.  roo«s=Haemodoracea3. 
B.  stone.  l.=Red  haematite ;  a  variety  of 
ferric  oxide.  2.=Heliotrope:  a  variety  of 
jasper.  B.  wori=Sauguinaria  Canadensis. 
B.  plasma=~LmjioT  sanguinis. 

Bloodhound=Canis  sagax:  a  dog  with  a  speci- 
ally acute  power  of  scenting  blood. 

Blowpipe,  (blo'pip.)  An, 
apparatus  for  supplying 
a  continuous  stream  of 
air:  used  to  intensify  the 
action  of  a  flame  in  chem- 
ical operations.  Mouth  Blowpipe. 
B. ;  a  small  bent  tube  for  use  with  the  mouth. 
Water  B. :  a  chamber  partially  filled  with 
water,  into  which  air  is  blown  by  the  mouth, 
and  from  which  it  issues  in  a  very  regular 
stream. 

Blowing-out.  The  removal  of  salt  from  boil- 
ers in  which  sea-water  is  used,  by  using  the 
pressure  of  steam  for  this  purpose. 

Blubber,  (blub'ber).  The  fat  of  whales. "  Sea- 
B. :  a  popular  name  for  sea-nettles. 

Blue,  (blu).  [Bleoh,  the  A.-S.  name.]  One 
of  the  primary  colours  of  the  spectrum.  B. 
«70/t?i=Derbyshire  spar.  B.  stone:  an  Aus- 
tralian basaltic  rock.  B.  bird  =  Motacilla 
sialis. .  B.  6e«=Scilla  nutans.  A  B.  bottle^ 


BLUE 


BOLTONITE 


Centaurea  cyanus.  B.-eyed  <7rass=Sisyrin- 
chium:  a  plant  belonging  to  Irideae.  B.  fire: 
ammonio-sulphate  of  copper,  chlorate  of  po- 
tash and  shell-lac.  B.  gum  £ree=Eucalyptu3 
globulus:  Myrtacese.  B.  sftarfc=Carcharia3 
glaucus.  B.  tangles=Va.ccimum  frondosum. 
B.  s£ate=Raia  beatis.  B.  stars:  Capella,  Bel- 
latrix,  Rigel,  Procyon,  Spica.  B.  vitriol= 
Sulphate  of  copper. 

Blue  colouring  matters.  Prussian  B- :  a  cyan- 
ide of  iron.  Smalt,  q.v.  Indigo,  q.v.  Ultra- 
marine, q.v.  Thenard's  B.,g.v.  Saxon  B.: 
a  compound  of  indigo,  Sulphuric  acid,  po- 
tash, and  water. 

Bluffs,  an  American  term  for  high  and  steep 
banks. 

Bo-tree=Ficus"  religiosa:  the  sacred  tree  of  the 
Buddhists. 

Boa,  (bo'a).  [Ok.  bous,  cow.]  A  large  snake; 
belonging  to  Colubrina,tba 
type  of  Boidae.  Said  to  be 
named  from  being  supposed 
to  suck  cows'  teats,  a.  con-\ 
strictor:  a  very  powerfuli 
snake,  which  kills  animals 
by  coiling  itself  round  thei' 
so  as  to  crush  them. 

Boar,  (bo'r).  [Bdr,  the  A.-S, 
word.]  The  male  of  swine: 
a  wild  hog.  B.  fish=Cz- 
pros  aper. 

Board,  (b5rd).  [Bred,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
carpenter's  term  for  a  plank  less  than  1J  in. 
thick. 

Boart,  (bort).  A  dark  opaque  variety  of  dia- 
mond. 

Boasting,  (bost'ing)=Scabbling:  a  term  used 
in  masonry. 

Boat,  (bot).  [A.-S.  bdt.]  A  small  vessel, 
moved  by  oars.  For  the  Varieties  v.  barge, 
cutter,  gig,  &c.  B.  6i«=Cancroma  cochle- 
aria:  a  S.  American  bird.  B.  ./fy=Notonecta: 
an  insect  which  moves  on  the  water,  and 
looks  like  a  small  boat. 

Bob-o-link=Dolichonyx  orizyvorous:  an  Ame- 
rican bird:  also  called  rice-bird. 

Bode's  law,  That  the  relative  distances  of  the 
planets  from  the  sun  increase  regularly,  in 
geometrical  progression,  with  the  addition 
of  four  as  a  constant  quantity.  Column  A 
gives  the  estimated  distances;  column  B  the 
ascertained  distances— 

A  B 

Mercury,  4+  0=    4       3'9 

Venus,   .  4+  3=    ?       7 "2 

Earth,   .  4+  6=  10     10 

Mars,     .  4+12=  16      15' 

Asteroids,  4+24=  28      27'5 

Jupiter,  4+48=  52     52 

Saturn,  4+96=100     95  ' 

Bodenite,  (bo'den  It).  [Boden,  in  Saxony.]  A 
metallic  ore,  of  cerium,  magnesium,  alumi- 
nium, &c. 

Bodos,    An  Asiatic  people. 

Body  plan,  A  transverse  vertical  section  of  a 
ship. 

Bog,  (bog).  [Gael,  log,  soft.]  1.  A  tract  of 
soft  earth,  with  much  water:  often  the  result 
of  trees  falling  across  a  water-course,  so  as  to 


dam  it.  2.  A  tract  of  decaying  vegetable 
matter,  forming  a  kind  of  morass.  B,  aspho- 
del =  Narthecium.  .B.  bean  =  Menyauthes. 
B.  butter:  a  variety  of  adipocerite.  B.  iron 
ore:  yellow  threads  of  silica  and  clay,  col- 
oured by  iron:  a  variety  of  limonite.  B. 
moss=Sphagna.  B.  myrtle  =  Myrica.  B. 
•wood:  trunks  and  branches  of  trees  found  in 
bogs,  darkened  by  iron. 

Bogie=Trolly :  a  truck  running  on  four 
wheels,  adapted  to  turning  sharp  corners. 
B.  carriage :  usually  on  eight  wheels,  in  two 
sets  of  four,  connected  by  a  swivel  joint. 

Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an).  B.  diamonds :  a- 
colourless  variety  of  rock  crystal.  B.  chat-' 
terer=B.  icaxwingr=Bombycilla  garrula :  a 
bird. 

Bohnenberg's  electroscope.  A  dry  pile,  be- 
tween the  poles  of  which  is  a  piece  of  gold  leaf. 

BoidaB,  (boi'de).  [Boa,  q.v.]  A.  family  of 
reptiles,  including  the  boa,  rock-snake, 
python,  &c.,  the  largest  known  snakes. 

Boiled  oil,  Linseed  oil  that  has  been  mixed, 
by  boiling,  with  litharge  or  manganese  oxide. 

Boiler,  (boil'er)*  1.  A  vessel  in  which  watet 
is  converted  into  steam  for  the  use  of  a  steam 
engine.  Cornish  B. :  long  and  cylindrical, 
usually  with  only  one  tube  and  a  larga 
amount  of  heating  surface.  Elephant  B.  = 
French  B.  Lancashire  B.  has  two  tubes. 
Waggon  B.  resembles  a  waggon  in  shape. 
2.  A  term  for  the  great  equinoctial  calms. 

Boiling,  (boil'ing).  The  bubbling  of  a  liquid 
under  the  influence  of  heat,  when  the  pres- 
sure of  its  vapour  equals  that  of  the  atmo- 
sphere :  the  transition  from  the  liquid  to  the 
gaseous  condition.  B.  point  of  pure  water 
at  level  of  sea=212°  F.,  100°  C.,  80°  R. 

Bojanus,  organ  of=Renal  aperture. 

Bolderberg  beds,  near  Brussels,  the  Belgian 
Middle  Tertiaries  or  Eocene. 

Bole,  (bol).  [Gk.  bolos,  clod.]  A  silicated 
mineral  of  the  clay  group,  chiefly  silicate  of 
aluminium.  Bed  B. ;  coloured  by  ferrio 
oxide. 

Boletic  acid,  (bo-le'tik).  [Boletus,  5.77.]  = 
Fumaric  acid,  q.v. 

Boletus,  (b5-le'tus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A 
leathery  fungus,  resembling  the  mushroom. 
B.  destructor=Dij  rot,  q.v.  B.  igniarius— 
Amadou,  q.v. 

Bolides,  (bo'li-dez).  [Gk.  bolis,  a  missile]^: 
Meteors  =  Shooting  stars  :  more  loose  in 
structure  than  aerolites,  and  more  inflam- 
mable. 

Bologna  flask.  Of  thick  glass,  which  has 
been  suddenly  cooled,  and  may  be  broken 
by  the  least  scratch. 

Bolognese,  (bo'lo-nez).  [B.  in  Italy].  B. 
phosphorus=~i:f&tive  sulphide  of  barium, 
becomes  phosphorescent  after  exposure  to 
the  sun.  B.  s£one=Bologna  spar  :  a  variety 
of  barytes  or  sulphate  of  barium,  which  is 
phosphorescent  after  exposure  to  sunlight. 

Bolsover  atone,  [B.  in  Derbyshire.]  A  build- 
ing stone,  chiefly  carbonate  of  calcium  and 
magnesium. 

Boltonite,  A  variety  of  olivin,  chiefly  sili- 
cate of  magnesium. 


BOMB 


55 


BOltACITE 


Bomb,  (bom).  [Gk.  bombos,  humming  .]= 
Shell :  a  general  term  for  explosive  pro- 
jectiles, especially  for  those  used  in  sieges. 
B.  ketch=B.  vessel :  a  small  vessel  for  carry- 
ing bombs,  now  called  a  mortar  boat. 

Bombaceae,  (boin-ba'se-e).  [Bombax,  q.v.]= 
Cotton  trees  :  tropical  plants,  usually  trees, 
with  light  spongy  timber,  belonging  to  Ster- 
culiacese,  sometimes  considered  as  a  separata 
order. 

Bombardier  beetle,  (bom-bar-der').  [The  F. 
word.]=Brachinus  crepitans  :  a  beetle  be- 
longing to  Geodephaga,  which  has  a  small 
explosive  apparatus  in  its  abdomen, 

Bombax,  (bom'baks).  [Gk.  bombyx,  cotton.] 
A  large  forest  tree,  the  seeds  of  which  have 
cottony  hairs,  belonging  to  Sterculiacese. 
B.  pentandrum=Cotton  tree  of  India. 

Bombazine,  (bom-ba-zen').  [Gk.  bombyx,  cot- 
ton.] A  mixture  of  silk  and  worsted. 

Bombic  acid,  (bomTrik).  [Bombyx,  q,v.]  An 
acid  obtained  from  the  silkworm. 

Bombidae,  (bom'bi-de).  [Bombus,  q.v.] 
Humble-bees :  insects,  belonging  to  Hy- 
menoptera,  living  in  communities,  and 
building  nests  in  trees,  amongst  stones,  &c. 

Bombinator,  (bom-  bi-na'tor)= Yellow-bellied 
toad=Rana  bombina. 

Bombus,  (bomTbus).  [Gk.  bombos,  humming.] 
Humble-bee=  Humming-bee=:Dumble-bee : 
wild  social  bee,  an.  insect  the  type  of  Bom- 
bidse,  q.v. 

Bombycidae,  (bom-bl'si-de).  [Bombyx, q.v.]= A 
family  of  moths,  including  the  silk  worm  moth. 

Bombycilla.  [Bombyx,  q. v.  ]  =  Waxwing= 
^Chatterer:  a  bird,  belonging  to  Dentiros- 
tres;  known  also  as  Bombycivora,  from  eat- 
ing bees.  B.  garrula= Bohemian  waxwing. 
B.  Carolinensis= American  waxwing=Cedar- 
bird. 

Bombyx.  [Gk.  bombos,  humming.  >=0ak- 
eggar  moth :  an  insect,  belonging  to  Lepi- 
doptera,  the  larva  of  which  is  the  silkworm. 

Bonaparte's  classification  of  vertebrate  ani- 


'  ( Mammalia 

Educabilia,       g^. 

Pecora 

Bruta 

Bestiaa 

Glires 

Insessores 

Grallatores 

Anseres 

Marsipobrancl  li  i 

Elasmobranchii 

Lophobranchii 

Pomatobranchii 

Marsipobrancliii 


Vertebrata 


Ineducabilia,  • 


Birds,  ... 


Fishes,...' 
I 


Bonasia,  (bo-na'si-a).  A  bird  belonging  to  the 
grouse  family,  or  Tetraonidse,  q.v. 

Bonassus,  (bo-nas'sus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
1.  A  variety  of  the  bison,  q.v.  2.  Used  by 
Aristotle  for  an  animal  described  as  having 
the  head  of  a  bull,  aud  the  body  and  mane  of 
a  horse.. 


Bond,  (bond).  [A.-S.  bond.]  In  brick  build- 
ing, the  method  of  union.  English  B. :  al- 
ternate rows  of  stretchers  and  headers.  Flem- 
ish B.:  alternate  stretchers  and  headers  in 
each  row.  Garden  wall  B.:  three  stretchers 
and  one  header  alternately. 

Bonds  (of  Frankland),  The  term  used  by 
Frankland  to  express  the  centres  of  attrac- 
tion of  the  atoms  of  chemical  elements.  A 
monad  is  supposed  to  have  but  one,  a  dyad 
to  have  two,  a  triad  three,  &c. 

Bone,  (bon).  [A.-S.  ban.]  Cartilaginous  mat- 
ter hardened  by  phosphate  and  carbonate  of 
lime,  in  which  are  many  small  spaces.  B. 
animals:  Oken's  term  for  Fishes.  B.  beds: 
thin  strata  containing  fossil  bones,  chiefly  of 
fish  and  reptiles.  B.  b  lack= Animal  black = 
Animal  charcoal=Ivory  black:  chiefly  phos- 
phate of  lime  and  carbon;  need  as  a  decolor- 
ising agent.  Ivory  black  is  also  used  as  a 
pigment.  B.  dog='B.  shark,  q.v.  B.  earth= 
Phosphate  of  lime.  B.  liquor:  a  compound  of 
carbonate  of  ammonia  and  water.  B.  oil= 
Dippel's  oil= Animal  oil:  a  tar-like  fluid  com- 
pound of  hydrocarbons,  obtained  from  bones. 
£.  phosphate=One  form  of  calcic  phosphate 
=Ca4H.3PO4.  B.  s/iar£=Acanthias  vulgaris. 

Bonito,  (bo'ni-to)=Thynnu8  pelamys=Scom- 
ber  pelemys :  a  fish,  which  devours  flying- 
fishes;  a  variety  of  the  tunny. 

Bonnet,  (bon'net).  [The  French  word.]  A  pro- 
jection at  tho  angle  of  a  fortified  wall.  B. 
JZeu/t=Rhombus  maximus=Turbot,  q.v.  B. 
mo«fce7/:=Macacus  radiatus :  a  monkey  whose 
hair  radiates  from  a  central  point  on  the  crown. 

Bonus-henricus,  (  bo-nus-hen-ri'kus  ).  [  The 
Latin  name.  ]  A  plant=Chenopodium  bonus- 
henricus. 

Bony,  (bo'ni).  [Bone,  q.v.]  B.  fishes:  those 
having  a  bony  skeleton.  B.  horns:  those  of 
oxen,  goats,  and  other  Ungulata;  which  are 
not  shed.  B.  labyrinth:  in  the  ear,  q.v.  B. 
_25U-e=Lepidosteus,  a  ganoid  fish.  B.  scutes: 
plates  of  hardened  derinia  found  on  arma- 
dillos, and  on  some  fishes  and  reptiles. 

Booby,  (boo'bi.)  [F.  &ow&ie.]=Sula:  a  bird  of 
the  pelican  kind. 

Book  scorpions=Cheliferida),  q.v. 

Boom,  (boom).  [S.  beam;  D.  boom.]  A  pro- 
jecting pole,  used  in  ships,  at  wharves,  &c. 

Boomkin,  (boom'kin).  Booms  fixed  to  the  bow 
of  a  ship.  B.  shrouds:  ropes  fastened  to  the 
ends  of  boomkins  to  fix  them. 

Bootes,  (bo-6'tez).  [The  Greek  name.]=Arc- 
tophylax :  one  of  the  Northern  Constella- 
tions, of  which  Arcturus  is  the  chief  star. 

Bopyridse,  ( bo-pi'ri-de).  [Bopyrus,  q.v.]  A 
family  of  sessile-eyed  crustaceans,  parasitic  on 
crabs,  lobsters,  &c.  , 

Bopyrus,  (bo'pi-rus).  The  typical  genus  of 
Bopyridse. 

Bora,  (b5'ra).  [The  local  name.]  A  cold 
Alpine  north  wind. 

Boracic  acid  (bo-ras'ik).  [Borax,  q.v.]= Boric 
Besquioxide=Boracic  anhydride  and  water: 
a  crystalline  substance  much  used  as  a 
flux:  B2O3.3H2O. 

Boracite,  (bo'ra-sit).  [Borax,  q.v.]  .  A  haloid 
mineral :  a  borate  of  magnesium. 


BORAGE 


BOTTLE 


Borage,  (bor'aj).  [L.  cor,  heart  ;  ago,  I 
bring.]  =  Borrago  :  an  herb,  with  rough 
leaves,  used  as  a  cordial,  whence  the  name. 
B.  worts=Asperifolise=Boraginacese,  q.v. 

Boraginace®,  (bor-a-j  in-a'se-e).  [Borage,  q.  v.  ] 
=  Borage-worts  :  herbs  and  shrubs,  with 
rough  leaves,  belonging  to  Echiales. 

Borago,  (bor-a'go)=Borage,  q.v, 

Borassus,  (bo-ras'sus)=Gomuti  Palm,  q.v. 

Borax,  (bo'raks).  [A.  burag,  nitre.]  =Tincal 
=Acid  borate  of  sodium=Na2B4O7lOH2O  :  a 
crystalline  alkaline  substance  used  in  blow- 
pipe experiments,  &c. 

Bore,  (bor).  [0.  H.  Ger.  por,  height]  A  sea 
wave  that  enters  rivers  so  quickly  as  to  raise 
the  level  many  feet. 

Borer,  (  bor'er  )=Gastrobranchus  csecus,  'q.v.  : 
a  small  eel-like  fish,  named  from  being  sup- 
posed to  bore  into  the  bodies  of  larger  fishes. 

Boric,  (bo'rik).  [Boron.]  Containing  boron 
as  an  important  constituent.  B.  acid:  a 
compound  of  B.  anhydride  and  water=BoO3, 
3H20.  B.  anhydride=E2Os  :  the  only  com- 
pound of  boron  and  oxygen. 

Borides,  (bo'ridz.)  [Boron,  q.v.]  Compounds 
of  boron  with  a  metal. 

Boring-snail=Helix  saxicava  :  a  snail  which 
burrows  in  stone. 

Borneene,  (bor^nen).     [Borneo  camphor,  q.v.] 


lOi6  :  an  oily  hydrocarbon  obtained  from 
Dryabalanops  camphora,  also  called  Valerene. 

Borneo  camphor  =  Borneol  =  Camphol  =  Cio 
HigO  :  a  crystalline  variety  of  camphor, 
first  obtained  from  Borneo,  from  the  plant 
Dryabalanops  camphora. 

Bornite,  (bor'nit).  A  variety  of  Erubescite, 
q.v.  :  a  sulphuretted  ore  of  copper. 

Boro-fluoric  acid^Fluoboric  acid,  q.v. 

Boron,  (bo'ron).  [Borax,  q.v.]=E'"  :  the  chief 
constituent  of  borax,  a  rare  solid  substance, 
somewhat  resembling  silicon.  B.  group  of 
minerals  :  include  sassolite  and  borax. 

Borreby  skulls.  Human  skulls  taken  from 
tumili,  of  the  stone  period,  at  Borreby,  in 
Denmark. 

Bort,  (bort)=Boort  :  an  inferior  variety  of 
diamond. 

Bos,  (bos)=Ox  :  a  large  horned  animal,  the 
type  of  Bovidae,  belonging  to  Ruminantia, 
of  service  for  food,  and  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
Fossil  remains  found  in  Pliocene.  B.  taurus 
=Cornmon  ox.  B.  atrtts=Aurochsen,  q.v. 

Boscha,  (bos'ka)=Teal,  &c.  :  a  bird  belonging 
to  the  Duck  family  or  Anatidse. 

Bosses,  (bos'ses).  1.  Projecting  ornaments  of 
rounded  form  in  architecture.  2.  Used 
generally  for  any  rounded  and  projecting 
mass  of  rock.  ^ 

Botany,  (bot'a-ni).  [Gk.  botane,  herbs.]  A 
branch  of  biology;  the  science  of  vegetable  life. 

Botany  Bay,  in  New  South  Wales,  named  from 
the  variety  of  plants  found  there.  B.  gum, 
from  Xanthorrhoea  arborea.  B.  tea=B.  tree 
=Smilax  glycyphylla. 

Botaurus,  (bo-taw'rus).  [Bog  and  Taurus,  q.v.] 
=  Bittern  :  a  heron-like  bird,  belonging  to 
Ardeidse.  Also  called  the  Bull  of  the  Bog, 
from  its  hoarse  voice,  whence  probably  the 
name. 


Botanical  systems,  (bo-tan'ik-al).      [Botany, 
q.v.]    Arrangement  of  plants  into  classes,  &c. 
The  more  important  have  been  made  by  the 
undermentioned  botanists:— 
Morison,      \ 

HeSnan,        according  to  the  fruit. 

Gsertner,     ) 

Tournefort, } 

Knaut,         V      „  „    corolla. 

Rivinus,      ) 

Magnol,  „  „    calyx. 

Linnaeus,  ,,  „    stamens  chiefly. 

Jussieu,  ,,  to  germination  and 

petals,  chiefly. 

De  Candolle,        ,,  „  general  combina- 

tion of  characters. 
Lindley,  ,,  ,,         ,,  ,, 

Bothrencephalus,  ( both-ren-sef'al-us ).  [Gk. 
bothros,  pit;  kephale,  head.]=Broad-worni;  a 
variety  of  the  Tape- worm. 

Bothrenchyma,  (both-ren'ki-ma).  [Gk.  both- 
ros, pit;  chyma,  stream.]  Dotted  vessels  in 
the  centre  of  exogen  stems. 

Bothriocephalus,  (  both-ri-o-sef 'al-us.  )=Both- 
rencephalus,  q.v. 

Bothrodendron,  (  both-ro-den'dron.  )  [  Gk. 
bothros,  pit;  dendron,  tree.]  A  tree  known 
only  by  dotted  stems:  found  in  the  coal 
measures. 

Botrychium,  (  bot-rik'i-um  ).  [  Gk.  botrys, 
bunch  of  grapes.]=;Moonwort:  a  fern,  belong- 
ing to  Ophioglossacese.  B.  virginicum=The 
rattlesnake  fern, 

Botryllaria,  (bot-ril-la'ri-a).  [Botryllus,  q.v.] 
=Botryllidae= Compound  ascidians:  a  divi- 
sion of  Tunicata. 

Botryllus,  (bot-rillus).  [Gk.  botrys,  a  bunch 
of  grapes.  ]  A  compound  ascidian  ;  with 
ovoid  individuals  in  radiated  bunches:  found 
on  sea-weed,  &c.  v.  Ascidians. 

Botryogen,  (bot-ri'o-jen.)=Red  vitriol:  a  sul- 
phate of  iron  mineral,  found  in  Sweden. 

Botryoidal,  ( bot-ri-oi'dal.  )  [Gk.  botrys,  a 
bunch  of  grapes.]  Like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Botryolite,  (bot-ri'o-lit.]  A  fibrous  mineral: 
a  variety  of  Datolite. 

Botrytaceae,  (bot-ri-ta'se-e).  [Botrytis,  q.v.]= 
Hyphomycetes,  q.v. :  filamentous  fungi:  pop- 
ularly called  blights  and  mildews. 

Botrytis,  (bot'ri-tis).  [Gk.  botrys,  a  cluster.] 
Small  round  seeds=Mildew:  a  fungus;  the 
type  of  Botrytaceaj.  B.  bassiana,  developed 
in  the  body  of  the  silkworm.  B.  infestans, 
cause  of  potato  disease.  > 

Bots,  (bots).  The  larvae  of  the  gadfly;  found 
in  the  intestines  of  the,  horse,  causing  the 
disease  called  Bots.  

Bottle,  (bot'l).  [F.  bot fe,"  cask.]  '  B.  gourd= 
Lagenaria  vulgaris:  a  poisonous  plant  be- 
longing to  Cucurbitaceae.  B.  glass,  a  silicate 
of  alumina  and  lime.  B.  7ieati=IIyperoodon 
butzkopf:  a  cetacean  animal.  B.  (it=Parus 
caudatus,  a  bird.  B.  nosed  dolphin=Delp}n- 
nus  tursio.  B.  nosed  z07iaJe=Balama  rostrata. 
B.  po27ers=Papers  enclosed  in  tightly  corked 
bottles,  and  left  to  drift:  used  to  show  the 
direction  and  force  of  sea  currents,  and  to 
communicate  facts  as  to  shipwrecks,  &c. 


BOTTOM 


57 


BKACHYTJRA 


Bottom  bedSi  A  term  used  for  Longmynd 
rocks;  also  called  Lower  Cambrian  rocks. 

Bottoming.    Making  a  foundation  for  a  road. 

Boulangerite,  (boo-lan'jer-it).  [M.  Boulanger.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  a  native  sulphuret  of  lead 
and  antimony. 

Boulder,  (bSl'der).  [F.  boule.]  Alargewater- 
M'orn  block  of  stone;  usually  found  to  have 
been  moved  some  considerable  distance  by 
ice  action,  or  the  movement  of  glaciers. 

Boulder  -  formation=Till=Diluvium:  due  to 
ice  action,  composed  of  sand  and  clay,  con- 
taining boulders,  few  fossils;  usually  differs 
from  Till  proper  in  being  of  maritime  deposi- 
tion, and  marking  the  termination  of  glaciers 
and  of  the  glacial  period. 

Boultine,  (bol'tin).  A  convex  moulding,  form  • 
ing  a  quarter  of  a  circle. 

Bounce,  (bouns)=Scyllium  catulus;  also  called 
the  Large  spotted  Dog  Fish. 

Bourbon  palm=Latania. 

Bourbouze's  machine.  A  modification  of  Att- 
wood's  machine. 

Bournemouth  beds=Lower  Bagshot  =  Alum 
Bay  beds:  sands  and  claya  belonging  to 
Middle  Eocene. 

Bournonite,  (bour'no-nit).  [M.  Bournon.]= 
Endellionite:  an  antimoniatted  ore  of  lead. 

Bourrans,  (boor'ranz).  [The  Russian  name.] 
A  snow-storm  blowing  from,  the  N.E.;  fre- 
quent in  Russia. 

Bovey-Tracey  beds.  [B.  T.  in  Devonshire.] 
Of  lignite  and  clay,  belonging  to  Lower 
Miocene. 

Bovey  coal.  A  brown  variety  of  coal;  chiefly 
a  compound  of  wood  and  bitumen:  probably 
the  remains  of  the  tree  Pinites  carbonaceus. 

Bovidse,  (bo'vi-d5).  [L.  bovis,  ox.]=0x  tribe: 
a  family  of  animals  forming  a  division  of 
Ruminantia ;  also  used  to  include  oxen, 
sheep,  goats,  deer,  giraffes,  camels,  &c. 

Bovista,  (bo-vis'ta).  [The  Latin  form  of  the 
German  name.]=Bull  puff-ball:  a  fungus  ot 
large  size,  which,  when  burnt,  gives  off  smoke 
having  narcotic  properties. 

Bow,  (bow).  [Bug,  the  German  name.]  1, 
the  curved  fore  part  of  a  vessel.  2.  (bq).  B. 
compasses,  compasses  having  a  bow-shaped 
arm,  used  to  draw  large  circles.  B.  saw,  a 
flexible  saw  for  cutting  along  curved  lines. 
B.  suspension  truss,  a  bow-shaped  beam  used 
to  strengthen  a  girder  beam.  B.  window,  a 
projecting  window,  forming  part  of  a  circle 
or  ellipse. 

Bower,  (bow'er).=Morrhuaminuta:  also  called 
the  Power  Cod;  the  smallest  of  the  Cod 
family  of  fishes.  B.  anchor,  the  anchor  in 
ordinary  use.  B.  bird  =  Ptilonorhynchus 
holosericeus :  an  Australian  bird,  which 
builds  a  kind  of  bower  with  grass. 

Bowsprit,  (bo'sprit).  [Bow  and  Sprit.]  A 
spar  projecting  from  the  stem  of  a  vessel,  to 
fasten  the  head  sail  to. 

Bowstring,  (bo'string).  A  string  tightened  by 
the  elasticity  of  a  bent  bow.  B.  girder,  a 
girder  in  the  form  of  a  bent  bow.  B.  hemp 
=Sanseviera. 

Box,  (boks).  [Pyxos,  the  Greek  name.  1  1.  = 
13uxus,  an  evergreen  plant.  2.=A  fish  be- 


longing to  Sparoidei.  B.  tree= Eucalyptus, 
a  New  Zealand  tree.  B.  coupling,  a  metal 
collar  or  small  box  used  to  connect  two  pieces 
of  machinery.  B.  <or(oises=Land  tortoises= 
Land  turtles :  so  called  because  they  can 
withdraw  their  head  and  legs  into  their  bony 
covering,  which  entirely  encloses  them.  B. 
sta£ers=Idothea:  sessile-eyed  crustacean  ani- 
mals, belonging  to  Isopoda;  v.  Slaters.  B. 
thorn=Lycinm,  a  plant  belonging  to  Solan- 
acese.  B.  eWer=Acer  negundo,  a  variety  of 
the  maple  tree=.  Negundo. 

Boyeau,  (bo-yo').  ?Ihe  French  word.]  A  cov- 
ered trench  made  during  a  siege. 

Boyle's  fuming  liquor.  [R.  Boyle,  English 
nat.  phil.]=Hydrated  diammonic  disulphido 
=Monosulphide  of  ammonium:  a  fetid  oily 
liquid,  which  fumes  when  freshly  made ; 
also  called  volatile  liver  of  sulphur,  and  ob- 
tained as  a  mixture  of  several  sulphides  of 
ammonium. 

Boyle's  law.  [R.  Boyle,  English  nat.  phil.] 
=Mariotte's  law:  that  the  volume  of  a  gas 
varies  inversely  with  the  pressure  to  which 
it  is  subjected. 

Brachelytra,  (brak-e-li'tra).  [Gk.  brachys, 
short;  Elytra,  q.v.]=Hove  beetles,  a  primary 
division  of  Coleoptera. 

Brachelytrum,  (brak-e-li'trum).  [Gk.  brachys, 
short;  Elytra,  q.v.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Graminacese. 

Brachial,  (brak'i-al).  [Gk.  brachion,  arm.] 
Connected  with  the  arm.  B.  artery=Poriion 
of  the  axillary  artery  between  the  shoulder 
and  elbow.  £.  plexus=The  junction  of  first 
dorsal  and  lower  cervical  nerves,  from  which 
issue  the  nerves  of  the  arm. 

Brachinus,  (brak'i-nus).  An  insect,  belong- 
ing to  Coleoptera,  which  expels  an  acrid 
liquid  with  an  explosive  sound. 

Brachiolites,  (brak'i-o-lits).  [Gk.  brachion, 
arm;  lithos,  stone.]  Fossil  sponges  found  in 
chalk,  named  from  their  lateral  processes. 

Brachiopoda,  (brak-i-op'o-da).  [Gk.  brachion, 
arm;  pous,  foot.]=Lamp  shells:  a  division 
of  Molluscoidea:  marine  bivalves,  of  wide 
range,  but  rare  in  British  seas ;  also  called 
Palliobranchiata;  having  no  separate  organs 
for  breathing,  locomotion,  or  sight,  but  an 
intestine,  and  nervous  and  atrial  systems, 
with  two  long  spiral  arms,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  mouth. 

Brachiurus,  (  brak-i-u'rus  ).  [  Gk.  brachys, 
short;  oura,  tail.]  A  short-tailed  American 
monkey,  of  timid  character,  living  amongst 
bushes. 

Brachycephalic,(brak-i-sef-al'ik).  [Gk. brachys, 
short;  kephale,  head.]=Short-headed :  term 
used  by  Retzius. 

Brachylophis,  (brak-il'o-fis).  [Gk.  brachys, 
short;  l-ophia,  neck. ]= Banded  Iguana. 

Brachyphyllum,  (brak-i-fil'lum).  [Gk.bracJiys, 
short;  phyllon,  leaf.]  An  Oolitic  conifer. 

Brachypodium,  (brak-i-po'di-um.  )  [Gk. 
brachys,  short;  pous,  foot.]  A  grass  plant, 
belonging  to  Graminacese,  with  very  short 
spikelets. 

Brachyura,  (brak-i-u'ra.)  [Gk.  brachys,  short; 
oura,tail.j=Crabs;adivisionofDecapoda/Jj.v. 


BRACKEN 


53 


BRASSID1C 


Bracken,  (brak'eo).  [Gk.  brake,  brushwood.] 
=Pteris :  a  coarse  variety  of  fern. 

Bracket  system  of  shipbuilding.  A  combi- 
nation of  longitudinal  and  transverse  frames 
bracketed  together. 

Bracklesham  beds,  (brak' el-sham).  [B.  near 
Chichester.]=Bagshot  beds  :  a  series  of  rocks 
belonging  to  Upper  Tertiary,  above  London 
clay,  contains  fossil  remains  of  crocodiles, 
fishes,  <fcc. 

Bract,  (brakt).  [L.  bractea,  thin  layer.]  1. 
A  small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which 
a  leaf  grows.  2.  A  part  of  a  hydrozoon  which 
resembles  a  sheath  of  flowers. 

Bracteole,  (brak'te-61).  [Bract,  2.v.]=Bract- 
let :  a  small  bract. 

Bradford  clay,  (brad'ford).  [B.  in  Yorkshire.  ] 
A  sub-division  of  the  Oolitic  rocks ;  contains 
many  Apiocrinites. 

Bradypodidse,  (  brad-i-ppd'i-de  ).  [Bradypus, 
q.  v.  ]  Owen's  term  for  animals  such  as  the  sloth . 

Bradypus,  (bra'd-i-pus).  [Gk.  bradys}  slow; 
pous,  foot;]=Sloth  :  an  arboreal  quadruped^ 
belonging  to  Edentata,  found  only  in  South 
America.  £.  didactylus  s±  Unaw  =  Two- 
handed  sloth. 

Brain,  (bran).  [A.-S.  Bragen.]=Cerebrum  : 
the  chief  nervous  ganglion,  continuous  with 
the  spinal  cord;  the  organ  of  consciousness, 
reasoning,  and  Volition.  B.  case  —  Calva- 
rium :  the  portion  of  the  skull  enclosing  the 
brain  :  in  Orang  about  28  cubic  inches  :  in 
Gorilla,  32  cubic  inches;  in  man,  average 
about  90  cubic  inches.  B.  coral,  having 
the  polyps  arranged  in  rows  like  the  con- 
volutions of  the  brain. 

Brainstpne,  (bran'ston)— Meandrina:  a  coral, 
belonging  to  Anthozoa,  in  which  rows  of 
corallites  resemble  the  convolutions  of  tho 
brain,  often  10  or  20  feet  in  diameter. 

Braize,  (braz)  =  Becker  =  Pagrus  vulgaris  = 
Sparus  pagrus:  a  fish. 

Brake,  (brak).  [1.  Welsh,  Irwg,  brushwood; 
2.  A.-S.  bracan,  to  pound.]  1.  Bracken= 
Pterisacquilina,  q.v.  2.  Rock=Brake,  q.v.  3. 
Break:  an  apparatus  for  retarding  the  motion 
of  machinery  by  the  resistance  of  friction. 

Bramah  press.  An  hydraulic  machine  by 
which  enormous  force  can  be  applied,  owing 
to  the  incompressibility  of  water. 

Bramble,  (bram'bl).  [Brembel,  the  A.-S. 
name.]=Rubus  fruticosus  :  a  rough  prickly 
shrub,  of  which  the  blackberry  is  a  variety. 

Branch-building,  Building  nests  amongst 
the  branches  of  trees.  B.  birds—'Rook,  crow, 
heron,  chaffinch,  goldfinch,  oriole,  mocking- 
bird, <fec.  B.  mammaZia=Dormice,  &c. 

Branchise,  ( brangTd-5 ).  [Gk.  bragchion, 
gill.]  A  respiratory  organ  adapted  to  the 
use  of  aquatic  animals  who  breathe  the  air 
contained  in  water. 

Branchial,  (  brang'ki-al ).  [Gk.  bragchion, 
gill.]  Connected  with  branchiae  or  gills. 
B.  animals  =  Oken's  term  for  Crustacea. 
B.  arches  =•  Bony  arches  supporting  the 
branchiae.  B.  cA«m6er=Gill  chamber  of 
fishes.  B.  ganglia  =  Parieto-  splanchnic 
ganglia,  q.v,  B.  sac:  in  Tunicata,  the 
general  cavity  of  the  body,  regarded  as  the 


homologue  of  the  gills  in  bivalves  ;  in  the 
Lancelot,  a  large  cavity  into  which  tho 
mouth  opens. 

Branchiata,  (brang-ki'a-ta).  [Gk.  bragchion, 
gill.]  A  sub-division  of  Tunicata,  marked 
by  a  large  branchial  sac. 

Branchiate  ( brang-ki'at ).  [Gk.  bragchion, 
gill.]  Having  gills.  B.  vertebra=Ana.m- 
niota  =  Anailantoidea,  q.  v. :  a  division  of 
vertebrata,  comprising  Fishes  and  Amphibia. 

Branchio-gasteropoda,  (brang-ki-o-gas-ter-op'- 
o-da).  [Gk.  brarichion,  gill ;  gaster,  belly : 
pous,  foot.]  =  Whelks,  periwinkles,  &c.  : 
molluscous  animals,  belonging  to  Gastero- 
poda, which  breathe  by  gills. 

Eranchiopoda,  (brang-ki-op'o-da).  [Gk.  brag- 
chion, gill ;  pous,  foot.]  Crustacean  ani- 
mals, whose  feet  serve  also  for  respiration, 
and  whose  bodies  have  either  more  or  fewer 
than  twenty  segments. 

Branchipstegal,  ( brang-ki-os'te-gal ).  [Gk. 
bragchion,  gill ;  stego,  I  cover.]  In  fish,  the 
supports  to  the  gill-covering  membrane. 

Branchipstoma,  ( brang-ki-os'to-ma ).  [Gk. 
bragchion,  gill;  stoma,  mouth.]=Cirrostomi 

'  = Lancelot,  q.v. 

Branchipus,  (brangTci-pus).  [Gk.  bragchion, 
gill ;  pous,  foot.]  An  animal  belonging  to 
Branchiopoda,  q.v. 

Branchite,  (brang'kIt)=C9H16 :  A  hydrocar- 
bon found  in  the  lignites  of  Tuscany. 

Branchootoca,  (brang-ko-ot'o-ka).  Owen'a 
term  for  a  sub-division  of  Vertebrata=Dip- 
noa. 

Brand  goose.    A  variety  of  the  wild  goose. 

Brandreth,  (brand'reth).  [F.  brandir,  to 
ward  off.]  A  railing  or  other  fence  round 
an  opening. 

Brands=Blights=iMucoracea3,  q.v. 

Brandy,  (bran'di).  [Ger.  brant,  burnt;  wein, 
wine.]  Spirit  of  Wine,  obtained  from  wine- 
grapes,  potatoes,  pears,  &c.  British  B. : 
obtained  from  malt. 

Brandy-bottle=YeUow  "Water  Lily=Nuphar, 
q.v.  The  flowers  have  a  brandy-like  odour. 

Branlin,  (bran'lin).     A  variety  of  the  salmon. 

Brash,  (brash).  [A  provincial  name. ]  Angu- 
lar fragments  of  rocks  broken  off  by  weathef 
also  called  rubble. 

Brass,  (bras).  [Bras,  the  A.-S.  name.]  An 
alloy  of  copper  and  zinc.  Monumental  B. : 
an  engraved  plate  of  brass  let  into  a  stone 
slab  to  serve  as  a  memorial. 

Brassates,  (bras'sats).  [Brassic  acid,  q.v. 
Salts  of  brassic  acid. 

Brassic  acid,  (bras'sik).  [Brassica,  q.v.]  A 
constituent  of  colza  oil  found  in  the  seeds 
of  Brassica ;  a  mixture  of  two  glycerides. 
Possibly=Erutic  acid. 

Brassica,  (bras'si-ka).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Cabbage,  turnips,  &c.  ;  herbs  of  very  wide 
cultivation,  belonging  to  Brassicaceae. 

Brassicaceae,  (bras-si-ka'se-e).  [Brassica,  q.v.] 
=Cruciferse :  radishes,  turnips,  cabbages,  &c. ; 
herbs  with  cruciform  floM-ers  belonging  to 
Cistales. 

Brassidic  acid,  (bras'si-dik).  [Brassica,  q.v.] 
=Co2H42O2  :  a  monobasic  acid  derived  from 
erucic  acid,  q.v. 


BRASmiC 


Brassylic  acid,  (bras'si-lik).    [Brassica,  q.v.] 
=CnH2oO4 :  a  bibasic  acid  obtained  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  benolic  acid. 
Brattice,  (brat'tis).     [Sc.  Brettys,  or  a  cor- 
ruption of  bartizan.]     A  partition  in  the 
galleries  of  a  coal  mine. 
Braunite,  (braw'nit).     [Ger.  braun.]     An  ore 
of  manganese;  the  German  name  for  the 
peroxide  of  manganese. 

Brazil,  (bra-zil').  [Pg.  braza,  glowing  coal.] 
B.  wood:  the  timber  of  Csesalpinia  Brazi- 
liensis,  a  rich  red-coloured  dye-st\iff.  The 
name  of  Brazil  had  been  given  to  this  wood, 
and  was  also  given  to  Brazil  from  the  abun- 
dance of  the  trees  found  there.  B.  nuts :  the 
fruit  of  Bertholletia  excelsa.  B.  mate=B. 
•  tea :  Ilex  Paraguensis. 
Brazilein,  (bra/i-lin).  [Brazil,  q.v.]  The 
colourless  principle  which,  when  oxidised, 
becomes  the  colouring  matter  of  Brazil  wood. 
Bread,  (bred).  [JSreod,  the  A.-S.  name.  1  Flour 
of  corn  kneaded  into  a  paste 
with  water,  and  rendered 
porous  by  carbonic  acid/ 
gas.  B.  fruit-tree  =  Arto- 
carpus  incisa,  with  edible 
starchy  fruit.  B.  nut  =s 
Brosimum  alicastrum.  B. 
root  =  Psoralea  esculenta. 
B.  <ree=Zamia  caffra. 
Break,  (  brak  ).  [A. -S. 

fe?i'£an.]=Rheotome=Com- 

mutator  :  an  apparatus  for  rapidly  breaking 

and  remaking  the  connection  of  the  parts  of 

an  electric  battery. 

Breakers,  (brak'ers).      The  waves  that  are 
broken  up   into  foam    by  the  force  with 

which  they  fall  upon  the  rocks,  &c. 
Breaking-joint=Break-joint :  the  method  ot 

building  up  a  compound  beam  in  which  the 
joints  of  the  pieces  are  alternated  so  that 

each  is  strengthened  by  the  side  pieces, 
Breakwater,   (brak'-waw-ter).     A  very  wide 

stone  wall,  with  still  broader  foundation, 

built  in  the  sea,  at  a  distance  from  land,  to 

stop  the  action  of  the  waves  and  form  a 

roadstead. 
Bream,  (brem).    [Breme,  the  French  name.]= 

Pagellua    centrodontus  =  Sparus    smaris  = 

Abramis  brama:  a  fish. 
Breast,  (brest).      [Breost,  the  A.-S.  name.] 

B.  &one=Sternum :  the 

bone  in  which  the  ribs 

terminate  in  fiapt.    B. 

hookt  i  iron  of  timber 

knees    connecting    the 

two  sides  of  a  ship.    B> 

wheel ;  a  Wheel  turned 

by  the  force  of  water 

which  is  level  with  its 

centre.     B.-work:    any 

rude  fieldwork  constructed  for  defence  and 

adapted  for  firing  from. 
Breath-figures.     Figures  visible  only  in  va- 
pour made  upon  plates  of  metal  glass,  &c., 

probably  by  the  action  of  electricity.     Ex., 

a  coin  resting  for  a  time  on  a  plate  of  smooth 

metal  will   leave  behind  it  a  faint  copy, 

visible  if  breathed  upon. 


Breast-wheel. 


Breathing,  (breTH'ing).  [Breath.]  The  in- 
spiration of  oxygen,  and  the  expiration  of 
carbonic  di-oxide,  by  which  the  blood  is 
purified. 

Breccia,  (brek'si-a).  [It.  breccia,  fragment.] 
Angular  fragments  consolidated  into  stone. 

Breech,  (brech).  Of  a  gun,  from  the  bottom 
of  the  bore  to  the  neck  of  the  cascable. 

Breeze-fly,  (brez-fli).  [Briosrt,  the  A.-S.name.] 
The  gad-fly,  bot-fly,  &c.=(Estrus  bovis:  pro- 
duces galls  on  cattle. 

Breguet's  thermometer,  Three  slips  of  plati- 
num, gold,  and  silver  coiled  into  one  spiral, 
which  unwinds  if  the  temperature  rises,  and 
coils  more  closely  if  it  falls,  owing  to  the 
difference  in  the  degrees  of  expansion  and 
contraction  of  the  three  metals. 

Breithauptite,  (bri'top-tlt).  [M.  Breithaupt.] 
An  ore  of  nickel. 

Bremer  green,  A  pigment  obtained  from 
sulphate  of  copper  and  alumina. 

Bressummer,  (bres'sum-mer)  =  Breast  sum- 
mer :  a  strong  beam  across  any  wide  opening; 
a  small  bressummer=A  lintel. 

Brett,  (bret)=Rhombus  vulgaris,  a  'fish. ' 

Brevilinguia,  ( brev'i-ling'wi-a).  [L.  brevist 
short;  lingua,  a  tongue.]  A  group  of 
lizards  having  thick  fleshy  tongues. 

Breviped,  (brev'i-ped).  [L.  brevis,  short ;  pet, 
foot.]  Having  short  feet. 

Brevipennate,  ( brev'i-pen-at ).  [L.  brevis, 
short;  pennatus,  winged.]  Having  short 
wings :  used  for  a  group  of  birds  including 
the  ostrich,  emu,  &c. 

Brewing,  (broo'ing).  [Breovan,  the  A.-S. 
word.]  Extraction  of  beer  and  ale  from 
grain,; 

Brewster' a  theory  of  light,  That  there  ara 
three  primary  coloured  rays,  red,  yellow, 
and  blue,  which  together  make  white  light. 

Brewsterite,  (broo'ster-it).  [Sir  D.  Brewster.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminium, 
belonging  to  the  Zeolite  group, 

Brewstoline,  (broo  sto-lin).  [Sir  D.  Brewster.] 
=Brewstolin  J  a  colourless  liquid  hydrocar* 
bon,  very  expansible  by  heat. 

Brexia,  (brek'si-a),  [L,  6?-ms,rain.]  A  plant} 
with  beautiful  foliage  and  green  flower, 
named  from  the  shelter  it  affords* 

Brexiacese,  [Brexia,  Q-.v.]=Brexiads :  trees 
of  Madagascar,  with  leathery  leaves,  belong- 
ing to  Saxifragales. 

Brezilin,  (brez'i-lin).  [Brazil,  q.v.  ]  The5 
colouring  matter  of  Brazil  wood,  v.  Brazi- 
lein. 

Briar,  (bri'ar).  [Braer,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A 
thorny  plant  belonging  to  Rosaceaj.  Sweet 
B..'  Rosa  rubiginosa. 

Brick,  (brik).  [A.-S.  brice,  fragment.]  A 
piece  of  baked  clay  used  in  building.  In 
Britain  a  brick  is  usually  9  in.  long,  4£  in. 
wide,  and  2J  in.  thick.  A  brick  placed 
lengthways  is  called  a  stretcher,  and  one 
placed  crossways  is  called  a  header.  Bath 
brick:  compressed  sand,  named  from  tha 
shape  of  the  blocks,  and  from  being  takea 
from  the  bed  of  the  river  near  Bath. 
Bridge,  (brij).  [Brycg,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A 
roadway  across  a  river  or  other  piece  of 


BRIDLINGTON 


BBONCHOCELE 


•water.  B.  board:  the  timber  supporting 
the  ends  of  a  flight  of  wooden  stairs. 

Bridlington  beds.  In  East  Yorkshire.  Be- 
longing to  Newer  Pliocene,  with  marine  fos- 
sils, indicative  of  an  Arctic  climate. 

Brig,  (brig).  [Brigantine,  the  French  name.]= 
Brigantine:    a  square- 
rigged  vessel  with  two 
masts  and  fore  and  aft 
mainsail. 

Brigade,  (bri-gadO.  [The 
French  name.]  A  com- 
bination of  several 
regiments,  battalions, 
or  squadrons,  into  one  company. 

Bright's  disease.  [Dr.  Bright. ]=Albumi- 
nuria=Granular  disease  of  the  kidneys. 

Brill,  (bril)=Rhombus  vulgaris:  a  flat  tish. 

Brilliant,  (bril'i-ant).  [P.  briller,  to  shine.] 
A  diamond  cut  so  as  to  reflect  light  very 
vividly. 

Brimstone,  (brim'ston).  [A.-S.  bryne,  burn- 
ing; and  stone.]=Stick  sulphur,  q.v.  B. 
butterfly  =  Gonepieryx.  rhamni.  B.  moth  = 
Rumia  cratasgata. 

Brine,  (brin).  [A.-S.  bryne,  burning.]  Water 
containing  salt,  especially  sea-water.  B. 
s7jnmps=Artemia:  belong  to  Phyllopoda. 

Brining-boiler.  The  removal  of  the  accumu- 
lated salt  from  marine  engines. 

Brisinga,  (bri-sing'a).  [A  Scandinavian 
name.]  A  rich  crimson  starfish,  found  at 
200  fathoms,  near  Norway,  in  1853:  resem- 
bles the  extinct  Protaster. 

Bristle -worts.  [Bristle  and  worts.  ]=Des- 
vauxiaceae,  q.v. 

Bristol  stone=:Bristol  diamond:  a  pure  colour- 
less variety  of  quartz. 

Brisure,  (hre-sur7).  [F.  briser,  to  break.]  A 
portion  of  a  rampart  which  branches  from 
the  main  wall. 

Britannia-metal,  (bri-tan'ni-a)=Tutania:  an 
alloy  of  antimony,  bismuth,  brass,  and  tin, 
and,  in  some  cases,  arsenic;  tin  being  the 
chief  constituent. 

British,  (brit'ish).  B.  absolute  unit,  v.  Unit. 
B.  0wm=Dextrine=Gum  (artificial),  q.v.  B. 
tea— .Made  from  elm  leaves.  B.  tobacco='Yn&- 
silago  farfara.  B.  fossil  mammalia,  in  Oolitic, 
Eocene,  and  more  modern  strata. 

Brittle,  (brifl).  [A.-S.  bryttan,  to  break.] 
Can  be  easily  broken  into  small  pieces,  but 
not  easily  cut.  .  B.  silver  #Zance=Native 
sulphide  of  silver. 

Brittle-worts,  ( britl-wiirts  >  [Brittle  and 
wort,  Q.v.]:=Diatomaee8e,  q.v. 

Brixham  cave,  (briks'ham).  [B.  near  Tor- 
quay.] In  which  have  been  found  flint  in- 
struments, and  bones  of  extinct  and  extant 
quadrupeds,  including  those  of  the  elephant, 
rhinoceros,  horse,  ox,  stag,  lion,  hyena,  bear, 
dog,  hare,  and  shrew. 

Briza,  (bri'za).  [The  Greek  name.]=Quaking 
grass:  a  grass  plant, belonging  to  Graminacese. 
Broach,  (broch).  [Broche,  the  French  name.] 
A  tapering  steel  instrument  used  for  enlarg- 
ing holes  in  metal. 

Broad-bill=Platalea  leucorodia:  a  bird,  also 
called  Spoon-bill,  from  the  shape  of  the  bill. 


Broad  breast-boned  apes = Anthropoid  apes, 
q.v. 

Broad  gauge,  (brawd'gaj).  Used  of  a  railway 
that  has  a  distance  of  7  ft.  between  the  rails. 

Broca's  convolution.  In  the  brain;  discovered 
by  Broca. 

Broccoli,  (brok'o-li).  [The  Italian  name.]  A 
variety  of  the  cauliflower. 

Brocket,  (brok'et).     A  young  red-deer. 

Bromacetic  acid=C2H3BrO2  :  obtained  from 
bromine  and  acetic  acid:  a  monobasic  deli- 
quescent crystalline  substance,  which  blisters 
the  skin. 

Bromal=C2HBr3O:  obtained  by  the  action  of 
bromine  on  alcohol;  corresponds  to  chloral: 
a  colourless,  pungent,  acrid  oil. 

Bromamide=Bromide  of  nitrogen. 

Bromanisic  acidr^gl^BrOg:  a  white  crystal- 
line substance,  obtained  from  bromine  and 
anisic  acid. 

Bromanisol=C7H7BrO:  a  compound  of  bro- 
mine and  anisol. 

Brome  grass,  (brom).  [Gk.  broma,  nourish- 
meut.]=Bromus :  a  grass  plant,  of  which 
there  are  many  varieties,  belonging  to  Gram- 
inacese. 

Bromelia,  (bro-meli-a).  [Bromel,  a  Swedish 
botanist.  ]  The  typical  plant  of  Bromeliacese, 
q.v. 

Bromeliacese,  (bro-me-li-a'se-e).  [Bromelia, 
g.v.]=Bromel-worts=Piiie  apples,  &c. :  Amer- 
ican plants  with  short  stems  and  numerous 
seeds;  belonging  to  Narcissales. 

Bromhydrins.  A  series  of  compounds  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  bromide  of  phos- 
phorus on  glycerin. 

JBromic  acid,  (bro'mik).  [Bromine,  q.v.]= 
HBr(>3=Hydric bromate:  amonobasic  liquid 
acid.  B.  silver:  native  bromide  of  silver. 

Bromides,  (bro'midz).  [Bromine,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  bromine  with  other  elements,  all 
solid ;  also  compounds  of  bromine  with 
organic  radicles. 

Bromine,  (bro'min).  [Gk.  bromos,  stench.]= 
Br':  a  deeply-red  heavy  liquid,  resembling 
chlorine  in  properties:  one  of  the  Halogens, 
q.V. 

Bromiodoform,  (bro-mi-od'o-form).  [Bromine 
and  iodoform.]=CHBr2l;  a  colourless  vola- 
tile liquid,  formed  by  union  of  bromine  and 
iodoform. 

Bromite,  (bro'mit).  [Bromine,  q.v.]  Native 
bromide  of  silver. 

Bromoform,  (bro'mo-form).  [Bromine  and 
formyl.  v.  Chloroform.]=(7HBr3:  analogous 
to  chloroform:  a  limpid  liquid,  slightly  com- 
bustible. 

Bromus,  (bro'mus).  [Gk.  bromos,  wild  oat.]= 
Brome  grass:  belonging  to  Graminacese. 

Bromyrite= Native  bromide  of  silver. 

Bronchi,  (brong'ki).  [Gk.  bronchos,  throat.] 
The  branches  of  the  windpipe  which  convey 
air  to  the  lungs. 

Bronchial  tubes,  (brongTu-al).  [Bronchi, q.v.] 
Sub-divisions  of  the  bronchi,  ramifying  in 
the  lungs  and  ending  in  minute  air-cells. 

Bronchocele,  (brong'ko-sel).  [Gk.  bronchos, 
throat ;  kele,  swelling,]:=Goitre=Derbyshire 
neck ;  a  swelling  of  the  thyroid  gland,  pro- 


BRONCHOTOMY 


61 


BUCK 


ducing  a  tumour-like  enlargement  of  the 
neck. 

Bronchotomy,  (brong-kot'o-mi).  [Gk.  bron- 
chos, throat;  temno,  I  cut.]=Tracheotomy, 
q.v. :  an  incision  for  surgical  purposes  in  the 
windpipe. 

Brongniart's  classification  of  plants  used  in 
Trench  schools — 

(Amphigenae,  Algae,  Fungi, 
Lichens. 
Aerogense,  Mosses,  Ferns. 


Brontozoum,  (bron'to-zoom).  [Gk.  Ironies, 
giant ;  zoon,  an  animal.  J  An  animal  known 
only  by  fossil  footmarks,  v.  Pachydactylous 
Lithichnozoa. 

Bronze,  (bronz).  [The  French  word.]  1.  An 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin  with  some  zinc  and 
lead,  tough,  hard,  and  unaffected  by  weather, 
used  for  statuary.  2.  A  figure  made  of  bronze. 

Bronzite,  (bron'zit).  A  mineral,  chiefly  sili- 
cate of  magnesia. 

Brooke's  sounding  apparatus,  [The  inventor.] 
A  hollow  rod  carried  down  to  the  sea  bottom 
by  a  heavy  weight,  which  is  then  detached. 
The  rod  when  drawn  up  is  full  of  sand,  &c., 
from  the  sea  bottom. 

Brookite,  (bro'kite).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
oxide  of  titanium,  also  called  Jurinite  and 
Arkansite. 

Brooklime= Veronica  beccabunga,  q.v. 

Broom,  (brom).  [Brom,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Cytisus :  a  plant  belonging  to  Leguminacese. 
=Spartium. 

Broomrape=Orobanche,  q.v. 

Broom-cypress=Kochia,  q.v. 

Brorsen's  comet,  discovered  in  1846,  and 
appeared  again  1868. 

Brosimum,  ( bro'si-mum  ).  [Gk.  brosimos, 
good  to  eat.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Artocar- 
paceae,  one  species  of  which  is  the  cow-tree, 
q.v. 

Brossite,  (bros'sit).  [Brossa  valley,  Piedmont.  ] 
A  variety  of  bitter-spar. 

Broussonetia,  (broo-son-e'si-a).  A  plant  be- 
longing to  Urticacese,  the  inner  bark  of 
which  is  a  material  for  paper.  B.  papyri- 
fera=P&per  mulberry,  the  only  species. 

Brown,  (brown).  [Brun,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
Used  as  an  adjective.  B.  coal  =  Lignite  = 
Wood  coal.  B.  pigments:  umber,  manganese, 
burnt  sienna,  &c.  B.  races;  Hindoos, 
Ethiopians,  Malays.  B.  spar:  a  mineral, 
chiefly  carbonate  of  lime.  B.  umber:  a 
brownearthy  variety  of  limonite.  B.  colour- 
ing matters,  for  china  ware:  oxides  of  iron, 
oxide  of  manganese,  chromate  of  iron,  &c. 

Brownian  movement,  (  brow^ni-an  ).  [Dr. 
Brown,  discoverer.]  The  motion  of  bacteria 
in  their  earliest  stages,  said  to  have  been 
noticed  for  some  time  after  death. 

Brucine,  (bru'sin).  [Brucea.]=Brucia=:Co3 
1^26^264  :  an  alkaloid  poisonous  base  derived 
from "  the  plant  Strychnos  Nux-vomica, 
named  from  the  plant  Brucia. 

Brucite,  (bru'sit).  [Dr.  Bruce.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  magnesia. 

Brugmansia,  (brug-man'si-a).     1,    A   plant 


belonging  to  Rafflesiacefe.  2.  A  plant  be- 
longing to  Solanacere,  now  called  Datura,  q.v. 

Brunhilda,  (bran-hil'da).  A  minor  planet  dis- 
covered in  1872. 

Bruniaceae,  (  bru-ni-a-se-e  ).  [Brunia,  the 
typical  genus.]  Bruniads  :  African  shrubs 
with  small  leaves  and  flowers,  belonging  to 
Umbellales. 

Bruniquel  cave.  Near  village  of  B.,  dep.  of 
Tarn  and  Garonne,  France,  in  which  ara 
found  human  and  equine  remains. 

Brunolic  acid,  (bru-no'lik).  Obtained  from 
coal  tarnaptha,  named  from  its  brown  colour. 

Brunonia,  (bru-no'ni-a).  [From  the  Latin 
form  of  Dr.  Brown's  name.]  The  only  genus 
of  Brunoniaceae. 

Brunoniacese,  (  bru-no-ni-a'se-e  ).  [Brunonia, 
q.v.]  Brunoniads :  stemless  herbs  of  N. 
Holland,belonging  to  Monopetalous  Exogens. 

Brussels  sprouts,  (  brus'selz  sprowts ).  A 
variety  of  Brassica  oleracea. 

Bruta,  (broo'ta).  [Bruta,  the  Latin  word.]= 
Pachyderma :  a  collective  term  for  elephants, 
rhinocera,  anteaters,  &c. 

Brya,  (bri'a).  [Gk.  bryo,  I  sprout.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Fabacese,  the  seeds  of  which 
begin  to  germinate  on  the  plant. 

Bryacese,  (bri-a'se-e).  [Bryum,  the  typical 
genus.  ]=Urn-mosses  :  small  cellular  plants, 
belonging  to  Muscales. 

Bryology,  (bri-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  bryon,  moss.] 
The  science  of  the  nature  and  development 
of  mosses. 

Bryonia,  (bri-o'ni-a).  [Gk.  bryo,  I  sprput.]= 
Bryony:  an  herb,  belonging  to  Cucurbitaceee, 
named  from  its  quick  growth. 

Bryonine,  (bri'o-nin).  [Bryony,  q.v.]='Bryomia. 
=C48Hg4O2i :  the  bitter  principle  of  bryony. 

Bryony,  (brt'o-ni).  [Gk.  bryo,  1  shoot.]=Bry- 
onia,?.v.  Red  B.  =Bryonia.  Black B.=Txmus. 

Bryozoa,  (bri-o-zo'a).  [Gk.  bryon,  moss ;  Zoa, 
q.v.]=Polyzoa,,  q.v.,  also  called  sea-moss: 
very  small  polyp-like  mollusca,  which  secrete 
moss-like  coral. 

Bubble  shells=Bullida3,  q.v. 

Bubo,  (bu'bo).  [The  Latin  name.]=Owl:  a 
bird  belonging  to  Strigidsc.  B.  maximus— 
Great  owl. 

Buccinator  muscles,  (buk-sin-a'tor).  [L.  bucca, 
cheek.]  Connected  with  the  alveolar  ridge 
of  the  jaws. 

Buccinidse,  (buk-sin'i-de).  [Buccinum,  q.v.]= 
Whelks:  molluscs  belonging  to  Gasteropdoa. 

Buccinum,  ( buk'sin-um ).  [Buccinum,  the 
Latin  name.]  A  mollusc  :  the  type  of  Buc- 
cinidse. B.  undatum=fWhelk. 

Buceros,  (bu'se-ros).  [L.  bucerus,  horn.]= 
Hornbill :  a  large  omnivorous  bird,  with 
short  legs  and  wings,  and  large  curved  beak, 
found  in  warm  countries  of  the  E.  hemi- 
sphere. B.  r&in0ceros=:Rhinoceros  bird. 

Bucida,  (bu'si-da).  A  plant  belonging  to 
Combretaceae.  B.  &wm'as:=Black  olive. 

Buck,  (buk).  [Bucca,  the  A.-S.  name.]  The 
male  of  such  animals  as  therdeer,  rabbit,  &c. 
B.  6ecm=Menyanthes,  q.v.  B-  horn=*Rh\ist 
q.v.  B.  tAom=BhttmntU,  q.v.  B.  wheat= 
Polygonum  Fagopyrum,  q.v.  B.  wheat-tree 
=Mylo-caryum,  q.v,  B, 


BUCKLER 


BUNTING 


acese,  q.v.  B.  s/teep=Hybrids  of  he  goats  and 
sheep. 

Buckler-beak=Aspidorhynchus,  q.v. 

Bud,  (bud).  [Bot,  the  Dutch  name.]  1.  An 
outgrowth  containing  the  rudiments  of  a 
flower.  2.  The  first  stage  of  gemmiparity,  q.v. 

Budding,  (bud'ding).  [Bud,  q.v.]  A  variety 
of  fission=Gemniiparity,  q.v. 

Bude  light,  (bud).  The  consumption  of  oil 
or  gas  in  a  stream  of  air  ;  originally  the  gas 
was  burnt  in  a  number  of  concentric  rings 
of  jets. 

Buffalo,(buffa-15).  [Bufalo, the  Spanish  name.] 
A  large  wild  ani- 
mal of  the  ox  kind. 
Common  B.  =  Bos 
buffalus  =  Bubalus 
bubalis.  Cape  B. 
=Bos  caffer  =  Bu- 
balus caffer.  Ame- 
rica n  B. — Bos  Ame- 
ricanus=Bison.  B. 
grass=Sesleriadac-  Buflalo 

tyloidea. 

Buffy-coat.  The  light-coloured  surface  of  blood, 
•when  the  coagulated  particles  have  sunk. 

Bufo,  (bu'fo).  [The  Latin  name.]=Common 
toad=Rana  bufo,  q.v. 

Bufonidse,  (bu-fon'i-de).  [Bufo,  q.v.]=1oada : 
very  wide  spread,  especially  in  8.  America. 

Bufonites,  (bu'fo-nits).  A  general  term  ap- 
plied to  fossil  fish-teeth  found  in  Oolitic 
rocks  ;  also  called  serpent's  eyes. 

Bug,  (bug).  [W.  bu-ff,  scarecrow.]  An  in- 
sect belonging  to  Heteroptera.  Air  B.= 
Land  B.  =  Geocorisa.  Scarlet  B.  —  Pyrr- 
hoeoris.  Common  .C.:=Cimex. 

Bugloss,  (bu'glos).  [Buglossa,  the  Latin 
name.]  1.  Echium,  q.v.  2.  Anchusa 
aryensis  :  plants  belonging  to  Boraginaeeie. 
Vipers  JB.=Echinus  vulgare. 

Buhl,  (bQl).  [M.  Boule,  the  inventor.]  In- 
laid work,  especially  of  metal  upon  wood. 

Buhrstone,  (bur'ston).  [O.  E.  bur,  whetstone.  ] 
A  hard  stone  of  cellular  structure,  chiefly 
flinty  quartz,  used  for  millstones. 

Building,  (bil'ding).  [A.-S.  byldan,  to  build.] 
Used  as  an  adjective  for  animals  which  con- 
struct hives,  nests,  &c.  B.  birds;  bower- 
bird,  magpie,  wren,  thrush,  <fec.  B.  insects  ; 
wasps,  ants,  &c.  ,  B.  mammalia ;  bettong, 
musquash,  &c. 

Builge,  (bilj).  [Probably  a  corruption  of 
bulge.']  The  full  part  of  a  ship,  on  each 
side,  which  has  to  be  supported  when  aground. 

Builgeways,  (bilj'waz).  [Builge,  q.v.]  Sup- 
port the  cradle  in  launching. 

Bulb,  (bulb).  [Bulbus,  the  Latin  name.]  An 
underground  bud,  usually  can  live  if 
separated. 

Bulimulus,  (bu-lim'u-lus).  [Bulimug,  q.v.]  A 
variety  of  Bulimus,  having  a  differently 
shaped  lip. 

Bulimus,  (bu-H'mus).  [Altered  from  Buli- 
nus,  or  Gk.  boulimos.]  Plant-eating  mol- 
luscs of  very  many  species.  B.  auris  vulpina: 
a  large  shell  of  St.  Helena,  recently  extinct. 

Bull,  (bul).  [A.-S.  bellan,  to  roar.]  1.  The 
male  of  uuiaials  belonging  to  Bovidte.  2. 


Used  generally  for  the  male  of  any  large 
quadruped.  3.  Taurus :  one  of  the  sigua 
of  the  Zodiac. 

Bull's  eye.  [Named  from  its  shape.]  A 
double  convex  lens,  used  to  condense  a  ray 
of  light. 

Bulla,  (bul'la).  [L.  bulla,  bubble.]  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  Bullidse. 

Bull-dog  sounding  machine,  A  large  pair  of 
scoops  carried  down  by  a  weight,  afterwards 
detached,  which  bring  up  specimens  of  the 
sea  bottom;  first  used  in  the  ship  "  Bull-Dog." 

Bullet-tree=Mimusops  :  a  plant  belonging  to 
•  Sapotaceae. 

Bulifinch=Pyrrhula  :  a  bird  with  short  hard 
beak,  short  wings,  living  on  seeds,  related 
to  the  canary. 

Bullfrog=Rana  Mugiens  :  a  large  N.  Ameri- 
can variety,  sometimes  used  as  food ;  eats 
small  birds. 

Bull's  horn  thorn.  A  species  of  Acacia,  be- 
longing to  Gummiferse,  having  horn-like 
spines  on  the  trunk  and  branches. 

Eullidse,  (bulli-de).  [Bulla,  ?.i;.]=Bubble- 
shells:  marine  mollusca  belonging  to  Gaster- 
opoda. 

Bulrush,  (bul'rush).  l.^Typha  :  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Typhaceoo.  2.=Scirpus  lacustris: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Cyperaceaj. 

Bulrushes^Typhacese,  q.v. 

Bungalow,  (bungVlo).  [Banglu,  the  local 
name.]  A  slight- 
ly -  built  house, 
usually  of  only 
one  story,  coin- 
mon  in  the 
country  districts 
of  India. 

Bunium,    (bil'ni-' 
um).      [Bounic 
the  Greek  name.] 
B-    flexuosum  = ' 

The      Pig  nut=  Bungalovr. 

=Ground-nut=Earth-nut.     v.  Carum. 

Bunsen.  [Prof.  Bunsen.]  B.'s  photometer: 
a  paper  screen,  a  portion  of  which  is  greased: 
the  light  to  be  measured  is  placed  on  ono 
side,  a  standard  light  on  the  other.  B.'s 
battery:  a  galvanic  battery  consisting  of 
rods  or  plates  of  carbon  in  strong  nitric  acid, 
and  plates  of  zinc  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid, 
a  strong  but  not  constant  battery.  B.'s 
burner:  for  burning  coal-gas  mixed  with  air 
in  varying  quantities,  so  as  give  more  light 
or  more  heat  as  required. 

Bunt,  (bunt).  [  Ger.  bund.  ]  Wheat-bunt= 
Tilletia. 

Bunter-sandstein=Lower  Trias  =  New  Red 
Sandstone  :  thick  beds  of  sandstone  in  Eng- 
land in  which  footprints  of  the  Cheiro- 
therium  are  found. 

Bunting,  (bun'ting).  [Ger.  bunt,  variegated.] 
1.  The  material  of  flags,  &c.,  the  colours  of 
which  are  especially  permanent  and  bright, 
used  also  to  mark  the  length  of  the  lines  used 
in  sounding.  2.  A  general  name  for  a  number 
of  small  perching  birds.  Common  B.  =Em. 
beriza  miliaria.  Snow  -S.=Plectrophanes 
ni  van's. 


BUOY 


BTTTTEBFLY 


Buoy,  (boy).    [D.  boey,  boei.]    Floating  bodies, 
either    solid   or    hollow, 
used  to  mark  places  in 
rivers  and  the  sea. 

Bupbaga,  (bu'fa-ga).  [Gk. 
bouphagos,  ox -eater.]  =: 
Beef-eaters :  sparrow-like 
birds  of  S,  Africa,  feeding  Buuy. 

on  maggots  found  beneath  the  skin  of  rumi- 
nant animals. 

Bupleurum,  (bu-plu'rum)=Hare's  ear :  a  plant 
belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Buprestidae,  (bu-pres'ti-de).  [Buprestis,  the 
typical  genus.]  A  family  of  insects,  belong- 
ing to  Coleoptera,  remarkable  for  the  beauty 
of  their  colours. 

Bur-marigold=Bidens,  q.v. 

Bur-parsley— Caucalis,  q.v. 

Bur-reed=Sparganium,  q.v. 

Burbot,  (ber'bot).  [L.  barbatus,  bearded.]= 
Lota  vulgaris,  q.v. 

Burdock,  (ber'dok).  l.=Arctium.  2.=Lappa 
major :  plants  belonging  to  Asteraceoo. 

Burgos  lustre=Double  sulphide  of  gold  and 
potassium. 

Burmanniacese,  (  ber-man-i-a'se-e  )=Burman- 
niads:  herbaceous  marshy  plants  belonging 
to  Orchidales. 

Burmeister's  classification- 
Irregular  animals  —      Infusoria. 


Regular 


Radiata,  &c. 
Mollusca. 


S^metnca,,,      -]*$£££%«* 

f Osteozoa=Vertebrata 

Burnet,  (ber'net).  The  common  name  for 
several  plants  belonging  to  Rosaceae.  Com- 
mon .B.:=Sanguisorba  oflicinalis=Poterium 
offici  nale.  Lesser  B.  =Poterium  sanguisorba. 
B.  saa3i/ra0e=Piinpinella.  B.moth=Zygssua» 
B.  ichneumon,  destroys  burnet  moths. 

Burnett's  process  of  preserving  timber,  by 
means  of  a  sol  ution  of  chloride  of  zinc.  B.  dis- 
infecting Jluid= A  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc. 

Burnt-ear.  A  disease  in  corn,  in  which  the  ear 
seems  to  be  burnt  up:  caused  by  Uredo  carbo, 
a  minute  fungus. 

Burr-stone=Buhr-stone,  q.v. 

Burrowing,  (bur'rS-ing).  [A.-S.,  byrian,  to 
bury.]  Living  underground.  B.  animals: 
moles,  foxes,  rabbits,  &c.  B.  beetles:  tiger 
beetle,  mole  cricket,  ant-lion,  &c.  B.  birds: 
sand-martin,  kingfisher.  B.  Crustacea:  crabs, 
wood-boring  shrimps,  &c.  B.  insects:  brown 
ant,  humble  bee,  <fec.  B.  molluscs:  razor  shell, 
limpet,  &c.  £.  ow£=Coquimbo  owl=:Athene 
cunicularia.  B.  reptiles=La.nd  tortoise,  yel- 
low snake,  &c.  B.  spiders:  scorpion,  trap- 
door spider,  &c. 

Bursa  Fabricii.    In  birds,  corresponds  to  Cow- 


Jursae,  (ber'se).  [L.  bursa,  purse.]  Sacs  con- 
taining a  fluid,  sometimes  connecting  the 
tendons  with  the  bones  to  which  they  attach 
the  muscles. 

Burying  beetle=:Sexton  beetle=Necrophorus: 
a  beetle  which  buries  small  birds,  &c. 

Bushel.  A  measure  of  volume,  containing  8 
gallons,  and  holding  80  Ibs.  of  pure  water. 


Bushmen  1 .  An  African  people.  2.  Settlers 
in  the  backwoods  of  a  new  country. 

Bush-shrikes=Thamnophila. 

Bust,  (bust).  [Busto,  the  Italian,  word.]  A 
portait  model  of  the  head  and  breast,  with 
the  upper  part  of  the  arms. 

Bustard;  (bust'ard).  [F.  bistarde.]=Oti&:  a 
large  landbird,  with 
long  legs  and  short 
wings,somewhat  re- 
sembling the  os- 
trich; found  only  in 
the  Old  World. 

Butcher  bird= 
Shrike=Lanius, 
q.v. 

Butcher's    broom  =  Great  Bustard. 

Ruscus,  a  plant  belonging  to  Liliacese. 

Buteo,  (bu'te-o)=:Buzzard:  a  bird  belonging  to 
Falconidaa. 

Butic  acid,  (bu'tik).  [L.  butyrum,  butter.]= 
CooILjoOs:  a  solid  acid  substance  fcmnd  in. 
butter;  also  called  arachidic  acid. 

Butomaceae,  (bu-to-ma'se-e).  [Butomus,  q.v.] 
=Butomads:  marshy  plants  belonging  to 
Alismales;  removed  from  Alismacese  because 
of  their  tripetaloideous  flowers. 

Butomus,  (bu'to-mus).  [Gk.  bous,  ox;  temno, 
I  cut)= Flowering  rush:  a  marsh  herb,  with 
handsome  flowers,  belonging  to  Butomaceas; 
named  from  its  cutting  the  mouths  of  cattle. 

Butt,  (but).  [F.  but,  aim.]=Platessa  flesus, 
the  flounder. 

Butter,  (but'ter).  [Buter,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
1.  The  fatty  part  of  the  milk  of  the  cow,  &c., 
•which  contains  no  nitrogen;  a  compound  of 
olein,  palmitin,  butin,  and  several  other 
fatty  matters.  2.  A  term,  now  obsolete,  for 
several  soft  metallic  chlorides.  B.  of  anti- 
wott2/=Terchloride  of  antimony.  B.  of  tin= 
Protochloride  of  tin.  B.  of  2tnc=Chloride 
of  zinc. 

Butter.  Used  as  a  prefix.  B.  &Mr=Petasites 
vulgaris,  q.v. '.  a  plant  which  has  very  wide 
leaves.  B.  cupr=Ranunculus,  q.v.:  a  plant 
named  from  the  colour  of  its  petals.  B.  fish 
=Bleunius  gunnellus  :  a  small  fish  resem- 
bling the  Blenny,  also  called  Spotted  Gunnel. 
B.  tree  of  Sierra  Ieo7ie=Pentadesma  butyr- 
acea:  a  tree  belonging  to  Clusiacese,  having 
yellow,  greasy  sap.  Indian  B.  iree=Bassia 
butyracea :  a  tree  belonging  to  Sapotaceae. 
B.  wo?'i=Pinguicula :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Lentibulariacere,  which  is  useful  in  the  pro- 
duction of  butter  from  milk.  B.  /M>orte=Len- 
bulariaceae,  q.v. :  marshy  plants  having  greasy 


Butterflies,  (but'ter-flls).  Diurnal  insects  be- 
longing to  Lepidoptera,  named  from  some 
having  the  coloiir  of  butter. 

Butterfly.  1.  Singular  of  butterflies,  q.v. 
2.  Used  as  an  adjective.  B.  boiler= Whistle- 
mouth.  .B.^^Blennius  ocellaris,  a  variety 
of  the  Blenny.  B.  orchis= Platan thera  :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Orchidacese,  also  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  Habenaria.  -B. 
plant=Oncidium  papilio :  a  plant  belonging 
to  Orchidacese,  the  flower  of  which  resembles 
a  flying  butterfly.  B.  valve;  a  double  valve 


BUTTON 


OffiCILLE 


resembling  two  wings.    B.  weed=Asclepias 

tuberosa  :  an  American  plant. 
Button.        Used   as    a   prefix.        B.  'flower 

=  Gomphia.      B.    tree  =  Conocarpus.      B. 

weed  —  Spermacoce.      B.   wood  =  Cephalan- 

thus. 
Buttress,   (but'tres).      [Boutoir,  the  French 

name.]    An  external  brick      ..== 

or  stone  support  to  the  wall 

of  a  building,  or  to  a  simple 

wall.    Flying  B.  :  connect- 
ing two  walls  at  a  height 

from  the  ground. 
Butyl,    (  bu'til  )=(  C4H9)2= 

Tetry],  q.v.  =Valyl :  a  hydro- 
carbon    radicle     obtained 

from  coal. 
Butylactic  acid,  (bu-til-ak'- 

tik).    [Butyl,  q.  v.  ] =C4H803 

=Oxybutyric  acid. 
Butylamine,  (bu-til'a-mln).  [Butyl  and  amine, 

§.v.]=;NC4Hii  :  ammonia  in  which  one  atom 

of  H  is  replaced  by  butyl. 
Butylene,  (bu'ti-len).     [Butyl,  ?.v.]=C4H8  : 
,  a  gaseous  hydrocarbon,  one  of  the  ethyleiio 


Buttress. 


Butylic  group,  (bu-til'ik).  [Butyl,  q.v.]= 
Tetry  lie  group,  q.v.  :  of  organic  substances. 

Butyric  acid,  (bu-ti'rik).  [L.  butyrum,  butter.] 
=C4H8O2 :  a  volatile  corrosive  acid  liquid 
found  in  butter,  sugar,  &c.  B.  ether=C<,H5. 
;  an,  odorous  liquid. 


B.  series  of  organic    substances  comprises 

Butyric,  Propylic,  and  Pyrotartaric  groups. 
Butyrine,  (bu'ti-rm).     [L.  butyrum,  butter.] 

=Butyrin  :  a  principle  found  in  butter. 
Butyrone,  (bu'ti-ron).     [Butyric  acid,  q.v.]= 

076140  :  the  ketone  of  the  butyric  series. 
Butyryl,   (bu'ti-ril).     [Butyric  acid,   q.v.]= 

C4H70 :    an  organic  radicle  obtained  from 

butter,  the  radicle  of  butyric  acid. 
Buxine,  (buk'sin).     [Buxus,  q.v.]    Anorganic 

base  obtained  from  the  box  plant. 
Buxus,  (buk'sus).     [Gk.  pyxos,  dense.]=Box : 

an  evergreen  shrub  or  tree,  with  very  hard 

wood,  belonging  to  Euphorbiacese. 
Buzzard,  (buz'erd).    [L.  buteo,  falcon  or  hawk.] 

=Buteo :  a  bird  of  the  hawk  kind. 
Byrgius,     In  moon,  q.v. 
Byrrhidae,  (ber'hi-de)=Pill  beetles :  a  family 

of  beetles  belonging  to  Necrophagos. 
Byssaceae,  (bis-sa'se-e).     [Byssus  (2),  q.v.]    A 

name  proposed  for  fungi  found  in  damp  cel- 

Byssus,  (bis'sus).  [Gk.  byssos,  flax.]  1. 
Threads  by  which  some  molluscs,  as  mus- 
sels, attach  themselves  to  rocks,  &c.  2.  A 
fungus. 

Byttneriaceae,  (bit-ner-i-a'se-e).  [Herr  Butt- 
ner.]=Byttneriads :  Cocoa,  &c.  :  trees  and 
shrubs,  usually  hairy,  belonging  to  Malvales. 

Byzantine  architecture,  (biz-an'tin).  Com- 
mon in  middle  ages  for  buildings  of  the 
Greek  Church. 


c. 


Cabbage,  (kab'aj).  [Cabus,  the  French  name.] 
=Brassica,  q.v.  C.  butterjly=P\.&cis  brassiere 
C.TOo£A=Mamestra  brassicse.  C.palm=A.reca.. 

Cabochon,  [F.  caboche,  head.]  A  method  of 
cutting  gems. 

Cabocle.  A  mineral  somewhat  resembling 
red  jasper. 

Cabombacese,(ka-bom-ba'se-e)=Watersliields: 
aquatic  plants,  with  floating  shield-shaped 
leaves,  belonging  to  Nymphales. 

Cacao,  (ka-ka'o).  [Cacauatl,  the  Mexican 
name.]  The  chocolate  tree.  Wild  C.= 
Herrania  purpurea.  Cultivated  (7.=Theo- 
broma  cacao. 

Cachalot,  (kash'a-lot).  [Cachalote,  the  Span- 
ish name.]=Physeter=Sperm  whale,  q.v. 

Cacholong,  (kash'o-long).  A  white  opaque  va- 
riety of  opal,  also  called  mother-of-pearl  opaL 

Cachutic  acid^Catechu-tannic  acid. 

Cacodyl,  (kak'o-dil).  [Gk.  kakos,  bad;  odme, 
smell.]=Kd=Arsendimethyl— AsC2H6 :  the 
base  of  alkarsin,  a  heavy,  foetid,  fuming 
liquid,  which  inflames  spontaneously  in  the 
presence  of  oxygen. 

Cactacese,  (kak-ta'se-5).  [Cactus,  9.i>.]=Cacti: 
Indian  figs:  succulent  shrubs,  often  prickly, 
with  angular  stems  and  fleshy  leaves,  if  any; 
very  short-lived  flowers  and  succulent  fruit; 


belonging  to  Cactales. 
Cactales,  (k 


s,  (kak-ta'lez).   [Cactus,  %.v.]   A  prim- 


Cactus. 


ary  division    of   Epigynous  exogens,  with 
dichlamydeous  polypetalous  flowers. 

Cactus,  (kak'tus).      [Gk.   kaktos,  a  prickly 
plant.]=Melon  thistle: 
the    typical   plant    of 
Cactacese; 

Caddis-flies,  (kad'dis)= 
PhryganesR;  insects  be- 
longing to  Neuroptera; 
also  called  Trichoptera. 
C.  shrimp=Cerapus  tu- 
bularis;  a  small  crusta- 
cean animal. 

Cadet's  fuming  liquor = 
Alkarsin r=Kakodyl  ox- 
ide =  Kd20  :    a  spontaneously  inflammable 
liquid  with  very  poisonous  vapour. 

Cadmium,  (kad'mi-um),  [Cadmia,  the  Latin 
name  for  the  ore.]=Cd";  one  of  the  mag- 
nesian  metals;  a  white,  soft,  tin-like  metal. 

Caducibranchiate,  (ka-du-si-brang'ki-at).  [Ca- 
ducous and  branchiae,  q.v.  ]  Amphibious 
animals,  such  as  frogs,  whose  gills  are  not 
permanent. 

Caducous,  (ka-du'kus).  [L.  caducus,  fal- 
ling.] =Falling  off  rapidly. 

Caeca.     Plural  of  Cascum,  q.v. 

Cseciliadae,  (se-sil-i'a-de).  [Csecilise,  g.v.]= 
Gymnophiona,  q.v. 

Csecilise,  (se-sil'i-e).    [L.  cceciis,  blind.]=:Gym- 


CJECTJM 


65 


CALORIE 


nophiona,  q.v.  :  snake-like  reptiles,  named 
from  being  thought  to  be  blind. 

Caecum,  (se-kum).  [L.  ctecus,  blind.]  1.  A 
tube  which  ends  in  a  closed  extremity.  2.  A 
fossil  mollusc. 

Caesalpinia,  (se-sal-pin'i-a).  [Lig.  Ccesalpinus.] 
A  plant,  belonging  to  Fabaceae,  with  gay 
flowers;  mostly  S.  American,  trees.  C.  Bra~ 
2iiierms=Brazil-wood. 

Cassia,  (se'si-a).  [Caesium,  q.v.]  l.=Cs2O= 
Oxide  of  caesium.  2.  A  plant  belonging  to 
Tiliaceae,  named  after  Caesius. 

Caesium,  (se/si-um).  [L.  ccesius,  sky  blue.] = 
Cs'  ;  one  of  the  Alkali  metals;  a  rare  metal, 
whose  spectrum  has  two  blue  bands. 

Caffeicacid,  (ka-fe'ik).  [P.  caf,  coffee.]=C35 
H3a017:  found  in  coffee;  also  called  caffetanic 
acid,  and  chlorogenic  acid. 

Caffeine,  (ka-fe'm).  [F.  cafe,  coffee.]=Theine 
=C8H10N402:  a  bitter  crystalline  alkaline 
base,  found  in  tea,  coffee,  &c.;  a  methyl  com- 
pound of  theobromine. 

Caffer-bread=:Encephalartos,  q.v.:  a  plant  of 
which  the  starch  is  used  as  a  material  for 
bread. 

Cahow,  (kaTiow)=Shearwater,  q.v. ;  a  bird  of 
Bermuda. 

Caiman,  (ka'man).  [The  native  name.]=Al- 
ligator  palpebrosus:  a  reptile  of  Guiana. 

Cainozoic,  (ka-no-zo'ik).  [Gk.  kainos,  new; 
zoon,  organic  being.]=Tertiary,  q.v. 

Cairngorm,  (karn'gorm).  [Cairngorm  Moun- 
tains, Scotland. ]=Smoky  quartz:  a  crystal- 
line vitreous  variety  of  native  silica. 

Cairns,  (karris).  [Ir.,  Gael.,  and  W.  earn, 
heap.]  Ancient  conical  piles  of  stones. 

Caisson,  (kas'son).  [F.  caisse,  case.]  1.  A 
hollow  floating  dam,  used  to  close  an  open- 
ing, such  as  the  entrance  to  a  dock,  &c.  2. 
=Tumbril,  q.v. 

Cajeput,  oil  of,  (kaj'e-put).  [The  native 
name.]  Obtained  from  Melaleuca  cajeputi= 
Hydrated  cajputene:  a  green  coloured  oil. 

Cajputene=CioHi6 :  a  hydrocarbon  obtained 
from  oil  of  Cajeput. 

Cakile,  (ka-ki'le).  [The  Arabic  name.]=Sea 
rocket,  q.v.  A  large  herb,  found  on  the  sea 
shore,  belonging  to  Cruciferae. 

Calabash,  (kal'a-bash)=Adansonia,  q.v. 

Calamaridae,  (ka-la-ma'ri-de).  [Calamary,  q.v.] 
=Teuthidse,  q.v. 

Calamary,  (ka-la-mu'ri).  [L.  calamus,  a  reed 
for  writing.]=Pen-and-ink  nsh=Geoteuthis 
bollensis=Loligo:  found  fossil  in  Lias;  also 
called  Squid. 

Calamine,  (kal'a-min).  [L.  calamus,  reed.] 
=Native  carbonate  of  zinc:  a  mineral  which, 
when  melted,  often  has  a  reedy  appearance; 
one  of  the  zinc  group;  also  called  Zinc-spar. 

Calamint,  (kal'a-mint)=Calamintha:  an  herb 
or  shrub.     C.  clinopodium=Wild  basil. 
Calamites,   (kal'a-mits  or  kal'a-mi'tez).     [L. 
calamus,    reed.  ]       Calamariae ;     reed-like 
plants,  representing  Equiseta,  found  in  coal. 
Calamus,   (kal'a-mus).      [The    Latin  name.] 
A  palm  tree  having  a  very  slender  stem. 
Calcaneum,  (kal-ka'ne-um).     [L.  calx,  heel.] 

=Os  calcis :  the  bone  of  the  heel. 
Calcareous  rocks,   (kal-ka/re-us).      [L.  calx, 


lime.]  Compounds  of  lime  and  carbonic 
acid,  sometimes  entirely  of  shells  and  corals. 

Calcaria,  (kal-ka'ri-a).  [L.  calx,  heel.]  Short 
horny  spurs,  rudimentary  hind  limbs  in. 
some  snakes. 

Calcedonyr=Chalcedony,  q.v. 

Calcic,  (kal'sik).  [Calcium,  q.v.]  C.  car- 
bonate =.  CaCOs  :  the  chief  constituent  of 
shells  and  coral ;  of  which  marble  and  Ice-  • 
land  spar  are  varieties.  C.  oxide=Ca.O= 
Lime :  a  very  infusible  white  substance, 
much  used  as  the  chief  constituent  of  mortar 
and  cements. 

Calcination,  (kal-si-na'shun).  [Calcinatio,  the 
Latin  word.]  Heating,  in  ordei  to  drive  off 
needless  materials;  or  to  cause  combination 
with  oxygen,  &c. 

Calcite,  (kal'sit).  [L.  calx,  lime.]=Calc  spar : 
native  carbonate  of  lime  :  a  mineral  of  which 
there  are  many  varieties,  crystallising  usually 
in  hexagons. 

Calcium,  (kal'si-um).  [L.  calx,  lime.]=Ca"  : 
one  of  the  alkaline  earth  metals :  a  yellow 
malleable  metal  which  decomposes  water  by 
contact,  and  forms  the  base  of  lime  in  all  its 
many  and  abundant  forms. 

Calculus,  (kal'ku-lus).  [L.  calculus,  pebble.] 
l.=Stone.  2.  A  method  of  calculation, 
named  from  pebbles  having  been  used  for 
counting. 

Calibration,  ( kal-i-bra'shun  ).  [F.  calibre, 
bore.]  The  measurement  of  the  diameter 
of  tubes. 

Calicifloria=Calyciflorae,  q.v. 

Calicophoridae,  (kal-i-ko-foi-'i-de).  [Calyx,  q.  r.  • 
Gk.  phoreo,  I  bear.]  Hydrozoa  which  have 
cup-shaped  swimming  organs. 

Calicium,  ( ka-lis'i-um ).  [Gk.  kahjkion,  a 
little  cup.]  A  name  used  for  fungi-like 
patches  found  on  damp  woods,  belonging  to 
Graphidaceao. 

Callan's  battery.  A  galvanic  battery  consist- 
ing of  plates  of  zinc  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid, 
and  of  platanised  lead  in  sulphuric  and 
nitric  acids. 

Calling  crabs=:Gelasimus,  q.v. 

Callithrix,  (kal'li-thriks).  [Gk.  kallos,  beauty; 
thrix,  hair.]=Squirrel  monkey  :  Nyctipithe- 
cina;. 

Callitrichacese,  [Gk.  kallos,  beautiful ;  tlirix, 
hair.]=Star-worts:  small  water  plants,  with 
very  small  flowers,  belonging  to  Euphorbiales. 

Callorhinus,  (kal-lo-rin'us).  C.  ur sinus  :  the 
male  six  times  as  heavy  as  the  female. 

Callorhynchus,  (kal-lo-rink'us).  [Gk.  kallos, 
beauty  ;  rhynchos,  snout.]  A  fish  belonging 
to  Holocephali,  which  has  a  large  fleshy 
appendage  to  the  snout. 

Calomel=Hg2Clo=Chloride  of  mercury. 

Calophyllum,  ( kal-o-nTlum ).  [Gk.  kallos, 
beautiful ;  pTiyllon,  leaf.]  A  tropical  plant 
belonging  to  Clusiaceae. 

Calorescence,  (kal-o-res'enz).  [L.  caloresco,  I 
grow  hot.]  The  change  of  invisible  into 
visible  heat.  cf.  Fluorescence. 

Calorie,  (kal'o-re).  The  French  thermal  unit, 
the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  one 
kilogramme  of  water  one  degree  centigrade. 
— 2'2  thermal  units  of  Britain. 


CALORIC 


CAMPHORYL 


Caloric  paradox=Leidenfrost's  phenomenon, 
q.v. 

Calorimeter,  (kal-o-rim'e-ter).  [L.  calor,  heat  ; 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  quantity  of  heat. 

Caltha,  (kal'tha.)  [Gk.  kalathos,  goblet ;  the 
form  of  corolla.]=Marsh  marigold:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Ranunculaceae. 

Calving,  (kalv'ing).  The  breaking-off  of  icebergs 
from  glaciers  that  have  reached  deep  water. 

Calycanthacese,  ( kal-i-kan-tha'se-e ).  [  Gk. 
kalyx,  cup  ;  anlhos,  flower.  ]=Calycanths : 
shrubs  with  fragrant  bark  belonging  to 
Resales. 

Calyceracese,  (kal-i-ser-a'se-e)  [~L.  calyx,  flower 
cup.]=Calycers ;  herbs  belonging  to  Cam- 
panales. 

Calyciflorae,  (kal-i-si-flo're).  [L.  calyx,  flower 
cup  ;  flora,  flower.]  Plants  in  the  flowers  of 
which  the  stamens  are  inserted  on  the  calyx 
or  disc,  forming  a  division  of  Polypetalous 
Dicotyledons. 

Calycophoridse,  (kal-i-ko-for'i-de).  (Gk.  Icalyx, 
cup ;    phoro,    I    carry.]      A 
sub-division  of  Hydrozoa. 

Calymene,  (kal-im'e-ne).  [Gk. 
kalymma,  veiled.]  A  trilo- 
bite,  q.v.,  long  mistaken  for 
un  insect. 

Calyx,  (kaliks).  [Calyx,  the  L. 
name.]  The  outer  cup-like 
perianth  of  a  flower  usually 
green.  Calyx. 

Cam,  (kam).     [W.  cam,  crooked,  bent.]    A 
tooth  or  other  projec- 
tion on  moving  machin- 
ery, used  to  cause  inter- 
mittent  motion. 

Cambray  stone  =  Moss 
agate —Mocha  stone,  q.  v. 

Camber,  (kam'ber).  [F. 
cambrer,  to  arch.]  An, 
arch  over  an  opening. 

Cambering,  (kam'ber-ing). 
arch.]=Bending. 

Cambium,  (kam'bi-um).  A  viscid  substance 
between  the  wood  and  bark  inexogen  stems; 
also  used  as=Secondary  meristern.  C.  fluid, 
the  sap,  or  formative  fluid  of  a  plant.  C. 
cells;  narrow,  elongated,  thin- walled  succu- 
lent cells. 

Cambrian  strata,  (kamTjri-an).  [Cambria,  the 
old  name  of  Wales.]  A  sub-division  of  Prim- 
ary strata,  q.v. ;  partly  the  same  as  Lower 
Silurian.  Upper  6'.— Tremadoc  slates  and 
Lingula  flags.  Lower  C".=Menevian  and 
Longmynd  rocks. 

Camel,  (kam'el).  [Camelus,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Camelus:  a  large  animal  belonging  to  Ru- 
minantia.  Common  (7.— Camelus  bactrianis. 
Arabian  C".=:Dromedaiy. 

Camelopardalus,  (kam-el-o-par'da-lus).  [The 
Latin  name.]=Camelopard:  a  northern  con- 
stellation, formed  in  the  17th  century. 

Camelina,  (kam-e-li'na).  [Gk.  chamos,  ground; 
linon,  flax.]=Gold  of  Pleasure;  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Brassicaceae. 

Camellia,  (ka-me'li-a).  [G.  kamel.]  A  Clun.ese. 
pla.ntf  belonging  to  Teriistromia.ce«:,  ~ 


[F.   cambrer,  to 


Camelus= Camel,  q.v. 

Cameo,  (kam'e-6).  [Cammeo,  the  Italian  word.] 
A  medal,  coin,  &c.,  in  which  the  figure  is 
carved  in  relief. 

Camera,  (kam'e-ra).  [L.  camera,  chamber.] 
C.  lucida,  an  instrument  consisting  essen- 
tially of  a  prism,  in  which  a  ray  of  light  is 
totally  reflected:  used  for  drawing  outlines  of 
objects.  C,  obscura,  a  small  box  with  black 
sides,  into  which  a  ray  of  light  enters  and 
forms  an  image:  an  early  form  of  the  photo- 
graphic camera. 

Campanales,  (kam-pan-a'lez).  [Campanula, 
q.v.]  A  division  of  Epigynous  Exogens,  com- 
prising plants  with  monopetalous  dichlamy- 
deous  flowers. 

Campani's  eyepiece.  Consisting  of  three 
achromatic  lenses:  used  to  correct  aberration 


in  microscopes. 

Campanile,  ( kam-pa-n  C'la ). 
name.]  A  bell  tower  or 
steeple. 

Campanula,  (kam-pan'u-la). 
[L,  campana,  bell.]  Bell- 
flower:  an  herb  with  bell- 
shaped  corolla. 

Campanulaceae,  (kam-pan-u- 
lu'se-5).  [Campanula,  q.v.] 
= Bell-worts  :  milky  herbs 
belonging  to  Campanales. 

Campanus.  A  crater  in  tho 
moon,  27  miles  in  diameter. 

Camphamic  acid  =  Camphor- 
amic  acid,  q.v. 


[The  Italian 


Campanile. 


Camphene,  (kam'fSn).  [Contraction  of  Cam- 
phogene.]=:CioHi6— Camphine,  q.v. 

Camphenes,  (kam'fenz).=Terebenes:  a  general 
name  for  the  volatile  oily  liquid  hydrocar- 
bons, having  the  form  C5nH8n,  of  which 
borneene,  petrolene,  and  oil  of  turpentine 
are  varieties. 

Camphic  acid,  (kam'fik).  [Camphor,  q.v.]= 
doHieOg:  a  solid  acid  substance  obtained 
from  camphor. 

Camphin,  (kam'fin).  [Camphor,  g.v.]=C10H18: 
an  oily  inflammable  liquid  obtained  from 
turpentine. 

Camphine,  (kam'fin).  [Camphor,  q.v.]— Oil 
of  turpentine. 

Camphoramic  acid  =  CjoHiyNOs  =  Amidated 
camphoric  acid=Ammonia  in  which  one 
equivalent  of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one  of 
camphoric  anhydride. 

Camphoric  acid,  (kam-for'ik).  [Camphor.]= 
CioHieC^  —  A  crystalline  dibasic  acid,  ob- 
tained by  oxidizing  camphor. 

Camphorone,  (kam'fo-r5n).  [Camphor,  g.v.]= 
PhoronerrCgH^O:  an  odorous  oil;  the  ace- 
tone of  camphoric  acid:  also  used  as=Cam- 
phoryl. 

Camphors,  (kam'fprz).  Hydrated  hydrocar- 
bons: solid  essential  oils,  obtained  from  trees. 
Borneo  C.  —  Borneol  =  Camphol  =  CioHjgO : 
from  Dryobalanops  camphora.  Laurel  C.  = 
Common  C.=CioHigO:  from  Laurus  cam- 
phora. 

Camphoryl,  (kam'fo-ril).  [Camphor,  q.v.]= 
CioHj^Og:  th§  diatomic  radicle  of  camphoric 
acid, 


CAMFHEENE 


67 


CAPKICOBNTJS 


asr 


Cancer. 
A  mineral,  chiefly 


Camphrene,  (kam'fren).  [Camphor,  q.v.]= 
C9HU0:  a  liquid  obtained  by  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid  on  camphor. 

Camphrone,  (kam'fron).  [Camphor,  q.v.]=. 
C?,oH440:  an  oily  liquid,  obtained  from  cam- 
phor by  abstracting  the  elements  of  water. 

Campion,  (kam'pi-on).  [L.  campus,  field. ]= 
Lychnis:  a  plant  belonging  to  Caryophylla- 
ceae.  Moss  C.=Silene  acaulis. 

Camwood.  (kam'w66d).=:Barwood:  a  red  dye- 
wood  of  Baphia  nitida;  also  called  Ringwood. 

Canada  balsam=Canadian  turpentine  :  from 
Abies  balsamea,  a  thick  oleo-resin.  C.  rice— 
Zizania  aquatica :  a  plant  belonging  to  Grami- 
nacese.  C.  tea  —  Gaultheria  procumbens  : 
a  plant  belonging  to  Ericaceas. 

Canary  bird,  (ka-na'ri).     [From  Canary  Isles.] 
=Canarj'  finch  =  Tringilla  Canariensis  :    a  j 
song  bird,  remarkable  for  its  singing  and  j 
plumage. 

Cancellate,  (kan'sel-lat).  [L.  cancelli,  grating  ]  j 
= Lattice-like. 

Cancer,  (kan'ser).     [The  Latin  name.]=The  ' 
Crab  :  the  fourth  sign  ^ 

of  the  Zodiac,  which  the  X  \^^L 

sun  enters  on  June  21st:  *%  V  "       ..-  -,' 

includes  the  Bee-hive. 
Tropic  of  C. :  between 
the  Equator  and  232° 
N.  latitude. 

Cancri=Plural  of  Can- 
cer. 

Cancrinite,  (kan'kri-nit). 
carbonate  of  alumina  and  silica. 

Candelabrum  tree  =  Chandelier  tree  =  Pan- 
danus  candelabrum. 

Candy  tuft,  ( kan'di-tuft ).  [From  Isle  of 
Candia.  ]  =  Iberia  :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Cruciferse. 

Cane-su§ar=CioH220u  =  Sucrose  :  obtained 
chiefly  from  the  sugar-cane,  but  also  from 
the  maple,  beetroot,  &c. 

Canes  Venatici,  ( ka'nez  vc-nS'ti-si ).  [The 
Latin  name.] = The  Hunter's  dogs:  a  northern 
constellation,  formed  in  the  17th  century, 
of  which  Cor  Caroli  is  the  chief  star.  The 
two  dogs  are  called  Asterion  and  Chara. 

Canine,  (ka-nin').  [I/,  caninus,  dog-Jike.J  Re- 
lating to  dogs.  C.  teeth:  the  eye  teeth  in 
Mammalia,  named  from  being  especially 
developed  in  dogs. 

Canis,  (kan is).  [The  Latin  name] -Dog, 
wolf,  jackal :  a  group  of  animals  belonging 
to  Carnivora.  C.  major=T}\Q  Great  Dog  :  a 
southern  constellation  of  which  Sinus  is  the 
chief  star.  C.  minor— The  Little  Dog :  a 
southern  constellation  of  which  Procyon  is 
the  chief  star. 

Cannabin,  (kan na  bin).  [Cannabis,  q. v.]  A 
resinous  substance  obtained  from  hemp. 

Cannabinaceae,  i"  kan-na-bin-a'se-C  ).  [  Can- 
nabis, q. v.  ]--  Hemp  worts  :  annual  herbs 
with  rough  watery  stems,  belonging  to  Urti- 
cales. 

Cannabis,  (kan'na-bis).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Hemp  :  a  plant  resembling  the  nettle,  the 
woody  tissue  of  which  is  very  tough,  and 
used  for  cordage,  &c.  C.  7/uiica=Induin 
hemp.  C.  srtfiz;a=;Cainmon  hemu. 


Cannel  coal,  (kan'nel).  [Con.  of  candle-coal.] 
A  compact  variety  of  coal,  much  used  for 
gas-making  and  for  ornament;  it  burns 
with  but  little  smoke. 

Cannon-ball  tree =Courou  pita  guianensis. 

Cannon-bone=Metacarpus  or  fore-leg  of  the 
horse. 

Canopus,  (ka-no'pus).  [  Classical.  ]=a  Argo 
Navis  :  a  star  of  first  magnitude,  and  one  of 
the  three  brightest  stars  in  the  heavens. 

Cantharidin,  ( kan-thar'idin).  Cantharis, 
<7.v.]  =  C5H12O2:  a  white  crystalline  sub- 
stance found  in  blister  beetles,  &c. 

Cantharis,  ( kan  tha-ris ).  [Gk.  kantliaris, 
beetle.  ]  =r  Ly tta  vesicatoria  =  Blister  fly  = 
Spanish  fly :  a  beetle  used  to  raise  blisters. 

Cantores,  (kan  to'rez).  [L.  cantor,  singer.] 
A  general  name  for  song-birds. 

Caoutchme,  (koo'chin).  [Caoutchouc,  q.v.]= 
Caoutchin=Ci0Hg :  a  liquid  hydrocarbon 
obtained  from  caoutchouc  and  gutta-percha. 

Caoutchouc,  (koo'chobk).  [The  Hindoo  name.] 
=C5Hg'.  an  elastic  waterproof  substance 
given  by  many  trees  of  Moraceae.  Also  called 
India-rubber  and  elastic  gum.  Vulcanised 
C.=C.  mixed  with  sulphur.  Solid  C.— 
Ebonite,  q.v.  Mineral  C.  =Elaterite,  q.v. 
Oil  C.^Congealed  linseed  oil. 

Cape,  (kap).  [Cape  of  Good  Hope.]  C.  ant- 
eater  ;  v.  Anteater.  C.  marmot  =  Hyrax 
capensis.  C.  jes«a?)a'ue=Gardenia  florida. 

Capella,  (ka-pel'la)=a  Aurigse :  a  sun  star  ; 
also  a  parallax  star. 

Capers,  (ka'perz).  [Capre,  the  French  name.] 
The  flowers  of  Capparis  spinosa,  preserved 
in  vinegar. 

Capillaries,  (kap'il-la-riz).  [L.  capillus,  hair.] 
Small  tubes,  with  thin  walls,  the  ultimate 
ramifications  of  the  veins  and  arteries,  which 
distribute  the  blood  to  the  various  parts  of 
the  bodies. 

Capillary  attraction.  The  form  of  molecular 
attraction  or  repulsion,  which  acts  when  fine 
tubes  are  partly  immersed  in  a  fluid.  • 

Capital,  (kap'it  al).  [L.  caput,  head.]  The 
head  of  a  column. 

Capitular  process,  (kap-it'u-lar).  [L.  capitu- 
lum,  little  head.]  A  small  projection,  in  a 
vertebra. 

Capivi,  (ka-pe'vi)^Copaiba,  q.v. 

Capparidaccse,  (kap  par-i-dase-e).     [Capparis, 

Sv.  }  =  Capparids  :    herbs  and    trees,   with 
road  leaves,  belonging  to  Cistales. 
Capparis,  (kap'pa-ris).     [Kappams,  the  Greek 

name.J=Caper :  a  plant  the  type  of  Cap- 

pandaceae. 
Capra,  (kap'ra).     [Caper,  the  Latin  name.  ]= 

Goat :  an  animal  belonging  to  Ruminantia. 
Capric  acid,   (kap  nk)      [L.  caper,  goat.]= 

Ci0HajiOj=BRn.tio  acid : 

found    in    cocoa  -  nut 

goat's  milk,  &c.     C. 

d<%t£e-C10H20O. 
Capricornus,     (  kap  ri 

kor'nus).       [The  LatirK 

name.]    The  Goat:  tha  W'^jSrssifj&&' 

tenth  sign  of  the  Zodiac. 

Tropic  of  C.  :  between  Capriconv 

the  equator  and   23|«  g.  latitude, 


CAPEIFOLIACEJE 


68 


CARDER-BEE 


Caprifoliacesc,  (kap-ri-fol-i-ii'se-S).     [L.  caper, 

goat  ;    folium,  leaf.]=Caprifoils  :    herbs  and 

shrubs,   with  showy  flowers,   belonging  to 

Cinchonales. 
Caprimulgus,   (  kap-ri-mul'gus  ).      [L.   capri- 

mulgus,  goat-milker.]=Goatsucker  :  a  bird 

belonging  to  Insessores. 
Caproic,  (kap'ro-ik).     [L.  caper,  goat.]    C.  acid 

=C6Hio02  :  one  of  the  fatty  acids:  obtained 

from  cocoa-nut,  and  smells  like  a  goat.     C. 

anJtydricfe=C<jH;»O8.    C.  aldeiiyde=C6H^O. 
Caproyl,   (kap'roil).     [Capric  acid,  q.v,  ]= 

(C6H13)2=Dihexyl  :  an  aromatic  liquid,  the 

radicle  of  caproic  acid. 
Caproylene    (kap'roi-len).      [Caproyl,  q.v.]= 

Hexylene,  q.v. 
Capryl,  (kap'ril).  [Capric  acid,  q.v.^CiQR^O, 

also  called  Butyl,  the  radicle  of  capric  acid  ; 

also  used  as=Octyl,  q.v. 
Caprylic  acid,  (kap'ri-lik).     [Capric  acid,  q.v.] 

=C8H16O2  :  found  in  butter,  cheese,  cocoa- 

nut,  yeast,  &c.     C.  aWe/^cZe=C8Hi6O.    C. 


Caprylin,  (kap'ri-lin).     [Capryl,  q.v.]    A  fat 

found  in  butter. 
Caprylyl,   (  kap'ri-lil  ).     '  [Capryl.  ]=C8H15O  : 

the  radicle  of  the  Caprylic  series. 
Capsella,   (  kap-sel'la  ).      [L.   capsella,    little 

purse.  ]  =  Shepherd's  purse  :  an   herb  with 

small  white  flowers,  belongingtoBrassicacerc. 
Capsicum,  (kap'si-kum).     [The  Latin  name.] 

-=Bird-pepper  :  a  plant  belonging  to  Sola- 

nacere.     C.  //-Miesce/is=Cayenne  pepper. 
Capuchin  monkey,  (ka-pii-shen').     [P.  capuce, 

hood.]=Brown  Sapajou=Cebus  :  a  monkey 

which  looks  as  if  wearing  a  hood. 
Carabidse,   (  ka-rab'-i-de  ).     [Carabus,    q.v.]=z 

Ground  beetles^Garden  beetles  :  a  family 

of  Geodephaga,  q.v. 
Carabus,  (kar'a-bus).     [The  Latin  name.]    A 

carnivorous  beetle  ;  the  type  of  Carabidas. 
Caradoc  beds,  (kar-ad'ok).     v.  Bala  and  Cara- 

doc  beds. 
Carapace,   (kar'a-pas).     [The   French  word], 

The  tipper  case  or  shell  of  lobsters,  crabs, 

tortoises,  &c. 
Carat,  (kar'at).     [Carato,  the  Italian  name.] 

1.  A  weight=3j  grains.     2.  A  term  used  to 

express  the  relative  quantity  of  gold.     24 

carat  means  all  gold,  IS  carat=three-fourths 

gold,  &c. 
Caraway,  (kar'a-wii)=Carum:  an  herb  belong- 

ing to  Apiaceae. 
Carbamic   acid,   (kar'ba-mik).     [Carbon  and 

Ammonia,    q.v.  ]=H3N,CO2  :    a    monobasic 

acid  formed  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  car- 

bonic anhydride  ;   amidated  carbonic  acid. 

C.  e^er=Urethane=C3H7NO2  :    a    sperma- 

ceti-like solid  substance. 
Carbamide,   (  kar'ba-mid  ).      CH4N3O=Urea, 


q.v 
Car 


rbanilamide, 
=Phenyl  urea,  q.v. 

Carbazotic  acidj^kar-ba-zo'tik).  [Carbon  and 
azotic  acid.  ]  =  Trinitro-pheuic  acid=Picric 
acid^CgH^NsCV  :  a  yellow  crystalline  sub- 
stance used  in  dyeing,  formed  by  the  action 
of  nitric  acid  on  carbon. 

Carbide,   (kar'bid).      [Carbon,   q.v.]  =  Cnr- 


buret :  a  compound  of  carbon  with  a  metal. 
C.  of  iron :  a  variety  of  cast  iro.\ 

Carbinol,  (kar'bi-nol).  [Carbon, ,q.v.] =Methy- 
lic  alcohol =CH4p= Wood  spirit :  a  colourless 
combustible  liquid. 

Carbolic  acid,  (kar-bol'ik).  [Carbon,  q.v.]= 
C6H5.HO  =  Phenylic  alcohol  =  Phenol :  a 
crystalline  acid,  obtained  from  coal  tar, 
much  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

Carbon,  (kar'bon).  [L.  carbo,  coal.]=C'T:  a 
chemical  element,  usually  solid,  occurring  in 
the  various  forms  of  diamond,  graphite, 
charcoal,  coke,  &c.,  the  characteristic  con- 
stituent of  all  organic  substances.  Carbon 
group  of  minerals :  includes  diamond,  gra- 
phite, coal,  bitumen,  and  amber. 

Carbonaceous  group  of  inflammable  minerals. 
Anthracite,  coal,  graphite,  jet,  lignite,  and 
peat. 

Carbonado,  (kar-bo-na'do).  An  inferior  variety 
of  diamond. 

Carbonate,  (kar'bo-nat).  [Carbon,  q.v.]  A 
compound  of  carbonic  acid  and  a  base. 

Carbonic,  (kar-bon'ik).  [Carbon,  q.v.]  Con- 
taining carbon  as  an  important  constituent. 
C.  acid^  =  CHoOg :  a  solution  of  carbonic 
anhydride.  C.  anhydride=CQ2 :  a  trans- 
parent heavy  gas.  C.  ditulpnide=CBo'= 
Bisulphide  of  carbon=Sulpho  carbonic  acid: 
a  volatile  foetid  liquid  of  high  refracting 
power,  and  very  poisonous.  C.  oxydichlonde 
= C  0  C12  =  C  h  lorocar bon  ic  acid  =  Phosgen  e 
gas  :  a  colourless  suffocating  gas.  C.  ether=: 
(CoH5)i.CO3=piethyl  carbonate:  a  mobile 
aromatic  liquid.  C.  oxide=CO  :  an  inflanv. 
mable  gas,  the  reducing  agent  in  smelting 
iron. 

Carboniferous  formation,     One  of  the  primary 

groups  of  strata. 

Carbovinio  acid=Ethylcarbonio  acid. 
Carbuncle,   (kiir-bun'kl).     [Carbunculus,  tha 

Latin  iiame.]=Fine  garnet :    a  variety  of 

garnet. 
Carbureic  acid  (kar-bur-g'ik)= Allophanic  acid, 

q.v. 
Carburets,   ( kar'bu-retz ).      [Carbon,   q.v.]= 

Carbides :   compounds  of  carbon  with  tha 

metals.     C.  ofiron= Steel. 
Carburetted  hydrogen.    Lir/ht  C'.=CH4— -Sub- 

carburetted  hydrogen  =  Methyl  hydride  = 

Marsh  gas  :   a  colourless  inflammable  gas, 

common  in  coal  mines,  and  one  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  distillation  of  organic  substances. 

Heavy  C.=C2H4=Olefiant  gas. 
Carburization  of  iron.      Its  conversion  into 

steel  by  the  addition  of  the  needful  amount 

of  carbon. 
Carcass,  (karTcas).    [L.  caro,  flesh  ;  and  capsa, 

box.]     A  projectile  filled  with  combustibles 

which  burn   fiercely  for  several  minutes ; 

used  in  bombardments,  &c. 
Carcharias.     C.  vtilgaris=White  shark. 
Carcharodon.     A  shark-like  fish,  known  only 

by  fossil  teeth,  found  in  Eocene  rocks. 
Cardamine,   (kar-da-inin').     [Gk.    kardamon, 

nasturtium. ]=Bitter  cress :  an  herb  belong- 
ing to  Brassicacese. 
Carder-bee=Bombus  muscornm :   a   variety 

of  the  humble  bee,  named  from  its  habit  of 


CAKDIAO 


69 


CASE 


carding  or  combing  the  materials  for  the 

nest  by  drawing  them  between  its  legs. 
Cardiac,   (kar'di-ac).      [Gk.  kardia,  heart.] 

belonging  to  or  near  the  heart. 
Cardinal  beetle=Pyrochroa  coccinea. 
Cardita,  (kar'di-ta).     A  marine  shell  belonging 

to    Lamellibranchiata,  found   in    Pliocene 

strata. 

Carduelis.     C.  spinws=Aberdevine  :  a  bird. 
Carduus,  (kar'du-us).      [The  Latin  name.J= 

Thistle  :  an  herb  belonging  to  Asteraceae. 
Carex,   (ka'reks)=Sedge :    a  grass-like  herb 

belonging  to  Cyperacece. 
Caribs.     An  American  race. 
Carinatae,  (kar-i-na'te).     [L.  carina,  keel.]= 

Flying  birds :  birds  which  have  the  sternum 

raised   so   as  to  resemble  a  keel,  include 

most  ordinary  birds. 
Carinthian  method.    A  reduction  by  roasting 

of  pure  galena,  containing  but  little  silver, 

named  from  being  first  used  in  Caranthia. 
Carmidine,   (kar'mi-din).      A  base  obtained 

from  shale  tar. 
Carmine,  (kar'min).    [L.  carmesinus,  crimson.] 

=0711^403 :  the  colouring  matter  of  the 

cochineal  insect,  much  used  as  a  crimson 

dye. 
Carminic  acid,  (kar'min-ik).     [Carmine,  gfv.] 

=C14H14°8  :  tne  colouring  constituent  of 

carmine.  < 

Carnal  animals,  (klr'nal).     Oken's  term  for 

birds,  reptiles,  and  fishes. 
Carnassial  teeth,   (kar'nas'si-al).      [L.   caro, 

flesh.]    Teeth  adapted  to  eating  flesh. 
Carnation,   (kar-na'shun.)      [From    L.   caro, 

flesh. ] =Dianthu9  caryophyllus. 
Carnelian,  (kar-ne'li-an).     A  variety  of  Chal- 
cedony, a  sub-vitreous  gem. 
Carnivora,      (  kar-niv'o-ra. ) 

[  L.   caro,   flesh ;     varo,    I 

eat.]  Flesh-eating  animals: 

cats,hy8enas,dogs,bears,&c., 

forming  a  division  of  Mam- 
malia, sub-divided  into.Fts- 

sipedia   or   terrestial,   and 

Pinnipedia  or  aquatic. 
Carob    tree,  (kar'ob).       [A. 

khanHb.  ]=Ceratonia    sili- 

qua.  Carob. 

Carotid  artery,  (ka-rot'id).     v.  Artery. 
Carp,  (karp).      [L.  carpo,  to  seize.]     A  fish 

belonging  to  Cyprinidsc. 
Carpal    bones,     ( kar'pal ). 

[Carpus,  q.v.]    The  bones 

forming  the  wrist. 
Carpel,  (kar'pel).  [Gk.  kar- 
pos, fruit.  ] .    The  part  of 

a  flower  which   contains 

the  seed.     v.  Fruit. 
Carpenter's  classification  of  Foraminifera — 
Imperforata, 

Gromida. 
Miliolida, 
Lituolida. 
Perforata, 

Aranaceous. 
Carpet  moths,      A  popular  name  for  some 

moths,  because  of  the  carpet-like  pattern  of 

their  wings. 


Carp. 


Carpinus,  (kar-pi'ivus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Hornbeam :  a  plant  belonging  to  Corylacese. 

Carpology,  (kar-pol'6-ji).  [Gk.  karpos,  fruit; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the  nature 
and  development  of  fruits. 

Carpophaga,  (kar-pof'a-ga).  [Gk.  karpos,  fruit; 
phaffo,  I  eat.]  1.  A  division  of  Marsupialia, 
represented  by  the  Phalanger.  2.  Also  used 
for  a  bird. 

Carpus,  (kar'pus).  [Gk.  karpos,  wrist.  ]=The 
wrist:  the  small  bones  forming  the  wrist. 

Carrara  marble.  A  pure  white  semi-trans- 
parent variety. 

Carrier,  (kar'ri-e.r)— Proof-plane:  used  to  con- 
vey small  charges  of  electricity.  Usually  a 
small  piece  of  gilt  paper,  with  a  non-conduct- 
ing handle. 

Carrion  hawk=Milvago  leucurus. 

Carrot,  (kar'rot).  [It.  carota.]=Daucus :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Carronade,  (kar-o-nad').  [Carron,  where  first 
made.  ]  A  short  gun,  used  for  throwing 
heavy  shots,  &c.,  through  short  distances. 

Carter-fish=Lantem-fish  =  Pleuronectes  me- 
gastoma. 

Carteria,  (kar-tS'ri-a).  [Mr.  Carter.]  A  cup- 
shaped  sponge. 

Cartesian  diver,  (kar-te'si-an).  [Invented  by 
Des  Cartes.]  A  small  hollow  figure  of  glass, 
nearly  filled  with  water,  which  can  be  made 
to  sink  or  float  in  water,  by  increasing  or 
decreasing  the  quantity  of  contained  water. 

Carthamin,  (kaYta-nun^C^HigO/ :  a  pink 
colouring  matter  obtained  from  the  saf- 
flower. 

Cartilage,  (kar'ti-laj).  [Ckirtilago,  the  Latin 
name.]=Gristle;  a  firm,  close  tissue. 

Carum,  (ka'rum).  [The  Latin  name.]=Cara- 
way;  a  plant  belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Carvel,  (kar'vel).  A  method  of  boat-building, 
by  placing  the  planks  edge  to  edge,  with, 
caulking  between  them. 

Carvene,  (kar'ven).  [Carum,  g.v.]=C10H18:  a 
hydrocarbon,  obtained  from  oil  of  caraway. 

Caryatides,  (ka-ri-ati-dez).  [The  Greek  name.] 
Figures  of  women  used  instead 
of  pillars  to  support  an  enta- 
blature,    cf.  Atlantes. 

Caryophyllite,  ( ka-ri-o-fillit ). 
A  silica  ted  mineral  of  the  mica 
group. 

Carvol,  (karVol).  [Carvene, 
5.v.]=0xidised  carvene,  q.v. 

Caryophyllaceae,  (ka-ri-o-fil-la'- 
se-e).  [Caryophyllus,  typical 
genus.  ]  =  Alsinacese  :  Clove- 
worts,  pinks,  &c. :  herbs,  often 
weeds,  with  tumid  stems,  be- 
longing to  Silenales. 

Cascable,  (kas'ka-bel).  [Sp.  cascabd,  knob.] 
The  projection  at  the  breech  of  a  gun. 

Cascade,  (kas-kad').  [F.  cascade,  waterfall.] 
Used  of  an  electric  charge,  when  a  number 
of  Leyden  jars  are  so  arranged  that  it  passes 
through  them  successively,  and  not  simul- 
taneously. 

Cascarilla  bark,    v.  Bark. 

Case,  (kus).  C.  hardening:  a  process  by  which, 
iron  is  coated  with  steel,  by  the  conversion 


Of  its   surface  into  steel.      C.  mate.      [The 
French  word.]      A 
chamber  within  the 
wall  of  a  fortifica- 
tion. 

Casein,  (  ka'se-in  ). 
fL.  caseus,  cheese.] 
The  nitrogenous 
portion  of  butter, 
which  can  be  made 
into  cheese,  v.  Al- 
buminoid princi-  Casemate. 

pies.  A  I!,  Casemate.    A  gun  at  B  would 

Case-shot. Sand-shot  ^Vfagun at c £&«£ « bar. 

in   cylinders  :    Used    bettr',  or  ojer  the  parapet     D,  a 


i-pleiu. 


Cassowary. 


to   300   yards ; 

Shrapnel. 
Cassiopeia,  (kas-si-o-pe'a).      [Classical.]=The 

Lady's  Chair :   a  northern  constellation  in 

which  a  temporary  star  appeared  from  1572 

to  1574;  supposed  to  have  been  a  star  on  fire. 
Cassiterite,   ( kas-si-ter'i-te  )  =  Tin  -  stone  :    a 

mineral  of  the  tin  group,  chiefly  peroxide  of 

tin,  SnCV,  crystallising  in  pyramids.     The 

chief  tin  ore. 
Cassowary,  (kas'so-wa-ri).     [Kassuwaris,  the 

native    name.  ]  = 

Casuarius  galeatus; 

a  bird  belonging  to 

Cursores;  found  in 

New  Guinea. 
Cassythacese,  (kas-i- 

tha'se-e).      [Cassy- 

tha,     the     typical 

genus.  ]  =  Dodder- 
laurels  :     parasitic 

leafless        tropical 

B'ants,  belonging  to 
aphuales. 

Castor,  (kas'tor).  [The  Latin  name.]  1.= 
a  Geiuinorum :  abi- 
nary  star;  one  star 
revolving  round 
the  other  in  about 
one  thousand  years. 
2.=Beaver,g.*.  3. 
An  odorous  secre- 
tion from  the  bea- 
ver. C.  oil:  an  oil 
obtained  from  the  Castor1  oil  Plant 

seeds  of  Ricinus  communis,  and  other  plants. 

Casuarinacece,  (  kas-u-a-rin-a'se-e ).  [Casua- 
rina,  the  typical  genus.  ]=Beef  woods:  droop- 
ing leafless  trees,  belonging  to  Amentales. 

Cat,  (kat).  [The  A.-S.  name.]=:Felis  catus  or 
wild  cat,  from  which  our  domestic  cat  is 
derived. 

Cats  A  prefix  to  many  names.  C.  car=Hypo- 
chaeris.  C.  eye,  a  gem:  a  green  variety  of 
quartz.  C.  foot— Antennaria  dioica.  C.  tail 
=Typha.  C.  tail-grass=PblQVLna.  C.  vale- 
rian— All-heal. 

Catalysis,  teat-al  i-sis).  [Katalysis,  the  Greek 
word.  ]  The  name  used  to  express  chemical 
.  decomposition  which  requires  for  its  com- 
mencement the  presence  of  another  sub- 
stance which  is  not  affected  by  the  process. 
Fermentation  is  an  example  of  this. 


Catalytic  body=Ferment. 

Cataphyllary  leaves,  ( kat-a-fil'la-ri) .  [Gk. 
kata,  down;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Colourless  scale- 
like  leaves  on  underground  shoots. 

Cataract,  (kat'a-rakt).  \Cataracta,  the  Latin 
name.]  Abodyof  water fallingoveraprecipice. 

Catarhina.  [Gk.  kata,  down;  rhines,  nostrils.] 
=Ape:  a  division  of  the  Quadrumana. 

Catctifly,  (katch'fli)=Silene:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Carophyllacese:  named  from  flies  .and 
other  insects  being  caught  by  the  flowers, 
either  by  hairs  or  viscid  secretions. 

Catechu,  (kat'e-ku).  (Cochin-Chin,  cay  can.] 
1.=  Acacia  catechu.  2.  An  extract  from  the 
plant. 

Caterpillars,  (kat'er-pil-larz).    [O.  Eng.  cater- 
piller.]     Elongated  worm- 
like  bodies,  with  soft  leath- 
ery covering;  the  larvae  of 
holometabolic  insects. 

Catharina,     A  crater  in  tho 
moon,  65  miles  in  diameter. 

Catharization,  (kath-a-ri-za-       Caterpillar, 
shun).     [Gk.  ka.tha.rizo,  I  clean.]=Clcansing 
thoroughly. 

Cathetometer.  A  graduated  scale,  with  a 
eliding  telescope,  for  the  measurement  of 
small  vertical  distances. 

Catkin,  (kat'kin).  An  inflorescence  resem- 
bling the  spike,  in  form  like  a  cat's  tail,  as 
in  the  birch  tree. 

Catmint=Nepeta  cataria :  a  plant  belonging 
to  Labiatse. 

Catoptrics,  (kat-op'triks).  [Gk.  katoptron, 
mirror.]  The  science  of  the  laws  governing 
the  reflection  of  light.  C.  telcscope=ne&ect- 
ing  telescope,  q.v. 

Cat's  ear=Hypochgeris. 

Cat's  eye.  A  gem :  a  greenish  transparent 
variety  of  quartz,  found  in .  Ceylon  and 
Hindostan. 

Cat's  foot= Antennaria  dioica. 

Cat  squirrel=Sciurus  cinereus. 

Cat's  tail=Typha.     C.  prass=Phleum. 

Caucalis,  (kaw'ka-lis).  [The  Greek  name.]= 
Bur  parsley,  &c.  :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Apiacese. 

Caudal,  (kaw'dal).  [L.  cauda,  tail.]  Re- 
lating to  the  tail.  C.  /n=Tail :  a  variety 
of  median  fin,  vertical,  and  the  chief  organ 
of  locomotion  in  fishes. 

Caudate,  (kaw'dat).  [L.  cauda,  tail.] =Caudal : 
belonging  to  the  tail. 

Caulescent,  (kaw-les'ent).  [L.  caulis,  stem.] 
Having  an  herbaceous  stem. 

Caulking-,  (kaw'king).  Closing  seams  and 
joints  by  forcing  in  oakum  tightly. 

Caustic,  (kaw'stik).  A  term  in  chemistry., 
applied  to  substances  that  burn  the  skin. 
C.  sotta  =  Sodic  hydrate.  C.  potash  =  Po- 
tassic  hydrate,  q.v.  Lunar  C.^Nitrate  of 
silver. 

Caustics,  (kaw'stiks).  [Gk.  kaustikos,  burn- 
ing.] A  term  in  optics.  C.  by  refraction:  a 
luminous  curve  formed  by  a  number  of  re- 
fracted rays.  C.  by  reflection:  the  luminous 
curved  surface  formed  by  the  intersection  of 
a  number  of  rays  of  light  reflected  from  a 
concave  surface. 


CAVALIEB 


71 


CENTRE 


Cavalier,  (kav-a-leV).     A  mound  of  earth 

within  a  bastion. 

Cave,   (kiiv).      [L. 

cavus,  hollow.]  For 

the  most  remark- 
able caves,  see  each 

name.    C.  breccias : 

breccias  found   in 

caves.      C.   bear  = 

Ursus  spelseus.     C. 

7io?i=Felis  spelsea. 
Cavette,    (  ka-vet' ) 

[The  French  name.] 

A    small    concave 

moulding.  A,  Cavalier  Fortress. 

Caviare,   (kav'i-ar).      [Caviar,  the    French 

name.]    The  roe  of  the  sturgeon  prepared 

as  a  sauce  for  the  table. 
Cavicornia,  (ka-vi-kor'ni-a).  [L.  cavws.hollow; 

cornu,  horn.  ]  =  Bovidge,   q.v.  :    iised    as  a 

general  term  for  the  Kuminantia,   which 

have  horns  composed  of  a  bony  sheath  over 

a  bony  projection  of  the  frontal  bone. 
Cavy,  (kii'vi).  =Dasyprocta acuti,  q.v.    Spotted 

(7.=Co3logens  subniger. 

Cawk,  (kawk).     A  massive  variety  of  barytes. 
Cayman,   (ka'maii).      [The   native  name.]= 

Crocodile. 
Cebidse,  (sG'bi-de).      [CeTms,  q.v.]     Arboreal 

monkeys,   with  prehensile  'tails,   generally 

small,  in  tropical  America. 
Cebinse,   (se-bi'ne).       [Cebus,   #.v.]=Spider- 

monkeys  :  a  sub-family  of  Cebidae. 
Cebus,  (se'bus).     [Kebos,  the  Greek  name.]= 

Weeper  monkey  =  Capuchin    monkey,  &c.: 

the  type  of  Cebidse,  q.v. 
Ceciliidae.  v.  Cteciliadse. 
Cedar,  (se'dar).  [Cedrus,  the  Latin  name.] 

An  evergreen  tree 

belonging  to  Abies. 

C.     of    Lebanon  = 

Abies  cedrus :  does 

not  produce  fruit 

for  25  years. 
Cedrelacese,  (sed-re- 

la'se-e).      [Cedrela, 

q.v.  ]  =  Cedrelads :  ^j| 

trees   with  veined  "-%_ 

and  scented  wo 

belonging  to  Ruta- 

les. 
Cedrela,  (sed're-la).  Cedar. 

[Cedar,  q.v.]    A  tree,  the  type  of  Cedrelace.'e. 

C.   odoruta :    resembles    mahogany,  named 

from  its  wood  resembling  cedar. 
Cedrene,  (se'dren).     [Cedar,  q.v.]=dQH26'.  a 

liquid   hydrocarbon    obtained   from    cedar 

wood. 

Celandine,  (sel'an-din).     [Gk.  chelidon,  swal- 
low.]    l=Ranunculus  ficaria :    2.=Chelido- 

nium  majus  :    plants  belonging  to  Ranun- 

culaceae  ;  also  called  Swallow-wort. 
Celastraceae,  (se-las-tru'se-e)=Spindle-trees : 

shrubs  arid  trees  belonging  to  Rhamnales. 
Celery,  (sel'e-ri)=Apium  :  a  plant  belonging 

to  Apiacese.      C.  fly  =  Tephritis   onopordi- 

nis :  burrows  in  leaves. 

Celestite,  (se-les'tit)=Celestine :  native  sul- 
phate  of  strontium  (SrSo4),  a  pale  blue 


mineral,  crystallising  in  rhombs,  and  colour- 
ing flame  red. 

Celieno,    One  of  the  Pleiades.  ^ 

Cell,  (sel).  [Cella,  the  Latin  word.]  Con- 
sists of  concentric  layers  of  cell-wall,  pro- 
toplasm, and  sap,  usually  formed  by  partition 
of  older  cells,  but  also  by  other  methods ;  the 
elementary  form  of  organic  substances. 

Cellular  tissue,  •  (sel'u-lar).  [L.  cellula,  little 
cell.]  The  groundwork  of  plants,  hard  in 
shells,  compact  in  wood,  tenacious  and 
flexible  in  fibres,  such  as  hemp,  porous  in 
pith,  loose  and  spongy  in  tubers  and  roots. 

Cellulin,  (sel'lu-lin).  [L.  cellula,  little  cell.] 
=  Cellulose  =  C6H]005:  the  chief  consti- 
tuent of  woody  fibre;  a  white,  insoluble, 
transparent  substance. 

Celsia,  (sel'si-a).  [Dr.  Celsius.]  A  plant  be- 
longing to  SoJanacere. 

Celsius  scale=Centigrade scale,  q.v.  -, invented 
by  Celsius. 

Cement,  (se-menf).  \Ciment,  the  French 
word.]  A  compound  of  nitrate  of  lime, 
gum,  and  wrater.  Roman  C. :  chiefly  of 
silica  and  calcic  carbonate.  Portland  C.  : 
an  hydraulic  cement,  chiefly  of  chalk  and 
clay,  resembling  Portland  stone. 

Cementation,  (sem-en-ta'shun).  1.  The  pro- 
cess of  converting  iron  into  steel  by  heating 
it  with  carbon.  2.  The  conversion  of  glass 
into  porcelain  by  heating  it  with  sand. 

Cenomyce,  (sen-o-mi'se).  [Gk.  kenos,  hollow ; 
mykes,  mushroom].  A  lichen.  C.  rangifera 
=Reindeer  moss. 

Centaurea,  (  sen-taw're-a )  =  Knapweed  :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Asteracece. 

Centaurus,  (sen-taw'rns).  [Classical.]  One 
of  the  southern  constellations,  containing 
many  important  stars ;  the  chief,  a  Cen- 
tauri,  has  a  parallax  of  one  second,  and  is  tho 
nearest  fixed  star,  its  distance  from  tho 
earth  being  18  billions  of  miles. 

Centaury,  ( sen'taw-ri ).  [From  Centaur.  ]= 
Erythreea,  q.v. 

Centering,  ( sen'ter-ing ).  The  temporary 
support,  usually  a  wooden  scaffolding,  sup- 
porting the  materials  of  an  arch  during  its 
construction. 

Centi,  (sen'ti).  [The  French  word.]  Centi- 
metre =  TFD  of  a  metre  =  '3937  inches ; 
Centigram=T^-o  of  a  gram  ;  Centiare=T^ 
of  an  are ;  Centilitre=i-^j-  of  a  litre  ;  Ceu- 
time=n-o-ff  of  a  franc. 

Centigrade  scale,  (sen'ti-griid ).  [The  French 
word.]  In  which  the  freezing  point  of  water 
is  0°,  and  the  boiling  point  100°,  the  distance 
between  these  being  divided  into  100  equal 
parts  or  degrees. 

Centipedes,  (sen'ti-pedz).  [Centipeda,  the 
Latin  word.]  Small  animals  belonging  to 
Annulosa,  having  a  pair  of  legs  to  each 
somite  of  the  body. 

Centranthus,  (sen-tran'thus).  [Gk.  kentron, 
spur  ;  anthos,  flower. ]= Spur  valerian. 

Centre,  (sen'ter).  [Uentmm,  the  Latin  word.] 
C.  of  forces:  the  point  of  application  of  a 
number  of  forces  ;  the  point  at  which  a 
number  of  parallel  forces  may  be  counter- 


CENTRIFUGAL 


CERES 


acted  by  a  single  force.  C.  of  gravity:  the 
point  of  a  body  round  which  its  weight  is 
balanced. 

Centrifugal  force,  (sen-trif'u-gal).  [L.  cen- 
trum, centre  ;  fuyio,  I  fly  from.]  The  force 
which  impels  a  revolving  body  away  from 
the  centre  of  its  orbit. 

Centripetal  force,  (sen-trip'e-tal).  [L.  centrum, 
centre  ;  peto,  I  seek.]  The  force  which  im- 
pels a  revolving  body  towards  the  ceutre  of 
its  orbit. 

Centriscus,  (sen-trisTms).  A  fish  having  a 
tubular  snout.  C.  scoZopaaj=:Bellows-fish= 
Trumpet-fish. 

Centroscymnus,  (sen-tro-sim'nus).  C.  calo- 
lepis :  a  shark  found  oft'  the  coast  of  Portu- 
gal, at  a  depth  of  more  than  400  fathoms. 

Centrum,  (sen'trum).  [The  Latin  word.]  The 
main  body  of  a  vertebra. 

Centunculus,  (sen-tun'ku-lus)=Bastard  pim- 
pernel :  a  small  herb  belonging  to  Primu- 
lacese. 

Cephalanthera,  (sef-a-lan'ther-a).  [Gk. 
kephale,  head ;  and  anthos,  flower.  ]=Helle- 
borine. 

Cephalaspis,  ( sef-a-las'pis ).  [Gk.  kephale, 
head  ;  aspis,  shield.  ]  =  Buckler  head  :  a 
ganoid  fish,  known  only  by  remains  found 
in  Old  Red  Sandstone. 

Cephalic,  (se-fal'ik).  [Gk.  kephale,  head.] 
relating  to  the  head.  C.  index :  the  ratio 
of  the  transverse  to  the  longitudinal  diame- 
ter of  the  skull. 

Cephalo,  (sef'al-o).  [Gk.  kepMle,  head.]  A 
prefix  meaning  head.  C.  branchiata  = 
Tubicola,  q.v.  C.  thorax=T!he  amalgamated 
head  and  thorax  in  Arachuida  and  Crus- 
tacea. 

Cephalophora,  (sef-al-of'o-ra).  [Gk.  kephale, 
head  ;  phoreo,  I  bear.]  1.  Used  by  De  Blain- 
ville  and  Burmeister  as  a  term  for  Cephalo- 
poda and  Gasteropoda.  2.  A  primary  divi- 
sion of  Mollusca,  also  called  Encephala  and 
Odontophora.  3.  A  plant  belonging  to 
Asteracese. 

Cephalopoda,  (sef-al-op'o-da).  [Gk.  kephale, 
head ;  pous,  foot.]=Cuttle-fishes,  &c.  :  ma- 
rine carnivorous  animals,  forming  the  highest 
division  of  Mollusca,  divided  into  Dibran- 
chiata,  more  highly,  and  Tetrabranofdata, 
less  highly  organised  ;  the  foot  is  developed 
into  long  tentacles,  often  with  suckers. 
Placed  by  M'Leary  between  Vertebrata  and 
Mollusca. 

Cephalotacese,  (sef-al-o-ta'se-e).  [Cephalotus 
the  only  genus.]  Stemlesa  marsh  plants 
found  in  New  Holland. 

Cepheus,  (se'fe-us).  [Classical.]  One  of  the 
northern  constellations. 

Ceramiacese,  (  ser-a-mi-a'se-e  ).  [Ceramium, 
2.v.]=Rose-tangles:  rose-coloured  sea-weeds, 
multiplying  by  tetraspores,  belonging  to 
Algales. 

Ceramium,  (  ser-a'mi-um  ).  [Gk.  keramion, 
pitcher.]:=Rose-tangle:  the  typical  genus  of 
Ceramiaceae. 

Cerargyrite,  (ser-ar'ji-rlt).  [Gk.  keras,  horn; 
Argentum,  <7.v.]=Horn-silver:  an  ore  of  sil- 
ver, chiefly  chloride. 


Cerasin,  (ser'a-sin).  [Cerastis,  <?.v.]=Cherry- 
tree  grim :  chiefly  calcic  metagummate. 

Cerastium,  (se-ras'ti-um).  [Gk.  keras,  horn; 
shape  of  capsule.  ]=Mouse-ear  chickweed:  an 
herb  with  white  flowers,  belonging  to  Caryo- 
phyllaceae. 

Cerasus,  (ser'a-sus).  [L.  cerasum,  cherry. j= 
Cherry:  a  plant,  with  edible  fruit,  belonging 
to  Drupaceae. 

Ceratodermia,  (ser-a-to-der'mi-a).  [Gk.  kerns, 
horn:  derma,  skin.]  De  Blainville's  term 
for  Echinodermata. 

Ceratodus,  (se-rat'o-dus).  Barramunda:  chiefly 
known  by  fossil  teeth;  but  found  alive  in 
Queensland  in  1870:  a  mud-fish,  resembling 
the  Lepidosiren. 

Ceratophyllaceae,  (ser-a-to-fil-la'se-e).  [Cerato- 
phyllum,  Q.v.]=Horn-worts:  water  herbs,  in 
ditches,  belonging  to  Urticales. 

Ceratophyllum,  (ser-a-to-f Il'lum).  [Gk.  keras, 
horn;  phyllon,  leaf. ]= Horn-wort:  the  only 
genus  of  Ceratophyllacese;  named  from  the 
shape  of  the  petals. 

Cercaria,  (ser-ka'ri-a).  [Gk.  kerkos,  tail.]  The 
nurse  form  of  fluke-worms,  found  in  stag- 
nant pools;  larva  of  distoraa. 

Cercocebus,  (ser-ko-se-bus).  [Gk.  kerkos,  tail; 
cebus,  q.v.]  Malbrouck  monkey,  Green  mon- 
key, &c. ;  separated  from  Cercopithecus. 

Cercoleptes,  (  ser-ko-lep'tez ).  [Gk.  kerkos, 
tail;  leptos,  slender.]  Arboreal  plantigrade 
carnivorous  animals,  with  long  flexible  tails; 
found  only  in  Amazonian  forests. 

Cercopithecus,  (ser-ko-pith-e'kus).  [Gk.  ker- 
kos, tail;  pithekos,  ape.]=Greeu  monkey:  a 
small  long-tailed  monkey. 

Cerebellum,  (ser-e-bel'lum).  [The  Latin  word.] 
The  hinder  part  of  the  brain,  above  the 
medulla  oblongata. 

Cerebral,  (ser'e-bral).  [Cerebrum,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  the  brain.  C.  ganglia:  nerve-cen- 
tres in  the  head,  or  near  the  mouth  in  lower 
animals.  C.  hemispheres:  the  upper  portion 
of  the  brain,  which  is  divided  into  two  hemi- 
spheroidal  portions.  C.  nerves:  twelve  pairs 
of  nerves  proceeding  from  the  brain,  to  the 
nose,  eyes,  face,  ears,  tongue,  &c. 

Cerebration,  (ser-e-bra'shun).  [Cerebrum, 
q.v.]  The  influence  of  the  brain  upon  the 
nerves  in  causing  action. 

Cerebric  acid,  (se-reb'rik).  [Cerebrum,  q.v.] 
Impure  protagon,  q.v.;  an  acid  substance 
found  in  the  brain. 

Cerebro-spinal,  (ser-e-br5-spi'nal).  [Cerebrutr» 
and  Spinal,  q.v.]  Related  to  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord.  C.  axis:  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  lying  in  the  cavities  of  the  skull  and 
spinal  column.  C.  centres:  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord,  from  which  the  nerves  proceed. 
C.  system:  the  brain  and  spinal  cord,  with 
the  cerebral  and  spinal  nerves. 

Cerebrum,  (ser'e-brum).  [The  Latin  woi'd.]= 
the  brain:  the  centre  of  consciousness  and 
volition. 

Cerene,  (se'ren).  [L.  cera,  wax.]=Co7H5g= 
Paraffin:  a  hydrocarbon,  obtained  from  wax 
by  distillation. 

Ceres,  (se'rez).  [Classical.]  One  of  the  Aster- 
oids, q.v. 


CEREUS 


73 


CHAMJELAUCIACEJE 


Cereus.  (se're-us).  [L.cereus,  wax-like,  pliant.] 
Plants  belonging  to  Cactaceae. 

Cerin,  (se'rin).  [L.  cera,  wax.]=Cerotic  acid 
=C27Hs40o:  an  acid  obtained  from  wax. 

Cerite,  (se'rit).  [Cerium,  q.v.]  A  silicate  min- 
eral: the  usual  ore  of  cerium. 

Cerite  metals=Cerium,  Lanthanum,  Didy- 
mium,  Yttrium. 

Cerithium,  (se-rith'i-um).  [Gk.  deration,  a 
horn.]  A  gasteropod,  known  by  fossil  remains 
in  Oolitic  rocks. 

Cerium,  (se'ri-um).  [Ceres.]=Ceiv;  one  of  the 
earth  metals,  very  rare;  found  in  cerite. 

Cerolein,  (se'ro-lin).  [L.  cera,  wax.]  A  greasy 
acid  body,  found  in  bees-wax. 

Ceroxylon,  (se-rok'si-lon).  [L.  cera,  wax;  Gk. 
xylon,  wood.]=A  tree  belonging  to  Palnia- 
cese.  C.  andicota=Wax-palm. 

Cerotic  acid,  (se-ro'tik).  [  L.  cera,  wax.]= 
C27H540o;  a  crystalline  acid,  forming  about 
one-quarter  of  bees-wax. 

Cerussite,  (se-rus'sit).  [L.  cerussa.]= White- 
lead  ore:  chiefly  carbonate  of  lead,  PbC03:  a 
mineral  of  the  lead  group. 

Cervidae,  (ser'vi-de).  [Cervus,  fl.v.]=Deer; 
animals  belonging  to  Ruminantia,  the  males 
of  which  have  solid  deciduous  horns. 

Cervus,  (ser'vus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Stag, 
&c.;  the  type  of  Cervidpe,  q.v. 

Cestodes,  (ses-t5'dez).  [Gk.  kestos,  girdle.]  Used 
by  Siebold  for  a  sub-division  of  Helminthes. 

Cestoid,  (ses'fcoid).  [Gk.  kestos,  girdle;  eidos, 
form.]  Tape-like;  resembling  the  tape-worm. 
C.  en(ozo«=Cestoidea,  q.v. 

Cestoidea,  (ses-toi'de-a).  [Gk.  kestos,  girdle; 
eidos,  form.]=Taeniada,  q.v. :  Tape-worms. 

Cestracion=Port-Philip  shark.  A  fish  belong- 
ing to  Cestraphori;  the  only  one  known  to 
be  still  extant. 

Cestraphori,  (ses-trafo-ri).  [Gk.  kestra,  wea- 
pons; phcro,  I  bear.]  Shark-like  fishes,  with 
large  fin-spines,  known  chiefly  by  fossil  re- 
mains ;  named  from  a  number  of  grinding 
teeth. 

Cetacea,  (se-ta'she-a).  [Cetus,  q.v.]  Aquatic 
mammalian  animals,  with  a  fish-like  form, 
with  fin -like  fore -limbs  only,  including 
whalebone  whales,  dolphins,  &c. 

Cetene,  (se-ten').  [L.  cetus,  whale.]=Cetylene 
=  Ci6H32:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon,  obtained 
from  spermaceti. 

Ceteosaurus,  (se-te-o-saw'rtts).  [L.  cetus, whale; 
saurus,  lizard.]  A  very  large  reptile,  70  feet 
long,  possibly  of  terrestrial  habits,  feeding  on 
river-side  vegetation,  remains  of  which  are 
found  in  Oolite  and  Cretaceous  rocks. 

Cetin,  (se'tin).  [L.  celus,  whale.  ]=C32H64O2 
=Pure  spermaceti,  q.v. 

Cetraria,  (se-tra'ri-a).  [L.  c^ra.buckler;  shape 
of  receptacle.]  A  lichen  belonging  to  Par- 
meliacese.  C.  islandica=lcela,ud  moss. 

Cetus,  (se'tus).  [The  Latin  name.]  l.=The 
Whale:  one  of  the  southern  constellations, 
the  chief  stars  of  which  are  Menkar,  Diphda, 
and  Mira  Ceti.  2.=  Whale:  a  large  marine 
animal,  belonging  to  Mammalia;  the  type  of 
Cetacese. 

Cetyl,  (se'til).     [Cetin,  tf.v.]=Ethal,  q.v. 

Cetylic  acid=Palmitic  acid,  q.v. 


Chabazite,  (kab'a-zIt)=Emelinite  :  a  mineral 
of  the  Zeolite  group  ;  a  silicate  of  alumina 
and  lime,  found  in  volcanic  rocks  and 
metallic  veins. 

Chacma=Cynocephalus  porcarius  :  a  baboon 
with  long  muzzle,  living  in  troops  amongst 
rocks. 

Chaerophyllum,  (ke-ro-fil'lum).  [Gk.  chairo, 
to  rejoice  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]=Chervil :  a  plant 
belonging  to  Apiaceae,  named  from  the 
odour  of  its  leaves. 

Chaetodon,  ( ke'to-don ).  [Gk.  chaite,  hair  ; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  fish  with  long  hair-liko 
teeth,  the  body  almost  circular,  and  long 
snout. 

Chaetognatha,  (ke-tog'na-tha).  [Gk.  cJiaite, 
bristle  ;  gnathos,  jaw.]=Sagitta  :  one  genus 
only  :  small  animals,  belonging  to  Annulosa, 
with  transparent  elongated  bodies  and 
rounded  heads. 

Chaetophora,  (ke-tof o-ra).  [Gk.  cJiaite,  bristle ; 
phero,  I  bear.  ]= Earth  worms,  &c.  :  a  sub- 
division of  Annelida. 

Chaetopoda,  (ke-top'o-da).  [Gk.  chaite,  bristle ; 
pous,  foot.]  De  Blainville's  term  for  Anne- 
lides. 

Chaetopodes,  Used  by  Siebold  for  a  sub- 
division of  Annulati. 

Chaffinch,  (chaffinsh).  [Finch,  fl.?>.]=Fringilla 
ccelebs !  a  song-bird. 

ChaiUetiaceaB,(sha-let-i-a'se-e).  [M.  Chaillet.] 
=Chailletiads :  shrubs  and  trees  belonging 
to  Ehamnales. 

Chain,  (chan).  [Catena,  the  Latin  word.]  An 
instrument  for  land  measurement.  Gun- 
ter's  chain  =  66  feet  =  4  perches:  a  square 
chain=^j.  acre.  Ordinary  chain=100  feet. 

Chalcedony,  ( kal-sed'o-ni ).  [The  town  of 
Chalcedon.]  An  amorphous  mineral  sub- 
stance, chiefly  silica. 

Chalcopyrite,  (kal-ko-pi-ri'te)  [Gk.  cJialko*, 
copper  ;  Pyrites,  q.v.]= Copper  pyrites  :  one 
of  the  copper  group  of  minerals,  with  tetra- 
gonal crystallization,  chiefly  sulphide  of 
copper  and  iron,  the  common  ore  of  copper. 

Chalcocite,  (kallio-sit).  [Gk.  chalkos,  copper.] 
One  of  the  minerals  of  the  copper  group, 
crystallising  in  rhombs,  chiefly  sub-sulphide 
of  copper,  CuoS  :  a  valuable  ore  of  copper. 

Chalk,  (chawk).  [Cealc,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=  Upper  Cretaceous :  beds  of  enormous 
extent  and  thickness,  the  highest  of  the 
Secondary  series.  An  earth  consisting  chiefly 
of  minute  shells.  White  C.  =Pure  carbonate 
of  lime.  C.  stones :  white  concretions,  chiefly 
of  sodium  and  uric  acid. 

Chalybeate  waters,  (ka-lib'e-at).  [Chalyps, 
q.v.]  Water  containing  salts  of  iron  in 
solution,  as  at  Tunbridge,  Harrogate,  &c. 

Chalybite,  (kal'i-bit).  [Chalyps,  q.v.]  One 
of  the  iron  group  of  minerals,  crystallising 
in  hexagons,  chiefly  carbonate  of  iron. 

Chalyps,  (kal'ips).  An  old  name  for  steel, 
derived  from  the  Chalybes,  a  people  living 
near  the  Black  Sea,  the  first  smelters  of  iron. 

Chamselauciacese,  (  cha  -  m5  -  law  -  si  -  u'se-e  ). 
[Gk.  chamai,  dwarf;  Zcme/iis,poplar.]=Fringe 
myrtles  :  fragrant  bushes  belonging  to  Myr- 
tales. 


CHAMECK 


74 


CHEMICAL 


Chameck,    A  spider 

monkey,   v.  Ateles. 
Chameleon,(ka-mel'- 

yun).     [The  Latin 

name.]    A  sluggish 

lizard-like   reptile, 

found    in    Africa, 

with  a   prehensile 

tail,  and  a  vermi- 
form extensile  ton- 
gue, feeds  chiefly 

on  insects. 
Chamois,  (sham'waw). 

l.=Rupicapra  tragus: 

an     antelope,      found 

chiefly  in  the  Alps.     L>. 

The  soft   leather  pre- 
pared from  its  skin. 
Chamomile,  (kam'o-mil). 

[Cor.  of  Chamomilla.] 

=Anthemis  nobilis :  a 

plant  belonging  to  As- 

teracese.    Corn  C.=An- 

thernis  aryensis.     Wild  Chamois. 

C.=Matricaria  chamomilla. 
Chancel,  (chan'sel).    [ L.  cancelli,  lattice-work.] 

The  part  of  a  church  in  which  the  altur  is 

placed,  also  used  for  any  portion  of  a  church 

which  is   parted  off  for  usa   as  a  private 

chapel. 

Chandelier  tree=Pandanus  candelabrum  :  a 
I  tree  with  widely-spread  branches  terminating 

in  bunches  of  leaves. 
Channels,  (chan'nelz).      [P.  canal,  pipe].= 

Chains :   planks  to  which  the  shrouds  aro 

fastened. 

Chaph=/3  Cassiopeia}  '.  a  star. 
Chaptrel,  (chap'trel).  [Ckapiteau,  the  French 

word.]  The  capital  or  head  of 

a  pillar  supporting  one  side  of 

an  arch. 
Chara,  (ka'ra).     1.  An  aquatic 

plant,  fossil  remains  of  which 

are  common  in  fresh  water 

strata.     2.  Equisetum  fluvia- 

tile.  3.  One  of  the  hunter's 
'  dogs.  v.  Asterion  and  Chara. 
Charaoeee,  (ka-ru'se-e).  [Chara, 

q.v.  ]  =  Charads  :    submerged        "*^T^Uf 

plants  growing  erect,  belong-       ChaptreL 

ing  to  Algales,  also  considered  as  forming  a 

primary  division  of  plants. 
Characteristic,     The  integral  part  of  a  loga- 
rithm. 
Charadriadae,  (kar-a-diTa-de).      [Charadrius, 

q.v.}     A  family  of  wading  birds,  including 

the  Plover,  Lapwing,  &c. 
Charadrius,  (ka-rii'dri-us).    [The  Latin  name. ] 

= Plover :  a  wading  bird. 
Charcas.    An  American  race. 
Charcoal,    ( char^kol  )  =  Amorphous   carbon. 
Wood  C. :  obtained  by  heating  wood,  so  as 

to  eliminate  all  its  gaseous  and  liquid  con- 
stituents.   Animal  C.  =Ivory  black,  obtained 

by  heating  bones. 
Charioteer= Auriga,  q.v. 
Charles's  Wain=.Great  Bear=Ursa  Major,  q.  v. 
Charlock,  (char'lok)=Brassica  8inapistrum= 

Siuapis  tUrensis, 


Chase,  (chas).  The  fore  part  of  a  gun, 
between  the  trunnions  and  the  muzzle. 

Chasmorhynchus.     v.  Bell-bird. 

Chaucas.    An  American  race. 

Chebeck=Zebeck,  q.v. 

Cheekpouches.  In  the  faces  of  some  monkeys, 
especially  in  Cynopithecinaj ;  none  in  Cebidaa 
or  Lemuroidea. 

Cheese,  (chez).  [Cese,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Soli- 
dified curd  of  milk. 

Cheese-mite=Acarus  domesticus :  a  minute 
spider-like  animal. 

Cheilostomata,  ( kil-os-tom'a-ta ).  Marine 
Polyzoa,  belonging  to  Gymnoljemata. 

Cheiranthus,  (kir-anth'us).  [Gk.  cheir,  hand  ; 
antkos,  flower.  ]= Wall-flower  :  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Brassicacere. 

Cheirogaleus.  A  half-ape,  known  only  in 
Madagascar. 

Cheiromys,  (ki'ro-mis)  =  Sciurus  Madagas- 
cariensis=Aye,  aye,  q.v.  i 

Cheiropoda,  (ki-rop'o-da).  [Gk.  eJieir,  hand  : 
;>OHS,  foot.]  =  Bimana,  Quadrumana,  and 
Pedimania:  animals  having  hands  and  oppo- 
sable  thumbs. 

Cheiroptera,  (ki-rop'tor-a).  [Gk.  cheir,  hand : 
pteron,  wing.]=R-vts  :  animals  belonging  to 
Mammalia,  marked  by  the  fore  limbs  being 
longer  than  the  hind  ones,  and  buini,' joined  to 
the  body  by  a  wing-like  expansion  of  the  skin. 

Cheirotherium,  (ki-ro-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  clmir, 
li:ind;  t/ierion,  l>east.]=Hand-beast:  an  ani- 
mal belonging  probably  to  either  Batrachia 
or  Marsupiala,  footprints  only  of  which,  re- 
sembling impressions  of  a  hand,  are  found  in 
Lower  Trias. 

Chela,  (kela).  [Gk.  cM*,  c!aw.]=Nipping- 
claws:  prehensile  limb -terminations  in 
lobsters,  crabs,  &c. 

Chelae,  (kC-le).     Plural  of  chela,  q.v. 

Chelate,  (ke'lfvt).   [Chela,  q. v.]  Having  chela?. 

Chelicerae,  (kG-lis'e-rC).  [Gk.  chele,  claw;  Iceras, 
horn.  ]  The  pincers  in  which  the  mandibles, 
or  antennse,  of  the  scorpion  terminate. 

Chelidonium,  (kel-i-do'ni-um).  [Gk.  chelidon, 
B\vallow.]=Celaudiue:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Papavej 

Chelifer,  (kO'Ji-fer).  [Gk.  chele,  claw;  pl>creo, 
I  cany.  ]=Book  scorpion  :  small  scorpion- 
like  animals,  belonging  to  Arachnida. 

Cbelonese,  (ke-16'ne-e).  [Gk.  clielone,  tortoise.] 
Plants  belonging  to  Scrophulariacese. 

Chelonia,  (ke-16'ni-a).  [Gk.  clielone,  tortoise.] 
=Tortoises  and  Turtles:  reptiles  having  a 
bony  exoskeleton,  and  also  horny  plates, 
formed  from  the  epidermis,  called  tortoise- 
shell. 

Chelonidae,  (ke-lo'ni-dS)=Tiger-moths:  insects 
belonging  to  Lepidoptera. 

Chemical,  (kem'i-kal).  [Chemistry,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  chemistry.  C.  affinity:  the  attrac- 
tion between  unlike  substances,  which  acts 
only  when  they  are  in  contact,  or  very  nearly 
so.  C.  analysis:  the  decomposition  of  com- 
pound substances  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining their  constituents.  C.  combination: 
the  intimate  union  of  two  substances  to  form 
a  third,  usually  accompanied  by  sensible 
heat.  C.  equivalents:  the  relative  amounts 


CHEMISTRY 


CHLORACETIC 


of  two  substances  which  will  combine  with 
any  given  quantity  of  another  substance.  C. 
formula:  the  symbolic  expressions  of  chemi- 
cal composition,  as  H2O  for  water,  &c.  C. 
harmonicon:  musical  notes  produced  by  burn- 
ing a  stream  of  hydrogen  in  a  series  of  open 
tubes  of  different  diameters.  C.  hygrometer: 
v.  Hygrometer.  C.  nomenclature:  v.  Tables. 

Chemistry,  (kem'is-tri).  [Copt.c/iemia.hidden.] 
The  science  of  the  nature  of  elementary  sub- 
stances, and  the  laws  which  govern  their 
combination. 

Chenopodales,  (  ken-op-o-da'lez  ).  [Chenopo- 
dium,  q.v.]  A  primary  division  of  Hypo- 
gy  nous  Exogens. 

Chenopodiaceae,  (ken-o-pod-i-a'se-e).  [Cheno- 
podium,  g.v.]=Beet,  spinage,  &c.  :  herbs  and 
shrubs,  the  type  of  Chenopodales. 

Chenopodium,  (ken-o-pod'i-um).  [Gk.  chen, 
goose;  pous,  foot.]=Goosefoot:  the  typical 
genus  of  Chenopodiacese. 

Cherry,  (cher'ri).  [Cerasus,  the  Latin  word.] 
=Cerasus:  a  plant  belonging  to  Primus. 

Chert,  (chert).  [Welsh,  cellt,  flintstoue.]  A 
compound  of  flint  and  limestone. 

Chervil,  (clier/vil)=Chseropbyllum;  also=An- 
thriscus  cerefolium. 

Chessylite,  (ches'si-ITt)—  Azurite:  one  of  the 
copper  group  of  minerals,  resembling  mala- 
chite, with  oblique  crystallization;  used  as  a 
copper  ore. 

Chestnut,  (chest'nut).  [Castanea,  the  Latin 
name.]=Castanea:  a  tree  belonging  to  Cory- 
laceae.  Sweet  C.  =  Castanea.  Horse  C.— 


Chetodon=Chaetodon,  q.v. 

Chevron  bones,  (shev'rou).  [F.  chevron,  rafter.] 

Arched  bones,  branching  from  the  vertebral 

column. 
Chevrotain,  (shev'ro-tan).  [The  French  name.] 

=Mosclms  Javonicus:  a  variety  of  the  Musk- 

deer;  belongs  to  Iluminantia. 
Chiaroscuro,   (ke-a-ro-sk66'ro).      [It.  chiaro, 

light;   oscv.ro,  dark.]     The  distribution  of 

light  and  dark  colours  in  paintings. 
Chiasma,  (ki-as'ma).     [Gk.  chiasma,  a  cross- 

ing.]   A  crossing  of  two  portions  of  the  optic 

nerve. 
Chiastolite,     (  ki-ns'to-llt  ).       [Gk.    chiaxtos, 

crossed;  lithos,  stone.]     A  softer  variety  of 

Andalusite  ;  named  from  the  crystals  usually 

being    imbedded    in    slate,  so  as    to  form 

crosses. 
Chick,  (chik).     [The  sound  it  makes.]    The 

young  of  domestic  poultry. 
Chickweed,  (chik'  weed).  =Stellaria  media:  an 

herb  belonging  to  Caryophyllacese. 
Chicory,  (chik'o-ri).      [Cichorium,  the  Latin 

name.]=Cichorium:  an  hejrb   belonging  to 

Asteraceaj. 
Chigoe=Puiex  penetrans:  an  American  flea- 

like  insect. 
Chills,  (chils).  Moulds  of  metal  in  which  iron 

is  cast. 
Chillesford  beds.   [Chillesford,  in  Suffolk.]  v. 

Aldeby  beds.      , 
Chilognatha,  (kl-log'na-tha).    [Gk.cJieilos,  lip: 

gnathos,  jaw.]=Diplopoda=Millipede3:  ani- 

mals belonging  to  Myriapoda. 


Chilopoda,  (ki-lop'o-da).  [Gk.  cheilos,  lip; 
pous,  foot.]=Syngnatha=Centipedes:  a  divi- 
sion of  Myriapoda  :  carnivorous  worm-like 
animals,  with  broad  depressed  body  seg- 
ments, each  with  a  pair  of  limbs. 

Chimsera,  (ki-me'ra).  [Gk.  chimaira,  mon- 
ster.] l.=Holocephali:  a  shark-like  fish.  2. 
A  division  of  Infusoria. 

Chimpanzee,  (chim-pan'ze)=Troglodytes:  one 
of  the  anthropoid  apes, 
having  long  anus,  large 
thumbs,  and  a  wrinkled 
face;  found  in  Africa. 

China,  (chi'na).  C.  clay 
—Kaolin,  q.v.:  a  mine- 
ral substance,  chiefly 
silicate  of  alumina.  C. 
aster  =  Callistema :  (7. 
6ari=Buenahexandra: 
C.  rose=Hibiscus  rosa 
sinensis.  Chimpanzee. 

Chinchilla,  (chin-chilla).  [The  Spanish  name.] 
A  squirrel-like  animal.belongingto  Ilodentia. 

Chine,  (chin).  In  ships,  the  hollowed  part  of 
the  water-way,  above  deck. 

Chinese,  (chi-nez').  C.  c/<en-y=Prunus  pseudo- 
cerasus.  C.  cj-o6=Pyrus  spectabilis.  C.  iti- 
d(V/o=Isatis  indigotica.  C.  s<oHes=Aga]iiia- 
tolite,  q.v.  C.  fj'ee=Pceonia  inoutan.  O. 
wax,  l.=Ci54Hio8O2:  obtained  from  bees- wax; 
2.  A  secretion  from  a  tree  grown  in  China. 
C.  winciias*=Differential  screw,  q.v. 

Chioties.  A  succulent  climbing  plant  of  Mexi- 
co, with  a  pearl-like  fruit. 

Chironectes,  (ki-ro-nek'tez).  1.  =  Yapock=Di- 
delphis  palmata:  a  semi-aquatic  opossum, 
with  webbed  feet.  2.=Cheironectes=Frog- 


Chirotes,  (ki'ro-tes).  A  small  lizard,  having 
front  limbs  only,  belonging  to  Lacertilia; 
found  in  Mexico. 

Chitin,  (  ki-tin  ).  [  Gk.  chiton,  mantle.  ]= 
C^Hos^Ou:  a  horny  substance  forming  the 
covering  of  many  insects  and  crustaceans. 

Chiton,  (ki'ton).  A  molluscous  animal,  with 
multivalve  shell,  belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 

Chives,  (chlvz).  [Gives,  the  French  name.]= 
Allium  schoenoprasama:  an  herb  belonging 
to  Liliaceae. 

Chladni,  Professor,  of  Germany,  C.  figures; 
regular  figures,  formed  by  fine  sand  strewn, 
on  vibrating  plates  or  membranes.  C.  plates: 
of  glass  or  metal,  of  various  regular  forms. 
C.  tonometer;  a  vibrating  strip  of  metal,  by 
which  the  number  of  vibrations  required  to 
produce  a  given  note  is  ascertained. 

Chlsenaceae,  (klg-mYse-e)=Chlenads :  shrubs 
and  trees  of  Madagascar,  with  showy  red 
flowers,  belonging  to  Gerauiales;  found  only 
in  Madagascar. 

Chloanthite,  (klo-an'thit)=White  nickel;  a 
mineral  of  the  nickel  group,  crystallising  in 
cubes,  chiefly  arseniate  of  nickel;  NiAs2. 

Chlora,  (klo'ra).  [Gk.  chloros,  green.]=Yel- 
low-wort= Yellow  centaury:  an  herb  belong- 
ing to  Gentianacese. 

Chloracetic  acid,  (klo-ra-se'tik).  [Chlorine  and 
acetic  acid,  q.v.]= Acts  tic  acid,  in  which  3H 
is  replaced  by  3C1. 


CHLORAL 


76 


CHOKOID 


Chloral,  (Moral).  [Chlorine  and  a?cohol.]= 
CoCl3HO:  an  oily  fluid,  which  solidifies  into 
a  white  solid.  C.  Aydra^=C2HCl3O.H2O:  a 
narcotic  which  reduces  animal  temperature, 
and  also  induces  hypersesthesia. 

Chloraniline,  (klo-ran'i-lm).  [Chlorine  and 
aniline,  g.?'.]=C(jHgClN2=Aniline  in  which 
one  atom  of  hydrogen  is  exchanged  for  chlo- 
rine. 

Chloranthacese,  (klo-rau-tha'se-e).  [Chloran- 
thus,  q.v.  ]=Chlorantha :  tropical  aromatic 
herbs  and  shrubs  with  jointed  stems,  belong- 
ing to  Piperales. 

Chloranthus,  ( k!5-ran'thus ).  [Gk.  chloros, 
green;  anthos,  flower.]  The  typical  genus  of 
Chloranthacete. 

Chlorates,  (klo'rats).  [Chloric  acid,  q.v.]= 
M'C1O3  :  monobasic  salts,  formed  by  chloric 
acid  combined  with  bases. 

Chlorhydric,  (klor-hi'drik)=Hydrochloric,  q.v, 

Chlorhydrin,  (klor-hi'drin).  C3H7C1O2:  an 
ether  obtained  by  acting  on  glycerin  with 
hydrochloric  acid. 

Chloric  acid,  (klo'ric).  [Chlorine,  q.v.]=U.y- 
dric  chlorate=HC103:  a  liquid,  faintly  odor- 
ous, and  powerfully  acid,  which  is  decom- 
posed by  light. 

Chlorides,  (klo'rulz).  [Chlorine,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  chlorine  with  other  substances. 
Cl.  of  N.:  a  liquid  which  is  very  explosive 
when  heated,  or  in  contact  with  combustible 
substances  =  HC12N.C13N.  Of.  of  Hg=l. 
Calomel=Hg2Cl2.  2.  Corrosive  sublimate= 
HgClo.  CL  of  Na=Comn\on  salt=NaCl= 
Muriate  of  soda:  an  antiseptic  crystalline 
substance  found  in  the  earth,  and  also  dis- 
solved in  sea- water. 

Chlorimetry,  (klo-rim'e-tri).  [Chlorine,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  The  estimation  of 
the  amount  of  chlorine  present  in  a  com- 
pound. 

Chlorination,  (klo-rin-ii'shun).  A  method  of 
extracting  gold  and  silver  from  the  ore  by 
conversion  into  chlorides,  which  are  after- 
wards decomposed. 

Chlorine,  (klo'rin).  [Gk.  chloros,  green. ]=C1': 
one  of  the  Halogens ;  formerly  called  oxy- 
muriatic  acid.  A  heavy,  transparent,  green- 
ish gas,  with  a  strong  irritating  odour,  re- 
sembling oxygen  in  its  character;  much  used 
for  its  properties  of  bleaching  and  disinfecting. 

Chloripdoform,  (klo-ri-od'o-form).  [Chlorine 
and  iodoforni,  ^.v.J^CoHCloI  '•  an  aromatic 
liquid,  a  compound  of  chlorine  and  iodoform. 

Chorisathyd,  (klo'ris-a-thid).  [Chlorine  and 
m<i/iycZ,<?.vO=C8H5ClN02:=Isathyd, in  which 
one  equivalent  of  hydrogen,  is  replaced  by  one 
of  chlorine. 

Chlorisatin  =  C8H4C1N02.  A  crystallisable 
substance,  obtained  by  the  action  of  chlorine 
upon  indigo. 

Chlorite,  (k!5-rlt).  [Chlorine,  <7.r.]=Peach :  a 
mineral  of  the  mica  group,  a  silicate  of 
magnesia,  alumina,  and  iron  ;  usually  green. 

Chlorites,  (klo'rltz).  [Chlorine,  <p.]=M'G102 : 
compounds  of  chlorous  acid  with  bases. 

Chloritic  series,  (klo-rit'ik).  [Chlorine,  q.v.] 
=Upper  Greensand  :  beds  belonging  to  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  series. 


Chloroform,  (  klo'ro-form  ).  [Chlorine  and 
formyl,  2.v.]=Trichloride  of  formyl=CHC!3: 
an  odorous  volatile  Liquid,  much  used  as  an 
anaesthetic. 

Chlorophane,  (klo'ro-fan).  [Gk.  chloros,  green; 
and  phaino,  I  shine.]  A  massive  variety  of 
fluor-spar,  which,  when  heated,  is  phosphor- 
escent. 

Chlorophyll,  (klo'ro-fil).  [Gk.  chloros,  green  ; 
phyllon,  leaf.]  A  colouring  matter  in  leaves 
of  plants,  yellow  in  the  leaf,  becomes  green 
when  exposed  to  light. 

Chlorous  acid,  (klo'rus).  [Chlorine,  q.v.]= 
HClO2=Hydric  chlorite  :  an  acid,  the  salts 
of  which  are  chlorites. 

Chloroxylon,  (klor-ok'si-lon).  [Gk.  chloros, 
green  ;  xylon,  wood.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Cedrelaceee. 

Chocolate,  (chok'o-lat).  [A  corruption  of  the 
Mexican  name.]  The  nuts  of  Theobroma 
Cacao  roasted  and  ground. 

Choetognatha,  (ke-tog'nath-a)=Sagitta :  small 
transparent  marine  animals,  belonging  to 
Annulosa. 

Choke-damp,  Carbonic  acid  when  accumu- 
lated in  mines,  &c. 

Cholepyrrhin,  (ko-le-pi'rin  )=Biliphsein :  an 
amide  of  biliverdin ;  the  brown  colouring 
matter  of  the  bile. 

Cholesteric  acid,  (ko-les'ter-ik).  [Cholesterin, 
§.v.]=CgH]o05:  a  solid"  resinous  acid  sub- 
stance obtained  from  cholesterin. 

Cholesterin  (ko-les'tfjr-in).  [Gk.  cholc,  bile  ; 
stear,  suet.]r=C2gH440  :  a  fatty  crystalline 
substance  found  in  the  bile  and  also  in 
blood. 

Chondrin,  (kon'drin). "  [Gk.  chondros,  cartil- 
age.] A  gelatinous  liquid  obtained  from 
cartilage. 

Chondrostei,  (kon-dros'te-i).  "  [Gk.  chondros, 
cartilage.]  Used  by  Siebold  for  a  sub- 
division of  fishes. 

Chondropterygii,  (kon-drop-ter-ij'i-i).  '[Gk.' 
chondros,  cai'tilage  ;  pteri/x,  fin. ]= Cartilagi- 
nous fishes. 

Chord,  (kord).     [Cliorda,  the    Latin  name.] 
1.   A  straight  line  joining 
two  points  of  a  circle.     2. 
Used     generally    for    any 
stretched  string,  especially 
of   a  musical  instrument.  [A 
3.  An  harmonious  combi- 
nation of  musical  tones. 

Chorda,  (kor'da).    [The  Latin 
word.]     Used  for  cord-liko 
nerves  or  muscles.     C.  dor-          Chord. 
sa£ts=Notochord,  q.v.     C.  tendinccc  :  strong 
fine  tendons  closing  the  valves  in  the  heart. 
C.  tympani:  a  sub-division,  of  the  seventh 
or  facial  nerve. 

Chorion,  (  kor'i-on  ).  [  Gk.  chorion,  skin.  ] 
The  membrane  in  which  a  vertebrate  foetus 
is  enclosed,  which  develops  into  the  placenta. 

Chorisis,  (ko'ris-is).  [Gk.  choriso,  I  separate.] 
The  separation  of  an  organ  into  two  or  more, 
as  of  a  leaf  into  leaflets. 

Choroid,  (ko'roid).  [Chorion,  q.v. ;  Gk.  cidos, 
form.]  Resembling  the  chorion  in  character. 
C.  coat :  a  vascular  membrane,  black  on  tha 


CHOUGH 


77 


CINCHONACE.E 


inner  side,  lining  the  sclerotic  portion  of 
the  eyeball.     C.  plexus  :  the  vascular  mar- 
gins of  the  vellum  of  the  brain. 
Chough,  (chuf).     A  variety  of  the  crow. 
Christmas  rose=Helleborus  niger. 

Christopher,  Herb=Actat3a,  q.v. 

Chromates,  (kro'matz).  [Gk.  chroma,  colour.  1 
=M'2Cr04  :  salts  formed  by  combination,  of 
chromic  acid  and  bases. 

Chromatic,  (kro-mat'ik).  [Ckromaticus,  the 
Latin  word.]  Relating  to  colour.  C.  aber- 
ration :  the  formation  of  images  having  the 
edges  tinged  with  colours,  owing  to  the 
refraction  of  the  light  passing  through  lenses. 
C.  scale  ;  a  series  of  thirteen  notes,  including 
the  two  notes  forming  an  octave  and  the 
intermediate  tones  and  semitones. 

Chromatophores,  ( kro-mat'o-forz ).  [  Gk. 
chroma,  colour;  phoreo,  I  carry.]  Small  pig- 
ment sacs,  especially  those  in  cuttle  fishes. 

Chrome,  (krom).  [Chromium,  q.v.]  An  old 
name  for  chromium  ore.  C.  ironstone=Fe 
OCro03  :  the  chief  ore  of  chromium.  C. 
2/e«07/7=PbCrO4=Chromate  of  lead. 

Chromic  acid,  (kro'mik).  [Chromium,  q.r.] 
l.=H2CrO4:  a  deliquescent  solid.  2.=Cr03: 
now  called  chromic  anhydride. 

Chromite,  (kro'mit).  [Chromium,  q.v.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  oxide  of  chromium :  an 
ore  of  iron. 

Chromium,  ( kro'mi-um  ).  [  Gk.  chroma, 
colour.]=Cr"  :  one  of  the  iron-like  metals: 
rare,  used  as  a  dye  material.. 

Chromosphere,  (kro'mo-sfer).  [Gk.  chroma, 
colour ;  sphaira,  sphere.]  The  gaseous 
envelope  of  the  sun. 

Chronometer,  (kro-nom'e-ter),  [Gk.  chronos, 
time;  metron,  measure.]  1.  Any  instru- 
ment which  measures  the  lapse  of  time.  2. 
An  instrument  used,  chiefly  on  shipboard, 
to  indicate  the  exact  time  at  some  giveu 
place. 

Chronoscope,  (kron'o-skop).  [Gk.  chronos, 
time;  scopeo,  I  see.]  An  apparatus  for  mea- 
surement of  the  velocity  of  projectiles  and 
falling  bodies. 

Chroococcaceae,  (  kro-o-kok-a'se-e  ).  A  sub- 
division of  Algae,  comprising  those  which 
bear  the  lichen  fungi. 

Chrysalides.     Plural  of  Chrysalis,  q.v. 

Chrysalis,  (kris'a-lis).  [Gk.  chrysos,  gold.]= 
=Nyiuph=Pupa :  in  holo- 
metabolic  insects,  the  inter- 
mediate state  between  the 
larva  and  perfect  insect, 
often  gold  coloured. 

Chrysanthemum,    ( kris-an'-        Chrysalis. 
the-mum).      [Gk.  chrysos,  gold;   anthemon, 
flower.]  Corn-marigold,  &c. :  herbs  belonging 
to  Asteracete. 

Chrysene,  (kri'sen).  [Gk.  chryseos,  yellow.] 
=C18H12-  A  yellow  crystalline  substance 
obtained  from  coal-tar. 

Chrysobalanaceae,  (  kris -o - bal -an- a'se -  e  ). 
[Chrysobalanus,  9.v.]=Chrysobalans:  tropi- 
cal trees  and  shrubs  belonging  to  Resales. 

Chrysobalanus,  (kris-o-bal'a-nus).  [Gk.  chry- 
sos, gold;  balanos,  acorn.]— Cocoa-plum:  the 
typical  genus  of  Chrysobalanaceae. 


Chrysoberyl,  (  kris'ob-e-ril ).  [Gk.  chrysos, 
gold ;  beryllos,  beryl.]  A  mineral,  chiefly 
alumina  and  glucina. 

Chrysocolla,  (kris'o-kol-la).  [Gk.ekrytpt,  gold.] 
One  of  the  copper  group  of  minerals,  amor- 
phous, chiefly  silicate  of  copper,  somewhat 
resembling  malachite. 

Chrysolite,  (kris'o-lit).  [Gk.  cJirysos,  gold: 
lithos,  stone.]=Peridot :  a  fine  variety  of 
Olivine,  of  gold-green  colour. 

Chrysophyll,  (kris'o-fil).  [Gk.  cJirysos,  gold; 
phyllon,  leaf.]  A  golden  colouring  matter 
found  in  leaves. 

Chub,  (chub)=Leuciscus  cephalus:  a  fish  be- 
longing to  Cyprinidfe. 

Churchyard  beetler=Blaps  mortisaga. 

Chylaqueous  fluid,  (ki-lak'we-us).  [Chyle,  q.v,] 
A  liquid  filling  the  body  cavity  of  Asterias,&c. 

Chyle,  (kil).  [Gk.  cliylos,  juice. ]= Lymph: 
modified  food:  an  alkaline  milky  fluid  which 
passes  through  the  intestines,  during  which 
passage  the  nutritious  portions  of  it  are  ab- 
sorbed by  the  walls  of  the  intestines. 

Chyme,  (kim).  [Gk.  chymos,  juice.]  The 
food  after  digestion  in  the  stomach,  which 
passes  into  the  intestines  in  the  form  of  a 
thick  acid  fluid. 

Cicada,  (si-ka'tia).  [The  Latin  name.]  An 
insect  belonging  to  Hemiptera. 

Cicatricula,  (sik-a-trik'u-la).  [L.  cicatrix, 
scar. ]= Tread:  an  opaque  spot  oil  the  surface 
of  a  yelk. 

Cicely=Myrrhis:  a  plant  belonging  to  Apia- 
cese. 

Cichoracese,  (sik-o-ril'se-e).  [Cichorium,  chi- 
cory.] Lettuce,  chicory,  &c. :  a  sub-division 
of  Asteracea?. 

Ciconia,  (si-k5'ni-a),  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Stork:  a  marsh  bird,  with  long  legs  and  bill, 
belonging  to  Grallatores. 

Cicuta,  (si-ku'ta).  [The  Latin  name.]:='W'ater- 
hemlock,  &c. :  an  herb  belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Cigana=0pisthocomus  cristatus ;  a  gallina- 
ceous bird  of  Brazil. 

Cilia,  (sil'i-a).  [L.  cilium,  eyelid.]  Small 
filaments  on  the  surface  of  epithelial  cells, 
often  the  means  of  locomotion  in  the  lower 
animals. 

Ciliary,  (sil'i-a-ri).  [Cilia,  q.v.]  Filamentary. 
C.  lif/ament:  in  the  eye,  connecting  the  iris 
and  capsule.  C,  muscle:  attached  to  the 
ehoroid  of  the  eye.  C.  processes:  the  ante- 
rior termination  of  the  ehoroid. 

Ciliati,  (sil-i-a'ti).  [Cilia,  q.v.]  1.  Leuckart'a 
term  for  Bryozoa  and  Rotiferi ,  considered  as 
a  division  of  Vermes.  2.  A  division  of  In- 
fusoria, having  abundance  of  vibratile  cilia. 

Cimex,  (si'meks).  [The  Latin  name.]=Bug; 
an  insect  belonging  to  Hemiptera. 

Cimicifuga,  (si-mi-sifu-ga).  [L.  cimex,  bug: 
fugo,  I  drive  away.]  =  Bug-wort  :  a  foetid 
plant  belonging  to  Ranunculacese. 

Cinchona,  (sin-ko'na).  [Countess  of  Cinchon. 
Or  Quinquina,  the  native  name.]  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  Cinchonacesc:  the  bark  is  much 
used  in  medicine,  v.  Quinine. 

Cinchonacese,  (sin-ko-na'se-e).  [Cinchona,  q.v.] 
=Cinchonads:  tropical  herbs,  shrubs,  and 
trees  belonging  to  Cinchonales. 


CINCHONALES 


78 


CLADOCOKA 


Cinchonales,  (sin-ko-na'lez).  [Cinchona,  q.v.] 
Dichlamydeous  monopetalous  plants,  having 
a  minute  embryo  and  much  albumen,  form- 
ing a  division  of  Epigyuous  Exogeus. 

Cinchonia,  (sin-k5'ni-a).  [Cinchona,  Q.V.]  — 
C2oHo4NoO:  an  alkaloid  nitrile  crystalline 
base,  "found  in  cinchona  bark. 

Cinchonicine,  (sin-ko'ni-sm).  [Cinchona,  q.v.] 
— C2oH24N2O :  an  alkaloid  base  obtained 
from  cinchonine. 

Cinchonidine,  (sin-ko'ni-din).  [Cinchona",  q.v.] 
r=CooH24N20 :  an  alkaloid  base  obtained  from 
cinchona  bark. 

Cinder-bed.  A  thick  stratum  in  Upper  Oolite, 
chiefly  of  shells  resembling  those  of  the 
oyster. 

Cinematics^  Kinematics,  q.v. 

Cinnabar,  (sin'na-bur).  [Cinnabaris,  the  Latin 
narne.]=:Mercuric  sulphide=HgS:  the  most 
common  ore  of  mercury;  crystallises  in  hex- 
agons. C.moth— Callimorpha  Jacobese. 

Cinnaraic  acid,  (siri'na-mik).  [Cinnamon,  q.v.} 
=CgH802 :  a  crystalline  acid  substance  found 
in  some  balsams. 

Cinnamide,(sin'na-mid).  [Cinnamyland  amide, 
q.v.  ]— CgHgON  :  ammonia  in  which  one 
equivalent  of  hydrogen  has  been  replaced  by 
one  of  cinnamyl. 

Cinnamol,  (sin'na-mol).  [Cinnamon,  q.v.]= 
C8H8=Styrolene  =  Styrol :  a  hydrocarbon 
found  in  cinnamic  acid. 

Cinnamon,  (  sin'na-mun  ).  [Kinamomon,  the 
Greek  name.]=Cinnamomum  :  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Lauraceso.  C.,  oil  o/^CgHgO : 
chiefly  cinnamyl  hydride  :  a  fragrant  oily 
substance.  C.  stone  ;  a  variety  of  garnet. 

Cinnamyl,  (sin'na-mil).  [Cinnamon,  q.v.]=i 
C9H7O  :  the  radicle  of  cinnamon. 

Cinquefoil,  (  singk'foil  ).  [  F.  cinque,  five  ; 
feuilie,  leaf.]=Poteutilla  :  a  plant  belonging 
to  Rosaceae. 

Cipoline,  (sip'o-lin).  A  variety  of  marble 
containing  talcose  schist. 

Circsea,  (  ser-se'a  ).  [  Circe.  ]  =  Enchanter's 
Nightshade :  named  from  the  hooks  on  the 
fruit  which  catch  anything  near  it ;  a  plant 
belonging  to  Ouagraue;o. 

Circaeacese,  (ser-se-ii'se-e).  [Circsea,  q.v.]= 
Onagracecc. 

Circe,  (ser'se).  [Classical.]  One  of  the 
Asteroids. 

Circle,  (ser'kl).  [L.  circulus,  a  small  circle.] 
A  figure  bounded  by  a  line  which  is  at  all 
points  of  it  the  same  distance  from  the 
centre  of  the  figure. 

Circulation,  (ser-ku-lii'shun).  [L.  circuhia, 
circle].  Greater  (7.  =Systemic  C.  Lesser  C. 
=:Pulnionary  C. 

Circulative  animals,  Oken's  term  for  Mol- 
lusca. 

Cirri,  (sir'ri).  [L.  cirrus,  a  curl.]  Twining 
appendages,  tendrils,  &c. 

Cirripedia,  (sir-ri-ped'i-a).  [Cirri,  q.v. ;  L.  pes, 
foot.]=Acorn  shells  and  barnaoles  :  between 
Annulosa  and  Radiata  ;  Crustacean  animals 
of  which,  some  of  the  legs  are  cirrous,  a  sub- 
division qf  Pectostraca. 

Cirro-cumulus,  (sir-ro-kum'u-lus).  [Cirrus 
and  Cumulus,  §,v.  ]  The  name  given  to 


clouds  of  a  kind  between  the   cirrus  and 

cumulus,  having  a  resemblance  to  the  scales 

of  mackerel. 
Cirrostomi,  (sir-ros'to-mi).     [Cirrus,  q.v.  ;  and 

Gk.  stoma,  mouth.]    Owen's  term  for  the 

Lancelot,  q.v. 
Cirro-stratus,   (sir-ro-stra'tus).      [Cirrus  and 

Stratus,  q.v.]     Clouds  intermediate  between 

the  cirrus  and  stratus. 
Cirrus,  (sir'rus).     [L.  cirrus,  curl.]     1.  Small 

light  clouds,  usually  high  in  the  heavens. 

2.  Singular  of  Cirri,  q.v. 
Cissoid,  (sis'soid).      [Gk.  Jcissos,  ivy  ;    eidos, 

form.]     A  mathematical  curve,  designed  for 

use  in  the  trisection  of  an  angle  and  the 

construction  of  geometrical  means  between 

t\vo  given  lines. 
Cistacese,  (sis-ta'se-e).      [Cistus,   tf.v.]=Rock 

rosss  :    herbs    and    shrubs    belonging    to 

Cistales. 
Cistales,  (sis-ta'lez).     [Cistace?e,  g.r.]    Plants 

with  monodichlamydeous  flowers,  and  parie- 

tal or  sutural  placentae,  forming  a  sub-division 

of  Hypogynous  Exogens. 
Cistern  barometer.     A  straight  tube  of  glass, 

longer  than  30  inches,  closed  at  the  upper 

end,  with  the  lower  open  end  immersed  in 

a  small  cistern  of  mercury,     v.  Barometric. 
Cistus,   (sis'tus).      [Gk.  kiste,  small  box.]= 

Rock  rose  =  Helianthemum,   q.v.:    named 

from  the  shape  of  the  capsules. 
Citramide,  (sit'ra-mid).     [Citryl  and  amide, 

g.v.]=:C6HiiN3O4=Ammouia  in  which  one 

eq^uivalent  of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one 

of  the  radicle  of  citric  acid. 
Citrates,  (sit'ratz).     [Citric  acid,  q.v.]    Com- 

binations of  citric  acid  with  bases. 
Citrene,  (sit'ren).      [Citrus,  q.v.]=CiolIiQ  :  a 

hydrocarbon  obtained  from  oil  of  lemon. 
Citric  acid,  (sit'rik).     [Citrus,  q.v.]=C$lIsO7: 

HoO  :  a  powerful  crystalline  acid,  found  in 

the  fruit  of  the  Citrus  medica,  &c. 
Citrine,  (sit'rin).     [Citrus,  q.  v.]    1.  A  colour 

compounded  of  orange  and  green.     2.  —False 

topaz  :  a  yellow  variety  of  native  silica. 
Citron,   (sit'ron).      [Citrus.]=Citrus  inedica. 

C.  wor<s:=Auruntiacea?. 
Citrus,  (sit'rus).    [The  Latin  name.]    Orange, 

citron,    lime,    &c.,    the    typical    genus    of 

Aurantiacese.      C,  ftwcc/ifitc//;,—  Orange.      (7, 


of     =s 


Citryl,  (sit'ril).     [Citrus,  q,v.]    The  radicle  of 

citric  acid. 
Civet,  (siVet).     [Civette,  the  French  name.] 

1.  =  Viverra  civetta 

^Civetcat:    small 

carnivorous    a  n  i  - 

nial.     2.    An  odo- 

rous   secretion 

the  Viverra. 
Civil  time.    The  di- 

vision of  the  day 

into  24  hours,  or  two  periods  of  12  hours 

each. 
Cladocera,  (kla-dos'e-ra).    [Gk.  klados,  branch; 

keras,  horn.]     One  of  Hoeven's  sub-divisions 

of  Crustaceans;  minute  animals,  chiefly  fresh 

water,  belonging  to  Branchiopoda. 
CUdQCora(kla-dok'Q-ra).  [Gk,  klafost  branch; 


Civet, 


CLACQTTE-BOIS 


79 


COALESCENCE 


Tcorys,  helmet.]  A  coral  polyp  with  many 
slender  branches. 

Claque-bois,  (klak'bwaw).  [Fr.  claque,  smack; 
bois,  wood.]  A  series  of  small  wooden  bars, 
of  regular  gradation  in  size,  strung  so  as 
to  form  a  kind  of  harmonicon,  tha  tones  of 
which  are  produced  by  a  small  hammer. 

Clary,  (kla'ri)=Salvia  verbenace :  a  plant 
belonging  to  Lamiaceee. 

Class,  (klas).  [Classis,  the  Latin  word.]  A 
secondary  division  of  animals  or  plants. 
Mammalia,  Fishes,  &c.,  in  the  animal  king- 
dom ;  Dicotyledons,  Acotyledous  in.  the 
vegetable,  v.  Tables. 

Clavellinidse.  ( kla-vel-lin'i-de  )=Social  Asci- 
dians.  v.  Tunicata. 

Clavicle,  (klav'i-kl).  [L.  claviciila,  little 
key.]=Collar  bone,  a  long  cylindrical  bone 
connecting  the  blade  and  breast  bones  in 
vertebrated  animals  =  Merrythought,  in 
birds. 

Clavius.  A  walled  plain  in  the  moon  more 
tliau  100  miles  in  diameter. 

Clay,  (kla).  [Clacff,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Hydra- 
tedaluminic  silioate=Al2O3.2SiOo.l2HoO:  a 
mixture  of  J  flint  and  J  clay  ;  used  also 
generally  for  any  ductile  earth.  Pure  C.= 
Kaolin=Porcelain  clay. 

Clayband  ironstone.  An  earthy  variety  of 
Chalybite,  q.v.  ',  one  of  the  most  common 
ores  of  iron. 

Clay-slate= Argillaceous  schist :  one  of  the 
Metamorphic  rocks. 

Cleavage  planes  in  crystals.  The  planes  in 
which  the  crystals  are  easily  split,  usually 
parallel  with  one  of  the  faces. 

Cleavers,  (kle'verz)=Galium  aparine  :  a  plant 

'  belonging  to  Galiaceae. 

Clematis,  (klem'a-tis).  [Klematis,  the  Greek 
name.] ^Traveller's  joy  :  a  small  shrub  be- 
longing to  Ilanunculaceae. 

Clepsydrse,  ( klep-si'dre ).  [Klepsydra,  the 
Greek  name.]  Instruments  for  measuring 
time,  in  use  with  the  ancients.  One  form 
resembled  an  hour  glass  with  water  instead 
of  sand. 

Climatology,  (kli-mat-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  Mima, 
zone ;  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the 
laws  governing  the  changes  and  conditions 
of  climate. 

Climbing  palms=Desmoncus. 

Climbing  plants.  Belong  to  no  particular 
order,  but  species  of  any  order  adapt  the 
habit  of  climbing  from  circumstances. 

Clinch-work,  (klinsh).  In  boat-building,  with 
the  strakes  overlapping  and  riveted  to- 
gether. 

Clinkstone,  (klink'ston)=Phonolite:  a  variety 
oftrachytic  rock,  named  from  its  being 
especially  sonorous  when  struck. 

Clinometer,  (kli-nom'e-ter).  [Gk.  Hino,  I 
bend;  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  inclination  of  strata. 

Clipper,  (klip-per).  A  vessel  especially  de- 
signed for  swift  sailing. 

Cloaca,  (klo-a'ka).  [L.  cloaca,  sink.]  The 
common  cavity  in  which,  into  some  ani- 
mals, the  reproductive,  urinary,  and  diges- 
tive apparatuses  open, 


Cloister,  (klois'ter).     [L.  claustrum,  shut  in.] 
A  covered  arcade, 
usually  in  a  monas-  r;., 
tery    or  other  re-i 
ligious  building. 

Clotho,  (klo'tho).  A  | 
snake  belonging  to  | 
Viperina.  C.  arie- 
f«tts=:Puff-adder. 

Clouds,     (klowdz)., 
[Chid,    the    A.-S.1 
name.]    Vapour  < 
water  floating  in  the 
air  and  sufficiently  Cloister, 

dense  to  be  visible.  The  varieties  of  clouds 
are  Cirrus,  Cirro-cumulus,  Cumulus,  Cumu- 
lo-stratus,  and  Stratus,  q.v. 

Cloudy  stars^Nebulse:  which  were  considered 
to  be  stars  until  the  improvements  in  tele- 
scopes showed  their  nature. 

Cloudberry=:Rubus  chamsemorus ;  a  plant 
belonging  to  Rosacere. 

Clover,  (klo'ver).  [Clcefer,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Trefolium  :  a  plant  belonging  to  Fabaceae. 

Cloves,  (klovz).  [L.  clavus,  nail.]=Dried  buds 
of  Caryophyllus  aromaticus. 

Clove-oil=C10H12O3  :  a  colourless  oily  liquid 
obtained  from  the  seeds  of  cloves,  <fec. 

Clove-worts,  (klov'wurtz).  [Clove  and  worta, 
<7.v.]=Caryophyllacea?,  q.v. 

Club  moss,  (klub'mos).  [Named  from  shape.] 
=Lycopodium  :  a  moss-like  plant  belonging 
to  Lycopodiaceas. 

Club-mosses=:Lycopodiace£e,  q.v. 

Clupea,  (klu'pe-a).=Herring:  a  fish,  the  type 
of  Clupeidse. 

Clupeidae,  (klu'pi-dS).  [Clupea,  q.  r.]= Her- 
rings: fishes  belonging  to  Abdominales. 

Clusia,  (klu'si-a).  [Clusius,  a  botanist.]= 
Balsam-tree  :  the  typical  genus  of  Clusiacene. 

Clusiacese,  ( klu-si-a'se-g ),  [Clusia,  q.v.  ]= 
Guttifers  :  resinous  tropical  trees  and  shrubs, 
with  leathery  leaves,  belonging  to  Gutti- 
ferales. 

Clusters  of  stars.  Pleiades,  Hyades,  Crab- 
cluster,  Praesepe,  Dumb-bell  cluster,  &c.,q.v. 

Cnidse,  (kni'de).  [Gk.  knide,  nettle.]=Nema- 
tocysts  :  the  thread  cells  by  which  Coelen- 
terata  have  the  power  of  stinging. 

Coal,  (kpl).  [A.-S.  col,  burning.]  An  amor- 
phous inflammable  mineral  substance,  com- 
posed of  modified  vegetable  matter,  found  in 
extensive  beds  of  rock,  probably  formed  in 
shallow  enclosed  seas,  fringed  by  swampy  for- 
ests. C.  brass  :  a  carbonaceous  spathic  ore, 
sometimes  found  with  coal ;  iron  pyrites  found 
in  coal.  C.  tar ;  a  pitchy  substance,  of  very 
compound  nature,  obtained  from  coal.  C. 
yas= Carburetted  hydrogen  :  an  inflammable 
gas  obtained  from  coal.  C.  measures :  a 
sub-division  of  the  Carboniferous  formation, 
consisting  of  thick  beds  of  sandstone,  with 
beds  of  coal  resting  on  clay.  C.  j?s/t=Gadus 
carbonarius.  C.  plants :  known  only  by 
fossil  remains,  chiefly  fern-like,  of  large  size, 
and  probably  older  than  the  sun.  C.  tar 
colours :  magenta,  alizarine,  mauve,  &c.,  q.v. 

Coalescence,  (ko-a-les'ens).  [L.  coalesce,  \ 
grow  with.]  Cfrpwing  together, 


COAMINGS 


80 


CCENENCHYMA 


Coamings,  (ko'mingz).  The  raised  edges  of 
the  hatches  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel. 

Coast-finds.  Semi-fossil  or  pre-historic  re- 
mains found  on  coasts,  coeval  with  Kjok- 
kenmoddings.  v,  Kitchen-middens. 

Coati,  (ko'a-ti)=Viverra  nasua  :  a  small  bear- 
like  carnivorous  animal;  also  called  Coati- 
mondi. 

Cobalt,  (koHbawlt.)  [Kobalt,  the  German 
name.]  Co"T:  an  iron-like  metal,  reddish, 
hard,  magnetic,  and  infusible.  Its  salts  are 
often  beautifully  coloured,  and  used  as  pig- 
ments. C.  &Zoom=Erytbrite,  an  ore  of  co- 
balt. C.  6Zwe=Thenard's  blue,  q.v.  C. 
#Zance=Cobaltinez=Cobaltite,  q.v.  C.  green 
=Rinmann's  green,  q.v.  C.  group  of  mine- 
rals: includes  srnaltite,  cobaltite,  and  eryth- 
rite  ;  mostly  hard  and  heavy,  and  colour 
blowpipe  flame  blue. 

Cobaltite,  (ko-bawlt'it).  [Cobalt,  q.v.]=Co- 
baltine:  a  mineral  of  the  cobalt  group,  crys- 
tallising in  cubes,  chiefly  sulphide  and  arsen- 
ide of  cobalt. 

Cobra,   (kob'ra).    [Port.,  serpent.]     A   name 
commonly    given 
to     hooded     ser- 
pents.    C.  de  Ca- 


Cobra-de-capello. 


snake  =  Coluber 

Naia. 
Cocci,  (kok'si).  [Gk. 

kokkos,  scarlet 

berry.  ]  =  Cochi- 

neal insects;  Mex- 

ican insects  from 

•which  a  crimson  dye-stuff  is  obtained. 
CoccidEB,   (kok'si-de).      [Gk.  tokko»,   scarlet 

berry.]=Scale  insects:  a  family  of  insects, 

which  includes  the  cochineal,  belonging  to 

Hemiptera. 
Coccinella,  (kok-si-nel'la)=:Lady-bird:  a  small 

beetle  belonging  to  Coleoptera. 
Coccoliths,  (kok'o-liths).     [Gk.  kokkos,  berry; 

lithos,  stone.]    Small  calcareous  bodies  found 

in  the  sheets  of  Bathybius  at  the  bottom  of 

the  sea;  supposed  to  be  joints  of  an  alga, 

which  fall  from  the  surface;  also  found  fossil 

in  chalk  rocks. 
Coccospheres,    (kok'o-sferz).      [Gk.    kokkos, 

berry;  sphaira,  ball.]    Minute  bodies  found 

living  at  bottom  of  N.  Atlantic,  and  fossil  in 

chalk,  often  with  coccoliths  on  their  surfaces. 
Coccosteus,  (kok-kos'te-us).     An  extinct  gan- 

oid fish. 
Cocculus,   (kok'u-lus).       [L.   coccum,  berry.] 

The  seeds  of  Anamirta  cocculus,  a  plant  be- 

longing to  Menispermacese. 
Coccygeal  region,  (kok-sij'e-al).   [Coccyx,  q.v.] 

The  posterior  portion  of  the  body. 
Coccyx,  (kok'siks).    [Gk.kokkyx,  cuckoo.]  The 

posterior  termination  of  the  vertebral  col- 

umn; shaped  somewhat  like  the  cuckoo's  beak. 
Cochineal  insect,  (koch'i-nel).    [Cochinilla,  the 

Spanish  name.]=Coccus  cacti:  an  insect  be- 

longing to  Hemiptera.    v.  Cocci. 
Cochlea,    (kok'le-a).      [Gk.   kochlias,    spiral 

shell.  ]     The  snail-shaped  part  of  the  ear  in 

the  higher  vertebrata;  which  discriminates 

the  quality  of  the  sounds  heard. 


Cochlearia,  (kok-le-a'ri-a).  [L.  cochlear,  spoon.] 

=Scurvy  grass:  an  herb  belonging  to  Brassi- 

caceae. 
Cocinylene,  (ko-sin'i-len)=Ci3HoB  :    a  hydro- 

carbon of  the  olefine  series,  obtained  from 

bitumen. 
Cockatoo,   (kok'a-too).      [Kakatua,  the  Ma- 

layan name.]=Plyctolophus  :    a  parrot-like 

bird,  having  a  tuft  of  feathers  on  the  head. 
Cockchafer,  (  kok'cha-fer  )=Melolontha  vul- 

garis:  an  insect  belonging  to  Coleoptera. 
Cockle,  (kok'le).     [Kochlos,  the  Greek  name.] 

=Cardium:  a  molluscous  animal,  belonging 

to  Lamellibranchiata. 
Cockroach,  (kok'roch)=Blatta:  an  insect  be- 

longing to  Orthop- 

tera,        commonly 

called  blackbeetle. 
Cockscomb,    (koks'- 

kom)=Celosia  cris- 

tata  :    a  plant   be- 

longing to  Amaran- 

taceae. 
Cocoa,  (ko'ko).  [Cor- 

ruption of  Cacoa.]  Cockroaches. 

=Cacoa  :  seeds  of  Theobroma  cacoa. 
Cocoa-nut  tree,  (ko'ko).    [Port,  coco,  monkey.] 

=Cocos;  a  palm  tree,  50  to 

100  ft.  high,   named  from 

the  monkey-like  face  rough- 

ly imitated  by  the  nut.     (7. 

2>fot»i=Fruit  of  Chrysobal- 

anus  Icaco.     C.  oil:  white, 

solid,    fatty   substance,    of 

complex  chai-acter. 
Cocoon,  (ko-koon').  [P.  cocon, 

shell.]    The  outer  silky  cov- 

ering  of  the  chrysalis  of  an 

insect. 
Cod,  (kod).     [Corruption  of 

Gadus.  ]  =  Gadus    morhua 

=Morrhua  vulgaris  ,  a  fish. 
Codeia,  (ko'di-a).     [Gk.  kody,  poppy  head.]=; 

Oi§HfiNOj,HjO:  one  of  the  natural  alkaline 

bases  found  in  opium;  a  crystalline  nitrile 

base. 

Codeine,  (ko'de-In).     [Gk.  kody,  poppy-head.] 
an  alkaloid  base,  found  in 


Cocoa-nut  tree. 


opium. 

Co-efiicient,  (ko-ef-fish'i-ent).  [L.  co,  with; 
and  efficient.}  In  mathematics=Factor  or 
multiplier. 

Coelelmintha,  (se-lel-min'tha).  [Gk.  koilos, 
hollow;  helmins,  worm.]  A  primary  division 
of  Eiitozoa,  as  arranged  by  Rudoiphi. 

Coslenterata,  (se-len-ter-a'ta).  [Gk.  koilos,  hol- 
low; entera,  bowels.]  Corals,  coralline,  &c.  ;  ani- 
mals having  a  hollow  digestive  cavity,  in  two 
layers,  ectoderm  arid  endoderm,  an  alimen- 
tary canal,  and  thread  cells  or  nematocystsj 
all  marine  but  two  genera;  divided  into  Hy- 
drozoa  and  Actinozoa. 

Cceliac,  (se'li-ak).  [KoiliaJcos,  the  Greek  word.] 
Belonging  to  the  intestines. 

Coenenchyma,  (se-nen-ki'ma).  [Gk.  koinos, 
common;  cliyma,  secretion.]  In  some  Madro- 
poraria:  the  common  mass  of  the  coraJlum 
between  the  polyp  cells;  a  secretion  uniting 
the  corallites  of  compound  corals. 


CffiNOPITHECUS 


81 


COLUMBIDJE 


Coenopithecus,  (se-no-pi-the'kus).  [Gk.  koinos, 
social;  pithekos,  ape.]  An  ape-like  animal, 
found  fossil  in  Middle  Eocene  beds;  the  old- 
est known  quadrumanous  animal. 

Coenosarc,  (se'no-sark).  [Gk.  koinos,  common; 
sarx,  flesh.]  The  common  stem  by  which 
the  separate  individuals  of  compound  Hy- 
drozoa  are  united. 

Ccenurus,  (se-nu'rus).  [Gk.  koinos,  common; 
oura,  tail.]  A  hydatid,  found  in  sheep;  a 
nurse  form  of  a  tape-worm. 

Coerulein,  (se'ru-lin).  [L.  ccerulus,  deep  blue.] 
=CigHio06:  a  blue  dye-stuff,  obtained  from 
gallein. 

Coffea,  (kof'fe-a).  [Corruption  of  the  Arabic 
name,  Qahuah.]  A 
plant  belonging  to 
Rubiacere.  C.  Ara- 
bica:  the  only  culti- 
vated species. 

Coffee=(koffe).  [Cof- 
fea, q.  v.  ] =The  ground 
seeds  of  Coffea  Ara- 
bica. 

Coffer  -  dam,  ( kof'fer- 
dam).  An  inclosure 
of  wood,  earth,  or  Coffee-plant 

both,  made  in  deep  water,  to  enable  the  in- 
closed space  to  be  kept  dry;  used  in  building 
foundations  for  piers,  <fec.  ' 

Coffin  bone,  Distal  phalanx  of  the  foot,  in  the 
horse. 

Cog,  (kog).  [The  Welsh  name.]  A  small  pro- 
jection in  machin- 
ery, used  to  impart 
motion.  C.  wheel:  a 
wheel  having  cogs 
on  its  circumfer- 
ence. 

Coggia's  Comet  = 
III.  1874:  the  third 
comet  observed  in 
the  year  1874. 

Coir,  (kolr).  The  rough  fibrous  covering  of 
the  cocoa  nut,  used  for  matting,  ropes,  &c. 

Coke,  (kok).  [Kokc,  the  German  name.]  Car- 
bon, with  a  small  admixture  of  minerals, 
obtained  from  coal  by  the  removal,  by  heat, 
of  the  more  volatile  constituents. 

Cohesion,  (ko-he'zhun).  [L.  coluereo,  I  cling 
to.]  The  form  of  molecular  attraction  •which 
keeps  two  molecules  of  any  body  together; 
strong  in  solids,  weak  in  liquids. 

Colatitude.  The  distance  of  a  place  from  the 
nearest  pole=90°- latitude. 

Colchicum,  (kol'chi-kum).  [Classical.  ]=Mea- 
dow  saffron:  a  plant  belonging  to  Liliacese. 

Cold,  (kold).  [Ceald,  the  A.-S.  name.]  The 
absence  of  heat;  absolute  cold  is  the  absolute 
absence  of  the  molecular  motion  called  heat 
=Absolute  rest. 

Coleoptera,  ( kol-e-op'ter-a ).  [  Gk.  koleos, 
sheath;  pteron,  wing.]=Beetles,  &c. :  a  prim- 
ary division  of  insects,  in  which  the  front 
wings  are  hardened  and  cover  the  hinder 
ones. 

Collapsing,  (kol-laps'ing).  [L.  collabor,  I  fall 
down.]  Term  used  when  a  steam  boiler  is 
broken,  through  the  pressure  of  steam,  &c., 


within  being  less  than  the  external  pressure 
of  air. 

Collar,  (kollar).  [L.  collum,  neck.]  C.  beam: 
a  variety  of  the  tie  beam.  C.  6o/ie=Clavicle, 
q.v. 

Collas.    An  American  race. 

Collemaceae,  (kol-le-ma'se-e).  A  sub-division 
of  Lichens. 

Collidine,  Ckol'li-dm)=C8HnN:  a  base  of  the 
Pyridine  series;  an  alkaloid  obtained  from 
shale  and  from  bones. 

Colligate,  (kol'li-gat).  [L.  colligare,  to  bind 
together.]  An  associated  organic  compound. 

Collimator,  ( kol-lim-a'tor ).  '  [L.  con,  with; 
limes,  limit.]  Fine  threads  crossing  the 
aperture  of  a  telescope,  &c. ,  to  mark  its  exact 
centre. 

Collimation,  (kol-li-ma'shun).  [L.  con,  with; 
limes,  limit.]  The  exact  determination  of 
the  position  of  a  star,  &c.,  by  means  of  fine 
lines  across  the  object-glass  of  a  telescope. 

Collodion,  (kol-16'di-on).  [Gk.  kolla,  glue.] 
A  solution  of  gun-cotton  in  ether  and  alco- 
hol, forming  a  transparent,  sensitive,  mem- 
braneous substance,  much  used  in  photo- 
graphy. 

Colloids,  (koHoidz).  [Gk.  kolla,  glue;  eidos, 
form.]  A  general  name  for  substances  which 
resemble  glue  in  character ;  unite  readily 
with  crystalloids;  do  not  crystallise. 

Colon,  (ko'lon).  [Gk.  kola,  pi.  of  kolon,  in- 
testines.] The  large  intestine,  which  first 
ascends  from  the  junction  of  the  small  in- 
testines, and  then  descends  to  the  rectum. 

Colonnade,  (kol-ou-ud').  [F.  colonne,  column.] 
A  series  of  columns  supporting  a  roof. 

Colophene,  (kol'o-fen).  [Colophony,  q.v.]  A 
modified  form  of  oil  of  turpentine. 

Colophonite,  (kol'o-fo-mt).  [Colophony,  q.v.] 
A  dark-coloured  variety  of  garnet,  named 
from  its  colour. 

Colophony,  (kol'o-fo-ni).  [Kolophon,  a  town 
in  Asia  Minor. ]=Common  resin;  obtained 
from  turpentine. 

Colour,  (kul'or).  [Color,  the  Latin  word.]  Ad- 
jective C.:  a  dye-stuff  that  requires  the  use  of 
a  mordant.  Substantive  C.:  a  dye-stuff  with 
which  no  mordant  is  required.  Simple  C.: 
one  that  cannot  be  decomposed.  Comple- 
mentary C.  the  one  needed  to  produce  white 
when  mixed  with  a  given  colour.  Ex. ,  Green 
and  red;  orange  and  blue;  yellow  and  indigo, 
are  complementary  to  each  other.  C.  disease 
= Achromatopsy,  q.v.  C.  of  a  note=Tini\>re, 
q.v.  C.  of  animals;  no  white  wild  bird  or 
mammal  in  Europe,  except  Arctic;  tropical 
birds  chiefly  green;  birds  building  closed 
nests  are  usually  gaily  coloured  in  both  sexes. 

Coluber,  (kol'u-ber).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Adder:  a  snake  belonging  to  Colubrina,. 

Colubridae=Colubrina:  a  primary  division  of 
Ophidia  or  snakes,  including  boas,  pythons, 
and  vipers. 

Columba  Noachi,  Noah's  dove:  one  of  the 
southern  constellations,  of  small  extent. 

Columbacei,  (kol-um-ba'se-i).  [L.  columba, 
dove.]=Columb8e=ColumbidaB :  doves  and 
pigeons;  birds  belonging  to  Rasores. 

Columbidse,  ( kol-um'bi-de ).      [L.  columba, 


COLUMBINE 


82 


CONCHOID  AL 


dove.]  1.=  Pigeons:  birds  belonging  to  Ba- 
sores.  2. = Columbacei. 

Columbine,  (korum-bin)=Aqailegia,  q.v. 

Columbium,  (  kol-um'bi-um  ).  [  Columbia, 
America.]=Nb;  also  called  Niobium,  q.v.:  a 
rare  mineral,  found  in  columbite. 

Colymbidae,  (kol-im'bi-de).  [Gk.  kolymUs,  a 
diving  bird.]— Divers:  aquatic  birds  belong- 
ing to  Natatores. 

Columella,  (kol-u-mella).  A  bone  in  the  ear 
of  a  bird,  corresponding  to  the  auditory  ossi- 
cles of  the  human  ear. 

Columelliacese,  (  kol-u-mel-i-a'se-e ).  [Sen  or 
Columella.]— ColumelHads:  evergreen  shrubs 
and  trees,  found  only  in  Mexico  and  Peru, 
belonging  to  Cinchonales. 

Colza  oil,  (kol'za).  [The  French  name.]  From 
seeds  of  Brassica  oleifera. 

Coma  Berenicis,  (ko'ma  be-re-m'sis).  [Gk. 
Jcome,  hair,  and  Berenice.]  A  small  constella- 
tion in  the  northern  heavens,  near  Arcturus. 

Comanche.    An  American  race. 

Combination,  (  kom-bi-na'shun  ).  [L.  con, 
with;  bini,  two  by  two.]  The  changes  in  the 
grouping  of  a  number  of  things. 

Combinational  tone.  A  third  tone  produced 
when  two  musical  notes  are  sounded  to- 
gether; also  called  the  grave  harmonic  and 
differential  tone. 

Combretaceae,  (kom-bre-ta'se-e).  [Combretum, 


tropics  only,  belonging  to 


the  typical  genus.]=Myrobal:ms:  shrubs  and 
trees,  found  in  tr 
Myrtales. 

Combustion,  (com-bust'yun).  [L.  comburo,  I 
burn.]  =  Chemical  combination  :  chemical 
action  so  rapid  as  to  produce  the  sensation  of 
heat  and  sometimes  light. 
Comet,  (kom'et).  [Comcta,  the  Latin  name.] 
A  luminous  body,  consisting  of  (1)  a  nucleus, 
or  luminous  centre,  (2)  a  coma  or  head,  (3) 
an  envelope  or  atmosphere,  and  (4)  a  tail, 
moving  in  a  very  large  parabolic  orbit,  only 
a  portion  of  which  is  within  our  view.  Thero 
are  several  comets,  mostly  telescopic,  ob- 
served every  jrear,  and  about  4000  have  been, 
seen  since  the  Christian  era. 

Comets  of  short  period. 

Encke, i- J  years., 

DiVico,   .. 
Winnecke, 
Brorsen,  .. 
Biela, 
D'Arrest, . 
Faye,    . 
Mechain 

Comets  of  long  period. 

Westphal,  67 J  years. 

Pons,    TO* 

DiVico, 73i 

Olbers,  74 

Brorsen, 75| 

Halley T6| 

Donati,   about  2000 
The  figures  above  are  the  periods  of  return. 
Commelynacese,   (korn-me-H-na/se-e).      [Coui- 
melin,  J.  &  G.]=Spider- worts:  lily-like  herbs 
belonging  to  Xyridales. 

Commensalism,  (kom-men'sa-lizm).     Used  by 
Van.  Beneden  for  a  union,  of  a  non-parasitic 


All  telescopic. 


Compass. 


kind  between  two  animals,  as  when  an 
actinia  fixes  itself  on  the  back  of  a  crab. 

Commutator,  (kom-mu-ta/tor).  [L.  commu- 
tare,  to  change. ]=Break  :  an  instrument 
for  making,  breaking,  or  changing  the  direc- 
tion of  a  galvanic  current  easily  and  rapidly. 

Compass,  (kum'pas).  [L.  compassus,  circle.] 
Declination  C. :  a  mag- 
netised needle  suppor- 
ted at  its  centre  of, 
gravity,  and  free  to 
move  in  any  horizontal 
direction  ;  it  points  to 
the  magnetic  N.  and 
S.  poles  of  the  earth. 
Mariner's  C. :  a  decli- 
nation compass  used  on 
board  ships.  Inclina-' 
tion  C.  :  a  magnetic  needle  free  to  move 
vertically  so  as  to  point  to  the  magnetic 
pole.  Sine  C. :  a  galvanometer  by  which  the 
strength  of  a  current  is  measured  by  the 
sine  of  the  angle  through  which  the  needle 
moves.  -£.<* 

Compensation,  (kom-pen-sa'shun). '<  [L.  com- 
pensatio,  balancing.]  C.  balance  in  chrono- 

.  meters  resembles  the  C.  pendulum  in  object 
and  method.  C.  pendulum  :  one  in  which  the 
distance  between  the  centre  of  the  bob  and 
the  point  of  suspension  is  kept  unaltered, 
the  expansion  or  contraction  of  the  rod, 
owing  to  heat  or  cold,  being  compensated  by 
some  artifice. 

Complemental.  C.  air:  about  100  cubic  inches, 
for  which  there  is  space  in  the  chest,  and 
which  may  be  inspired  by  a  special  effort. 
C.  males:  short-lived  additional  males,  com- 

Elemental  to  hermaphrodite  animals,  found 
i  Lepadidjw. 

Complementary  colours.  The  colour  given 
by  a  mixture  of  the  colours  of  any  portion 
of  a  spectrum  is  the  complement  of  the 
remaining  portion.  Ex.,  Orange  is  comple- 
mentary to  blue  ;  green  to  red. 

Compositse,  (kbm-pos'i-te).  [L.  compositus, 
compound.] =Asteraceoe,  q.v. 

Compound.  C.  ratio:  the  ratio  of  the  products 
of  two  sets  of  homologous  terms.  C.  eye  :  in 
insects  and  crustacean  C.  flowers:  heads  of 
small  flowers  with  an  involucre.  C.  acids=. 
Colligated  acids,  q.v.  C.  microscope:  having 
two  or  more  glasses  or  lenses. 

Compsognathus,  (  komp-sog'nath-us  ).  [  Gk. 
kompsos,  elegant;  gnathos,  jaw.]  A  reptile 
belonging  to  Deinosauria,  approximating  to 
a  bird  by  hopping  erect,  and  so  connecting 
the  two  classes. 

Concave,  (kon-kiiv).  [L.  concavus,  hollow.] 
Hollow. 

Concha,  (kong'ka).  [L.  con- 
cha, shell.  ]  The  external 
portion  of  the  ear. 

Conchifera,  (kong-kif er-a). 
[L.  concha,  shell ;  fero,  I 
carry.]  A  term  for  mol- 
lusca,  such  as  the  oyster  Concave, 

and  mussel,  which  have  shells. 

Conchoidal,  (kong-koi'dal).  [Gk.  Jcogche,  shell ; 
eidos,  fonn.]=Shell-like. 


COffCHOLOG? 


83 


CONODONTS 


Conchology,  (kong-kol'o-ji).  [Gk.  kogche, shell; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the  struc- 
ture and  classification  of  shell-bearing  ani- 
mals. ' 

Concrete,  (konTcret).  [L.  concretus,  stiffened.] 
A  mixture  of  gravel,  pebbles,  or  broken 
stones  with  cement. 

Concrete  science.  That  which  treats  of  pheno- 
mena known  to  us  in  their  totalities,  as  in. 
Astronomy,  Geology,  Biology,  &c.',  by  the 
redistribution  of  matter  and  motion. 

Condenser,  (kon-den'ser).  [L.  condenso,  I 
thicken.]  1.  An  apparatus  for  collecting  or 
condensing  electricity.  2.  An  apparatus  for 
condensing  vapours  into  liquids. 

Condor,  (kon'dor).  [From  cuntur,  the  Peru- 
vian name.]  =  Sarcor- 
amphus  gryphus :  a 
large  vulture,  found  on 
lofty  mountains  in  S. 
America. 

Conduction,  (kon-duk'- 
shun).  [L.  conduco,  I 
bring  together.]  The 
passage  of  heat,  elec- 
tricity <fec.,  through 
matter  by  its  transfer 
from  particle  to  par- 
ticle. 

Conductors  of  heat  and 
electricity.         Metals, 
charcoal,  water,  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stance, <fec.,  metals  being  by  far  the  best. 

Condyle,  (kon'dil).  [Gk.  kondylos,  knuckle.] 
The  articulating  surface  of  a  bone,  used 
specially  of  the  bony  projection  by  which 
the  skull  is  attached  to  the  vertebral  column. 

Condy's  fluid.  A  solution  of  manganate  of 
sodium  which  disinfects  by  the  oxidation  of 
putrid  matter. 

Cone,  (kon).  [Conus,  the  Latin  name.]  1.  A 
regularly  tapering  figure  having  a  circular 
base  and  a  pointed  summit.  2.  A  general 
term  for  such  fruits  as  those  of  the  pine 
tree,  which  have  somewhat  conical  forms. 

Confervacese,  (kon-fer-va'se-e).  [L.  conferveo, 
I  unite  with. ]= Confervas  :  aquatic  threads 
or  membranes,  reproduced  by  internal  spores, 
belonging  to  Algales  ;  algae  bearing  thelicheiis 
Ccenogonium  and  Cystocoleus. 

Congelation,  (kon-je-la'shun).  [L.  congelo,  I 
freeze.]  The  conversion  of  a  liquid  into  a 
solid  by  freezing. 

Conger,  (kong'ger).  [The  Latin  name.]  = 
Muraena  conger=Anguilla  conger  :  a  large 
marine  eel  from  5  to  10  feet  long. 

Congestion,  (kon-jest'yun).  [L.  congestlo,  a 
heaping  together.]  An  undue  distension  of 
the  blood-vessels,  &c.,  causing  accumulation 
of  blood. 

Conglomerate,  (kon-glom'er-at).  [L.  conglo- 
mero,  I  entangle.]=Pudding-stone=Pebbly 
sandstone  :  gravel  cemented  into  solid  rock 
:=  Agglomerate,  of  which  the  fragments  have 
been  rounded  by  action  of  water. 

Congo=Mycetes  palliatus,  q.v.  C.  snake= 
Amphiuma,  q.v. 

Congos,    An  African  people. 

Conia,  (ko'ni-a).     [Conium?  g"f.]= 


CgHi5N=Coniine  :  a  natural  base  found  in 
the  hemlock  ;  a  transparent  oily  liquid= 
Imide  of  conyl :  one  of  the  secondary  naona- 
mines. 

Conic,  (kon'ik).  [Cone,  q.v.]  C.  sections :  the 
circle,  the  ellipse,  the  hyperbola,  and  the  par- 
abola: curves  formed  by  the  intersection  of  a 
plane  and  a  cone.  C.  nodes :  a  mathematical 
term  occurring  in  calculations  respecting 
cubic  surfaces,  represented  by  a  common  apex 
of  two  cones. 

Conidia,  (kon-id'i-a).  [Gk.  konist  dust.]  The 
propagating  buds  of  mildew,  in  the  form  of 
minute  spores. 

Coniferse,  (ko-nife-re).  [Cone,  q.v. ;  L.  fero, 
I  bear.]=Pinaces8 :  trees,  such  as  the  pine 
and  fir,  with  resinous  timber  and  conical- 
shaped  fruit,  forming  a  division  of  Gymno- 
spermous  Exogens,  common  in  temperate  and 
cold  countries ;  none  in  tropical  America. 

Coniine,  (ko'ni-in).  [Conium,  g.r.]=Conia, 
g.v.rrCgHisN  :  a  base  found  in  hemlock. 

Coniomycetes,  (kon-i-o-mi-se'tez).  [Gk.  konis, 
dust;  mykes,  mushroom.]— Blights:  a  pri- 
mary division  of  Fungales  ;  minute  parasitic 
plants. 

Conirostres,  (  kS-ni-rost'rez ).  [Cone,  q.v. ; 
rostrum,  snout.]  A  division  of  Insessores, 
marked  by  a  strong  conical  beak. 

Conium,  (ko'ni-um).  [Koneion,  the  Greek 
name.]  =  Hemlock :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Apiaceae. 

Conjugate,  (kon'joo-gilt).  [L.  conjugo,  I  con- 
nect.] C.  axes:  in  analytical  geometry,  two 
axes  that  are  so  related  as  to  be  interchange- 
able. C.  mirrors :  two  mirrors  placed  face 
to  face,  so  that  each  reflects  rays  of  light  or 
heat  to  the  other.  C.  compounds  :  chemical 
compounds  in  which  the  union  is  so  intimate 
that  the  constituents  are  not  always  to  be 
detected  by  the  ordinary  tests ;  also  called 
copulated  compounds. 

Conjugation,  (kon-joo-ga'shun).  [L.  conju- 
gatio,  mixture.]  A  modified  form  of  sexual 
union  observable  in  plants  and  in  Infusoria. 

Conjunction,  (kon-jungk'slmn).  [Conjunctio, 
the  Latin  word.]  When  three  heavenly 
bodies  are  in  a  straight  line  they  are  said  to 
be  in  conjunction.  Superior  conjunction  is 
when  an  inferior  planet  is  in  a  line  with  the 
earth  and  the  sun,  the  sun  being  between, 
the  others.  Inferior  conjunction  is  when 
the  inferior  planet  is  in  aline  with  the 
earth  and  sun,  and  also  between  them  A 
superior  planet  is  in  conjunction  when  it  is 
in  the  same  line  as  the  earth  with  the  sun 
between  them. 

Conjunctiva,  (kon-jungk-ti'va).  A  membrane 
lining  the  eyelids  and  covering  the  eyeball. 

Connaraceae,  (kon-na-ra'se-e).  [Konnaros,  the 
Greek  name.]=Conuarads  :  trees  and  shrubs, 
chiefly  American,  with,  compound  leaves, 
belonging  to  Rutales. 

Connective  tissue.  A  filamentous  gelatinous 
substance  forming  the  chief  portion  of  the 
derrnis;  also  called  fibrous  tissue,  areolar 
tissue,  and  cellular  tissue. 

Conodonts,  (kon'o-donts).  [Conoid, q.v.;  Gk. 
odous,  tooth.]  Lower  Silurian  fossils:  small 


CONOID 


CORAL 


Conoid. 


conical  bodies,  probably  the  spines  of  mol 

luscs  or  the  horny  teeth  of  fishes. 
Conoid,  (kon'oid).     [Coue,  q.v.: 

Gk.     eidos,    form.]      A    solid 

having    an    approximation   to 

the  form  of  a  cone,  especially 

the  figure  made  by  the  revo- 
lution of  one  of  the  conic  sections 

round  its  axis. 
Console,  (kon's51).      [L.  consolidus,  firm.]    A 

bracket,    usually  formed    by  a   projection 

from  the  wall. 
Constant  batteries,   Gal-r 

vanic  batteries    which 

remain      in     uniform 

action  for  several  hours 

or  days. 
Constellations,  (kon-stel- 

la'shunz).  [L.  co>i,with; 

stelUi,  star.]    Groups  of 

Btars  mostly  with  classi- 
cal names.    Ancient  C. :  Console. 

48  formed  by  Ptolemy  in  150  A.D.,  with  2 

others  added  by  Tycho  Brahe.     Modern  C. : 

59  others  since  formed,  many  by  Helvetius 

at  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 
Contact  action=Catalysis,  q. ' 
Convallaria,  (kon-val-la'ri-a). 

[L.     convallis,     a    valley.] 

Lily  of  the  valley  :  a  plant 

belonging  to  Liliaceae. 
Convection,    (kon-vek'shun). 

[L.  conveho,  I  carry.]    The 

passage  of  heat,  electricity, 

&c.,   by   its    being  carried 

from  place  to  place  by  parti- 
cles of  matter  affected  by  it.       ConvalUria. 
Convex    (kon'veks).    [L.   convexus,  arched.] 

Rounded. 
Convolvulaceae,     (kon-vi 

lu'se-e  ).     [Convolvulus,  q.v.] 

=  Bindweeds :      herbs     and 

shrubs,   chiefly  tropical,   be-' 

losing  to  Solonales.  Convex. 

Convolvulus,  (kon-vol'vu-lus).      [L.  convol- 

vere,     to    entwine.  ]  = 

Bindweed  :    a  twining 

herb,  with  milky  juice, 

the  type  of  Couvolvu- 

lacese. 
Cony,  (ko'ni).     [L.  cuni- 

culus,     little     rabbit.] 

A  variety  of  the  rabbit. 
Conyl=C8H14:  an  hypo- 
thetical     hydrocarbon 

contained  in  Conylia. 
Conylia— Conia,  q.v.  Convolvulus. 

Co-ordinates,  (ko-ord'i-nats).    [L.  con,  with; 


Lines  and  angles, 
used  in  mathematics 
to  fix  the  position  of 
a  point  or  series  of 
points. 

Coot,  (koot).  [Welsh 
cwt,  short  tail.  ]  = 
Fulica  :  an  aquatic 
bird,  belonging  tq 
Grallatores. 


Coot. 


Copai'oa,  (ko-pii'ba).  [The  Spanish  name.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  Copaifera,  a  S.  Ameri- 
can tree. 

Copal,  (ko'pal).  [Copalli,  the  Mexican  name.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  the  tree  Hymeusea 
and  others,  used  as  a  varnish. 

Copalite,  (ko'pa-lit).  [Copal,  q.v.]  An  in- 
flammable mineral. 

Copepoda,  (ko-pe'po-da).  [Gk.  kone,  oar:  pous, 
foot.]  Minute  crustaceans,  both  marine  and 
fresh-water,  some  locomotive,  some  fixed  par- 
asites, called  Oar-footed  Crustaceans. 

Copernican  system,  (ko-per/ni-kan)=Solar  sys- 
tem, q.v. 

Copernicus,  (ko-per'ni-kus).  A  crater  in  the 
moon,  about  46  miles  in  diameter,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains  about  2  miles  high, 
named  after  the  astronomer  Copernicus. 

Copper,  (kop'per).  [Cyprus.]=Cuprum=Cu": 
a  red,  hard,  "ductile,  tenacious,  malleable 
metal:  of  great  and  varied  use;  originally 
called  brass  of  Cyprus.  Also  named  after 
Venus,  and  expressed  by  9  •  C.  sand=A.t&- 
camite,  q.v.  C.  group  of  minerals:  mostly 
soft,  and  give  blue  solutions  and  blowpipe 
flame;  includes  copper,  cuprite,  melaconite, 
malachite,  chessylite,  chrysocolla,  chalco- 
cite,  erubescite,  chalcopyrite,  olivenite,  &c. 
Black  C.  ore=Melaconite,  q.v.  Grey  C.  ore= 
Chalcocite,  q.v.  Telloio  C.  ore=Chalcopy- 
rite,  q.v.  C.  glance:  a  variety  of  Chalcocite, 
q.v.  C.  pyrites :  a  variety  of  Chalcopyrite, 
q.v.;  the  common  ore  of  copper. 

Copperas,  (kop'per-as).  [Couperose,  the  French 
name.]=Green  vitriol:  sulphate  of  iron. 

Coprolites,  (kop'ro-lits).  [Gk.  kopros,  dung: 
lithos,  stone.]  1.  Fossil  excrement  of  ani- 
mals, at  first  mistaken  for  fir  cones.  2.  Peb- 
bles of  calcic  phosphate  and  carbonate;  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  fossilised  dung,  found 
in  Chloritic  or  Upper  Greensand  beds. 

Copulated  acids,  (kop-u-lat'ed)=rConjugated 
acids;  in  which  the  base  and  acid  are  more 
intimately  mixed  than  in  ordinary  salts. 

Cor,  (kor).  [The  Latin  name.]  The  heart; 
sometimes  applied  to  the  chief  star  of  a  con- 
stellation. C.  Caroli:  a  bright  star  in  Canea 
Venatici;  named  in  honour  of  Charles  II. 
at  the  Restoration,  when  it  was  observed  to 
shine  more  brightly  than  usual.  C.  Hydrce 
=  a.  Hydrae.  C.  Leonis  =  a  Leonis.  C. 
Serpentis  =  a  Serpentis:  also  called  Unu- 
kalkay. 

Coracoid,  (kor-a-koid').  [Gk.korax,  crow;  eidos, 
form.  ]      A    bone    forming 
part  of  the  scapular  arch; 
in  man  it  has  the  form  of  a 
crow's  beak. 

Coral,   (kor'al).      [Corallum, 
the    Latin   name.]      Stony 
matter  secreted  by  polyps, 
hydrozoa,    bryozoans,   &c. ; 
nearly   pure    carbonate    of 
lime ;  harder  than  common 
limestone.     Red  C.  =  Coral- 
lum  rubrmu.      C.  is  land  =  CoraL 
Coral  reefs,  isolated  in  deep  oneans.    C.  polyp 
=  Anthozoa.      C.  ?-agf=Coralline  limestone. 
C.  reefs,  of  coral,  rock,  built  on  sea-bottom, 


CORALLARIA 


85 


CORPUSCLES 


wholly  submerged  at  high  tide;  usually  in 

seas  having  a  mean  temperature  between  68" 

and  85°  F.     C.  roo£=Corallorhiza=Dentaria. 

C.  *na£e=Elaps,  of  Brazil,  brilliantly  col- 

oured. 
Corallaria,  (kor-al-la'ri-a).    [Coral,  q.v.]   Term 

used  by  Milne  Edwards  for  coral  polyps. 
Corallet,  (kor'al-let).     [Coral,  q.v.]    The  coral 

of  a  single  polyp  in  a  compound  mass. 
Coralligena,  (kor-al-li-je'na).     [Gk.  korallion, 

coral;  gennao,!  produce.]  A  primary  division 

of  Actiuozoa,  including  all  the  coral-forming 

genera. 
Coralline  zone  of  life,  (kor-al-Hn').  [Coral,  q.  v.  ] 

Below  Laminarian  to  a  depth  of  50  fathoms: 

chiefly  marked  by  millepore  and  plant-like 

bryozoa  and  zoophytes.     Cod,  haddock,  tur- 

bot,  sole,  &c.  ,  abundant,     v.  Zones  of  life. 
Corallum,   (kor-al'lum).      [Coral,   q.v.]      The 

coral  of  a  compound  or  of  a  single  polyp. 
Corallorhiza,  (kor-al-lor-hi'za).      [Coral,  q.v.  ; 

Gk.  rhiza,  root.]=Coral-root:  a  leafless  herb, 

belonging  to  Orchidacese. 
Corbeil,  (kor'bel).     [F.  corbeille,  basket.]    A 

sculptured  representation  of  a  basket. 
Corbel,  (kor'bel).     [F.  corbeille,  basket.]  /  A 

projection"  of    iron    or 

masonry  from  a  wall  in- 

tended as  a  support. 
Cord-moss  =  Fuuaria   hy- 

drometrica. 
Cordelier,  (korMe-ler).    A 

machine  for  rope-making1, 

invented    by    Mr.    Cart- 

wright. 
Cordiacese,    (kor-di-u'se-e). 

[M.  Cordus.]=Sebestens: 

trees,  chiefly  tropical,  with 

succulent  fruits,  belong- 

ing to  Solanales. 
Cardleafs=Restiace?e. 
Coriander,  (kor-i-an'der). 

Latin  name.]   A  plant  belonging  to  Apiacefe. 
Coridine,  (kor-i-dm')=C10H15N:  a  base  of  the 

Pyridine  series. 
Corinthian,  (kor-in'thi-an).    [Corinth.]    One 

of  the  orders  of  Grecian  architecture,   re- 

markable for  its  ornamentation. 
Cork,  (kork).     [Corter,  the  Latin  name.]    The 

soft  elastic  inner  bark  of  oak  trees,  especially 

of  Quercus  suber;  buoyant  in  water.     C.  oak 

=Quercus  suber.    C.  -?pi>tgf=Crenilabrus  Nor- 

wegicus:  a  bird.     £,-Zin$r=Turjiua  zuinor.  a 

bird. 
Cormophyta,  (kor-mof  i-ta). 

Endlicher's    term    for   a 

primary  division  of  plants. 

v.  Endlicher. 
Cormopoda,    (kor-mop'o- 

da).     [Gk.  kormos,  block; 

pous,  foot.]    Burmeister's 

term  for  Acephala. 
Cormorant,   (kor'mor-ant). 

[Cormoran,    the    French 

name.]=Phalacrocorax:  a  bird  belonging  to 

Nata  tores;  originally  called  Corvus  marinus, 

or  sea-crow. 
Corn,  (korn).     [The  A.-S.  name.]    A  general 

term  for  wheat,  barley,  oats,  &c.     C.  crake 


Corbel. 
[Coriandrum'  the 


=Crex  pratensis;  a  bird  belonging  to  Kal- 
lidae.  C.  mtm0oM=Chrysanthemum  sege- 
tum:  a  plant  belonging  to  Asteracese.  C. 
?ceez7iJ=Calandra  graiiaria:  an  insect  which 
lays  its  eggs  in  corn-flowers. 
Cornaceae,  ( kor-na'se-e ).  [Cornus,  typical 
genus.]=Cornels:  shrubs  and  trees  belonging 
to  Umbellales. 

Cornbrash,  (korn'brash).  [Good  land  for  corn.] 
A  bed  of  clay  and  sandstone,  belonging  to 
Lower  Oolite. 

Cornea,  (kor'ne-a).  [L.  corneus,  horny.]  The 
transparent  front  portion  of  the  eyeball. 

Corns,  (kornz).  [L.  cornu,  horn.]  Horny 
thickenings  of  the  epidermis  caused  by  fric- 
tion; common  on  the  feet,  hands,  &c. 

Cornelian,  ( kor-ne'li-an ).  [Cornalina,  the 
Italian  name.]  v.  Carnelian. 

Corolla,  (ko-rol'la.]    [L.  corolla,  small  crown.] 
The  inner  whorl  of  leaves,  called 
petals,  in  a  flower;  usually  thin, 
and  gaily  coloured. 

Corollary,  (kor'ol-la-ri).  [Corol- 
larium,  the  Latin  word.]  An 
easily  deduced  consequence  of  an. 
admitted  proposition. 

Corolliflorae,  (ko-rol-i-flo're).  [Co-  Corolla, 
rolla,  q.v.;  L.  flos,  flower.]  Plants  in  which 
the  petals  of  the  flowers  are  not  attached  to 
the  calyx,  and  both  perianths  are  large  and 
petaloid;  a  sub-division  of  Perigynous  Dicot- 
yledons. 

Coromandel  wood=Diospyros,  q.v. 

Corona,  (ko-ro'na).  [L.  corona,  a  crown.]  In 
total  eclipse  of  sun,  the  halo  which  surrounds 
the  moon;  supposed  to  be  the  sun's  atmo- 
sphere, which  at  other  times  is  invisible,  <?. 
australis=The  Southern  Crown.  C.  borealis 
=The  Northern  Crown:  a  northern  constel- 
lation, the  chief  star  of  which  is  Alphecca, 
or  Gemma.  One  of  the  very  small  stars 
suddenly  increased  in  1866  to  the  second 
magnitude,  and  then  decreased  again;  sup- 
posed to  have  been  on  fire. 

Coronal,  (kor'o-nal).  [Corona,  q.v.]  Related 
to  the  crown  of  the  head.  C.  suture:  a  line 
of  union  across  the  skull. 

Coronary,  ( kor'o-na-ri ).  [Corona,  q.v. ]  C. 
arteries:  those  serving  the  heart.  C.  veins: 
those  coming  from  the  heart. 

Coronoid  processes,  (kor'o-noid).  [Gk.  korone, 
knob;  eidos,  form.]  Rounded  projections  of 
the  lower  jaw  and  the  ulna. 

Corpora,  (kor'po-ra).  [L.  corpus,  body.]  C. 
Wo(ffiana=WolBna.n  bodies,  q.v.  C.  quad- 
rigemina:  hemispherical  elevations  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  brain  ;  smaller  in  man 
than  in  some  other  animals.  C.  mammilla- 
ria:  two  rounded  bodies  at  the  back  of  the 
brain.  C.  striata:  two  globular  bodies  in. 
the  brain. 

Corpus,  (kor'pus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  small 
mass.  (7.  callosum:  a  horizontal  mass  of 
transverse  fibres  which  unites  the  hemi- 
spheres of  the  brain,  in  mammals  only. 
C.  striatum:  a  nervous  substance,  forming 
the  base  of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  the 
brain. 

Corpuscles  of  blood,  (kor-pua'klz)..   [L.  corpus- 


CORRODENTIA 


COW 


Culum,  a  little  body.]  1.  Minute  circular 
discs,  of  a  yellow-red  colour,  which  give  to 
blood  its  red  colour.  2.  Similar  particles  of 
a  white  colourless  regular  form. 

Corrodentia,  (kor-ro-den'shi-a).  [L.  corrodo, 
I  gnaw;  dens,  tooth. ]=Termitinae:  insects  of 
which  the  white  ants  are  the  type;  a  division 
of  Orthoptera. 

Corrosive  sublimate,  (kor-ro'siv).  [L.  corrodo, 
I  gnaw  away.]=Hgd2=Bichloride  of  mer- 
cury: a  white,  crystalline,  poisonous  sub- 
stance. 

Corundum,  (ko-run'dum).  [The  Indian  name.] 
=Adamantine  spar:  a  mineral,  crystallising 
in  hexagons,  composed  chiefly  of  alumina. 
The  ruby  and  sapphire  are  varieties  of  cor- 
undum. 

Corvette,  (kor-vef).  [The  French  name.]  A 
small  ship  of  war. 

Corvidae,  (kor'vi-de).  [Corvus,  q.v.]  Crows: 
a  family  of  birds,  belonging  to  Conirostres, 
including  the  crow,  magpie,  raven,  rook,  <fcc. 

Corvus,  (kor'vus).  [The  Latin  name.]  1.= 
The  crow:  a  small  southern  constellation.  2. 
A  large  carnivorous  bird,  the  type  of  Cor- 
vidae. C.  corone:  Carrion  crow.  C.  coraa:= 
Raven. 

Corylaceae,  (ko-ri-la'se-e).  [Corylus,  q.v.]=z 
Mast-worts:  trees  and  shrubs,  including  the 
beech,  chestnut,  hazel,  oak,  <fec.,  belonging 
to  Quernales:  have  the  flowers  in  catkins, 
and  nuts  inclosed  in  cups. 

Corylus,  (kor'i-lus).  [The  Latin  name.]  = 
Hazel:  a  shrub  or  tree,  the  type  of  Cory  Li- 
cero:  fossil  remains  of  C.  are  found  in  Lower 
Miocene  strata. 

Corymb,  (kor'im).  [Gk.  korymbus,  a  bunch.] 
An  inflorescence  in  small  heads,  level  at  the 
top. 

Corynidae,  (kor-in'i-dS).  [Gk.  Icoryne,  a  little 
club.]  A  sub-division  of  Hydrozoa,  mostly 
marine. 

Coryphaena,   (ko-ri-fe'na). 
to  Acanthopterygii. 

Cosecant,  ( co-se'kant ). 
secant,  q.v.]  In  a  right- 
angled  triangle  the  co- 
secant of  an  angle  is  the 
ratio  of  the  hypothenuse 
to  the  side  opposite  the 
angle. 

Coseismal,    (ko-sls'mal).    

[Gk.  fifiiswios,  earthquake.]    ~ 

The  line  in  which  a  wave 

shell  reaches  the  earth  at  Cosecant 

the  same  time,    v.  Seismology. 

Cosine,  (ko'sin).  [Complement  of  sine,  q.v.] 
In  a  right-angled  triangle 
the  cosine  of  any  one  of  the 
angles  is  the  ratio  of  the 
side  joining  it  to  the  right 
angle  to  the  hypothenuse. 

Costal,  (kos'tal).     [L.  costa, 
rib.]    Belonging  to  the  ribs. 
C.  plates:  developed  ribs,  in          Cosine. 
Chelonia. 

Cotangent,  (ko-tan'jent).  [Complement  of 
tangent,  q.v.]  In  any  right-angled  triangle 
the  cotangent  of  any  one  of  the  angles  is  the 


A  fish,  belonging 
[  Complement    of 


\ 


ratio  of  the  side  joining  tha  angle  to  the 

right  angle  to  the  side  op- 
posite the  angle. 
Cotton,  (kot'n).     [Colon,  the 

French  name.]  A  vegetable 

fibre,  in  very  short  pieces, 

growing  from  the  seeds  of 
Gossypium,  which  are  spun 

into  long  threads.     C.  grass 

=Eriophorum.     C.  plant= 

Gossypium  herbaceum,  and 

other  species. 

pentandrum. 


Cocangent. 

C.  tree  of  India  =  Bombax 
C.  wool  acts  as  a  filter  to  air, 
separating  the  solid  particles.  C.  trees  = 
Bombacese,  q.v. 

Cottus,  (kot'tus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  fish 
belonging  to  Acanthopterygii. 

Coturnix,  (ko-ter'niks).  A  bird  of  the  grousa 
kind,  belonging  to  Tetraoimlre. 

Cotyledon,  (ko-ti-le'don).  [Gk.  kotyledon,  a 
cup  or  small  cavity.]  l.=Penny-wort:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Crassulacese,  named  from  its 
cup-shaped  leaves.  2.= A.  seed-leaf,  which 
contains  nutriment  for  the  plant  in  its  e;»rly 
stage  of  growth.  8.=The  cup-shaped  tul'ts 
of  the  placenta  in  Runiinantia. 

Cotyledonary  placenta.  In  which  the  foetal 
villi  are  gathered  into  bunches  or  cotyledons, 
as  in  ruminant  animals. 

Cougar,  (koo'gar).  [Corruption  of  Brazilian 
name.]  =  Cougouai1 
=  Puma  =  Ameri- 
can lion=Felis  con- 
color.  'A  carnivor* 
ous  animal,  found 
in  South  and  Cen- 
tral America. 

Coumaric  acid,  (koo'- 
ma-rik).  [Couma- 
rin,  q.v.]  C9H8O3: 
obtained  from  cou- 
marin.  Cougar. 

Coumarin,  (koo'ma-rin)=C9HcOo:  a  crystalline 
substance  found  in  the  Tonka  bean  or  Cou- 
maroma  odorata.  I 

Counter  trade  winds,  Further  N.  and  S.  than 
the  trade  winds,  q> v.,  and  blowing  the  re- 
verse1 way.  | 

Countesses,  (kount'es-ez).  Slates  for  roofing, 
20  inches  by  10  inches. 

Couple,  (cup'l).  [L.  copula,  bond.]  1.  Two 
equal  forces  acting  in  opposite  directions  at 
two  different  points  of  a  body,  tending  to 
produce  rotation.  2.  Optical  C.:  a  double1 
star,  in  which  the  two  stars  have  no  mutual 
relation.  3.  Physical  C.:  a  double  star,  in 
which  the  two  stars  are  related  to  each  other 
in  some  way.  4.  Galvanic  C.:  two  sub- 
stances so  arranged  as  to  form  a  galvanic  cell, 
and  produce  a  current.  5.  Thermo-electric 
C.  ;  two  metals  of  different  conducting 
powers  for  heat. 

Couxio=Pithecia  Satanas:  an  American  mon- 
key with  black  beard. 

Coversed  sine.  The  coversed  sine  of  any  angle 
is  the  difference  between  its  sine  and  unity: 
covers  A=:l  —  sin.  A. 

Cow,  (kow).  [Cu,  the  A.-S.  name.]  The  fe- 
male of  the  ox.  C.  &irc?=Coccygus  Ameri- 


X 


COWPER 


87 


CRESCENT 


canus,  an  American  bird.  C. 
duba:  a  plant  of  Brazil,  from  the  bark  of 
which  a  kind  of  milk  is  obtained.  C.  -  bane 
=Cicuta.  C.-berry  =  \ accinium.  C.  bunt- 
i?i0r=Molothrus,  q.v.  C.  plant=Gymnem& 
lactiferum,  q.v.  C.  pars£e2/=Chjerophyllum 
temulum.  C.-slip='Prim\Lla.  veris,  q.v.  C. 
*rees=Artocopads  and  fig  trees,  which  have 
thick,  milky  juice.  Sea  C.  =  Trlchechus 
rosmarus,  q.v. 

Cowper's  glands.  Secreting  organs  in  tho 
urethral  tube  of  mammals. 

Cowries,  (kow'riz).  [Kauri,  the  East  Indian 
name.]=Cypr£eidae:  molluscous  animals  be- 
longing to  Gasteropoda. 

Coyotes,  (koi'o-tez).  [Corruption  of  Coyott, 
the  native  name.]  A  wolf  of  Nicaragua. 

Crab,  (krab).  (Krabba,  the  A.-S.  name.]  1. 
Cancer  pagurus  :  an  aquatic  animal,  belong- 
ing to  Crustaceae,  which  passes  through  the 
successive  stages  of  Zoe,  Megalopa,  and  Crab. 
Shore  C.  =  Carcinus  mcenas.  C.  apple= 
Wild  apple=Pyrus  malus.  C.  cluster = A. 
cluster  of  stars  in  the  constellation  Taurus. 
C.  lobsters=Porce\la.na&.  2.  A  small  portable 
capstan. 

Cracidce,  (kra'si-de).  [Crax,  g.-».]=Curassows: 
a  family  of  Gallinaceous  birds  in  Central  and 
Southern  America. 

Cradle  hills.  Small  hillocks  formed  by 
fallen  trunks  of  trees;  an  American 
term. 

Crag,  (krag).  {Craig,  the  Welsh  name.] 
Antwerp  C. :  in  Older  Pliocene.  White  C.  : 
in  Older  Pliocene. 

Crag  and  Tail.  A  crag  or  large  rock  having 
an  accumulation  of  drift  on  one  side  ;  of  ton. 
found  in  valleys. 

Crambe.  (kram'be).  [Gk.  krambe,  cabbage.] 
=Sea  kale;  an  herb  belonging  to  Brassi- 
caceje. 

Cranberry,  (kran'ber-ri).  [Crane-berry,  from 
its  slender  stalks.]=Oxycoccos.  Tas<nanian 
C.=Astroloma  humifusum. 

Cranberries=Vacciniaceaa,  q.v. 

Crane,  (krun).  [Cran,  the  A.-S.  name.]  1. 
Grus  :  a  large  bird  with 
long  legs  and  neck,  be- 
longing to  Grailatores. 
Numidian  <?.=Demoi- 
selle.  Crowned  C.  = 
Balearica.  2.  A  small 
southern  constellation. 
3.  A  machine  for  raising 
and  lowering  heavy  ar- 
ticles. C.  ,/Zies=Tipu- 
lidse,  q.v. 

Crane's  bills,  (kranzbilz) 
=Geraniacefe,  q.v. 

Crania,   (kra-ni'a).     An 
animal     belonging    to  Crane! 

Brachiopoda,  found  in  all  fossilferous  strata 
from  the  earliest. 

Cranial,  (  kra'ni-al ).  [Cranium,  q.v. ]  Be- 
longing to  the  cranium.  C.  bones  :  occipital, 
parietal,  frontal,  and  nasal  bones,  forming  the 
cranium.  C.  cavity:  contains  the  brain. 

Cranium,  (kra'ni-um).  [The  Latin  name.] 
The  bony  enclosure  of  the  brain. 


Crank,  (krangk).  A  rod,  used  to  convert  the 
circular  motion  of 
a  wheel  into  the  to 
and  fro  motion  of 
a  rod,  or  the  re- 
verse. 

Crassamentum, 
( kras-sa-men'tum). 
[The  Latin  word.] 
=Clot:  a  semi-solid  "Crank, 

body,  which  forms  in  blood  when  it  coagu- 
lates. The  blood  corpuscles  connected  by  tho 
fibrin  separated  from  the  plasma  or  fluid  of 
the  blood. 

Crassulaceae,  (kras-su-la'se-e).  [L.  crassus, 
thick.  ]=House-leeks :  shrubs  and  herbs  with 
succulent  stems  and  leaves,  belonging  to 
Violales. 

Craspeda,  ( kras'pe-da ).  [Gk.  kraspedon, 
border.]  Long  cords,  charged  with  thread 
cells,  bordering  the  margin  of  many  sea- 
anemones. 

Craspedote  Medusae,  (kras'pe-dot).  [Gk. 
kraspedon,  border.] =Naked-eyed  Medusas, 

Cratsegus,  (krat-e'gus).  [Gk.  kratos,  strength.] 

=Hawthorn  :  a  shrub  or  tree,  belonging  to 

Pomacese,  named  from  the  strength  of  its 

timber. 
Crater,  (kru'ter).      [Tho    Latin    word.]     1. 

The  Cup  :  a  small 

southern  constel- 
lation. 2.  The 

basin-like  opening 

of  a  volcano. 
Craters,   (kra'terz). 

In  moon,  q.v. 
Crax,  (kraks).     [Gk. 

krazo,    I  shout.]= 

Curassow:  the  type 

of  Cracida),  q.v. 
Cray  -  fish,     (  krS  \ 

[Ecrevisse,  the  Fr. 

name.  ]  =  Astacua 

fluviatilis:    a  lob-  Crater. 

ster-like  animal,  belonging  to  Macrura  ;  also 

called  Crawfish. 
Cream   of  tartar  =  Potassic   tartrate  =  KC4 

H506. 
Creatine,   (kre'a-tm).      [Gk.    kreas,  flesh.]*= 

C^gNgOa  :  a  base  found  in  meat  juice. 
Creatinine,  (kre'a-ti-nm).     [Creatine,  g.v.]=a 

C^gNsO  :  a  base  obtained  from  creatine. 
Creeps,  (kreps).     In  coal  and    other  mines, 

where  the  floor  is  pushed  up  in  openings  by 

the  pressure  upon  the  walls. 
Cren\atogaster,  (kre-mat-o-gas'ter).    An  ant 

which  lives  in  the  hollow  spines  of  the  bull's- 

horn  thorn. 

Crenilabrus,  (kren-i-la'brus).     A  fish  belong- 
ing to  Acanthopteri. 
Crenic  acid,  (kre'nik).     [Gk.  krene,  well.]= 

C24H3oOi9 :  found  in  mould,  especially  near 

springs. 

Creosote=Kreasote,  q.v. 
Crescentiace,     ( kre-sen-ti-a'so-G ).       [  Signer 

Crescenti.]=Crescentiads  :  small  trees,  T?ith 

succulent  fruits,  belonging  to  Bignonalca. 
Crescent  moon,  (kres'cent).  [L.  cresco,  Igroi?-.] 


CRESS 


88 


CRUEA 


When  only  a  small  crescent-shaped  portion 
of  the  bright  side  is  turned  to  the  earth,  and 
tho  moon  sets  soon  after  the  sun. 
Cress,  (kres).     [CVes.se,  the  A.-S.  name.]    An 
herb  belonging  to  Cruciferse. 
Cretaceous  series,  (kre-ta'she-us).    [The  Latin 
word.]      The  uppermost  of  the  Secondary 
formations,  divided  into  upper  or    cJialk, 
and  lower  or  greensand. 
Crevasses,  (kre-vas'ez).     [The  French  -word.] 
Deep  narrow  openings  or  cracks  in  an  em- 
bankment, glacier,  &c. 

Cribriform  plate,  (kri'bri-form).  [L.  cribrum, 
sieve ;  forma,  form.]  In  the  roof  of  the  nose, 
separating  the  nasal  cavities  from  the  brain. 

Crickets,  (krik'ets).  [Cricfad,  the  Welsh 
name.  ]  =  Achetina : 
insects  which  have 
long  hind  legs,  and 
can  leap  a  long  way, 
belonging  to  Orthop- 
tera. 

Cricoid  cartilage,  (krrV  Cricket 

koid).  Gk.  krikos,  ring  ;  eidos,  form.]  A 
ring  of  gristle  forming  the  top  of  the  wind- 
pipe. 

Crinoidea,  (krin-oi'de-a).  [Gk.  Tcrinon,  lily; 
eidos,  form.]  =  Crinpids  =  Pinnigrada  =Fea- 
ther-stars :  a  division  of  Echinodermata. 
Animals  with  a  cup-like  body  and  five  arms, 
fixed  by  a  stalk  to  the  sea  bottom. 

Crisium=Mare  crisium ;  one  of  the  level  por- 
tions of  the  moon's  surface;  supposed  to  have 
been  a  sea,  about  350  by  280  miles  in.  extent. 

Crith,  (krith).  [Gk.  krithe,  barley:  a  barley- 
corn. ]= '09  of  a  gramme  nearly;  the  weight 
of  one  litre  of  hydrogen  at  the  freezing-point 
of  water  when  the  barometer  is  at  7(5  centi- 
metres. Used  as  a  standard  for  the  measure- 
ment of  gases  by  weight. 

Crithmum,  (krith'mum)=Samphire;  a  plant 
belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Critical  angle.  The  angle  of  incidence  at 
•which  a  ray  of  light  passes  along  the  common 
surface  of  two  media.  If  the  angle  be  less 
than  this,  the  ray  is  refracted  through  the 
second  medium;  if  it  be  greater,  the  ray  is 
totally  reflected,  and  returns  through  the 
first  medium. 

Crocodile,    (  krok'o-dil ).      [  Krokodeilos,  the 
Greek  name.  ]  = 
Lacerta   crocodi- 
lus.  v.Crocodilia. 

Crocodilia,  (krok- 
o-di'li-a).  [Croc- 
odile,2.v.]=Croc- 
odiles,  alligators, 
&c.:  a  division  of 
carnivorous  rep- 
tiles, having  a 
covering  of  horny 
scales  and  bony  Crocodile, 

skutes;  on  river  banks  in  Asia  and  Africa; 
found  fossil  in  Lower  Tertiary. 

Croconic  acid,  (kro-kon'ik).  [Gk.  l-rokos,  saf- 
fron.] =  C^R^OS  :  an  organic  acid,  named 
from  its  yellow  colour. 

Crocus,  (krS'kus).  [Krokos,  the  Greek  name.] 
A  stemless  plant  belonging  to  Iridacese. 


Cromlech, 


Cromlech,  (kromlek).  ,  [W.  crom,  bent;  llech, 
flat  stone.]  An 
ancient  erection 
of  a  flat  stone 
supported  by  two 
others  set  up  end- 
ways. 

Crop,  (krop).  [The 
A.-S.  word.]  A 
dilation  of  the 
gullet  in  birds, 
forming  a  kind 
of  pouch. 

Cross-bedding,     v.  Bedding. 

Cross-bills,  (kros'bilz)=Loxiada3:  a  family  of 
birds  belonging  to 
Conirostres. 

Cross-wort,  ( kros'- 
wurt)=Galium  cru- 
ciata:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Rubia- 
cese. 

Crossopterygidae, 
(kros  -  sop  -  ter  -  ij '  i- 
de).  [Gk.  krossotos, 
fringe;  pteryx,  fin.] 
A  group  of  fishes,  Cross-bill 

remains  of  which  are  found  in   Old  Red 
Sandstone. 

Crotalaria,  (kro-ta-la'ri-a).  [Gk.  krotalon, 
rattle.]  A  plant  belonging  to  FabaceaB, 
named  from  the  rattling  noise  made  by  its 
fruit  in  the  wind.  C.  jwnce«=Bengal  hemp. 

Crotalidae,  (kro-taJ'i-de).  [Crotalus,  9.1;.]= 
Rattlesnakes  :  venomous  snakes,  mostly 
American. 

Crotalus,  (krot'a-lus).  [Gk.  krotalon,  rattle.] 
= Rattlesnake:  a  venomous  snake,  found  only 
in  America,  whose  tail  terminates  in  a  num- 
ber of  bony  articulations,  which  make  a 
sound  like  a  rattle. 

Croton  oil,  (kro'ton.)  An  oil  obtained  from 
the  seeds  of  Croton  tiglium. 

Crotonic  acid,  (kro-ton'ik).  [Croton  oil,  q.v.] 
=C4HgO2  :  an  acid  obtained  from  croton 
oil. 

Crotonylene,  (kro-ton'i-len).  [Croton  oil,  q.v.] 
=C±H.Q'.  one  of  the  acetylene  series  of  hydro- 
carbons. 

Crow,  (kr5).  [Crawe,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Cor- 
vus,  q.v. 

Crowberries,  (kro'ber-riz)=Empetracea9.  q.v. 

Crowfoots,  (kro'fotz).  =  Ranuucnlaceas,  g.v. 
Plants  belonging  to  Exogens,  but  approxi- 
mating to  Endogens. 

Crowned  crane,     v.  Balearica,  q.v. 

(  krown'wurtz  )=Malesherbia- 


Crown -worts, 

ceae,  q.v. 
Crown-wheel. 

of  the  rim. 
Crows,  (kroz). 


Having  teeth  cut  on  the  edge 


[Crow,  q.v.]=Corvidfe,  q.v. 
Crucible,  (kr6o'si-bl).    [Crucibulum,  the  Latin 

word.]  Vessels  for  melting  metals,  &c. ;  made 

to  endure  great  heat  without  damage. 
Cruciferae,   (  kroo-sif  e-re ).      [L.  crux,  cross; 

fero,    I  bear.j=Crucifers=Cabbages,   &c.= 

Brassicaceae,  q,v. 
Crura  cerebri,   (kru'ra  ser'e-bri).      [L.   crus, 

trunk;  cerebrum,  q.v.]    Bundles  of  fibres  at 


CRURAL 


CTTCURBITACE.E: 


the  base  of  the  brain,  between  the  third  and 

fourth  nerves. 
Crural  nerve,   (  krii'ral  ).      [  L.   crus,  a  leg.  ] 

Branching  from  the  spinal  cord  iu  the  lum- 

bar region,  and  going  to  the  thigh. 
Crustaceae,    (  krus-tu'-se-e  ).      [L.  crusta.  J= 

Crabs,  lobsters,  &c.; 

a    division  of   Ar- 

thropoda;   animals 

of  very  varied  or- 

ganization;  mostly 

marine,  some  fresh- 

water; the  aquatic 

representatives    of 

Articulata  :     cast 

their  shells  periodi- 

cally; have  segmen- 

ted bodies,  with  ar- 


ticulate  appendages 
branchiae  for  breath  i 


Crustacea?. 

to  each  segment,  and 
th  in  gin  water;  named  from 
having  an  exoskeletou  or  crust. 

Crutch=Escapement,  3.1;. 

Crux  Australia,  (kruks  aw-stralis).  [L.  crux, 
cross;  australis,  southern.]=The  Southern 
Cross:  a  small  but  brilliant  constellation  in 
the  southern  heavens,  near  the  pole. 

Cryolite,  (kri'o-lift).  [Gk.  Icryos,  ice;  lithos, 
stone.]=Kryolite:  a  mineral  of  the  fluorite 
group. 

Cryophorus,  (kri-of'o-rus.]  [Gk.  kryos,  ice; 
phoreo,  I  bear.]  An  apparatus  for  freezing 
water. 

Cryptodon,  (krip'to-don).  [Gk.  kryptos,  hid- 
den; odous,  tooth.]  An  animal  belonging 
to  Anomodontia,  q.v.;  known  only  by  fossil 
remai  ns. 

Cryptogam®,  (krip-tog'a-me).  [Gk.  kryptos, 
hidden;  gamos,  union.  ]=A.cotyledons=Thal- 
logens,  Acrogens,  and  Rhizogens  =  Fungi, 
lichens,  ferns,  mosses,  &c.  :  plants  in  which 
there  are  no  stamens  or  pistils. 

Cryptogamic,  (krip-to-gam'ik).  [Gk.  kryptos, 
hidden;  gamos,  union.]  Having  no  visible 
means  of  fructification,  such  as  stamens  or 
pistils. 

Crystal,  (kris'tal).  [Gk.  krystallos,  ice.]  1. 
A  natural  solid  substance,  bounded  by  sym- 
metrical plane  faces.  2.  A  common  namo 
for  glass. 

Crystallin,  (kris-tallin.)  [Gk.  krystallos,  ice.] 
=Globulin,  q.v. 

Crystalline,  (kris-tallin).  [Crystal,  3.1;.]  Hav- 
ing the  nature  of  a  crystal. 

Crystalline  -  schists  =  Gneiss,  fine  slate,  &c.  : 
crystalline  rocks,  devoid  of  fossils,  but  strati- 
fied. 

Crystalline  lens.  A  fibrous,  elastic,  doubly- 
convex  lens  in  the  eye,  separating  the  aque- 
ous humour  of  the  cornea  from  the  vitreous 
humour  of  the  sclerotic. 

Crystallization,  (kris-tal-i-za'shun).  [Crystal, 
q.v.]  Slow  passage  from  the  liquid  to  the 
solid  condition  when  the  result  is  solidifica- 
tion in  regular  geometrical  forms.  Analogy 
of  chemical  composition  is  usually  accom- 
panied by  identity  of  crystalline  form.  Cub- 
ical C.;  with  three  equal  axis,  all  at  right 
angles.  Pyramidal  C..  with  three  axes  all  at 
right  angles,  but  the  principal  axis  longer  or 


shorter  than  the  other  two.  HJiombic  C. :  with 
three  axes  at  right  angles,  but  no  two  of 
equal  length.  Oblique  C.:  with  two  axes  at 
right  angles,  and  the  third  inclined  more  or 
less  than  90°.  Anorthic  C.:  with  three  axes, 
none  at  right  angles.  Hexagonal  C. :  with  the 
principal  axis  at  right  angles  with  all  tho 
other  three  axes,  which  are  arranged  sym- 
metrically in  one  plane. 

Crystallography,  (kris-tal-log'ra-fi).  [Crystal, 
q.v.;  Gk.  grapho,  I  write.]  The  science  of 
the  formation  of  crystals. 

Crystalloids,  (kris'tal-oidz).  [Crystal,  q.v.: 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Substances  resembling 
crystals,  cf.  Colloids. 

Crystal- worts,  (kris'tal-wurtz)=Bicciacer3,9.w. 

Ctenoid  scales,  (teu'oid).  [Gk.  kteis,  comb; 
eidos,  form.]  Scales  fringed  with  spines. 

Ctenophora,  (ten-ofo-ra).  [Gk.  kteis,  ccronb; 
phoreo,  to  bear.]  Gelatinous  oceanic  /  itin- 
ozoa,  swimming  by  means  of  ctenophores,  01 
comb -like  cilia;  a  sub -division  of  Ccelen- 
terata. 

Ctenophoridse,  ( ten-o-forl-de  ).  [Gk.  kteis, 
comb;  phoreo,  I  bear.]  A  sub-division  of 
Actinozoa:  oceanic  animals  swimming  by  tho 
use  of  comb-like  bands  of  cilia,  called  cteno- 
phores. 

Ctenostomata,  (ten-os-tom'a-ta).  [Gk.  kteis, 
comb;  stoma,  mouth.]  A  division  of  marine 
polyzoa;  animals  having  a  fringe  of  hairs 
round  the  orifice  of  the  cell. 

Cube,  (kub).  [Vubus,  the  Latin  word.]=A 
regular  hexahedron:  a 
solid  figure  bounded  by 
six  equal  squares.  (7. 
root:  the  number  which, 
multiplied  twice  by  it- 
self, gives  a  certain 
number,  is  the  cube 
root  of  that  number. 

Cubic  system,  (ku'bik). 
[Cube,  q.v.]  With  axes 
rectangular,  v.  Crys- 
tallization. 

Cuckoo,  (koo-kdoO.  [Imitation  of  its  cry.]r 
Cuculus  canorus:  a 
bird  belonging  to 
Scansores;  some  are' 
parasitic  in  nests 
of  other  birds.  (7. 
/Zzes=Ichneumon= 

^achinae.  C.  spits'' 
=  Frog  -  hoppers  : 
larvpe  of  Cercopidae. 
C.  pints=Ai\un,  q.v. 

Cuculidae,  (koo-koo'li-de).  [Cuckoo,  q.v.]=s 
Cuckoos:  birds  belonging  to  Scansores. 

Cuculinse,  (koo-koo-li'ne).  [Cuckoo,  g.i>.]= 
Cuckoo-bees.  A  family  of  wasp-like  bees, 
parasitic  in  the  burrows  of  other  bees. 

Cucumber,  (ku'kum-ber).  [Cucumis,  the  Latin. 
name.]=Cucumis  sativus:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Cucurbitaceae,  the  fruit  of  which  is  edible. 

Cucumber  trees,    v.  Magnolia. 

Cucurbita,  (ku-ker'bit-a).  [The  Latin 
name.]=Gourd:  a  plant  belonging  to  Cu- 
curbitacese,  having  an  edible  fruit. 

Cucurbitacese,  (ku-ker-bit-a'se-e).   [Cucurbita, 


Cnba 


Cuckoo. 


CTTCTTRBITALES 


90 


CtTTIS 


g.v.  ]  =  Melons,  cucumber,  &c.  :  climbing 
shrubs  with  succulent  leaves  and  pulpy  fruit, 
belonging  to  Cucurbitales. 

Cucurbitales,  (ku-ker-bi-talez).  [Cucurbita- 
cese,  q.v.}  Plants  forming  a  division  of  Di- 
clinous Exogens. 

Cudbear,  (  kud'bar  )  =  Lecanora  tartarea  :  a 
lichen. 

Culex,  (kuleks).  [The  Latin  name.]=Gnat: 
an  insect  belonging  to  Diptera. 

Culicidse,  (ku-lis'i-de).  [Culex,  <?.•».  ]=Gnats, 
flies,  &c. :  insects  belonging  to  Diptera.  The 
males  live  on  flowers;  the  females  are  blood- 
suckers. 

Culm,  (kulm).  [Cwlm,  the  Welsh  name.]= 
Anthracite  coal,  q.v. 

Cultirostres,  ( kul-ti-ros'trez.  )  [  L.  cutter, 
ploughshare;  rostmm,  beak.]=Cranes,  her- 
ons, storks,  <foc.:  birds  belonging  to  Gralla- 
tores,  named  from  the  form  of  the  beak. 

Cumbrian  rocks,  ( kunaTari-an ).  [Cumbria, 
Cumberland.]=Cambrian  rocks,  q.v. 

Cumin,  (kum'in).  [  Cuminum,  the  Latin 
name.]=Cuminum :  an  herb  belonging  to 
Apiaceae.  Essence  of  Cr.=CioHioO=Cumyl 
hydride=Cuminic  aldehyd. 

Cuminic.  C.  series:  a  series  of  compounds 
containing  the  radicle  cttmyl ;  including 
C.  acid=CioH12O2 :  a  crystalline  substance 
obtained  from  essence  of  cumin. ;  C.  alcohol 
=CioHi4O  ;  Cumyl ;  Cumyl-chloride,  &c. 

Cuminylia,  (ku-mi-nil'i-a).  [Cumin,  q.v.]=z 
CgH^N  :  one  of  the  aniline  bases. 

Cumol,  (ku'mol)=Trimethyl  benzol=C9H12 : 
a  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  cuminic  acid 
and  from  coal  tar;  also  called  Cumene. 

Cumulo-stratus  :  clouds  intermediate  between 
the  cumulus  and  the  stratus. 

Cumulus,  (ku'mu-lus).  [L.  cumulus,  heap.] 
=Cloud  of  the  day :  a  conical  heap  of  cloud 
caused  by  warm  air  rising. 

Cumyl=(CioHnO)2  :  Dicumyl :  a  heavy  oily 
substance,  the  radicle  of  the  cuminic  series, 
C.  chloride  =  C10HnOCl.  C.  hydride  =  Cw 
H12O=Cuminic  aldehyd. 

Cuneiform,  (ku'ne-i-form).  [L.  cuneus,  wedgo.  ] 
arCuneate  :  wedge-shaped.  C.  inscriptions : 
in  wedge-like  characters,  resembling  the 
heads  of  arrows  or  of  nails. 

Cunoniacese,  (ku-non-i-a'se-e).  [John  Chris- 
tian Cuno.]=Cunoniads  :  shrubs  and  trees 
belonging  to  Saxifragales. 

Cupel,  (ku'pel).  [L.  cupella,  a  small  cask.] 
A  shallow  crucible  used  in  cupellation. 

Cupellation,  (ku-pel-la'shun).  [Cupel,  q.v.] 
I.  A  method  of  separating  silver  from  lead 
by  heating  in  a  cupel,  when  the  lead  becomes 
oxidized  and  leaves  the  silver.  2.  Generally 
any  process  of  metallurgy  in  which  a  cupel 
is  employed. 

Cup  lead.  A  long  leaden  weight  having  a 
cup-like  cavity,  closed  by  a  leather  valve, 
used  in  deep  sea  dredging. 

Cupola,  (ku'po-la).  [The  Italian  word.]  1.  A 
dome.  C.  furnace:  a  furnace  having  a 
cupola  or  dome.  2.  The  inside  of  a  dome. 

Cupreous,  (ku'pre-us).  [The  Latin  word.] 
Copper-like :  made  of  copper.  _  C.  oxide= 
Cu2O=Red  oxide  of  copper. 


Cupressus,  (ku-pres'sus).  [L.  cupressiw,  cy- 
press.] 1.  Cypress:  an  evergreen  tree,  be- 
longing to  Pinacese.  2.  A  Lias  fossil,  pro- 
bably a  coniferous  plant. 

Cupric,  (ku'prik).  [Cuprum.]  Copper-like: 
made  of  copper.  C.  oxide  =  CuO  =  Black 
oxide  of  copper. 

Cuprite,  (ku'prit).  [Cuprum,  q.v.J  One  of 
the  copper  group  of  minerals,  crystallises 
in  cubes,  chiefly  suboxide  of  copper,  Cu2O. 

Cuprum,  (ku'prum).  [The  Latin  word.]= 
'~V'=Copper,  q.v. 

ourassow,  (ku-ras'so).=Crax  globicera:  a 
turkey-like  bird. 

Curb-roof  =  Mansard  roof,  q.v. 

Curcuma,  (ker'ku-ma).  [Kurkum,  the  Arabic 
name.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Zingiberacese. 
v.  Turmeric. 

Cur  cumin,  ( kerTni-min  ).  [Curcuma,  q.v.  ] 
CioHjoOs :  a  resinous  yellow  colouring 
matter  obtained  from  turmeric. 

Curd.  The  coagulated  casein  of  butter,  which 
is  made  into  cheese  by  being  pressed. 

Curlew,  (ker'lu).    [Corlieu,  the  French  name.] 
=Numenius :    a    bird 
belonging    to    Gralla- 
tores. 

Currant,  (kur'ant).  [Cor- 
ruption of  Corinth.] 
1.  A  small  dried  grape, 
first  brought  from 
Corinth.  2.  The  fruit 
of  some  species  of  Cwrle\r. 

Ribes.  Red  C.=Frait  of  Ribcs  rubrum. 
Black  C".=Fruit  of  Ribes  iiigrurn.  C.  galls 
=Made  by  Cynips  Kollari. 

Current,  (kur'ent).  [L.  curro,  I  run.]  A 
stream  of  flowing  water.  C.  electricity^* 
Galvanism,  q.v. 

Currying,  (kur'ri-ing).  The  oiling  and 
smoothing  process  by  which  a  tanned  hide 
is  made  into  leather. 

Cursores,  (ker-so'rez).  [L.  cursor,  rnnner.]=: 
Runners ."  ostriches,  cassowary,  &c. :  large 
birds  having  rudimentary  wings  and  long 
strong  legs. 

Cursoria,  (ker-sp'ri-a).  [L.  cursor,  runner.] 
Insects,  including  the  cockroach,  especially 
adapted  forrumiing,  belonging  to  Orthop- 
tera. 

Curves,  (kervz).  [L.  curvus,  arched.]  lines 
which  constantly  change  their  direction. 

Cuscuta,  (kus'ku-ta).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Dodder :  the  type  of  Cuscutacese,  q.v. 

Cuscutaceae,  (kus-ku-t5/she-e).  [Ar.  kechout.J 
=Dodders  :  parasitic  leafless  plants  belong- 
ing to  Solanales. 

Cushioning  of  steam.  The  gradual  stoppage 
of  the  piston  by  the  resistance  of  a  small 
quantity  of  steam  left  in  the  cylinder. 

Cusp,  (kusp).  [L.  cuspis,  a  point.]  1.  A 
point  formed  by  the  meeting  of  two  curved 
lines.  2.  Leaf-like  projections  in  Gothic 
windows,  &c. 

Custard  apple,  (kus'tard)=Anona  reticulata  : 
a  plant  belonging  to  Anonaceaj,  q.v. 

Cuticle,  (ku'ti-kl).  [Cuticula,  the  Latin 
word. ]= Scarf-skin,  v.  Skin. 

Cutis,  (ku'tis).    [The   Latin  word.]=Skin= 


CTITTEE 


91 


CYME 


Derma=Corinm  :  the  vascular  layer  of  true 

skin  beneath  the  epidermis. 
Cutter,  (kut'ter).     1.   A  clincher  built  boat 

about  25   ft.  "long.     2. 

A    sloop-rigged    vessel  v 

with  one  mast.  = 

Cuttle-fishes,     (kut'tl).  1 

[Kuttel-fisch,   the  Ger-  ^ 

man    name.  ]      Active  f; 

and  rapacious  animals, 

belonging  to  Cephalo- 

poda, q.v.,  divided  into 

Octopodaand  Decapoda. 

C.  6one=Pen  ;  the  calcareous  internal  skele- 

ton of  a  cuttle-fish. 
Cuvier's  classification  of  animals  :— 
Yertebrata— 
Mammalia. 
Aves. 
Reptiliau 


Cutter. 


Mollusca — 

Cephalopoda* 
Pteropoda. 
Gasteropoda. 
Acephala. 
Brachiopoda. 
Cirrhopoda. 
jirticulata— 

Annelida.  ' 

Crustacea. 
Arachnida. 
Insecta. 
Eadiata— 

Echinodermata. 
Intestina. 
Acalepha. 
Polypi. 
Infusoria. 

Cyansea,  (sl-a-ne'a).  [L.  cyaneus,  sea-blue.] 
Animals  belonging  to  Discophora,  q.v.;  in 
one  species,  the  umbrella  is  7  ft.  in  diameter, 
and  the  tentacles  30  to  40  ft.  long. 
Cyanamide,  ( si-an'a-mid ).  [  Cyanic  and 
Amide,  g.v.]=CHoN2 :  the  amide  of  cyanic 
acid=Ammonia  in  which  one  equivalent  of 
hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one  of  cyanogen. 
Cyanates.  (sl-a-natz').  [Cyanic,  q.v.]  Salts 
formed  by  the  combination  of  cyanic  acid 
with  bases. 

Cyanazobenzol,   (sl-an-az-o-ben'zol).      [Cyan' 
ogen:  azote  and&enzoi.]   v.  Benzhydramide. 
Cyanhydrio  acid,  (si-an-hI'drik)=CNH=: Hy- 
drocyanic acid=.Prussic  acid. 
Cyanic,  (si'an-ik).     [Cyanogen,  q.v.]    C.  acid 
=HCyO  :    a  very  volatile  pungent  liquid, 
at  one  time  called  cyanous  acid.     C.  chloride 
=Chloride  of  cyanogen.      C   ether  =  C6H5 
CNO  =  Ethyl  cyanate :     a    volatile    liquid 
from  which  Ethylia  is  obtained. 
Cyanides,  (si'a-nidz).    [Cyanogen,  q.v.]    Com- 
pounds of  cyanogen  with  bases. 
Cyanin,  (si'a-nin).     [Gk.  kyanos,  blue.]    Tho 
colouring  matter  in  blue  and  red  flowers. 
Cyanite,  (si'a-nit).     [Gk.   kyanos,   blue.]    1. 
A  salt  of  cyanous  acid.     v.   Cyanic  acid. 
2.  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina. 
Cyanogen,  (si-an'o-jen).     [Gk.  kyanos,  blue ; 
gennao,  I  produce.  ]=CN=Cy :  a  compound, 


colourless,  inflammable,  poisonous  gas, 
which  combines  with  elementary  substances 
in  the  same  manner  as  an  element ;  the  chief 
constituent  of  Prussian  blue=Oxalo-nitrile. 

Cyanuric,  (si-a-nu'rik).  [Cyanogen,  q.v.]  C. 
acid  =  CgHgNsOs :  a  tribasic,  crystalline, 
acid  substance.  C.  e^er=(CoH5)3  C3N3O3= 
Tri-ethyl  cyanurate  :  a  crystalline  substance. 

Cycadeacese,  (si-kad-a'se-e).  [Cycas,  q.v.]= 
Cycads :  small  fern-like  trees  with  pithy 
stems,  belonging  to  Gymnogens,  related  to 
Coniferse;  fossil  remains  found  in  Trias 
rocks. 

Cycadeae.  (si-kad'e-e)=Cycadeace8e,  q.v. 

Cycas,  (si'kas).  [Kykas.  the  Greek  name  for 
a  small  palm-tree.]  The  typical  form  of 
Cycadeacese. 

Cyclamen,  (sik'la-men).  [Gk.  kyklos,  circle 
or  spiral. ]= Sow-bread :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Primulacese,  named  from  its  spiral  peduncle. 

Cycle,  (si'kl).  [Gk.  kyklos,  circle.]  A  circle, 
used  especially  of  the  recurrence  of  astrono- 
mical phenomena  at  long  intervals  of  time. 
C.  of  sun=2B  years,  when  the  same  days 
come  on  the  same  dates.  C.  of  mnon=l(J 
years.  Metonic  C.=19  years,  when  the 
eclipses,  &c.,  recur  in  the  same  order. 

Cyclobranchiata,  (si-klo-brang-ki-a'ta).  [Gk. 
kyklos,  ring;  bragkia,  gills.]  Chitons: 
molluscous  animals  forming  a  sub-division 
of  Gasteropoda. 

Cyclodus,  (si'klo-dusX  [Gk.  kyklos,  circle; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  lizai-d,  named  from  its 
teeth  having  a  rounded  surface. 

Cycloid,  (siTdoid).  [Gk.  kyklos,  circle ;  eidos, 
form.]  1.  A  curved 
line  traced  by  a 
point  in  the  cir- 
cumference of  a 
circle  revolving  on 
a  plane  in  astraight 
line.  2.  Having  a 
regularly  circular  Cycloid, 

or  oval  form.  C.  scales  of  fishes  :  thin  horny 
scales,  more  or  less  circular  in  shape,  and 
having  usually  smooth  edges. 

Cyclone,  (si'k!5n).  [Gk.  kyklos,  circle.]  A 
hurricane  blowing  more  or  less  in  a  circle.  , 

Cyclopean,  (sT-klo-pe'an).  [Gk.  kyklops,  a 
giant.]  .  Relating  to  the  Cyclops  ;  also  used 
generally  for  anything  of  enormous  size  or 
strength. 

Cyclosis,  (si-ldo'sis).  [KyUosis,  the  Greek 
word.]  1.  The  circulation  within  the  cells 
of  vegetable  tissues.  2.  Also  used  to  express 
the  existence  of  cycles. 

Cyclostoma,  ( si-klos'to-ma ).  [Gk.  kyklos^ 
circle ;  storna,  mouth.]  Owen's  term  for 
Lampreys  and  Hag-fishes,  which  have 
sucker-like  mouths :  also  called  Cyclosto- 
mata. 

Cygnidse,  (sig'ni-de).  [Cygnus,  5.v.]=Swans  1 
a  division  of  birds  belonging  to  Natatores. 

Cygnus,  (sig'nus).  [The  Latin  word.]  1. 
The  Swan  :  one  of  the  northern  constel- 
lations, of  which  Deneb  and  Albiero  are 
the  chief  stars.  2.  Swan  :  an  aquatic  bird, 
of  graceful  form,  belonging  to  Cygnidse.  4 

Cyme,  (sim),    [L.  cyma,  a  young  sprout.  ] 


CYMENE 


92 


DADOXYLON 


A  cluster  of  flowers,  flat  or  rounded,  spring- 
ing   from    different  points    of   the    flower 

.stalk. 

Cymene,  (si'men)=C10n14 :  from  camphor= 

jCymol,  q.v. 

inylia,  (sl'min-i-li-a).    One  of  the  aniline 


Cymol,  (si'mol)=CioHi4  :  a  hydrocarbon  ob- 
tained from  camphor,  by  depriving  it  of  the 
elements  of  water  ;  and  also  found  in  essence 
of  cumin. 

Cymyl=CioHi3 :  the  radicle  of  the  cymylic 

1  series. 

Cynipidse,  (sin-ip'i-de).  [Cynipa,  ?.v.]=Gall- 
flies  :  insects  belonging  to  Hj  uienoptera. 

Cynips,  (sin'ips).  [Gk.  knips,  gnat.]  Gall- 
fly: an  insect  belonging  to  Hymenoptera, 
named  from  causing  galls,  q.v. 

Cynocephalus,  (  sin-o-sef  a-lus  ).  [  Gk.  kyon, 
dog;  kephale,  head.  ]= Baboon,  q.v.:  a  large 
and  brutal  ape :  found  only  in  Africa  and 
Arabia. 

Cynoglossum,  (sin-o-glos'sum).  [Gk.  kyon, 
dog;  and  glossa,  tongue. ]= Hound's  tongue  : 
a  plant  belonging  to  Boraginaceaa. 

Cynopithecinae,  (  sin-o-pith-e'sin-e  ).  [Gk. 
kyon,  dog;  pithekos,  ape.]  A  family  of 
apes,  resembling  the  baboon,  which  have 
cheek  pouches. 

s,  (sin-o-pi-the'kus).     [Gk.  kyon, 
pithekos,  ape.]     An  ape  resembling 
the  baboon. 

Cynosure,  (sin'o-sur).  [Cynosura,  the  Latin 
name.]=The  Lesser  Bear=Ursa  minor,  q.v. 

Cynosurus,  (sin-o-su'rus).  [Gk.  kyon,  dog; 
oura,  tail.]=Dog's-tail  grass:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Graminaceae. 

Cyperacese,  (  si-per-a'se-e  ).  [  Cyperus,  the 
typical  genus.]  =  Sedges  :  common  grass- 
like  plants  with  solid  stems,  sheathing 
leaves,  belonging  to  Glumales. 

Cyperites,  (si'per-its  or  si-per-i'tez).  [  Cyper- 
aceae,  q.v.]  Long  narrow  le'aves  of  sigillariae, 
found  fossil  in  carboniferous  rocks. 


Cyprinidae,  (si-prin'i-de).  [1.  L.  cyprinus, 
carp.  2.  Cyprina,  the  typical  genus.]  1. 
Carp,  roach,  &c. :  a  family  of  fishes,  of  which 
the  carp  is  the  type.  2.  Molluscous  ani- 
mals, joining  a  family  of  Lamellibran- 
chiata. 

Cyrena,  (sl-re'na).  A  bivalve  mollusc,  found 
in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Cyrene,  (si-re'ne).  [Classical.]  A  minor 
planet,  No.  133.  Discovered  in  1873. 

Cyrillacese,  (sir-il-la'se-e).  [Signer  Cyrillo.] 
=Cyrillads :  evergreen  shrubs,  belonging 
to  Berberales. 

Cyrillus,  (si-rillus).  [Classical.]  A  crater 
in  the  moon,  60  miles  in  diameter. 

Cyst,  (sist).  [Gk.  kystes,  bladder.]  A  general 
term  for  a  small  sac  or  bladder. 

Cysticercus,  (sis'ti-ser-kus  ).  [Gk.  kystos, 
bladder;  kerkos,  tail.]  An  immature  form 
of  Tsenia,  q.v. 

Cystic  worms,  (sis'tik).  [L.  cysticus.]=Cia- 
tica  :  immature  forms  of  tape-worms. 

Cystici,  (sis'ti-si).  [Gk.  ki/stos,  bladder.] 
Used  by  Siebold  for  a  sub-division  of  Hel- 
minthes. 

Cystidea,  (sis-tid'i-a).  [Gk.  kystos,  bladder; 
eidos,  form.]  An  extinct  group  of  animals, 
belonging  to  Echinodermata,  found  only  in 
Palaeozoic  rocks. 

Cystidia,  (sis-tid'i-a).  [Gk.  Jcystos,  bladder.] 
Bodies  resembling  basidia,  but  without 
spores,  found  on  mushrooms. 

Cystifonn  Helminthozoa=Hydatids,  q.v. 

Cystoidea,  (sis-toi'de-a).  [Gk.  kystis,  bladder; 
eidos,  form.]=Cystidea :  an  order  of  Echi- 
nodermata, known  only  by  fossil  remains  in 
Palaeozoic  rocks,  v.  Hyponome. 

Cytinacese,  (si-tin-a'se-e).  [Cytinus,  the  typi- 
cal genus. ] =Cistus-rapes  :  plants,  parasitic 
on  roots  of  Cystus,  belonging  to  Rhizogens. 

Cytisus,  (sit'i-sus).  (Kytisos,  the  Greek 
name.]=Broom:  a  shnib,  with  small  gay 
flowers,  belonging  to  Fabacese. 

Czechsi    A  European  people. 


D. 


Dab. 


Dab,  (dab).     [L.  dobu la.  ] = Platessa  limanda 

=Pleuronectes    li-       -- 

manda:  a  flounder-  ~_ 

like  fish. 
Dabeocia,   (dab-e-o'-i 

si-a).    [St.  Dabeoc.] 

=  St.    Dabeoc's 

heath :  a  shrub  be- 
longing to  Ericaceae. 
Daboia.     A  poisonous  viper  of  India. 
Dace,   (das).     [Darsen,  the  Welsh  name.]= 

Clupea  leuciscus= 

Cyprinus  leuciscus 

=  Leuciscus     vul  -; 

garis  :  a  carp-like 

fish. 
Dacelo  =  Australian 

kingfisher  :   a  bird  Dace. 

locally  called  the  laughing  jackass. 


Dactylethra,  ( dak-ti-le'thra ).  [Gk.  dal-ty- 
lethra,  finger  of  a  glove.]  A  toad,  found  in 
Africa,  having  no  tongue. 

Dactylia,  (dak'ti-lis).  [Gk.  daktylos.]  = 
Cock's  foot-grass :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Graminaceae. 

Dactylopterus,  (dak-til-op'ter-us).  [Gk.  dak' 
tylos,  finger  ;  pteryx,  fin.]=Flying  gurnard  : 
A  fish  resembling  the  gurnard,  with  large 
pectoral  fins,  which  enable  it  to  rise  out  of 
the  water. 

Dactylus,  (dak'ti-lus).  [Daktylos,  the  Greek 
name.]  1.  Finger.  2.  Date:  fruit  of 
Phoanix  dactylifera. 

Daddy-long-legs  =  Crane-fly  :  an  insect  be- 
longing to  Diptera. 

Dado,  (da'do).  [It.  dado,  die.]=Plinth  of  a 
pedestal :  a  deep  skirting. 

Dadoxylon,  (da-doks'i-lon).    [Gk.  das,  torch  ; 


DADYL 


93 


DARTER 


xylon,  wood.]    A  coniferous  plant,  fragments 
of  which  are  found  as  driftwood  in  coal 


Dadyl,  (da'dil).  [G  k.  das,  pine- wood  or  torch ; 
hyle,  material.]=Camphiuo,  q.v. 

Daffodil,  (dafo-dil).  [Corruption  of  Aspho- 
delus,  the  Latin  name.]=Narcissus  pseudo- 
narcissus  :  a  common  meadow  flower. 

Dafila=:Pintail  ducks :  birds  belonging  to 
Natatores. 

Daguerreotype,  (da-ger'o-tip).  [M.  Daguerre, 
its  inventor.]  The  earliest  method  of  photo- 
graphy, in  which  a  silver  plate  was  covered 
with  a  coating  of  iodide  and  exposed  in  the 
camera. 

Dahlia,  (da/lia).  [A.  Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist.] 
A  garden  flower,  belonging  to  Asteracese, 
much  cultivated  for  its  beauty. 

Dahomans,     An  African  people. 

Daisy,  (da'zi).  [A.-S.  daeyes  eage,  day's  eye.] 
=Bellis  :  a  small  meadow  flower  belonging 
to  Asteraceae. 

Dakosaurus.  A  Saurian  animal,  known  only 
by  fossil  teeth  found  in  Oolite  rocks :  belongs 
to  Amphiscrelian  reptiles. 

Daltonism,  (dal'ton-izm).  [Dalton,  who  suf- 
fered from  it.  ]  =  Achromatopsy  =  Colour 
disease  :  a  condition  of  the  eyes  in  which  all 
colours  cannot  be  fully  distinguished. 

Dalton's  atomic  theory,     v.  Atomic  theory. 

Dam,  (dam).  [The  Danish  word.]  A  .wall 
to  resist  the  pressure  of  water. 

Damascene  work,  (dam'a-sen),  [Damascus.] 
=Damask  work  :  1.  Inlaying  one  metal  on 
another  so  as  to  form  figures,  as  on  shields, 
swords,  &c.  2.  Marking  of  patterns  on 
polished  steel  by  the  action  of  acids,  or  by 
the  combination  of  iron  and  steel. 

Damask-rose,  (dam 'ask)=  Rosa  centifolia  :  a 
rose  marked  by  variety  of  colour. 

Dame's  violet=Hesperis  :  an  herb  belonging 
to  Brassicacepe. 

Dammara,  (dam'ma-ra).  [The  native  name.] 
1.  A  gum  or  resin,  somewhat  like  copal, 
obtained  from  the  tree  Dammara  Australia 
or  Agathis,  belonging  to  Conifers}.  2.= 
Kauri  pine  :  a  tree  belonging  to  Coniferae, 

Dammaric  acid,  (dam'ma-rik).  [Dammara, 
q.v.]  An  acid  obtained  from  the  kauri  pina 
or  dammara. 

Damp,  (damp).  [Ger.  dampf,  vapour.]  A 
miner's  term  for  vapours  or  gases  found 
in  mines.  v.  Fire-d.,  Choke -d.t  and 
After-d. 

Damper,  (dam'per).  A  contrivance  for  (1) 
moderating  the  amount  of  draught  in  a 
chimney  or  pipe ;  or  (2)  for  moderating  the 
vibration  of  the  wires  in  a  pianoforte. 

Damson,  (darn'son).  [Damascene,  q.v.]  A 
plum -like  fruit,  a  variety  of  Pruiius  do- 
mestica. 

Danaeaceae,  (da-ne-a'se-e).  [Signor  Dana.]= 
Danseads :  tropical  fern-like  plants,  the  most 
highly  developed  of  Acrogens,  forming  a  sub- 
division of  Filicales. 

Dandelion,  (dan-de-li'on).  [Fr.  dent  de  lean, 
lion's  tooth.]  =  Taraxacum  dens  leonis  = 
Leontodon  taraxacum  :  _  a  _  common  plant 
belonging  to  Asteracese, 


Dane-wort,  (dan-wurt)=Sambucus  ebulus  :  a 
plant,  also  called  dwarf-elder,  belonging  to 
Caprifoliaceaa. 

Daniell' s.  [Professor  Daniell,  the  inventor.] 
D.  battery=Const&nt  batteiy :  a  galvanic 
battery  in  which  zinc  is  placed  in  sulphuric 
acid,  and  copper  in  saturated  sulphate  of 
copper ;  the  action  of  this  is  regular  for 
some  days.  D.  hygrometer  :  an  instrument, 
for  indicating  the  amount  of  moisture  in 
the  air;  a  glass  bulb  containing  a  thermo- 
meter in  ether  is  cooled  by  evaporation 
until  dew  is  deposited.  D.  pyrometer :  in 
which  very  high  temperatures  are  measured 
by  the  expansion  of  a  metallic  rod. 

Danish  * 'kitchen -middens.  "  [D.  Kjokken- 
inodding.]  Refuse  heaps,  usually  near  the 
sea,  containing  fragments  of  pottery  and 
instruments :  proved  to  be  very  old  by  the 
contained  shells.  &c. :  belong  to  the  Recent 
Period. 

Danish  peat.  Peat  moss  in  which  stone  tools 
are  found,  and  in  which  all  fossil  remains 
are  of  existing  species:  belongs  to  Neolithic 
Period. 

Dapedius,  (da-pe'di-us).  [Gk.  dapedon,  pave- 
ment.] =  Dapedium:  a  ganoid  fish,  known 
only  by  fossil  remains  found  in  Lias  rocks. 

Dajhnads,  (daf'nads).  [Daphne,  g.v.]=Thy- 
melacese :  a  sub-division  of  Daphnales. 

Daphnales,  (  daf-na'lez.  )  [  Daphne,  q.v.  ] 
Shrubs  and  trees,  usually  evergreen,  forming 
a  sub-division  of  Perigynous  Exogens. 

Daphne,  (daf'ne).  [Gk.  daphne,  laurel.] 
=Mezereon,  &c.  :  a  shrub  with  odorous 
flowers,  belonging  to  Thymalacere,  named 
from  their  somewhat  resembling  laurels. 
D.  to?£reo£a=Dwarf-bay. 

Daphnia,  (dafni-a)= Water  flea:  a  microscopic 
crustacean,  belonging  to  Branchiopoda. 

Daphnin,  (dafnin).  [Daphne,  q.v.]  A  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
Daphne  mesereum. 

Daphnogene,  (daf'no-jen).  [Daphne,  q.v.] 
A  laurel-like  plant,  found  fossil  in  Eocene 
and  Miocene  strata. 

Daphnoidea,  (daf-noi'de-a).  [Daphne,  q.v.  ; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  1.  A  family  of  Ostracoda, 
known  by  fossil  remains.  2.=Thymelacea) : 
a  sub-division  of  Daphuales,  q.v. 

Dare,  (dar)=Dace,  q.v. 

Dark  lines  of  spectrum.  A  number  of  narrow 
lines  crossing  a  spectrum.  Those  in  the 
spectrum  of  sunlight  are  always  the  same, 
and  are  used  as  standard,  being  named  A,B, 
C.D,  &c.  The  lines  A  and  B  are  in  the  red 
ray,  C  between  the  red  and  orange,  D,E,F,G, 
and  H  are  in  the  orange,  green,  blue,  indigo, 
and  violet  rays  respectively.  The  number  of 
lines  in  the  solar  spectrum  is  very  large,  many 
thousands  having  been  already  observed. 

Darnel,  (dar'nel)=Lolium  temulentum :  a 
common  plant,  the  only  one  of  the  grass 
kind  which  is  poisonous. 

D~rt,  (dart)=Dace,  q.v. 

Darter,  (dar'ter).  l.=Plotus,  snake-bird:  a 
bird  belonging  to  Natatores,  named  from 
its  habit  of  darting  at  small  fish.  2.  A  fish. 
also,  called  archer  fish,  q.v. 


DARWINISM 


DECAGYNIA 


Darwinism,  (dar'win-ism).  Used  by  some  as 
a  popular  name  for  the  theory  of  evolution: 
properly  the  theory  of  origin  of  species  by 
natural  selection,  named  from  being  first  ex- 
pounded in  full  detail  by  Mr.  Darwin. 

Dasornis,  (da-sor'nis)  D.  Londinensis :  an 
extinct  stimthious  bird,  found  in  London 
clay,  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppy. 

Dasymeter,  (da-sim'e-tgr).  A  modification  of 
the  manometer,  q.v. 

Dasypoda,  (da-sip'o-da).  [Gk.  dasys,  shaggy; 
pous,  footed.]  Bee-like  insects  belonging  to 
Hymenoptera. 

Dasypodidse,  (das-i-pod'i-de).  [Dasypus,  q.v.] 
Owen's  name  foi  animals  such  as  the  arma- 
dillo, forming  a  sub-division  of  Edentata. 

Basyprocta,  (das-i-prok'ta).  [Gk.  dasyproklos, 
rough  bottomed. ]= Agoutis:  hare-like  ani- 
mals belonging  to  Rodentia. 

Dasypus,  (das'i-pus).  [Gk.  dasypous.  hairy- 
footed.  ]= Armadillo  :  an  ant-eating  burrow- 
ing quadruped  of  S.  America,  belonging  to 
Edentata,  having  an  armour-like  covering 
of  bony  scales. 

Dasyures,  (das-i-u'rez).  [Gk.  dasys,  shaggy: 
oura,  tail.]  A  sub-division  of  marsupial 
animals  represented  by  the  Dasyurus. 

Dasyurus,  (das-i-u'rus).  [Gk.  dasys,  shagi^y ; 
oura,  tail.]  An  Australian  marsupial  car- 
nivorous quadruped  belonging  to  the  divi- 
sion Sarcophagas.  Ursine  D.=Tasmanian 
devil. 

Date,  (dat).  [Gk.  daktylos,  finger.  ]=Phoenix 
dactylif  era=Date- 
palm:  a  tree  common 
in  Syria,  Arabia,  and 
N.  Africa,  named  from 
shape  of  fruit.  D.  plum 
=Fruit  of  Diospyrus 
Virginiana  or  Persim- 
mon tree.  D.  shells— 
Lithodomus.  Indian 
Z).:=Diospyros  lotus. 

Datiscaceae,  ( da-tis-ka'- 
se-e ).  [  Datisca,  the 
typical  genus.  ]=Datis- 
cads  :  herbs,  sometimes  Date-tree, 

trees,  with  apetalous  flowers,  belonging  to 
Cucurbitales. 

Datiscin,  (da'tis-sin).  [Datisca,  <?.v.]=C2iIIls 
07 :  a  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
Datisca  cannabina,  used  as  a  yellow  dye. 

Datura,  (da-tu'ra).  [Datora,  the  Ai-abic 
name.]=Thorn-apple,  &c.  :  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Solanacese. 

Daturia,  (da-tu'ri-a).  [Datura,  q.  v.  ] = Atropia, 
q.v. :  found  also  in  Datura  stramonium. 

Daucus,  (da-u'kus).  [Daucum,  the  Latin 
n am a.]~ Carrot :  a  common  herb,  with  edible 
root,  belonging  to  Apiacefe. 

Davy's  safety  lamp.  [Invented  by  Sir.  II. 
Davy.]  An  oil  lamp  enclosed  in  a  case  of 
fine  wire  gauze,  which  cools  down  the 
Jieated  gas  passing  out,  and  so  prevents 
explosion.  If  the  air  be  inflammable  it 
bucns  within  the  lamp,  and  so  warns  the 
miner  of  the  danger. 

Dayaks.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Day,  (da).     [Dug,  the  A.-S,  name.]     Solar 


day:  reckoned  from  noon  to  noon.  Civil 
day:  reckoned  from  midnight  to  midnight. 
Sidereal  day=23h.  56m.  47s.,  reckoned  from 
the  time  of  some  given  star  being  on  the 
meridian,  usually  the  first  point  of  Aries. 

Day's  work.  The  account  of  a  ship's  course 
during  24  hours. 

Day  flies=:Ephemeridfe:  a  sub-division  of 
Orthoptera ;  insects  which  live  only  a  few 
hours. 

Dead.  D.  centres.-  the  two  points  in  the  revo- 
lution of  a  crank  and  axle,  at  which  the  crank 
and  connecting  rod  are  in  a  straight  line.  D. 
dipping,  of  brasswork,  in  nitric  acid,  to  give 
it  a  dull  appearance.  D.  eyes:  a  wooden  block, 
pierced  with  holes  for  a  lanyard.  D.  lights: 
a  shutter  over  the  cabin  window  of  a  ship. 
D.  nettle='Lamium :  an  herb  belonging  to 
Lamiaceaa.  D.  oil:  a  heavy  yellow  oil,  ob- 
tained from  coal  naphtha.  D.  point:  the 
two  points  in  the  revolution  of  a  crank  which 
are  in  a  line  with  the  connecting  rod.  D. 
reckoning:  that  portion  of  a  calculation  re- 
specting the  position  of  a  ship  at  sea  which 
is  independent  of  celestial  observation.  D. 
wood:  timbers  forming  a  kind  of  backing  to 
the  stem  and  stern  of  a  ship. 

Deadly  nightshade=Atropa  belladonna,  q.v. 

Dead-man's  hand=Alcyonium  digitatum:  an 
asteroid  zoophyte;  also  called  Dead-man's 
toes. 

Deal,  (del).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  1.  The  timber 
of  the  spruce  or  fir  tree.  2.  The  squared  tim- 
ber of  fir  trees,  about  12  ft.  long,  3  in.  thick, 
and  7  in.  wide. 

Deal-fish  =  Trachypterua  arcticus;  a  riband- 
shaped  fish,  about  3  ft.  loner,  and  very  thin, 
belonging  to  Acanthopterygii. 

Death  adder=Acanthophis  sp. :  a  viperino 
snake  of  Australia. 

Death's-head  moth  =  Acheron tia  atropos:  a 
large  hairy  moth,  marked  on  the  back  of 
the  thorax  with  a  resemblance  to  a  skull. 

"Death  watch, "  the  call  of  the  beetle  Anobium. 

De  Blainville's  classification  of  animals,  v. 
Ittainville. 

Deca,  (dek'a).  [Gk.  deka,  ten.]  A  prefix 
meaning  ten.  D.  gramme=10  grammes= 
=154^  grains.  D.  litre=lO  litres=G10i  cubic 
inches;  also  called  centistere.  D.  metre=lQ 
metres=393f  inches,  v.  Metric  system. 

Decagon,  (dek'a-gon).  [Gk.  deka,  ten;  gonia, 
corner.]  A  figure  bounded  by  ten  straight 
lines. 

De  Candolle's  classification  of  plants:— 
Vascular  plants=Cotyledonous  plants. 
Exogens=Dicotyledous. 
Thalamiflorse. 
Calyciflora. 
Corollifloras. 
Monochlamydeae. 
Endogens = Monocotyledons. 
Phanerogams. 
Cryptogams. 

Cellular  plants=Acotyledong. 
Foliacese. 
Aphyllse. 

Decagynia,  (dek'a-jin-i-a).  [Gk.  deka,,  ten; 
gijne,  woman.]  Plants,  having  ten  pistils, 


DECAHEDRON 


95 


DEFLAGRATOR 


Decahedron,  (dek-a-hed'ron),  [Gk.  deka,  ten; 
hedra,  base.]  A  solid  having  ten  regular 
faces. 

Decandria,  (de-kan'dri-a).  [Gk.  delta,  ten; 
aner,  man.]  A  class  of  plants,  the  flowers 
of  which  have  ten  stamens.  A  division  m/ide 
by  Linnseiis. 

Decandrous,  (de-kan'drus).  [Decandria,  q.v.] 
Having  ten  stamens. 

Decapoda,  (de-kap'o-da).  [Gk.  delca,  ten:  pous, 
foot.]  1.  A  division  of  Crustacea,  including 
lobsters,  crabs,  &c.,  which  have  five  pairs  of 
legs;  fossil  from  Carboniferous  times  till  now. 
2.  A  division  of  Cephalopoda,  including  cut- 
tle fishes  in  which  the  mouth  has  around  it 
ten  arms  or  processes.  3.  Do  Blainville's 
term  for  a  division  of  Articulata,  including 
Crustacea,  Limulus,  and  Decapoda  proper. 

Decarburization,  (de-kar-bu-ri-za'shun)!  [L. 
de,  from;  Carbon,  q.v.]  The  removal  of  cai'- 
boii  from  a  compound  containing  it;  ussd 
especially  for  the  conversion  of  pig  iron  into 
malleable  iron. 

Decaton,  (dek'a-ton)=Fourth  segment  of  abdo- 
men in  insects. 

Deci,  (des'i).    [L.  decimus,  tenth. ]=0ne  tenth. 
Decimetre—rV  metre;  nearly  4  inches. 
Decigram  =rV  gram;  1£  grains. 
Decistere  =  iV  stere=Hectolitre;  61022  cubic 

inches. 

Decilitre   =T^  litre^Gxo  cubic  inches. 
Decime      =jV  franc:  nearly  Id. 
v.  Metric  system. 

Decidua,  (dc-sid'u-a).  [L.  deciduux,  falling.] 
The  surface  of  the  modified  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  uterus  in  man,  apes,  Cheirop- 
tera, <fcc.,  during  gestation,  which  at  birth 
falls  away. 

Deciduata,  (de-sid-u-o/ta).  [L.  decido,  I  fall.] 
The  division  of  Mammalia,  including  man, 
apes,  Cheiroptera,  Insectivora,  and  Rodentia, 
which  have  a  decidua  during  gestation. 

Deciduous,  (de-sid'u-us).  [L.  deciduus,  falling 
away.]  Falling  away.  D.  cypress=Ta3Lo- 
dium  distichum.  D.  leaves:  which  fall  off. 
D.  plants:  those  which  shed  their  leaves 
every  year.  cf.  Evergreens. 

Decimal,  (des'i-mal).  [L.  decem,  ten.]  In- 
creasing or  diminishing  by  tens  or  powers  of 
ten. 

Deck,  (dek).  [A.-S.  decan,  to  cover.]  The 
flooring  of  a  ship.  D.  hooks,  to  connect  the 
deck  with  the  stem  and  apron  of  a  ship.  D. 
tfranso?ns=Deck-hooks  at  stern. 

Deckle,  (dek'l)= Endless  baud  used  in  machi- 
nery to  communicate  motion. 
Declination,  (dek-lin-a'shun).  [L.  declino,  I 
turn  aside.]  1.  D.  of  magnet ;  angle  between 
the  geographical  N.  and  the  horizontal 
direction  in  which  a  magnet  points  when 
freely  suspended.  D.  compass:  for  ascer- 
taining the  magnetic  declination  at  any 
given  place.  2.  The  distance  of  a  heavenly 
body  above  or  below  the  celestial  equator. 
Decoction,  (de-kok'shun).  [Decoctum,  the 
Latin  word.]  An  extract  of  an  organic  sub- 
stance prepared  by  boiling. 


Decollated,  (de-kol'lat-ed).  [L.  decollo,  I  be- 
head. ]=Truncated  :  used  of  spiral  shells,  of 
which  the  termination  has  been  removed. 

Decomposition,  (de-kom-po-zish'un).  [L.  de, 
from  ;  compositio,  compound.]  The  breaking 
up  of  any  compound  into  its  constituent  ele- 
ments. D.  by  electricity:  when  an  electric 
current  passes  through  a  compound  and 
decomposes  it.  D.  of  light :  the  term  used 
to  describe  the  conversion  of  white  light  into 
coloured  light,  varying  from  red  through  the 
colours  of  the  spectrum  to  violet. 

Decompound,  (de'kom -pound).  [De  and  Com- 
pound.]=Twice-compouud  :  used  of  leaves 
that  are  doubly-pinnated. 

Decorticalia,  (de-kor-ti-ka'li-a).  [L.  decortico, 
I  take  the  bark  off.]  A  division  of  plants, 
by  Endlicher,  q,v. 

Decorticated,  (de-kor-ti-ka'ted).  [L.  decortico, 
I  take  the  bark  off.]=Disbarked. 

Decrepitation,  (  de-krep-it-0/shun ).  [  L.  de, 
from ;  crepitus,  crackling.]  Crackling :  a 
series  of  small  explosions,  when  some  sub- 
stances are  being  heated. 

Decussated,  ( de-kus'sa-ted',).  [L.  decussis, 
diagonal  crossing.]  Crossed  at  right  angles. 

Decussation,  (de-kus-sa'shun).  [Decussated, 
q.v.]  A  crossing  at  right  angles. 

Decyl  hydride =CioHo2  •  a  hydrocarbon  of  the 
Marsh  gas  series. 

Deep-sea  coral  zone  of  life,  Below  50  faths. 
v.  Zones  of  life. 

Deep-sea  sounding.  Usually  by  means  of  a 
leaden  block,  of  about  1  cwt.,  having  tallow 
at  the  bottom,  by  which  samples  of  the  sand, 
shells,  &c.,  are  brought  up.  Other  methods 
— 1.  A  heavy  weight  and  a  fine  line,  which 
is  cut  when  the  weight  reaches  the  bottom, 
and  the  distance  known  by  measuring  the 
remaining  line.  2.  The  deep  seaclamm:  a 
pair  of  forceps  and  a  weight,  which  are  closed 
when  they  strike  the  ground,  and  so  enclose 
some  of  the  mud,  &c.  3.  The  cup  lead:  a 
long  leaden  weight,  with  a  cup  at  the  bottom, 
closed  by  a  leathern  lid  when  filled.  4. 
Brooke's  apparatus:  a  hollow  rod,  carried 
down  by  a  heavy  shot,  which  is  detached  oil 
reaching  the  ground.  6.  The  Bull-dog  sound- 
ing machine:  a  large  pair  of  scoops,  carried 
down  by  a  large  weight,  which  is  then  de- 
tached. 6.  The  Fitzgerald  sounding  machine: 
a  modification  of  the  Bull-dog.  7.  The  Hydra, 
sounding  machine:  amodification  of  Brooke's. 
8.  Massey  sounding  machine:  self-register- 
ing. 

Deer,  (der).    [Deor,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Cervus: 
a  ruminant  quadruped, 
belonging  to  the  group  {JJ^i/' 

of  Cervidse,  the  males  .    _f_*&~  i    • 

only    of    which    have 
deciduous  antlers :  ex- 
cepting  the    rein-deer,  Effl 
of  which  the  female  also 
is  horned. 

Definite  integration.  See 
Integration. 

Deflagrator,  (dc-fla-gra'- 
tor).      [L.    deflagro,    I  Deer, 

burn    up.]      An    apparatus   for  producing 


DEFLECTION 


96 


DENDRERPETON 


deflagration  or  brilliant  combustion.  Hare's 
D.=Hare*3  battery,  which  produces  great 
heat. 

Deflection  of  magnet.  The  change  of  direc- 
tion in  a  freely  suspended  magnetised  needle 
when  any  external  force,  sucli  as  a  Voltaic 
current,  counteracts,  wholly  or  partially, 
the  magnetic  attraction  of  the  earth. 

Deglutition,  (deg-lu-tish'un).  [L.  de.  down; 
glutio,  I  swallow.]  Tha  swallowing  of  food 
previous  to  digestion. 

Degree.  The  circumference  of  every  circle  is 
divided  into  3GO  equal  parts,  called  degrees, 

written  360°,  so  that  one  degree  is  -3  iff  °* 
the  circle.  The  radius  of  a  circle  in  moving 
half  way  round  the  circle  moves  through 
180°,  and  through  one  degree  if  it  move 
through  irio  of  the  whole.  D.  of  latitude^. 
69£  statute  miles,  or  60  nautical  miles.  D. 
of  longitude:  varies  from  0  at  the  poles  to 
•jTBT  of  the  equator.  D.  of  thermometer — 
Fahrenheit  D.  :  TTD-  of  the  distance  between 
freezing  and  boiling  points  of  water.  Centi- 
grade D.  :  T77J-  of  the  distance  between 
freezing  and  boiling  points  of  water.  Rea- 
mur  D.:  -y-jj  of  the  distance  between  freezing 
and  boiling  points  of  water. 
Dehiscence,  (de-his'ens).  [L.  dehisco,  I  open.] 
The  opening  of  any  en- 
closure, as  of  a  seed-vessel 
when  ripe. 

Dehiscent.  Opens  when  ripe. 
Dehydration,    (  de  -  hid  -  ra'- 
shun).     [L.  de,  from ;  Gk. 
hydor,  water.  ]    The  remo  val 
of  water  from  any  compound 
containing  it  as  a  consti- 
tuent. Dehiscent 
Deinosauria,    (dl-no-saw'ri-a).      [Gk.   deinns, 
terrible;  saura,  lizard.]     An  extinct  order 
of  reptiles=Dinosauria,  q.v. 
Deka,  (dek'a).     [The  Greek  word.]=10  times. 
Dekametre  =  10   metres  ;      Dekagram  =  10 
grams  ;  Dekastere=10  steres ;  Dekalitre=10 
litres. 

Dekametre,   (dek-a-m5'tr).     [Gk.   deka,  ten; 
Metre,  «?.v.]=Kette    of   N.   Germany=Ten 
metres=393'7079  inches. 
Delambre,    A  crater  in  the  moon,  26  miles  in 

diameter. 

De  la  Rive's  floating  battery.  A  small  gal- 
vanic cell  fastened  on  a  cork  so  as  to  float 
freely  on  water. 

Deleuil's  air-pump.  In  which,  to  avoid 
friction  and  heat,  the  piston  is  not  in  con- 
tact with  the  cylinder  in  which  it  works, 
the  very  small  space  between  being  filled 
with  air  which  adheres  to  the  piston. 
Delfim,  (del'fim)=:Coryphaena  Nortoniana  :  a 

fish  of  Madeira. 

Deliquescent,  (de-lik-wes'ent).  [L.  de,  from  ; 
liquesco,  I  become  fluid.]  Absorbing  mois- 
ture, and  in  consequence  becoming  liquid 
or  soft. 

Delisle's  method  of  observing  a  transit,  in 
which  the  apparent  times  of  ingress  and 
egress  are  noted  at  different  places  on  the 


earth's  surface,  from  which  the  orbit  may 
be  deduced. 

De  Lorme  system.  In  construction  of  bows, 
or  supports  for  roofs  or  bridges,  in  which  a 
number  of  pieces  of  timber  is  formed  into  a 
bow  or  arch. 

Delphinidae,  (del-fin'i-de).  [Gk.  delphin,  dol- 
phin.] A  division  of  Cetaceae,  including 
dolphins,  porpoises,  &c. 

Delphinium,  ( del-fin'i-um ).  [Gk.  delphin, 
dolphm.]=Larkspur:  an  herb,  common  in 
temperate  climates,  belonging  to  Ranun- 
culacese,  named  from  the  shape  of  its  flowers. 

Delphinus,  ( del'fi n-us ).  [Gk.  delphin,  dol- 
phin.] l.=Dolphin  :  an  animal  resembling 
the  whale,  but  having  a  smaller  head,  the 
type  of  Delphinidse.  2.=The  Dolphin  :  a 
small  constellation  of  stars,  all  of  small 
magnitude,  in  the  northern  heavens. 

Delta,  (delta).  [A  The  fourth  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet.]  Alluvial  land,  usually 
triangular  in  shape,  deposited  at  the  mouth 
of  a  large  river,  formed  of  the  soil  brought 
down  by  the  river. 
D.  moths  =  Deltoides  : 
named  from  shape  of 
wings,  belonging  to 
Lepidoptera. 

Deltohedron,  (  del  -  to  - 
hed'ron).  [Delta,  q.v.; 
Gk.  hedra,  base.]  A 
solid  figure  the  surface 
of  which  is  formed  by 
twenty-four  deltoids. 

Deltoid,   (del'toid).     [Delta, 
form.]     1.  A  four-sided 
figure,  formed  of  two 
unequal    isosceles    tri- 
angles on  different  sides 
of  a  common  base.     2.    • 
A    triangular     muscle 
covering  the   shoulder 
joint. 

Delvauxite.  A  resin- 
like  mineral,  chiefly 
phosphate  of  iron. 

Dematiei = Black-moulds : 
fungi,   belonging  to   Hyphomycetes,    which 
have  a  cortex  or  bark,  and  a  dingy  colour. 

Demilune,  (dem-i-luu').  [P.  demi,  half ;  lune, 
moon.]  In  a  fortification,  an  outwork,  usu- 
ally crescent-shaped. 

Demodex,  ( dem'o-deks ).  [Gk.  demos,  fat ; 
dex,  worm.]  A  microscopic  arachnid  found 
in  human  fat. 

Demoiselle,  ( dem-waw-sel' ).  [The  French 
name.]  1.  Numidian  crane  :  a  bird  belong- 
ing to  Grallatjres.  2.  A  dragon  fly=-Calop- 
teryx  virgo. 

Demoivre's. theorems.  1.  That  of  any  group 
of  eighty-six  persons  born  at  one  time,  one, 
and  one  only,  will  die  every  year.  2.  In 
Trigonometry:  (sin.  ^-fcos..  0*J~\n=(sia.. 
n  g  +  cos.  n0-\/-l). 

Demulcents,  (de-mul'sents).  [L.  demulceo, 
I  soothe.]  Anything  of  a  soothing  or  soften- 
ing nature,  used  especially,of  medicals  used 
to  allay  irritation. 

Dendrerpeton,  (  den-drer'pe-ton ).    [Gk.  den- 


Deltoid. 


DENDRIFORM 


97 


DERIVED 


dron,  tree ;  herpeton,  reptile.]  A  reptile  of 
the  lizard,  kind,  two  species  of  which  were 
found  in  a  tree  in  the  lower  Coal  Measure. 

Dendriform,  (den'dri-form).  [Gk.  dendron, 
tree.]  Tree-like. 

Dendrites,  (den'drits,  or  den-drl'tez).  [Gk. 
dendron,  tree.]  Any  veins  of  altered  or 
foreign  matter,  in  rocks,  which  have  a 
"branching  or  tree-like  appearance. 

Dendrobium.  [Dendron,  tree:  bios,  life.] 
Orchidaceae :  q.v.  grow  on  trees. 

Dendrocoeli,  (dea-dro-seli).  [Gk.  dendron, 
tree;  koilia,  intestines.]  Used  by  Siebold 
for  a  sub-division  of  Turbellarii,  including 
those  whose  intestines  are  branched  in  a 
tree-like  manner. 

Dcndrodus,  (den'dro-dus).  [Gk.  dendron,  tree; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  fish,  belonging  to  Holop- 
tychus,  known  only  by  fossil  teeth,  which 
have  a  branch-like  tissue. 

Dendrohyrax,  (deri-dro-lu'raks).  [Gk.  den- 
dron, tree;  Hyrax,  q.v.  ]  An  arboreal 
species  of  Hyrax,  q.v. 

Dendroid,  (den'droid).  [Gk.  dendron,  tree; 
eidos,  forra.]=Tree-like. 

Dcadrolagus,  (den-drol'a-gus).  [Gk.  dendron, 
tree;  lagos,  hare.]  A  species  of  kangaroo, 
found  in  New  Guinea,  adapted  to  tree  life. 

Dendrolitharia,  (den-dro-li-tha'ri-a).  [Gk.  den- 
dron, tree;  lithos,  stone.]  De  Blainville's 
terra  for  coral  polyps. 

Dendrophyllia,  (den-dr5-fil'li-a).  [Gk.  den- 
dron, tree ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  A  coral  polyp 
which  buds  into  a  tree-like  form. 

Dendropupa,  (den-dr5-pu'pa).  [Gk.  dendron, 
tree;  L.  pupa,  puppet. ]= Pupa  vetusta :  a 
land  snail,  known  by  shells  found  in  paleo- 
zoic rocks. 

Deneb=a  Cygni  :  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Cygnus. 

Denebola=j3  Leoiiis :  a  star  in  the  constel- 
lation Leo. 

Denominator,  (dc-nom'i-nil-tor).  [L.  deno- 
mino,  I  name.]  The  lower  number  of  a 
fraction  which  shows  into  how  many  parts 
the  unit  is  divided. 

Densimeter,  ( den-sim'e-ter ).  [L.  densus, 
thick ;  metrum,  measure.]  An  apparatus 
for  measuring  the  specific  gravity  of  liquids. 

Density,  (den'si-ti).  [L.  densus,  thick.]= 
Specific  gravity.  D.  ofelectricity=Ia.tQusity 
ofE. 

Dental  formulae,  I?  C™  PM™  M  J  I=Incisors; 
C=Canines;  P.M=Premolars;  M=Molars; 
-  expresses  the  number  of  each  kind  of  teeth 
on  each  side  of  each  jaw.  D  prefixed  to  each 
expresses  the  deciduous  or  first  set  of  teeth. 

Dentalidae,  (den-tal'i-de)=Tooth-shells. 

Dentalina,  (den-tal'i-na).  [Dim.  of  L.  dens, 
tooth.]  A  small  gasteropod. 

Dentalium.  (den-ta'li-um).  [L.  dem,  tooth.] 
=Tooth-shell :  a  small  marine  molluscous 
animal,  belonging  to  the  Pteropoda  or  Gas- 
teropoda, the  shell  of  which  resembles  a 
small  tusk. 

Dentaria,  (den-ta'ri-a).  [L.  dens,  tooth.]= 
Too th-wort=; Cora.1  root :  an  herb,  with  Jarge 


purple  flower,  belonging  to  Brassicaceae, 
named  from  the  scales  on  the  roots,  which 
look  like  teeth. 

Dentary  bone,  (den'ta-ri).  [L.  dens,  tooth.] 
The  bone  in  Vertebrata  generally,  which 
corresponds  to  the  lower  jaw  in  man. 

Dentate,  (den'tat).  [L.  dentatus,  having 
teeth.]=Tooth-edged. 

Denticles,  (den'ti-klz).  [Dim.  of  L.  dens, 
tooth.]  Small  teeth,  a  number  of  which 
make  up  the  compound  tooth  which  ia 
found  only  in  the  Cape  Ant-eater. 

Denticulate,  (den-tik'u-lat).  [L.  denticulatus, 
toothed.]  Having  fine  teeth. 

Dentine,  (den 'tin).  [L.  dens,  tooth.]  A 
dense  substance,  resembling  bone,  which 
forms  the  greater  portion  of  teeth. 

Dentirostres,  (den-ti-ros'trez).  [L.  dens,  tooth; 
rostrum,  beak.]  A  sub-division  of  Inses- 
Bores,  including  shrikes,  warblers,  thrushes, 
and  other  birds  having  a  tooth-like  projec- 
tion in  the  beak. 

Dentition,  (den-tish'un).  [L.  dens,  tooth.]= 
Number  and  arrangement  of  teeth. 

Denudation,  (de-nu-dfi'shun).  [L.  denudo,  I 
lay  bare.]  Removal  of  solid  matter  by 
water  or  air.  Aqueous  D. :  removal  by 
water.  Subaerial  D. :  removal  by  wind, 
rain,  &c.  Littoral  D.  :  removal  by  water 
between  high  and  lower  water  marks. 

Deodar,  (de'o-dar).  [The  Hindoo  name.]  A 
very  durable  wood,  the  timber  of  an  Indian 
tree  belonging  to  Pinaceai.  D.  cettar=Ced- 
rus  deodara. 

Deodorisers,  (de-o-do-rl'zerz.)  [L.  de,  from; 
odor,  smell.]  Substances  which  cause  re- 
moval of  offensive  odours  by  causing  the 
presence  of  others,  cf.  Disinfection. 

Deoxidation,  (de-oks-i-da'shun).  [L.  de,  from; 
Oxide,  q.v.]  The  separation  of  oxygen  from 
a  substance  containing  it,  usually  by  means 
of  heat. 

De  Pambour's  theory  of  steam  power.  Av= 
m  S^-;  A=Area  of  piston  in  feet;  v= Velocity 
of  piston  ;  S=Quantity  of  water  evaporated ; 
P=Pressure  in  boiler;  R=Resistance  against 
the  piston;  w=Ratio  of  steam  formed  to 
water. 

Departure,  (d5-par'tur).  The  distance  which 
a  ship  has  gone  east  or  west  of  its  original 
meridian. 

Dephlogisticated.    v.  Phlogiston. 

Depolarization,  (de'-po-la-rl-za'shun).  [L.  de, 
from ;  Polarization,  q.v.]  The  double  re- 
fraction of  a  ray  of  polarised  light. 

Depressor  muscles,  (de-pres'sor).  [L.  depres- 
sus,  low.]  Those  used  to  lower  the  parts.to 
which  they  are  attached. 

Derbyshire.  2>.  nec£=Goitre '  an  enlarge- 
ment of  the  thyroid  gland,  causing  a 
swelling  in  the  upper  and  fore  part  of 
the  neck  ;  also  called  Bronchocele.  D.  spar 
=Blue  John ;  a  mineral,  chiefly  fluoride  of 
calcium. 

Derived  current.  The  current  which  passes 
along  a  wire  which  is  connected  at  each  end 
with  a  wire  along  which  a  current  is  already 
passing. 

G 


DERMA 


98 


DEVITRIFICATION 


Derma,  (der'ma).     [The  Greek  word.]=Cutis, 

q.v.  :  the  true  skin. 
Dermatology,  (der-mat-ol'o-ji).     [Gk.  derma, 

skin ;  logos,  science.]      The  science  of  the 

nature  and  structure  of  the  skin. 
Dermatophytes,   (  der  -  ma  -  tof  i  -  tez.  )     f  Gk. 

derma,  skin  ;  phyton,  plant.]=Skin-plauts, 

Dermatoptera,  (der-ma-top'ter-a).  [Gk.  derma, 
skin  ;  pteron,  wing.]:=  Earwigs :  a  division 
of  Orthoptera,  having  membraneous  wings ; 
also  called  Dermaptera,  and  considered  as 
belonging  to  Coleoptera. 

Dermatozoa,  (der-mat-o-zo'a).  [Gk.  derma, 
skin ;  zoon,  animal.]  Fitzinger's  term  for 
Acephala,  Cephalopoda,  and  other  Mollusca. 

Dermestid®,  (der-mest'i-dg).  [Derma,  q.v.]= 
Skin-eaters  :  a  family  of  beetles,  belonging 
to  Necrophaga. 

Dennis,  (der'mis).  [Gk.  denna,  skin.]  The 
real  skin,  below  the  epidermis,  which  bleeds 
when  cut. 

Dermopteri,  ( der-mop'ter-i ).  [Gk.  derma, 
skin ;  pteryx,  fin.]  Owen's  name  for  ver- 
miform limbless  fishes. 

Derrick  crane,  (der'rik).  One  used  for 
raising  heavy  weights :  sometimes  used  for 
those  entirely  above  ground ;  at  others  for 
a  crane  having  a  spar  with  stays;  more 
especially  for  a  crane  mounted  on  a  barge. 

Desert,  (dez'ert).  [L.  desertus,  forsaken.]  A 
sandy  plain  in  which  both  water  and  vege- 
tation are  rare,  probably  the  bed  of  a  dried- 
tip  gulf  or  bay.  D.  birds  :  quails,  grouse, 
ibis,  larks,  &c.,  have  the  upper  plumes 
sand -coloured.  D.  quadrupeds:  mostly 
Band-coloured:  lion,  antelope,  camel,  kan- 
garoo, pampas  cat. 

Desiccation,  (des-si-ka'shun).  [L.  desicco,  I 
dry  up.]  Drying. 

Desman,  (dez'man)=Sorex  mo3chatTis=:Musk 
rat,  q.v.:  a  small  aquatic  insectivorous  quad- 
ruped, which  has  a  scent  gland  near  tail 

Desmidiese,  ( des-mi-di'e-e )  [Gk.  desmos, 
chain ;  eidos,  form.]  A  sub-division  of 
Diatomacesa  ;  also  supposed  to  be  animals 
of  very  low  organization  ;  very  small,  fresh- 
water, green  algaj,  named  from  their  cohesion 
to  each  other. 

Desmids,  (des'midz).  \G.  desmos,  chain.] 
Ciliated  infusoria,  v.  Ciliati. 

Desmodium.  [Desmos,  band.]  A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Fabaceae. 

Desmodus,  (dez'mo-dns).  [Gk.  desmos,  band  ; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  bat;  also  called  blood- 
sucker. 

Desmognathus,  (dez-mog'nath-us).  [Gk.  dfs- 
mos,  band ;  gnathos,  jaw.]  An  eft,  belonging 
to  Urodela. 

Desmoncus,  ( des-moivTius ).  [Gk.  desmos, 
bond;  ogkos,  hook.]  A  palm-tree  having 
tendrils  at  the  points  of  the  leaves. 

Despretz's  law,  That  conducted  heat  decreases 
in  geometrical  ratio  as  the  distance  from  its 
source  increases  in  arithmetical  ratio. 

Despretz's  method  (1)  of  finding  greatest 
density  of  water,  by  noticing  the  lowest 
point  of  a  water  thermometer ;  (2)  of 
measuring  conductivity  of  metals  for  heat. 


Desquamation,  (des-kwii-ma,'shun).  [L.  des- 
quamo,  I  peel  off.]=A  peeling  off:  a  falling 
off  of  scales. 

Desvauxiacese,  (  dez-vo-zi-a'se-e  ).  [M.  Des- 
vaux.]=Bristle-worts  :  small  herbs  of  New 
Holland,  &c.,  with  sheathing  leaves  and 
terminal  flowers,  belonging  to  Glumales. 

Detent,  (dS-tenf).  [L.  detineo,  I  hold  back.] 
A  catch  to  prevent  a  wheel  from  moving  in 
the  wrong  direction. 

Detergents,  (dG-ter'jents).  [L.  deter  geo,  I  rub 
off.]  Such  substances  as  chlorine,  soap,  po- 
tash leys,  chloride  of  lime,  <fec. 

Detritus,  (de-tri'tus).  [L.  detero,  I  rub  away.] 
Small  fragments  of  rocks  and  trees  worn  off 
by  rain,  &c. 

Deuto,  (da'to).  [Gk.  deutcros,  second.]=Di=: 
Bi  :  a  prefix  implying  the  presence  of  two 
atoms  of  one  chemical  element  with  one 
atom  of  another,  as  deutoxide  =  Dioxide  ; 
deutosulphide=Disulphide:=  Bisulphide. 

Deutyl,  (dutyl).  A  new  name  for  ethyL 
Deutylic=Ethylic. 

Development,  (de-vel'op-ment).  [F.  developpcr, 
to  uncover.]  1.  The  third  process  in  photo- 
graphy, q.v.  2.  A  general  term  for  the  pas- 
sage of  individual  plants  or  animals  from  the 
embryo  towards  the  adult  fcondition.  3. 
The  expansion  of  a  mathematical  term  into 
a  series,  v.  Series. 

Development  :—  v.  (2)  preceding  word. 
Coniinwoi4sJ[)..'Growth=Increaseinsize  with- 
out change  of  form  or  tex- 
ture. 

JIetaniorphosis:=:  Alteration  of 
form  and  texture,  but  not  of 
size. 

Gemmation  without  fission= 
Growth  and  metamorphosis 
combined. 
Discontinuous  J).=Gemmation  with  fission. 


Gamogenesis=Sexual  reproduction. 


Deviation,  (de-vi-ii'shun  )=•  Local  attraction; 
as  of  masses  of  iron  in  a  ship  which  alfuct 
the  position  of  the  ship's  compass. 

Devil,  (dev'il).  [Dv'fol,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Didelphis  ursina=Dasyurus,  q.v.  :  an  Aus- 
tralian marsupial  animal.  J).  monkey= 
Cuxio=Pithecia  satanas. 

Devil's  :  —  D.  bit-=  Helonias  dioicat  an  Ameri- 
can plant.  D.  bit  scrt6ious=Scabiosa  succisa. 
D.  apple  =  Mandrake.  D.  dung  =  Ferula 
assafcetida.  J>.  d?/e=Indigofera.  D.  fi<j= 
Argemone  Mexicana.  D.  Zeo/=Urtica  uren- 
tissima:  a  nettle.  D.  coach-horse—  Ocypus 
oleus  :  a  beetle  belonging  to  Brachyletra. 
D.  milk  =  Euphorbia  peplus.  D.  wort  =. 
Plumbago  scandens.  D.  twrnip=Bryonia. 

Devitrification,  (de-vit-ri-fi-kii'shun).  [L.  de, 
from;  vitrum,  glass;  facio,  I  make.]  A  pro- 
cess by  wiiich  glass  is  converted  into  porce-. 


DEVONIAN 


DIAMYL 


lain,  by  heating  it  to  a  high  temperature: 
when,  on  cooling  slowly,  it  becomes  white 
and  opaque. 

Devonian  strata,  (De-vo'ni-an).  [Devonshire.] 
Marine  and  fresh-water  beds,  corresponding 
to  Old  Bed  Sandstone,  found  in  S.  of  Eng- 
land, between  the  Silurian  and  Coal  forma- 
tions, having  numerous  fossil  remains  of  fish. 
The  term  Devonian  is  sometimes  reserved  for 
marine  strata.  The  term  Old  Ked  Sandstone 
is  sometimes  reserved  for  fresh-water  strata. 
Upper  Devonian=Pilto. 

Devourer-beetle=Broscus. 

Dew,  (dfi).  [Deaw,  the  A.-S.  name.]  Small 
globules  of  water,  deposited  chiefly  at  night 
time  upon  solid  bodies  that  are  colder  than 
the  air;  hoar  frost  is  frozen  dew.  D.  berry: 
a  variety  of  Rubus  fruticosus,  or  blackberry. 
D,  claw:  a  rudimentary  fifth  digit,  found  in 
Newfoundland  puppies. 

Dewlap,  (da'lap).  [Dew,  q.v.;  lap,  to  lick.] 
Folds  of  loose  skin  hanging  from  the  neck  in 
oxen. 

Dew-worm=Lob-worm=:Earth-worm ,  q. v. 

Dextral,  (deks'tral).  [Dexter,  the  Latiu  word.] 
=Right-handed. 

Dextrin,  (deks'trin)=Dextrine.  [L.  dexter, 
right-handed.]=C6H10O5:  a  transparent  brit- 
tle gum,  which  is  obtained  fr<?m  starch,  and 
causes  right-handed  rotation  in  polarised  light; 
one  of  the  amyloids.  Also  caUed  British  gum. 

Dextrogyre,  (deks-tr5-ji're).  [L.  dexter,  right- 
handed;  gyrus,  a  circle.  ]=Polarization  to  the 
right. 

Dextrorsal,  (deks-tror'sal).  [L.  dexter,  right- 
handed.]=Bight-handed:  used  of  a  spiral,  or 
of  rotation. 

Dextrose,  (deks'tros).  [L.  dexter,  to  the  right 
hand.]=C6H1206.H2O=Starchsugar=Grape 
sugar;  obtained  from  dried  fruits  and  starch; 
a  compound  of  starch  and  water. 

Dhourra,  (do'ra)  =  Helena  Arundinaceus  :  a 
grass  plant,  very  easily  cultivated,  which 
yields  a  very  large  return. 

Di,  (di).  [Gk.  dis,  twice.]  A  prefix  meaning 
two  or  twice.  ., 

Diabetic  sugar,  (di-a-be'tik).  [Gk.  dlabaino, 
I  go  through.]=C6Hi2O(j.2H2O:  grape  sugar 
found  in  urine  in  the  disease  called  diabetes, 
and  causing  right-handed  rotation  in  polar- 
ised light,  i.  y/  v 

Diadelphia,*(dI-a-delfi-a).'^"[Gk.  dis,  twice; 
adelphos,  brother.]  A  sub-division  of  plants 
in  the  Linnaean  system,  containing  those, 
chiefly  leguminous,  which  have  the  stamens 
in  two  bundles. 

Diadelphous,  (di-a-del'fus).  [Diadelphia,  q.v.] 
Having  the  stamens  in  two  bundles. 

Diadem  lemur.    A  lemur  belonging  to  Indris- 

•  inse,  q.v. 

Diagonal,  (dl-ag'o-nal).  ''  [Gk.  dia,  through; 
gonia,  comer.]  A  straight 
line  joining  the  opposite 
angles  of  a  parallelogram. 

Diagram,  (di'a-gram).  [Gk. 
diagrapho,  I  describe.]  A  Diagonal. 

drawing  in  outline.  J).  of  a  flower:  a  hori- 
zontal section,  showing  the  respective  posi- 
tions of  its  various  parts  as  seen  from  above. 


Dial  telegraphs,  by  which  signals  are  expressed 
by  the  movements  of  a  hand  upon  a  dial- 
plate. 

Diallage,  (di'al-aj).  [Gk.  diallasso,  I  ex- 
change.] A  compound  of  silica  with  lime 
and  magnesia,  a  variety  of  pyroxene,  fre- 
quently found  in  volcanic  rocks;  named  from 
its  colour  not  being  always  the  same. 

Diallogite,  (di-al'16-jit).  [Diallage,  q.v.}  A 
metallic  mineral,  crystallising  in  hexagons, 
chiefly  carbonate  of  magnesia;  belongs  to  the 
manganese  group. 

Di-allyl,  (di'aMil).  [Di  and  allyl,  q.v.]= 
(C^f^in  :  the  hydrocarbon  of  the  allylic 
series ;  a  volatile  liquid,  the  vapour  of  which 
is  combustible. 

Dialuric  acid,  (di-a-lu'rik)  =  C4H4N2O4:  an 
acid  obtained  from  alloxan;  also  called  hy- 
dride of  alloxan. 

Dialypetalaj,  (dl-al-i-pet'a-le).  [Gk.  dialysis, 
separation;  petal,  q.v.]  Brongniart's  term 
for  a  division  of  Exogens  belonging  to  An- 
giospermeee,  having  flowers  in  which  the 
petals,  if  there  be  any,  are  free  from  each 
other. 

Dialyser,  (di-a-li'zer).  [Gk.  dialysis,  loosen- 
ing.] A  vessel  closed  below  by  a  porous  mem- 
brane, through  which  dialysis  takes  place. 

Dialysis,  (di-al'i-sis).  [Gk.  dialysis,  loosen- 
ing.] The  separation  of  crystalloid  and  col- 
loid bodies  by  means  of  a  membrane,  through 
which  they  pass  in  iinequal  degrees. 

Diamagnetism,  (di-a-mag'net-izm).  [Gk.  dia, 
through;  Magnetism,  q.v.]  =  Repulsion  of 
substances,  such  as  bismuth  and  antimony, 
by  magnets. 

Diameter,  (dl-am'e-ter).  [Diametros,  the  Greek 
word.]  A  straight  line  drawn 
through  the  centre  of  a  circle  to 
meet  the  circumference  on  each/ 
side:  generally  a  straight  linei 
drawn  through  the  middle  of  a 
figure,  and  so  dividing  it  into 
equal  parts.  Diameter. 

Diamides,  (di'a-midz).  [Gk.  dis,  twice ;  Amide, 
q.v.]  Compounds  formed  by  two,  four,  or  six 
atoms  of  hydrogen  in  two  molecules  of  am- 
monia, being  replaced  by  a  dibasic  electro- 
negative radicle.  Primary  D.,  in  which  two 
atoms  are  so  replaced.  Secondary  D.,  in 
which  four  atoms  are  so  replaced;  these 
include  the  imides  and  ureides.  Tertiary 
D.,  in  which  all  the  hydrogen  is  replaced. 

Diammonias,  (di-am-mo'ni-az).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
Ammonia,  <?.?;.]=Diatomic  bases=Diamines: 
bases  formed  from  diatomic  alcohols  by  re- 
placing two,  four,  or  six  atoms  of  hydrogen 
by  a  dyad  hydrocarbon  radicle. 

Diamond,  (di'a-mond).    [Diamant,  the  French 
word.]   Pure  crystalline  carbon, 
the  hardest  substance  known, 
possessing  great  lustre  owing  to 
its  great  refracting  power. 

Diamyl,  (di'a-mil).      [Gk.   dis, 
twice;  Amyl,  Q.v.]=(C5H11)2= 
Amyl=Amylamylide:  a  colour-    Diamond, 
less  aromatic  liquid;   a  hydro-    (Brilliant.) 
carbon,  obtained  during  the  distillation  of 
coal;  the  molecular  formula  of  amyl. 


DIAMYLENE 


100 


BICHLORIDES 


Diamylene,  (di-am'i-len).  [Gk.  dig,  twice; 
Amylene,g.r.]=(C5H10)2  '•  used  for  two  equi- 
valents of  amylene,  as  in  diamylene  oxide= 
C10H200. 

Diana  monkey =Cercopithecus  sp. :  has  a  white 
crescentic  band  on  the  forehead. 
Dianchora,  (di-ang^ko-ra).     A  fossil  belonging 
to  Lamellibranchiata. 

Diandria,  (di-an'dri-a).  [Gk.  dig,  twice;  aner, 
man.]  A  sub-division  of  plants  according 
to  the  Linnaean  system,  including  those  hav- 
ing two  distinct  stamens. 
Dianilides,  (di-an'i-Hdz).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  Ani- 
lide,  q.v.]  Derivatives  of  aniline,  containing 
two  equivalents  of  aniline. 
Dianthus,  (di-an'thus).  [Gk.  dios,  the  god; 
an£/ios,flower,called  Jupiter's  flower.]=Pink, 
carnation,  &c.,  an  herb  belonging  to  Caro- 
phyllaceae. 

Diapason,  (dl-a-pa'zon).     [Gk.  dia,  through; 
pas,  the  whole.]=;Octave:  all  the  notes  in- 
cluded in  an  octave;  also  used  generally,  as 
including  all  of  any  given  set  of  notes. 
Diapensiaceae,  (  di-a-pen-si-S'se-e  )  =  Diapen- 
siads:  prostrate  shrubs,  with  terminal  flowers, 
belonging  to  Gentianales. 
Diaphaneity,    (  di-a-fa-ne'i-ti  ).       [  Gk.    dia, 
through;  phainein,  to  show.]    The  property 
of  being  transparent  or  diaphanous. 
Diaphanous,  (di-af'a-mis),    [Gk.  dia,  through; 
phaino,  I  show.]=Traiisparent:   permitting 
the  passage  of  light  so  perfectly  that  objects 
can  be  clearly  distinguished. 
Diaphragm,  (di'a-fram).     [Gk.   diaphragma, 
partition. ]=Phren:  a  muscular  partition  be- 
tween the  thorax  and  abdomen  of  man,  the 
contraction  of  which  is  essential  to  breathing; 
found  also  in  all  mammals,  and,  more  or  less 
modified,  in  most  Vertebrata,  but  not  in  in- 
vertebrate animals.     D.   shell :  divided  in 
two  by  a  diaphragm ;  the  larger  part  being 
filled  with  bullets,  the  smaller  with  powder. 
Diaphysis,   (di-af'is-is).      [Gk.  dia,  through; 
physis,  growth.]    The  centre  of  ossification  of 
the  shaft  of  a  long  bone. 
Diapophyses,   (  di-a-pof  i-sez  ).         [  Gk.    dia, 
through ;   apophysis,  branch.]     Tubercular 
transverse  processes  in  the  vertebrae. 
Diaspore,  (di'a-spor).     [Gk.  diaspora,  disper- 
sion. J^AlsOsHgO:  a  mineral,  chiefly  hydrate 
of  alumina;  named  from  breaking  into  small 
pieces  when  heated. 

Diastase,  (di'a-stas).  [Gk.  diastasis,  separa- 
tion.] An  albuminous  substance  which  con- 
verts starch  into  sugar  during  the  germina- 
tion of  seeds. 

Diastema,  (di-a-ste'ma).  [Gk.  diastemi,  I  sepa- 
rate.] A  space,  especially  between  the  can- 
ine and  other  teeth,  found  in  most  mammals, 
bvit  not  in  man. 

Diastole,  (di-a-stoae).  [Gk.  diastello,  I  send 
apart.  ]  The  dilation  of  a  ventricle  or  auricle 
of  the  heart,  cf.  Systole. 
Diastopora,  (di-as-to-po'ra).  A  Bryozoan  ani- 
mal, known  only  by  fossil  remains  in  Oolite 
rocks. 

Diastylidae,  (di-a-stI-li-de)=;Cumace8e:  small 
crustacean,  animals  belonging  to  Ppdoph- 


Diathermancy,  (dl-a-ther'man-si).     [Gk.  dia, 

through;    therme,  heat.]      The  property  of 

allowing  the  passage  of  heat,  i.e.,  of  trans- 
mitting radiant  heat. 

Diathermic,  (dl-a-ther'mik).  [Gk.dia,through; 
therme,  heat.]  Allowingheat  to  pass  through. 

Diathermometer,  (di-a-ther-mom'e-ter).  [Gk. 
dia,  through;  Thermometer,  q.v.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  thermal  resist- 
ance of  any  given  substance  by  noting  the 
amount  of  heat  transmitted  by  it. 

Diatomaceae,  (di-a-to-ma'se-e).  [Gk.  diatemno, 
I  cut  through.  ]= Brittle- worts:  slimy,  crys- 
talline, microscopic  bodies,  which  multiply 
by  fission,  found  in  damp  places  and  at  the 
bottom  of  deep  seas,  belonging  to  Algales; 
also  called  Splitters.  The  term  is  also  ap- 
plied to  thesilicious  coverings  of  these  plants. 

Diatomic,  (  di-a-tom'ik  ).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
Atomic,  g.v.]= Dyadic  :  used  of  an  atom  or 
a  molecule  which  can  combine  with  or  re- 
place two  monatomic  equivalents. 

Diatoms,  (di-a-tornz)=Diatomace8e,  q.v. 

Diatonic  scale,  (di-a-ton'ik).  [Gk.tiia.through.] 
From  any  note  to  its  octave,  above  or  below; 
eight  notes  having  their  rates  of  vibration  in, 
the  ratio  of  24,  27,  30,  32,  36,  40,  45,  48. 

Dibasic.  Having  two  atoms  of  replaceable 
hydrogen  in  each  molecule. 

Dibenzoyl,  ( di-ben'zoil ).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
Benzoyl,  q.v.]=(C?H50)<>:  the  radicle  of  the 
benzoic  series,  a  crystalline  substance;  the 
molecular  form  of  benzoyL 

Dibenzyl,  (di-ben'zil).  [Di  and  Benzyl,  q.v.]= 
(C-'K'?)n:  the  radicle  of  the  benzyl  series,  a 
crystalline  substance,  the  molecular  formula 
of  benzyl. 

Dibenzylia,  (di-ben-zil'i-a).  [Di  and  Benzyl, 
q.v.]=(C^Hj)^H.N :  an  aniline  base,  usually 
in  the  liquid  form ;  ammonia  in  which  two 
equivalents  of  hydrogen  are  replaced  by  two 
of  benzyl. 

Dibranchiata,  (di-brang-ki-5'ta).  [Di,  q.v.; 
bragchia,  gills.  ]= Cuttle-fishes,  &c.:  a  divi- 
sion of  Cephalopoda,  including  all  the  more 
highly  organised  mollusca  of  that  class,  that 
have  not  more  than  ten  arms,  on  which  are 
suckers;  only  two  gills,  and  an  ink-bag. 

Dibutyl,  (di-bu'til).  [Di  and  Butyl,  q.v.]= 
(C4H9)2=Octane=Valyl:  a  hydrocarbon  ob- 
tainedln  the  distillation  of  coal;  the  mole- 
cular formula  of  butyl. 

Dibutyril,  ( di-bu'ti-ril ).  [Di  and  Butyril.] 
=(C4H7O)2=the  molecular  form  of  buty- 
ril. 

Diceras,  (di'se-ras).  [Gk.  dis,  two:  keraa, 
horn.]  A  horn-like  Lamellibi'anchiate  ani- 
mal, known  only  by  fossil  remains  in  Coral 
Rag. 

Dichlamydeje,  (di-klam-id'e-e).  [Di,  q.v.;  Gk. 
chlamys,  cloak.]  Plants  the  flowers  of  which 
have  both  calyx  and  corolla,  cf.  Achlamydese. 
Dichlorides,  (di-klo'ridz).  [Di  and  Chloride, 
q.v.]  Compounds  of  one  atom  of  an  element, 
with  two  atoms  of  chlorine,  siich  as  baric 
and  calcic  chlorides,  all  of  which  are  usually 
solid.  The  molecule.'of  a  dichloride  contains 
two  atoms  of  chlorine,  united  with  a  positive 
or  basic  radicle. 


DICHLORINATED 


101 


DIETHYLIA 


Dichlorinated  ether,  (di-klo-ri-na'ted)=(C2H3 
—  Ether  in  which  two  atoms  of  hdro- 


gen are  displaced  by  chlorine;  a  heavy,  oily, 

neutral  liquid. 
Dichlorisatin,  (di-klo-ris'a-tin).   [Di,  chlorine, 

and    isatin,  g.v.]=C8H3Cl2NO2:    isatin  in 

which  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  are  replaced 

by  chlorine. 
Dichobune,  (dik'-o-bun).     [Gk.  dicha,  in  two; 

bounos,   ridge.]      A  terrestiial  quadruped, 

Bomewhat  resembling  the  hare,  remains  Of 

which  are  found  in  Eocene    and  Miocene 

strata,  having  the  upper  molar  teeth  deeply 

cut  ;    originally  described  as  belonging  to 

Anoplotberium. 
Dichodon,  (dik'o-don).      [Gk.  dicha,  in  two; 

odous,  tooth.  ]    A  hoofed  qu  ad  ru  ped,  rem  ains 

of  which  are  found  in  Eocene  strata,  connect- 

ing the  Anoplotherium  with  Ruminantia. 
Dichogamous,   (dik-og'a-mus).      [Dichogamy, 

g.r.]    Male  and  female  organs  not  mature  at 

same  time. 
Dichogamy,  (dik-ogVmi).    [Gk.  dicha,  in  two; 

gamos,  marriage.]    Male  and  female  flowers 

mature  at  different  times,  as  in  some  ferns 

and  angiosperms. 
Dichotomies,  (di-kot'o-mez).  [Dichotomy,  q.v.] 

Branch-systems  formed  by  dichotomy. 
Dichotomy,  (di-kot'o-mi).     [Gk.  dicha,  in  two; 

temno,  I  cut.]    Division  by  continual  bifur- 

cation; common  in  ferns,  but  rare  in  pha- 

nerogamous plants. 
Dichroism,  (di'kro-izm).    [Gk.  dichromos,  two- 

coloured.]     Having  different  colours  when 

seen  in  different  directions. 
Dichroite,   (dik-ro'it).     [Gk.  dichromos,  two- 

coloured.]      A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate    of 

alumina. 
Diclines,  (di-kll'nez).     [Gk.  dis,  twice  ;  Tcline, 

couch.]  'Jussieu's  term  for  plants  which  have 

separate  male  and  female  flowers. 
Diclinous,  (di-kli'nus).     [Gk.  dis,  twice;  kline, 

couch.]=Unisexual  :    having  the  male  and 

female  organs  on  separate  flowers. 
Dicotyledons,  (  dl-kot-i-le'donz  ).      [Di,  q.v.: 

Gk.  kotyledon,   seed-leaf.]  =Exogens:   plants 

with  pithy  stems,  separable  bark,  net-veined 

leaves,  perianth  usually  in  four  or  five  parts, 

and  embryo  having  two  seed-leaves. 
Dicotyledonous,  (di-kot-i-led'o-nous).  [Dicoty- 

ledons, q.v.]    Related  to  dicotyledons. 
Dicotyles=Peccaries. 
Dicrotism,   (di'kro-tizm).      [Gk.   dis,  twice  ; 

kroteo,  I  beat.]    A  double  beating  of  the  ar- 

terial pulse. 
Dictamnus,   (dik-tam'nus).     A  plant,  which 

has  an  inflammable  emanation,  belonging  to 

Rutacese. 
Dictyogens,  (dik'ti-o-jens).    [Gk.  diktyon,  net; 

gennao,  I  produce.  ]      Plants  intermediate 

between  Endogens  and  Exogens. 
Dictyotoptera,  (dik-ti»o-top'ter-a).      [Gk.  dik- 

tyotos,  veined;  pteron,  wing.]=Cockroaches: 

a  name  proposed  by  which  to  separate  them 

from  Orthoptera. 
Dictyoxylon,  (dik-ti-oks'i-lon).     [Gk.  diktyon, 

net;   xylon,  wood.]     Fossil  coal-plants,  the 

wood  of  which  has  reticulated  fibres. 
Dicumyl,  (di-ku'mil).      [Di  and  Cumyl,  q.v.] 


(CioHiiO)2:  the  molecular  form  of  cumyl, 
q.v. :  a  viscous  oily  substance. 

Dicynodon,  (di-si'no-don).  [Gk.  di,  two;  kyon, 
dog;  odous,  tooth.]  A  fossil  reptile  found  in 
Trias  rocks.  Has  two  tusks,  teeth,  and  also  a 
horny  beak  to  the  jaws. 

Dicynodontia,  (dis-i-no-don'shi-a).  [Gk.  di, 
two;  kyon,  dog;  odous,  tooth.]  Including 
the  Dicynodon  and  Oudenodon  extinct  rep- 
tiles of  the  Triassic  age,  having  two  canine 
teeth,  found  only  in  South  Africa. 

Didelphia,  (  di-del'fi-a  ).  [Didelphis,  q.v.  ] 
One  of  the  primary  divisions  of  Mammalia, 
g.u  =Marsupialia,  mostly  Australian. 

Didelphidse,  (di-delfi-dg).  [Didelphis,  q.v.] 
=Opossums ;  a  family  of  American  Marsu- 
pialia,  of  which  Didelphis  is  the  type. 

Didelphis,  (di-del'fis).  [Gk.  dis,  two ;  delphys, 
womb.  ]  =  Opossum  :  a  marsupial  animal, 
now  found  only  in  America,  the  type  of 
Didelphidse. 

Didine,  (di'dln).  [Didus,  g.v.J^Dodo-like: 
related  to  the  Dodo. 

Didunculus,  (di-duuk'u-lus).  [Diminutive  of 
Didus,  q.v.]  D.  s«n#iro«<m=:Tooth-billed 
pigeon  of  Navigator's  Island,  now  probably 
extinct,  allied  to  the  Dodo, 

Didus,  (did'us).  [The  Latin  name.]=Dodo, 
q.v.:  a  large  pigeon-like  bird,  extinct  since 
the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Didymium,  ( dl-dim'i-um ).  [Gk.  didymos, 
twin.]  1.  =Di :  one  of  the  earth-metals,  vejy 
rare,  and  closely  resembling  Lanthanum, 
whence  the  name.  2.  A  small  fungus  with 
double  peridium. 

Didymocarpus,  (dl-di-mo-kar'pus).  [Gk. 
didymos,  twin ;  karpos,  fruit.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Gesneracese,  named  from  its 
twin-like  capsules. 

Didymograpsus,  (  di-dim-o-grap'sus  ).  [Gk. 
didymos,  twin;  Grapsus.]=Doublegraptolite: 
a  Silurian  zoophyte. 

Didymous,  (did'i-mus).  [Gk.  didymos,  twin.] 
=In  pairs. 

Didynamia,  (di-di-na'mi-a).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
dynamis,  power.]  A  sub-division  in  the 
Linnaean  system  of  botany,  including  plants 
having  4  stamens,  two  long  and  two  short, 
with  one  pistil. 

Didynamous,  (  di-din'a-mus ).  [Didynamia, 
q.v.]  Having  four  stamens,  two  long  and 
two  short. 

Dielectrics,  (di-e-lek'triks).  [Gk.  dia,  through ; 
Electric,  q.  v.]= Non-conductors  of  electricity: 
glass,  air,  sulphur,  &c. ;  substances  which 
have  but  a  small  power  of  transmitting 
electricity  by  conduction,  but  are  capable  of 
being  polarised,  and  so  acting  by  induction. 

Diethyl,  (di-eth'il).  [Di  and  Ethyl,  q.v.]= 
(C2H5)2=Ethyl  ethylide=Ethyl=Butyl  hy- 
dride :  a  gaseous  hydrocarbon,  the  mole- 
cular formula  of  ethyl,  q.v.  D.  carbonate— 
Carbonic  ether,  q.v. 

Diethylenia,  (di-eth-i-le'ni-a).  [Di  and  Ethy- 
lenia,  q.v.]  =  (C2H4)2H2N2  =  Acetylia=Die- 
thylene  diamine  :  an  oily,  odorous,  inflam- 
mable liquid,  cf.  Ethylenia. 

Diethylia,  (di-eth-i'li-a).  [Di  and  Ethylia, 
<Z.v.]=(CaH5)2HN  :  a  caustic,  inflammable, 


DIETHYLIN 


102 


DIMETHYIIA 


alkaline  liquid=Ammonia,  in  which  two 
equivalents  of  hydrogen  are  replaced  by 
two  of  ethyl. 

Diethylin,  (di-eth'i-lin).  [Di  and  Ethylin, 
q.v.]  =  C3H5(C2H5)2HO3  :  a  limpid  odori- 
ferous oil,  being  a  compound  of  glycerin 
and  ethyl. 

Difference  tones=Tai?tini's  tones :  a  third 
tone  produced  when  two  different  musical 
notes  are  sounded,  the  rate  of  vibration 
of  which  is  equal  to  the  difference  of  the 
rates  of  the  primary  tones. 

Differential,  (dif-fer-en'shi-al).  [L.  differ  o, 
I  separate.]  D.  calculus  :  the  calculation 
of  infinitely  small  differences.  D.  coefficient  : 
the  limit  of  the  ratio  of  two  variable  quan- 
tities when  they  become  indefinitely  small, 

dx  d-x 

mitten  ^  for  the  1st  term,  ^the  2nd,  &c. 

D.  equation:  an  equation  containing  dif- 
ferential coefficients.  D.  screw :  two  screws 
of  different  threads,  mounted  so  that  when 
once  turned  the  force  acts  through  a  space 
equal  to  the  difference  of  te  threads.  D. 
thermometer:  for  measuring  differences  of 
temperatures  at  the  same  time.  D.  tone: 
difference  tones,  q.v.  D.  worm-wheel:  a  cog- 
wheel working  with  a  screw  on  a  shaft. 

Differentiation,  (dif-fer-en-shi-a'shun).  [L. 
differo,  I  separate.]  1.  The  separation  into 
classes  according  to  some  specific  differenco 
of  structure  or  nature.  2.  The  development 
of  two  objects,  apparently  alike,  in  different 
directions.  3.  The  process  of  obtaining  the 
differential  co-efficient  of  a  function  with 
respect  to  a  variable. 

Difflugia,  (dif-flu'ji-a).  A  rhizopod  in  a  mem- 
braneous sac. 

Diffraction,  (dif-frak'shun).  [L.  diffringo,  I 
break  in  pieces.]  The  breaking  of  a  ray  of 
light,  heat,  or  sound  into  smaller  rays.  D. 
of  U0ht=lnflexion  of  light :  the  formation 
of  coloured  fringes  when  part  of  a  small  ray 
of  white  light  is  intercepted  by  any  opaque 
body ;  if  the  light  be  of  one  colour  only,  the 
fringes  are  alternately  of  that  colour  and  of 
darkness.  D.  gratings :  a  number  of  parallel 
lines  very  close  together,  which,  when  light 
falls  on  them,  produce  the  colours  of  the 
spectrum  by  diffraction. 

Digastric  muscle,  ( di-gas'trik ).  [Gk.  dis, 
twice  ;  gaster,  belly.]  Connecting  the  mas- 
toid  and  mandibles,  and  having  a  central 
tendon  separating  two  muscular  portions 
called  bellies. 

Digester,  (di-jes'ter).  [L.  digero,  I  set  in 
order.]  An  apparatus  for  raising  water  to 
high  temperatures  by  preventing  the  escape 
of  the  steam. 

Digestion,  (di-jest'yun).  [L.  digero,  I  set  in 
order.]  1.  The  treatment  of  any  substance 
in  a  digester.  2.  The  conversion  of  food  into 
chyme,  which  takes  place  in  the  stomach. 

Digestive,  (di-jes'tiv).  [Digestion,  q.v.]  D. 
system  :  all  the  organs  used  in  the  assimi- 
lation of  food.  In  Vertebrata:  mouth, 
stomach,  intestines,  &c. ;  in  lower  animals 
it  is  less  complex,  and  in  the  lowest  very 
simple.  D.  cwuwiai!s=Radiata :  term  used 


by  Oken  for  the  lower  animals  whose  chief 
characteristic  is  the  absorption  of  food. 

Diggers.     Insects  belonging  to  Hymenoptera. 

Digitalis,  (dij-it-a'lis).  [L.  digitalis,  belong- 
ing to  the  finger.]  =  Foxglove  :  an  herb 
with  spotted  flowers,  belonging  to  Scrophu- 
lariaceae. 

Digitate,  (dij'i-tat).  [L.  digitatus,  having 
fingers.]  Used  of  leaves,  &c.,  resembling  iu 
form  the  fingers  of  a  hand. 

Digitigrada,  (dij-it-i-gra'da).  [L.  digitus, 
finger ;  gradior,  I  walk.]  Mammalia  which 
walk  on  the  phalanges  or  toes,  such  as  the 
dog,  cat,  lion,  &c. 

Digits,  (dij'its).  [L.  digitus,  a  finger.]=The 
fingers. 

Diglycolic  acid,  (di-gli-kol'ik).  [Di  and  Gly- 
colic,  q.v.  ]  C^HgOg  =  Oxidised  glycol :  a 
liquid  resembling  lactic  acid. 

Digynia,  (di-jin'i-a).  [Gk.  dis,  twice ;  gynia, 
woman.]  A  sub-division  of  plants,  in  the 
classification  by  Linnams,  including  all 
those  that  have  two  styles. 

Digynous,  (dij'i-nus).  [Digynia,  q. v.]  Having 
two  styles. 

Diheryl,  (dl-heks'il).  [Di  and  Hexyl,  q.v.]= 
Caproyl=Dodecane=(C6Hi3)2 :  an  aromatic 
liquid,  the  radicle  of  caproic  acid. 

Dihydric,  (di-hi'drik).  [Di  and  Hydric,  q.vj 
Containing  two  equivalents  of  hydrogen. 
D.  8ulphide=Sa.lphnrettQd  hydrogen.  D. 
sulp7iate=Sn.\i>hnric  acid. 

Dikakodyl,  (di-kak'o-dil).  pi  and  Kakodyl, 
#.v.]= Kakodyl  kakodylido=Kda  :  the  mole- 
cular form  of  kakodyl,  q.v. 

Dikes,  (diks)  [A.-S.  die,  ditch.]  1.  Perpen- 
dicular walls  of  trappean  rock  forced  up  by 
volcanic  action  so  as  to  penetrate  softer 
rocks.  2.  Low  hills  formed  by  art  to  keep 
the  water  from  overflowing  land  beneath 
the  sea-level. 

Dilactic  acid,  (di-lak'tik).  [Di  and  Lactic, 
g.v.]=CgHjoO5 :  formerly  called  lactic  an- 
hydride, a  bitter  yellow  substance  obtained 
by  heating  lactic  acid. 

Dill,  (dil)=Anethum  graveolens ;  a  plant 
belonging  to  Apiacese. 

DUleniacesB,  (dil-len-i-a'se-e).  [J.  J.  Dillenius, 
a  botanist. ]=Dilleniads :  trees  and  shrubs, 
chiefly  tropical,  with  leathery  leaves  and 
solitary  flowers,  belonging  to  Kanales. 

Dillesh,  (dillesh).  An  edible  sea- weed,  found 
on  the  coast  of  Ireland. 

Diluvium,  ( di-lu'vi-um ).  [L.  diluvium,  a 
flood.]  An  old  name  for  boulder  formation, 
q.v. 

Dimeracanthus,  (  di-mer-a-kan'thus  ).  ™  [  Gk. 
di,  two ;  meris,  cleft ;  akantha,  spine.]  A 
plagiostomous  fish,  known  only  by  fossil 
spines,  found  in  Devonian  rocks. 

Dimethyl,  (dl-meth'il).  [Di  and  Methyl,  q.v.] 
=(CH3)2  =  Methyl  methylide  =  Ethyl  hy- 
dride :  a  combustible  gas,  the  molecular  form 
of  methyl,  q.v. 

Dimethylia,  (di-meth-ili-a).  (Di  and  Methy- 
lia,  g.7;.]=(CH3)2HN  :  a  base  obtained  by 
compounding  acetic  aldehyd  and  ammonia 
=Ammonia  in  which  two  equivalents  of 
hydrogen  are  replaced  by  two  of  methyl. 


DIMIDIATE 


103 


DIP 


Dimidiate,  (di-mid'i-ut).  [L.  demidius,  half.] 
=Halved. 

Dimocarpus.  A  plant  having  edible  pulpy 
fruit,  with  leathery  coat,  found  in  China. 
D.  litchi  =  Litchi.  D.  longan  =  Longan. 
Included  in  Euphoria,  q.v. 

Dimorphism,  (di-morfizm).  [Gk.  dis,  twice  : 
morpkc,  form.]  1.  Crystallization  of  the 
same  substance  in  two  different  forms,  as 
in  sulphur,  carbon,  palladium.  2.=Hetero- 
Btylism.  3.  Two  forms  of  flowers,  one  brighter 
than  the  other.  4.  Generally,  any  double 
form. 

Dimorphodon,  (  di-morf o-don  ).  [Gk.  dis, 
twice;  morphe,  form;  odous,  tooth.]  An. 
extinct  reptile,  belonging  to  Pterosauria, 
having  both  large  and  small  teeth. 

Dimyaria,  (dl-ml-a'ri-a).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
myon,  muscle.]  Acephalous  mollusca: 
having  two  impressions  of  muscles  in 
each  valve,  having  two  adductor  muscles. 
A  sub-division  of  Lamellibranchiata. 

Dinaphthyl,  (di-naf'thil).  [Di  and  Naphthyl, 
q.v.]  (CjoHyJa:  the  molecular  form  of 
naphthyl,  q.v. 

Dinas  bricks,  (din'as).  [D.  in  S.  Wales.] 
Fire-bricks  made  of  a  silicious  earth  found 
near  Dinas. 

Dingo,  (din'go)=Australian  dog=Canis  dingo. 

Dinoceras,  (di-nos'e-ras).  [Gk.  ileinos,  terrible; 
keras,  horn.]  The  type  of  Dinocerata,  q.v. 

Dinocerata,  (di-no-ser-a'ta).  [Dinoceras,  the 
typical  genus.  ]  Ruminant  quadrupeds 
known  only  by  fossil  remains  found  ia 
American  Eocene  rocks. 

Dinophis,  (di-no'fis).  [Gk.  deinos,  terrible; 
opUs,  snake.]  A  snake,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains,  found  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Dinoponera.  D.  grandis :  a  stinging  ant  of 
Brazil,  lj  in.  long. 

Dinornis,  (di-nor'nis).  [Gk.  deinos,  terrible  ; 
onus,  bird.]  A  large  struthious  bird  of 
New  Zealand,  recently  extinct. 

Dinosauria,  (  dl-no-sav/ri-a ).  [Gk.  deinos, 
terrible;  saura,  lizard.]  Extinct  reptiles, 
including  the  Iguanodon  and  Megalosaurus, 
of  which  some  approximate  to  birds  in 
structure:  so  highly  organised  as  to  approxi- 
mate to  Mammalia.  Form  a  link  between, 
reptiles  and  birds. 

Dinotheres,  ( di-no-the'rez  ).  [  Dinotherium, 
5.v.]=Dinotheria :  plural  of  Dinotherium, 
q.v. 

Dinotherium,  (dl-no-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  deinos, 
terrible  ;  therion, 
beast.]  An  extinct 
elephant  -  like  ani- 
mal, remains  of 
which  are  found  in 
Miocene  strata. 

Diodon,  (  di'o-don  ). 
[Gk.  dis,  twice; 
odoiis,  tooth.]= 
Sun- fish:  a  fish 
belonging  to  Te-  Dinotherium. 

leostei,  named  from  the  sharp  edge  of  its 
jaws,  has  a  very  distensible  skin,  which  it 
inflates  for  floating. 

Diceceous,  (di-e'si-us).    [Gk.  dis,  double;  oikos, 


house.  ]  Plants  having  male  and  female 
flowers  on  different  individuals;  usually 
have  nectaries,  and  are  impregnated  by  in- 
sects. 

Dicecia,  (di-e'si-a).  [Gk.  dis,  double  ;  oikos, 
house.]  A  class  in  the  Linnaean  system  of 
botany,  including  dioecious  plants. 

Dionsea,  (di-6-n5'a).  [Dione,  q.v.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Droseracese.  D.  muscipula= 
Catchfly=Venu8's  fly-trap. 

Dione,  (di-6'ne).     [Classical.]    A  star. 

Dionysian  period,  (di-o-nish'i-an).  [Dionysius, 
q.v.]  =  19x28=.  532  years  =  Lunar  cycle  x 
Solar  cycle  :  at  the  end  of  which  the  changes 
of  the  moon  take  place  on  the  same  day  of 
the  week  and  of  the  month. 

Dionysius,  ( di-o-nish'i-us ).  [Classical.]  A 
crater  in  the  moon. 

Dioplodon,  (di-op'lo-don).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
hoplon,  weapon  ;  odous,  tooth.]  A  dolphin, 
known  only  by  fossil  remains,  chiefly  teeth, 
found  in  Miocene  rocks. 

Diopside,  (di-op'sid).  [Gk.  dia,  through; 
opsis,  sight.]  A  light  green  transparent 
variety  of  pyroxene,  chiefly  silicate  of  mag- 
nesium and  calcium. 

Dioptase,  (dl-op'tas).  [Gk.  diopteuo,  I  look 
through.]=Emerald  copper  ;  a  silicate  of 
copper. 

Dioptric,  (dl-op'trik).  [Gk.  dia,  through; 
opto,  I  see.]  D.  telescope-^ Refracting  tele- 
scope, v.  Telescope.  D.  lighthouse:  one  in 
which  the  light  is  refracted. 

Dioptrics,  ( di-op'triks  ).  [Dioptric,  q.v.]= 
Anaclastics:  the  science  of  refraction  of  light. 

Diorite,  (di'or-it).  A  variety  of  greenstone; 
a  compound  of  hornblende  and  felspar. 

Dioscorea,  (di-os-ko're-a).  [Dioscorides.]  D. 
atoto=Winged-yam.  D.  satira— Yam. 

Dioscpreaceae,  (  di-os-ko-re-a'se-e  )  =  Yams  : 
tropical  twining  shrubs,  with  small  flowers 
and  sometimes  edible  tubers,  belonging  to 
Dictyogens. 

Diospyros,  (di-os'pi-ros).  [Gk.  dios,  divine; 
pyros,  wheat  or  food.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
belonging  to  Ebenacese,  chiefly  tropical 
trees.  D.  Ebenus  ;  ebony. 

Diostea,  (di-os'te-a).  [Gk.  din,  double ;  osteon, 
bone.]  A  new  genus  of  Verbenaceaa  from 
Chili. 

Diotis,  (di-o'tis).  [Gk.  dis,  two;  out,  ear.J 
=  Cotton-weed :  an  herb,  belonging  to 
Asteraceaa,  named  from  the  lobes  of  tha 
corolla  being  ear-shaped. 

Dioxides,  (dl-oks'idz).  [Di  and  Oxide,  q.v.] 
=Binoxides=Deutoxides  :  compounds  con- 
taining two  equivalents  of  oxygen  to  one  of 
another  element,  as  SnC^. 

Dip,  (dip).  D.  of  astronomical  observation: 
the  correction  required  when  the  altitude  of 
a  celestial  object  is  observed  from  a  height  h, 
such  as  a  mountains -9752V  ^  in  minutes  to 
be  subtracted.  D.  of  magnetic  needle:  the 
vertical  angle  which  a  freely  suspended 
needle  makes  with  the  horizon.  D.  of  strata: 
the  inclination  of  strata  to  the  horizon ;  re- 
sembling the  slope  of  a  house  roof.  D.  circle; 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the  magnetic 
dip. 


DIfHANITE 


104 


DIRECTEIX 


Diphanite,  (difa-nit).    A  variety  of  margarite. 

Diphenyl,  (di-fen'il).  pi  and  Phenyl,  q.v.]= 
(C6H5)2=Phenyl  phenylide=Phenyl:  a  pearly 
crystalUne  solid;  the  molecular  form  of 
phenyl,  q.v. 

Diphyes,  (di-fi'ez).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  phyo,  I 
produce.]  1.  A  genus  of  sea-nettles,  belong- 
ing to  Hydrozoa,  named  from  having  a  double 
structure.  2.  A  plant=Bolbophyllum  adeno- 
petalum. 

Diphyodonts,  (di-fi'o-donts).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
phyo,  I  produce;  odous,  tooth. ]  =  Hetero- 
donts:  named  from  having  two  successive  sets 
of  teeth;  includes  all  Mammalia,  excepting 
Monotremata,  Edentata,  and  Cetacea 

Diplaoanthus,  (dip-la- kan'thus).  [Gk.  diplax, 
double;  akantha,  spine.]  A  fish,  belonging 
to  Acanthodii,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
in  Old  Red  Sandstone. 

Diplatinamine,  (  di-plat'in-a-min  ).  =PtH12N4 
O2.  v.  Platinum  bases. 

Diplatosamine,  (dI-plat'o-sa-rmn)=PtH10N4. 
2H2O:  Reiset's  first  base.  v.  Platinum  bases. 

Diplocidaris,  (dip-lo-sid'a-ris).  [Gk.  diploos, 
double;  kidaris,  tiara.]  A  sea-urchin,  hav- 
ing two  rows  of  ambulacral  pores. 

Diploctenium.  [Gk.  diploos,  double;  cteis, 
comb.]  A  coral  found  in  Lower  Chalk. 

Diplodonta.  [  Gk.  diploos,  double  ;  odous, 
tooth.]  A  fossil  mollusc,  resembling  the 
cockle,  found  in  Eocene  rocks. 

Diplograpsus,  (dip-lo-grap'sus).  [Gk.  diploos, 
double;  Grapsus.]=Double  graptolites:  those 
having  two  rows  of  cells,  found  in  Llandeilo 
Hags. 

Diplopoda,  ( dl-plop'o-da ).  [Gk.  diploos, 
double;  pous,  foot.]=ChJlognatha:  animals 
belonging  to  Myriapoda,  in  which  each  som- 
ite of  the  body  has  two  pairs  of  legs. 

Diploptera,  (dl-plop'ter-a).  [Gk.  diploos,  double 
or  folded ;  pteron,  wing.J  Wasps,  hive-bees, 
&c.  ;  insects  belonging  to  Hymenoptera; 
named  from 

Diplopterus,  (di-plop'ter-us.)  [Gk.  diploos, 
double;  pteryx,  fiu.J  A  fish,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains. 

Diplopy,  (di'plo-pi).  [Gk.  diploos,  double; 
ops,  eye.]  A  diseased  condition  of  the  eyes, 
which  causes  double  images  of  objects  to  ba 
seen. 

Diplotaxis,  ( dip-lo-taks'is ).  [Gk.  diploos, 
dotible;  taxis,  order.]  =  Rocket  =  An  herb 
with  yellow  flowers,  belonging  to  Brassicacea;, 
named  from  its  seeds  being  in  two  rows. 

Dipnoa,  (dip'no-a).  [Gk.  dis,  double;  pnoe, 
breath.]  Used  by  Owen  for  a  division  of 
reptiles,  including  Batrachia  and  other 
water-breathing  reptiles. 

Dipnoi,  (dip'noi).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pnoe, 
breath.  ]= Double  breathers:  fishes,  such  as 
the  mud-fish,  which  connect  fishes  with  rep- 
tiles; also  called  Diplopnoi  and  Protopteri. 

Dipoda,  (di'pod-a).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pous, 
foot.]  Aristotle's  name  for  Bimana. 

Dipodidae,  (di-pod'i-de).  [Dipus,  q.v.]=Jei-- 
boas:  small  animals  belonging  to  Rodentia, 
having  long  hind  legs. 

Dipotassic,  (di-pot-as'sik).  [Di  and  Potassic, 
q.v.]  v.  Potassic. 


Dippel's  oil=Bone-oil,  q.v. 

Dipping  needle,  (dip'ping). 
magnetised  needle,  or 
small  compass,  sus- 
pended by  its  centre  so 
as  to  move  freely  in  a 
vertical  plane,  when  it 
points  directly  to  the  N. 
or  S.  magnetic  pole, 
whichever  be  the  near- 
est, thus  marking  the 
dip  of  the  place  where 
it  is  suspended. 

Dipriacanthus,  (di-pri-a- 
kan'thus).       [Gk.    dis,        Dipping-needle. 
twice;  prisis,  saw;  akantha,  spine.]    A  pla- 
giostomous  fish,  known  only  by  fossil  spines; 
found  in  Coal  formation. 

Dipropyl,  ( di'pro-pil  )=(C3H7)2=Ditrityl :  a 
hydrocarbon  obtained  from  the  distillation 
of  cannel  coal.  The  molecular  form  of  pro- 
pyl,  q.v. 

Diprotpdon,  (dl-pro'to-don).  [Gk.  dis,  twice; 
pro,  in  front;  odous,  tooth.]  A  very  largo 
kangaroo,  known  only  by  fossil  skull  and 
bones,  found  in  Upper  Pliocene  rocks,  iu 
Australia. 

Dipsacaceae,  (dip-sa-ka'se-e).  [Dipsacus,  q.r.] 
= Teazle-worts:  herbs  and  shrubs,  with  capi- 
tate flowers  and  tubular  corollas,  belonging 
to  Campanales. 

Dipsacus,  (dip'sa-kus).  [Gk.  dipsao,  I  thirst.] 
=Teazel:  an  herb,  the  type  of  the  order  Dip- 
sacaceae; named  from  the  leaves  holding 
water. 

Diptera,  (dip'ter-a).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pteron, 
Aving.]= Flies,  fleas,  and  gnats;  insects  hav- 
ing only  two  wings.  Fleas,  though  having 
no  wings,  are  sometimes  considered  to  belong 
to  this  order. 

Dipteracese,  (dip'tgr-a'se-e).  [Dipterocarpus, 
the  typical  geuus.]=Dipterads :  large  East 
Indian  resinous  trees,  with  large  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Guttiferales  ;  named  from  the 
form  of  its  calyx. 

Dipterix,  (dip'ter-iks).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pteryx, 
wing.]  Named  from  shape  of  calyx:  a  tree 
belonging  to  Fabacese.  D.  odorato=Jonk& 
bean;  also  called  Tongo  or  Tonquin  bean. 

Dipterus,  (dip'ter-us).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pteryx, 
fin.]  A  ganoid  fish,  known  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  Old  Red  Sandstone. 

Dipus,  (di'pus).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pous,  foot.] 
=Jerboa,  Gerbillus,  &c.  =  Jumping  mice: 
small  quadrupeds,  forming  a  division  of 
Muridse,  having  long  hind  legs,  and  living 
on  grain,  &c.,  in  fields. 

Dipyre,  (di'pir).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  pyr,  fire.] 
A  silicated  mineral. 

Direction  angle,  (di- 
rek'shun).  [L.  dirigo, 
I  set  straight.]  The 
angle  formed  by  the 
lines  of  action  of  two 
forces. 

Directrix,  (dl- relit'-' 
riks).  [L.  directus, 
straight.]  A  straight  Directrix, 

line  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  a  conic 


\ 


DlRT-BED 


165 


DIVING 


section,  which  serves  to  determine  the  curve 
of  the  figure. 

Dirt-bed.  A  thin  bed  of  vegetable  soil,  con- 
taining roots  of  trees,  &c.,  in  Lower  Purbeck 
strata. 

Disaster,  (dis-as'ter).  [Gk.  dis,  twice;  aster, 
star.]  A  sea-urchin  found  fossil  in  Lower 
Oolite  rocks. 

Disc,  (disk).  [L.  discus,  quoit.]  Used  gener- 
ally for  any  small,  flat,  circular  surface.  D. 
and  roller:  a  small  roller  revolving  on  an 
axis  upon  the  surface  of  a  disc;  used  to  com- 
nmnicate  motion  from  one  to  the  other. 

Discharge.  D.  of  electricity,  from  an  elec- 
trified surface:  may  be  converted  into  light, 
motion,  magnetism,  or  chemical  action,  the 
electrified  surface  being  restored  to  a  neutral 
condition. 

Discharger.  An  apparatus  for  restoring  any 
electrified  surface  to  its  neutral  condition. 

Disciform,  (dis'si-form).  [Disc  and  form.]= 
Discoid,  q.v. 

Discina,  (dis'si-na).  A  genus  of  Brachiopoda; 
a  mollusc  found  in  the  oldest  geological 
strata,  and  still  extant. 

DiscinidsB,  (dis-sin'i-de).  [Discina.  q.v.}  A 
division  of  Brachiopoda,  the  type  of  which  is 
the  disci  na. 

Discoboli,  (dis-kob'o-li).     A  family  of  fishes. 

Discoid,  (dis'koid).  [Disc,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]=Disc-like:  having  nearly  the  form  of 
a  disc. 

Discoidal,  (dis-koid'al).  [Discoid,  q.v.]  D. 
placenta:  found  in  man,  apes,  bats,  &c.  D. 
shells:  univalve  shells  coiled  in  one  plane. 

Discomycetes,  (dis-ko-ml-se"tez).  [Disc,  q.v.', 
Gk.  my kes,  mushroom.]  Morells,  <fec.;  fungi, 
forming  a  division  of  Ascouiycetes,  either 
pileate  or  cup-shaped,  of  fleshy  substance. 

Discontinuous  gemmation,     v.  Gemmation. 

Discophora,  (dis-kof'o-ra).  [Gk.  diskos,  disc; 
phero,  I  carry.]  1.  =  Acalaphae,  g.v.=:Me- 
dusae:  a  primary  division  of  Hydrozoa.  2. 
Suctoria= Leeches,  q.v. :  a  division  of  Anne- 
lida, having  sucking  discs.  3.  Hirudiuea, 
q.v. 

Discophorse,  (dis-kofo-re).  [Discophora,  q.v.] 
A  sub-division  of  Tetracyclse. 

Discord,  (dis'kord).  [Discordia,  the  Latin 
word. ]=Dissonance,  q.v. 

Disinfection,  (dis-in-fek'shun).  [L.  dis,  from; 
infection,  q.v.]  The  removal  of  putrefying 
matter. 

Disintegration,  (dis-in-te-gra'shun).  [L.  dis, 
from ;  integer,  whole.]  To  break  up  into 
component  particles;  especially  used  of  the 
wearing  away  of  rocks  by  the  action  of  water, 
air,  &c. 

Disodic,  (di-so'dik).  [Di  and  Sodic,  q.v.]  v. 
Sodic. 

Dispersion,  (dis-pe/shun).  [L.  dispergo,  I 
scatter.]  D,  of  light— Decomposition  of  light: 
the  separation  and  dispersion,  so  as  to  form 
a  spectrum,  of  the  various  coloured  rays  of 
which  white  light  is  said  to  be  composed. 

Displacement,  (dis-plas'ment).  1.  Quantity 
of  water  displaced  by  a  ship.  2.  A  gas  is 
collected  by  displacement  when  it  is  passed 
into  a  vessel  containing  only  air;  if  heavier 


than  air  it  is  passed  down,  if  lighter  than  air 
it  is  passed  up,  into  the  vessel,  when  the  air 
is  displaced  by  the  gas. 

Dissepiments,  (dis-sep'i-ments).  [L.  dissepio, 
I  separate.]=Partition  plates  dividing  the 
cells  of  a  compound  ovary. 

Dissociation,  (dis-so-si-a'shun).  [L.  dissocio, 
I  separate.]  Partial  decomposition  of  chemi- 
cal compounds  by  means  of  heat;  as  of  car- 
bonic anhydride  into  carbonic  oxide  and 
oxygen. 

Dissonance,  (dis'so-nans).  [L.  dissonus,  dis- 
cordant.]=Discord:  caused  when  the  differ- 
ence of  vibrations  in  two  musical  sounds 
is  greater  than  0,  but  less  than  132  per 
second,  at  a  maximum  when  this  equals  33 
per  second. 

Distal,  (dis'tal).  The  term  used  for  the  more 
quickly  growing  end  of  a  hydrosoma;  the  end 
which  usually  has  the  mouth. 

Distance,  (dis'tans).  [L.  distantia,  distance.] 
Angular  D.:  the  distance  round  the  circum- 
ference of  a  circle  that  any  object  has  moved 
or  appeared  to  move. 

Disthene,  (dis'then)=Cyanite=Al2O3SiO2 :  a 
crystalline  form  of  silicate  of  alumina. 

Distichous,  (dis'ti-kus).  [Distichos,  the  Greek 
word.]  Two-rowed. 

Distillation,  (dis-til-lii'shun).  [L.  destillo,  I 
distil.  ]  The  vaporization  of  a  liquid  by  heat, 
and  its  recondensation  by  cold,  usually  for 
the  purposes  of  purification. 

Distoma,  (dis'to-ma).  A  tunicated  mollusc 
belonging  to  Botryllidae,  which  has  young 
by  internal  gemmation  =  King's  yellow 
worm. 

Disulphate,    v.  Sulphate. 

Disulphide,    v.  Sulphide. 

Ditartaric  acid,  (dl-tar-tar'ik).  [Di  and  Tar- 
taric,  q.v.]=C$H.iQOu;  obtained  by  heating 
tartaric  acid. 

Ditetryl,  (di-tet'ril).  [Di  and  Tetryl,  q.v.]= 
Butyl=Vatyl=(C4H9)2:  a  hydrocarbon  pro- 
duced in  the  distillation  of  coal. 

Ditrityl,  (dl-tri'til).  [Di  and  Trityl.]=(C3H7)2 
=Propyl=Dipropyl,  q.v. 

Diureides,  (dl-u're-Idz).  [Di  and  Ureides.j 
Obtained  from  some  organic  acids  by  the 
action  of  urea;  two  equivalents  of  urea  unit- 
ing with  one  of  the  acid. 

Diurnal,  (di-er'nal).  [L.  dies,  day.]  Daily. 
J).  flowers:  open  in  daytime. 

Divers,  (di'verz).      [A.-S.  dyfan,  to  dive.]= 
Colymbidse  :      aquatic 
birds  with  small  wings. 
Cartesian  D.,  v.  Carte- 
sian. 

Divi-divi,  '(di-vi-di'vi).= 
Fruit  of  Cfesalpinia  co- 
riaria,  used  in  dyeing 
and  tanning. 

Divalent,     (  di'val-ent ).         j 
[Gk.  dis,  twice;  L.  va- 
lens,        strong.  ]  =  Bi- 
equivalent,  q.v. 

Diving,(di'ving).  [Diver, 
D.  bell  .•  a  hollow 
vessel,  xisually  bell-  Diver. 

shaped,  used  for  working  under  water.     D. 


DOBEREINER'S 


106 


DOfcFEL 


usually 


oue    egg 


birds  =  Divers  : 
only. 

Dobereiner's  lamp.  In 
which  hydrogen  is  burnt 
by  being  caused  to  pass 
over  spongy  platinum. 

Dock,  (dok).  [Docce,  tha 
A.-S.  name.]=Rumex, 
a  common  herb  belong- 
ing to  Polygonaceae. 

Doctor,  (dok'tor).  = Acan- 
thurus,  q.v.  =  Lancet 
fish  :  a  fish  having 
sharp-edged  spines  near 
the  tail. 

Dodder,  (dod'der).     [The          Diving-bell 
Danish  name.]=Cuscuta :    a  twining  para- 
sitic plant  without  leaves,  the  type  of  Cus- 
cutacese. 

Dodders,  (dod'derz).  [Dodder,  5.v.]=Cuscuta- 
cese;  dodder-like  plants  belonging  to  Solan- 
ales. 

Dodder  laurels^Cassythacese,  q.v. 

Dodecagon,  (  do-dek'a-gon  ).  [Gk.  dodeka, 
twelve;  gonia,  corner.]  A  regular  polygon, 
having  twelve  equal  sides. 

Dodecahedron,  (do-dek-a-hed'ron).     [Gk.  do- 
deka,    twelve ;     hedra, 
base.]     A  regular  solid 
figure    having    twelve 
equal  sides. 

Dodecandria,     (  do  -  de  - 
kan'dri-a).  [Gk.dodeka, 
twelve;  aner,  man.]    A 
class  of  plants  in  the        Dodecahedrons. 
Linnaean  system  ;    including  those  having 
from  11  to  19  stamens. 

Dodecandrous,  (d5-de-kan'drus).  [Dodecan- 
dria, q.v.]  Having  12  stamens. 

Dodecane,  (do'ae-kan)=C12H26 :  a  hydrocar- 
bon, also  called  Dihexyl. 

Dodo,  (do'do).  [Doudo,  tlio  Portuguese  name.] 
=Aphanapteryx 
brseckii  =  Didus  in- 
eptus:  a  large  ground 
pigeon  with  short 
wings,  found  alive  iu 
Mauritius  till  about 
1700. 

Dog,  (dog).  [Doggr,ihg 
Icelandic  name.]= 
Canis:  a  domesticated 
carnivorous  quadra-  Dodo, 

ped,  resembling  the  wolf,  of  which  it  is  pro- 
bably a  variety.  D.  Kc/ierc=Peltidea  canina. 
D.  banes  =  D.  worts  =  Apocynacese:  plants 
with  poisonous  sap.  D.  /s/i=Squalus  spinax : 
a  shark-like  fish,  belonging  to  Plagiostomi. 
D.-headed  monte/=Baboon,  q.v.  D.-mer- 
ciu-?/=Mercurialis,  q.v.  J>.  rose=Rosa canina. 
D.  s£ar=Sirius:  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
in  Canis  Major.  D.  wood=yfood  of  Rham- 
nus  frangula,  Cornus  sanguinea,  and  Alnus 
glutinosa;  used  for  gunpowder. 

Dog-tooth  spar.  A  variety  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  with  small  projections  on  the  faces  of 
the  crystals. 

Dog-of-the-marsh.  A  fossil  fox-like  animal 
found  at  (Eningen,  and  bought  by  Sir  K. 


Murchison  for  £30  ;    now  in    the  British 

Museum. 
Dog's  tooth  violet=Erythronium  dens-cauis: 

a  plant  belonging  to  Liliacete. 
Dolerite,  (dol'-e-rit).     [Gk.  doleros,  deceitful.] 

A  coarse  variety  of  basalt,  often  mistaken 

for  diorite. 
Dolichocephali,  (dol-i-ko-sef'a-li).    (Gk.  doli- 

chos,  long;  kephale,  head.]    Term  used  by 

Retzius  for  long-headed  people. 
Doli  chocephalic.    (  dol-i-ko-se-fal'ic  ).       [  Gk. 

dolichos,long;  kephale,  head.]=Long-headed. 
Dolichocephaly,  (dol-i-ko-sef'a-li).     [Dolicho- 
cephalic, #.v.]=:Long-headedness. 
Dolichosaurus,   (dol-i-ko-saw'rus).     [Gk,  doli- 

chos,  long  ;  saura,  lizard.]    A  slender  reptile, 

known  only  by  fossil  vertebrae,  found  in 

Wealden. 
Dolium,   (dol'i-um).      [L.   dolium,  tun.]     A 

univalve  mollusc,  found  fossil  in  chalk  rocks. 
Dolmen,  (dol'men).     [Celt,  daul,  table  ;  mcen, 

stone .] =Tabl  e-stone :  a  stone  erection,  like 

a  room  with  a  flat  roof,  a  relic  of  pre-historic 

times. 
Dolomite,   (dol'6-mit).     [M.   Dolomieu.  ]    A 

granular  variety  of   magnesian   limestone, 

used  as  a  building  stone  :  a  mineral  sub- 
stance crystallising  in  hexagons. 
Dolphin,    (dol'fin).      [Delphin,    the    Greek 

name.]=Delphinus :  an 

animal  resembling  the 

whale. 
Dome,    (dom).       [Gk.( 

doma,  house.]    A  sphe- 
rical roof  to  a  building,  Dolphin. 

properly  confined  to  the  outer    part,   tho 

inner  being  called  a  cupola. 
Dominant,    ( dom'i-nant ).      [L.    dominor,   I 

rule.]     The  fifth  note  of  the  musical  scale, 

also  called  Sol.     D.  chord  :  the  chord  of  this 

note. 
Donacia,   ( don-a'si-a ).     [  Gk.    donnx,   reed  ] 

Elytra  found  fossil  in  Newer  Pliocene  rocks. 
Donkey-engine.     A    small    auxiliary  engine 

used  for  pumping,  lifting,  <fcc. 
Donjohn,   (dou'jon).      [The  French  word.]=: 

Keep:  a  strong  tower  within  a  fortification. 
Donzella,  (don-zel'la).     A  small  eel-liko  fish, 

found  in  the  stomach  of  Holothuria. 
Doom    palm,   (d66m)=Hyphsene    thebaica= 

Gingerbread  tree:    a  palm  tree  of  Upper 


Dorado,  (do-ra'do).  [Sp.  dorado,  gilt-head, 
a  fish.]=Tho  sword-fish.  An  unimportant 
southern  constellation. 

Dor-beetle=Geotrupes  vulgaris :  an  insect 
belonging  to  Coleoptera;  also  called  clock 
and  watchman. 

Dorcatherium,  (dor-ka-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  dor- 
kas,  deer ;  thcrion,  beast.]  An  extinct 
Mammalian  stag-like  animal,  known  by 
fossil  remains  in  Miocene  rocks. 

Dordogne  caves,  in  S.  of  France,  contain 
remains  of  reindeer,  &c.,  belong  to  Rein- 
deer period,  q.v. 

Doree,  (do-ra').  [Dor6e,  the  French  name.] 
=Zeus  faber  :  a  sea-fish  of  a  yellow  colour, 
belonging  to  Scomberidrc. 

Dorfel.    A  mountain  peak  in  the  moon. 


DOKIDJS 


107 


DROffE 


Dormouse. 


Doridse,  (do'ri-de).  [Doris,  g.i?.]=Sea-lemons: 
animals  belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 

Dorippe.     A  very  small  crab. 

Doris,  (do'fls),  [Classical.] =Sea-lemon. 

Dormouse,  (dor'mous).  [L.  dormio,  I  sleep.] 
=  Mus  glis  =  Myoxus 
avellanarius :  a  small 
hybernating  animal  re- 
sembling tha  squirrel, 
living  in  trees. 

Doronicum,  (do - ron'i - 
kum).  [  Doronigi,  the 
Arabic  name.  ]  =  Leo- 
pard's bane:  an  herb, 
with  yellow  flowers,  belonging  to  Asteraceae. 

Dorsal,  (dor'sal).  [L.  dorsum,  back.]  Be- 
longing to  or  relating  to  the  back.  D. 
region :  the  Vertebrae,  &c.  D.  fin :  a  variety 
of  median  fin,  q.v.,  formed  by  an  expansion 
of  the  integument  of  the  back.  D.  side  of  a 
bivalve:  that  on  which  the  valves  are  hinged. 

Dorsibranchiata,  (dor-si-brang-ki-a'ta).  [Dor- 
sal and  Branchiata,  q.v.]  =  Errantes:  a 
division  of  Annelida,  in  which  the  branchiae 
are  attached  to  the  back,  including  sea- 
centipedes  and  sea-mice. 

Dorsigera,  (dor-sij'e-ra).  [L.  dorsum,  back ; 
gero,  I  carry.]  Opossums  with  unde- 
veloped pouches,  who  carry  their  young  on 
their  back. 

Dory,  (do'ri)=Doree,  g.v.=Zeu3  faber:  a  sea 
fish. 

Dorypterus,  (dor-ip'ter-us).  [Gk.  dory,  lance ; 
pteryx,  fin.]  A  ganoid  fish,  known  by  fossil 
remains  in  Permian  rocks. 

Double,  (dub'l).  [The  French  word.]  D. 
oro!in,a£e=Appl5cate  ordinate,  q.v.  D.  re- 
fraction: the  refraction  of  a  single  ray  of 
light  into  two,  when  passing  through  such 
crystals  as  Iceland  spar,  emerald,  &c.  J). 
salts:  in  which  two  bases  are  united  with 
the  same  radicle.  D.  stars:  Castor,  Cor- 
Caroli,  Polaris,  Eigel ;  about  6000  known. 

Doubly-symmetrical  type  of  animals,  Von 
Bajr's  term  for  Vertebrata. 

Doum=Doom-palm,  q.v. 

Dourada  =  Coryphsena  equisetis :  a  fish  of 
Madeira. 

Dove,  (duv).  [Duva,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Columbus  :  the  type  of  Columbacei,  q.v. 

Dove's  syren.  [Professor  Dove.]  An  appa- 
ratus by  which  the  rate  of  vibration  of  any 
sounding  body  can  be  ascertained. 

Dowks,  (dowks)= Fissures,  or  the  contents  of 
fissures,  in  rocks. 

Down,  (down).  The  soft  feathers  of  birds, 
usually  on  the  summits  of  first  true  feathers. 

Downton  sandstone.  [Downton,  near  Lud- 
low.]=Tilestones,  q.v. 

Draba,  (dra'ba).  [Gk.  drabe,  acrid.]=Whit- 
low  grass:  a  small  herb,  belonging  to  Bras- 
sicacese,  named  from  the  taste. 

Draco,  (drak'6).  [The  Latin  name.]  1.= 
Dragon  :  a  lizard  belonging  to  the  family 
Agamidte.  2.=The  Dragon:  a  northern 
constellation,  containing  many  second  class 
stars,  one  of  which,  y  Draconi,  is  the  one 
used  by  Bradley  in  tho  discovery  of  aber- 
ration of  light. 


Draconyl,  (drak'o-nil).  [Dragon's  blood,  q.v.} 
=Metastyrol,  q.v. :  a  solid  substance  obtained 
from  dragon's  blood. 

Dracunculus,(drak-un'ku-lu8).  [Dim.  of  Draco, 
q.v.]  A  small  lizard  resembling  Draco,  q.v. 

Dragon,  (drag'ori).  [  Drakon,  the  Greek 
name.]  D.  blood:  resin  from  Dractena 
draco,  Calamus  draco,  and  other  trees.  D. 
fish  =  Dragonet  =  Callionymus  :  a  sea-fish 
belonging  to  Gobiadse.  D.  ^ies=LibeUula3 : 
large  beautifully  coloured  insects  belonging 
to  Orthoptera.  D.  f?'ee=Dracsena  :  a  plant 
belonging  to  Liliaceae. 

Dragonet,  (drag'o-net).  A  fish,  belonging  to 
Gobiidae.  Gemmeous  J).=Male  of  Calliony- 
mus lyra :  brilliant  colours. 

Dredge,  (drej).  [  Drcege,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
For  deep-sea  sounding.  An  apparatus  for 
obtaining  specimens  of  sand,  shells,  &c., 
from  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Ball's  D.,  q.v. 
Naturalist's  D.,  larger,  with  large  hempen 
tangles. 

Dredging.  Removal  of  matter  deposited  at 
the  bottom  of  rivers  or  the  sea. 

Dressing.  The  term  used  to  describe  the 
various  processes  by  which  metals  are 
separated  from  the  earthy  matter. 

Drift.  1.  Any  loose  matter  transported  by 
water  or  ice.  2.  =  Mine=Heading:  an  ex- 
ploratory passage  in  a  tunnel.  D.  formation 
=Glacial  formation  :  loose  accumulations  of 
sand,  gravel,  &c.  D.  penod=Pala>olithic 
period. 

Drill,  (dril)=Cynophalus  sp.:  a  large  black- 
faced  baboon. 

Drinker  moth=0donestes  potatoria. 

Driver,  (dri'ver).  A  general  term  for  any 
piece  of  machinery  which  transmits  motion 
to  another.  D.  aw.£=Anomma  :  named  from 
going  in  large  numbers,  and  driving  insects 
&c.,.  before  it.  J).  spanker  :  a  sail. 

Driving,  (dri'ving).  D.  icheel :  the  wheel  by 
the  revolutions  of  which  motion  is  com- 
municated to  the  machinery,  &c.  J).  point  : 
the  point  at  which  motion  is  communicated 
by  the  driver,  q.v. 

Dromaius,  (  drom-i'us  ).  [Gk.  dromaios, 
running.]  A  bird,  belonging  to  Cursores, 
resembling  the  ostrich.  D.  Novce  Hollandica 
=Emeu.  D.  irroratus;  an  emu,  the  male 
of  which  is  gentle,  the  female  large  and 
quarrelsome. 

Dromatherium,  (  drom  -  a  -  the '  ri  -  um  ).  [Gk. 
dromaios,  running;  therion,  beast.]  A  small 
insectivorous  mammal,  known  by  fossil  re- 
mains, found  in  Trias  of  America. 

Dromedary,  (  drom'e-da-ri  ).  [  Dromadairc, 
the  French  name.]  =  Arabian  camel :  an 
animal,  having  one  hump,  belonging  to 
Ungulata. 

Dromilites,  (  drom-i-li'tez  ).  [Gk.  dromaios, 
swift;  litheos,  stony.]  A  small  crustacean, 
found  fossil  in  London  clay. 

Dromornis,  (drom-or'nis).  [Gk.  drowos, 
running;  ornis,  bird.]  D.  Australia:  an 
extinct  struthious  bird  of  Australia. 

Drone,  (dron).  [Dran,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
The  male  bee.  D.  .%=Eri§talis  tenax  :  an, 
insect  belonging  to  Diptera. 


DROP 


108 


DTTBA 


Drop-wort,  (drop'wurt)=Spirsea  filipendula : 
an  herb  belonging  to  Bosacese.  Water  D.= 
jEnanthe :  an  herb  belonging  to  Umbelliferse. 
D.  of  water :  a  colourless  transparent  topaz. 

Drosera,  (dros'e-ra).  [Gk.  droseros,  dewy.]= 
Sundew  :  an  herb  the  type  of  Droseraceae. 

Droseraceae,  (dros-er-a'se-e).  [Drosera,  q.v.] 
=  Sundews :  marshy  herbs,  sometimes 
poisonous,  with  small  violet-like  flowers, 
belonging  to  Berberales. 

Drummond-light=0xyhydrogen  light :  a  yel- 
low light  produced  by  heating  a  ball  of  lime 
in  hydrogen  which  is  burning  in.  oxygen ; 
also  called  lime-light. 

Drupacese,  (  droo-pa'se-e  ).  [Drupe,  q.v. ~\= 
Almond  -  worts :  trees  and  shrubs,  with 
regular  flowers,  belonging  to  Rosales;  also 
called  Amygdalesa. 

Drupe,  (droop).  [L.  drupa,  an  over-ripe 
olive.]  A  fruit  such  as  the  cherry  or 
peach,  with  a  succulent  substance  sur- 
rounding a  hard  centre,  and  having  a 
leathery  covering. 

Drusy  minerals,  (droo'zi).  [Gk.  drosos,  dew- 
drop.  1  Those  that  are  sprinkled  with 
minute  crystals  of  the  same  or  another  kind. 

Dry  fruits.  Fruits  having  a  thin  pericarp 
and  little  or  no  j  nice.  v.  Fruits. 

Dry-rot.  1.  Decomposition  :  the  carbon  and 
hydrogen  are  changed  into  carbonic  anhy- 
dride and  water  by  the  absorption  of  oxygen. 
2.  Fungi,  such  as  Merulius  lacrymans  and 
Polyporus  hybridus,  which  grow  upon  wood 
and  animals. 

Dry-piles.  A  number  of  discs  of  leather, 
paper,  &c.,  coated  on  one  side  with  an 
electro-negative,  and  on  the  other  with  an 
electro  -  positive  substance,  which  form  a 
Voltaic  battery  of  limited  power. 

Dryas,  (dri'as).  [Gk.  dry  as,  wood-nymph.] 
A  shrub  belonging  to  Rosacese. 

Drying  oils,  such  as  linseed,  walnut,  and  hemp 
oils,  <fec.,  which  absorb  oxygen  and  solidify, 
for  which  reason  they  are  used  in  painting. 

Dryobalanops,  (drl-o-bal'a-nops).  [Gk.  drys, 
oak ;  balanos,  acorn.]  A  tree  belonging  to 
Dipteracese.]  D.  ca7?ip^ora=Camphor  tree. 

Dryopithecus,  (dri-o-pi-the'kus).  [Gk.  drys, 
tree  ;  pithekos,  ape.]  An  ape  living  amongst 
trees. 

Dualistic  system  of  chemical  combination,  in 
which  salts  are  considered  as  formed  by  the 
union  of  two  binary  compounds ;  thus  sul- 
phate of  potassium  is  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  sulphuric  acid  and  oxide  of 
potassium,  each  of  which  is  a  binary  com- 
pound. 

Dubescq's  electrical  lamp,  An  apparatus  by 
which  the  electric  light  is  made  continuous 
and  steady. 

Dubhe.     A  star=aUrs8e  Majoris. 

Duchess.  A  term  used  for  roofing  slates  24 
inches  by  16  inches. 

Duck,  (duk).=Anas  :  an  aquatic  bird  belong- 
ing to  Natatores. 

Duck-bill,  (  duk'bil  )  =  Ornithorhynchus  = 
Water  mole  :  an  aquatic  animal ;  also  called 
Platypus,  having  a  mouth  resembling  a 
duck's  bill;  also  called  Duck-mole. 


Dugong. 


Ducks— Anatidse,  q.v. 

Duckweed,    ( duk'wed  )  =  Lemna  :    a    small 

aquatic  plant,  consisting  of  floating  fronds, 

with    very    minute    flowers,   belonging    to 

Pistiacesw.     The    lowest    known    form    of 

phanerogamous  plants. 

Duckweeds=Pistiacese:  plants  of  which  duck- 
weed is  the  type. 
Duct,  (dukt)=A  tube. 
Ductility,  (duk-til'i-ti).    Used  of  the  tenacity 

of  some  metals,  by  which  they  can  be  drawn 

into  wires,  often  very  fine. 
Dudley  limestone  =  We nlock   limestone:   a 

sub-division  of  the  Wenlock  formation  in 

Upper  Silurian  strata. 
Dufrenite.    A  mineral  containing  iron  and 

magnesium. 
Dugong,  (du'gong).     [The  Malayan  name.]= 

Halicore = Sea-cow : 

a  cetacean  animal,, 

found  in  the  Indian" 

Ocean,   feeding  on 

vegetables.  I 

Duhanel's     graphic 

method  of  marking 

the  .vibrations  of  a 

sounding   body  by 

traces  on  a  black- 
ened sheet  of  paper. 
Dulcamara,  (dul-ka-ma'ra).    [L.  dulcis,  sweet ; 

amarus,     bitter.  ]  =  Bitter-sweet  =  Woody 

nightshade^Solanum  dulcamara. 
Dulcite,  (dul'sit).     [L.  dulcis,  sweet.]=C6H]4 

Og  :  a  saccharine  substance  obtained  from 

milk  sugar. 
Dulong  and  Petit's  law.    That  specific  heats 

of   simple    bodies   are   inversely  as    their 

atomic  weights. 
Dulse,   (duls).      [The  Scotch  word.]-Rhodo- 

menia  palmata  :  an  edible  sea-weed,  common 

in  Scotland. 
Dumb  -  bell    cluster   of   stars  =  Hour  -  glass 

nebula,  in  Vulpecula. 
Dumb   cane  =  DifFenbachia  seguiana,  a  plant, 

which,  when  eaten,  causes  the  tongue  to  swell 

so  as  practically  to  cause  dumbness. 
Dumortier's  classification  of  plants : — 
Staminacia — 

Gorticalia. 
Decorticalia. 
Pollinacia — 

Capsellia. 
Ecapsellia. 
Fluidacia— 

Soligrania. 

Plurigrania. 

Dunes,  (dunz).     [Celtic  dun,  a  hill.]     Low 

sand  hills  on  the  coast. 
Duodenum,   (du-o-de'num. )     [L.   duodeni, 

twelve  inches.]    The  portion  of  the  intestine 

communicating  with  the  stomach,  into  which 

the  food  passes  from  the  stomach,  and  in 

which  it  is  converted  from  chyme  into  chyle 

by  the  biliary  and  pancreati  secretions. 
Duplicate  ratio.     The  ratio  of  the  squares  of 

two  numbers  is  the  duplicate  ratio  of  the 

numbers.     Ex.:  the  duplicate  ratio  of  2  and 

3  is  the  ratio  of  4  to  9. 
Dura-mater,  (du'ra-ma'ter.)    [L.  durus,  hard  : 


DURAMEN 


109 


EAR 


mater,  mother.]  A  tough  fibrous  membrane 
lining  the  cavity  of  the  skull  and  spinal 
column. 

Duramen,  (du-ra'men).  [L.  duramen,  hard- 
ness.] =  Heart-wood :  the  hardest  part  of 
the  timber  of  a  tree. 

Durene=C6H2  (CH3)4 :  a  hydrocarbon  of  the 
benzol  series;  also  called  tetra-methyl  benzol. 

Durian  (du'ri-an).     [Malay,   dury,  thorn.]= 
Durion  :  the  fruit  of  Durio 
zibethinus,    which    has    a 
thorny  covering. 

Durio,  (du'ri-o).  [Durian, 
q.  v. }  A  plant  of  W.  Indies, 
belonging  to  Bombacese. 

Dusky  ant=Formica  fusca : 
a  burrowing  ant. 

Dust,  (dust).  [Dus,  the  Gae- 
lic word.  ]  D.  fungi  = 
Myxogastres,  q.v. :  found  in 
tanpits. 

Dutch,  (duch).  [D.  duitsch,  popular.]  D.  clover 
=Trifolium  repens.  D.  liquid=C^H.4,Cl2— 
Glycol  dichloride=Ethylene  dichloride:  an 
aromatic  colourless  liquid,  compounded  of  ole- 
fiant  gas  and  chlorine.  D.  metal=D.  leaf:  an 
alloy  of  brass,  with  a  large  admixture  of  cop- 
per, beaten  out  into  thin  plates.  D.  roots 
=Hyacinthus  nutans.  D.  rws/t=Equisetum 
hyemale. 

Dutchman's-pipe=Tatua  morio:  a  wasp,  found 

,  in  Central  America,  named  from  the  shape 
of  its  nest. 

Duty.  D.  of  steam  engine :  the  amount  of 
work  done  in  relation  to  the  fuel  used.  1 
cwt.  of  coals  will,  in  burning,  produce  a  force 
sufficient  to  raise  from  50  to  100  million 
pounds  one  foot,  according  to  the  efficiency 
of  the  engine  used. 

Dwale,  (dwal)=Atropa=Deadly  Nightshade : 
a  poisonous  herb,  belonging  to  Solanacepe. 

Dwarf  palm=0puntia  vulgaris  ;  also=Cha- 
morops  humilis. 

Dyad,  (di'ad).  [Gk.  dyas,  two.]=Diatomic 
=Bivalent=Chemical  elements :  one  equi- 
valent of  which  is  equivalent  to  2  equivalents 
of  hydrogen  in  combination. 

Dyads.  Elements  which  unite  with,two  atoms 
of  hydrogen  :  the  molecule  of  a  dyad  is  two 
atoms. 

Dyas,  (di'as).  A  term  proposed  by  M.  Marcon 
for  "Permian." 


Dycrasite  group=Basic  group. 

Dyeing.  The  change  of  colour  given  to 
woollen  or  cotton  articles  by  immersion  in 
coloured  solutions,  with  or  without  the  use 
of  a  mordant,  q.v. 

Dyer's  greenwood=D.  broom=Genista  tinc- 
toria :  a  plant  belonging  to  Fabaceae.  D. 
?ceecZ=Reseda  luteola:  an  herb  belonging 
to  Brassicaceae. 

Dyestuffs.  Mostly  from  vegetables,  some 
from  animals,  some  from  minerals. 

Dyke,  ( dik ).  Intrusions  of  igneous  into 
stratified  rocks,  usually  more  or  less  ver- 
tical. 

Dynamic,  (di-nam'ik).  [Gk.  dynamis,  force.] 
Relating  to  forces  that  produce  change  of 
motion  in  solid  bodies.  D.  absorption  = 
Dynamic  cooling,  q.v.  D.  cooling:  the  cool- 
ing of  a  vessel  when  rapidly  exhausted  of 
the  contained  air.  D.  energy=Actual  energy 
=  Moving  force :  the  force  contained  in  a 

moving  body.     J).  head=  ~ ,  the  expression 

for  a  liquid  raised  above  its  natural  level  by 
pressure :  p=the  pressure ;  g=the  specific 
gravity  of  the  liquid.  D.  heating :  the 
heating  of  an  empty  vessel  by  the  friction 
of  a  liquid  or  gas  entering  it.  D.  radiation 
^Dynamic  heating,  q.v. 

Dynamical,  (di-nam'i-kal).  [Dynamic,  q.v.] 
D.  theory  of  heat;  that  it  is  motion  of  the 
ultimate  particles  of  matter,  and  in  no  sense 
material;  a  form  of  motion  of  a  minute  char- 
acter. 

Dynamite,  (dl'na-mit).  [Gk.  dynamis,  force.] 
A  compound  of  nitro  -  glycerine  and  earth, 
which  is  very  explosive. 

Dynamometer,  (di-na-mom'e-ter)= Indicator : 
an  apparatus  which  measures  energy,  e.g.,  a 
spring  balance. 

Dyne.  (din).  [Gk.  dynamis,  force.]  Proposed 
by  Everett  as  an  absolute  unit  of  force. 

Dyslysin,  ( dis'lis-in ).  [Gk.  dys,  difficult: 
lysis,  solution.]  C^H^Og:  a  resinous  in- 
solubla  substance  obtained  from  choloidic 
acid  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Dyticidae,  ( di-tis'i-de  ).  [Dyticus,  q.v.]  A 
family  of  water  beetles,  belonging  to  Hydra- 
dephaga,  that  are  first  aquatic,  then  terres- 
tial,  finally  amphibious. 

Dyticus.    The  typical  genus  of  Dyticidse. 


E. 


Eagle,  (e'gl).  [Aquila,  the  Latin  name..,= 
Aquila.  1.  A  powerful  diurnal  bird  of  prey, 
belonging  to  Falconidse.  Bald  E.  =  Ha- 
liaetus  leucocephalus.  Booted  E.=  Aquila 
pennata.  Cinereous  J?.:=Haliaetus  alicilla. 
Crested  E.  =Thrasaetus  harpyia.  Golden  E. 
=Aquila  chrysaetos.  Harpy  ^.=  Crested 
E.,  q.v.  Martial  2?.=Spizaetus  bellicosus. 
New  Holland  White  #=Astur  Novse  Hol- 
landiae.  E.  Owl=Grea.t  Owl^Bubo  maxi- 
m.us.  E,  stones;  a  variety  of  iron  ore,  2. 


A  constellation  in  the  northern  heavens. 
E.  wood  :  Agila  wood,  q.v. 

Eagre,  (e'ger).  [A.-S.  eagw, water.] =Bore,  q.v. 

Ear,  (er).  "  [Bare,  the  A.-S.  name.]  The 
organ  of  the  sense  of  hearing  ;  a  very  refined 
modification  of  the  sense  of  touch,  by  means 
of  the  nerve  of  hearing,  which  is  sensitive  to 
vibrations  between  16  and  38,000  per  second. 
E.  shell:  Guernsey  E.=0rmer;  Furrowed  E.— 
Stomatia  rubra.  E.  trumpet :  an  instrument 
to  assist  deaf  persons  in  hearing  by  collecting 


EARTH 


110 


ECHINORHYNCHUS 


a  greater  volume  of  sound  and  transmitting 
it  to  the  ear. 

Earth,  (erth).  [Eordhe,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
The  general  term  for  the  land,  including 
all  kinds  of  rocks,  sand,  clay,  limestone, 
granite,  &c.;  also  used  for  the  whole 
globe.  Supposed  by  Hopkins  to  have  a 
crust  at  least  1000  miles  in  thickness,  and 
by  Thomson  to  be  as  a  whole  more  rigid 
than  steel  Earth's  mean  density:  about 
5  5  as  compared  with  water.  E.  cra&=Mole- 
cricket,  q.v.  Earth's  crust:  applied  to  that 
portion  of  the  earth,  about  10  miles  in 
thickness,  which  is  visible,  or  which  can  be 
reasoned  about  from  observation.  E.fly— 
Chigoe  q.v.  E.  metals:  aluminum,  gluci- 
num,  and  six  other  metals  with  similar 
qualities,  and  having  great  affinity  for 
oxygen.  E.  nut=Pig  nut,  q.v.  E.  quakes: 
commotions  in  the  crust  of  the  earth,  due 
to  subterranean  causes.  Earthquake  bands, 
v.  Seismology.  E.  shine:  the  reflection  of 
the  earth's  light  from  the  moon.  E.  worms 
=  Annelida  terricola  =  Lumbrici :  worms 
which  perforate  the  earth.  E.  worms= 
Lumbrici,  q.v. 

Earths,  (erths).  A  general  term  for  yttria, 
zirconia,  glucina,  alumina,  and  thorina. 
Alkaline  J?.=Baryta,  calcia,  lithia,  magnesia, 
and  strontia. 

Earthenware,  (ei-th'en-war).  Porcelain,  china, 
delf,  &c.;  domestic  utensils,  pipes,  &c.,  made 
of  baked  clay  mixed  with  flint,  &c. 

Earwig,  (eVwig).  [Ear-ioigga,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Forficula :  an  insect, 
common  in  damp  places 
feeding  on  leaves,  &c., 
belonging  to  Orthop- 
tera,  and  having  very 
short  wing-cases. 

Earwigs,  (er/wigz)=Der- 
matoptera,  q.v.  =Dermaptera.  Great  E.  =La- 
bidura  gigantea.  Little  E.  =  Labia  minor. 
Common  .Z?.=Forficula  auricularia. 

Easel  animalcule=Pluteus,  q.v. :  the  larval 
form  of  some  sea-ui'chins,  sand-stars,  &c. 

Ebenacese,  (eb-en-a'se-e).  [Ebenus,  the  Latin 
name.]  =  Ebenads  :  ebony,  iron  wood,  &c., 
shrubs,  and  trees,  chiefly  tropical,  with 
leathery  leaves  and  black  heavy  timber, 
belonging  to  Gentianales. 

Eboest    An  African  people. 

Ebonite,  (eb'o-nlt).  [Ebony,  q.v.]  A  com- 
pound of  caoutchouc  and  sulphur. 

Ebony,  (eb'o-ni).  [Ebenus,  the  Latin  name.] 
Wood  of  Ebenaceaj;  black,  hard,  heavy;  can 
be  polished  in  a  high  degree.  E.  tree=T)ios- 
pyros  ebenum:  an  East  Indian  tree.  E.  tree 
of  St.  Helena,  peculiar  to  the  island,  now 
extinct. 

Ebullition,  (eb-u-lish'un).  [L.  Ebullio,  I  boil 
up.]=Boiling :  the  continuous  and  rapid 

n '.action  of  vapour  by  the  application  of 
to  a  liquid,  which  takes  place  when  the 
tension  of  the  vapour  equals  the  pressure  of 
the  air. 
Ecaudate,  (e-kaw'dat).  [Caudate^.v.]  Having 

no  tail.  '    ^ 

Ecblastesis,  (ek-blas-te'sis).    [Gk.  ek,  out  of ; 


Earwig. 


Eccentric. 


blastes,  branch.]     Term  used  by  Engelmann 
for  axillary  prolifioation. 

Eccentric,  (ek-seii'trik).  [L.  ex,  out ;  centrum, 
centre.]  E.  circle:  a 
circular  plate  which  re- 
volves round  a  point  in 
itself,  which  point  is1 
not  the  centre. 

Ecderon,    (  ek '  de  -  ron  ). 
[Gk.  ek,  out  of;  derma, 
skin.]    The  outer  layer  of  ectoderm,  q.v., 
corresponds  to  epiderm. 

Ecdysis,  (ek'dis-is).  [Gk.  ekdysis,  a  throwing 
off.  ]= Moulting  :  casting  the  skin. 

Echelon  lens,  (esh'long).  [F.  echelon,  round 
of  a  ladder.]  A  compound  lens  having  a 
series  of  concentric  annular  lenses  arranged 
round  a  central  lens,  so  that  all  have  a  com- 
mon focus  :  used  for  lighthouses. 

Echiales,  (ek-i-a'lez).  Plants  with  dichlamy- 
daeous  monopetalous  flowers  and  nut-like 
fruit,  belonging  to  Perigynous  Exogens. 

Echidna,  (ek-id'na).  [Gk.  echinos,  hedgehog.] 
=Porcupine  Ant-eater:  a  burrowing  ant- 
eating  quadruped  of  Australia:  a  division  of 
Monotremata. 

Echimys,  (ek-i'mis).  [Gk.  echinos,  spring; 
mys,  rat.]  A  small  rodent  quadruped,  known 
by  fossil  remains,  found  in  Recent  rocks  of 
S.  America.  .« .,.-•' 

Echinaster,  (ek-i-nas'ter).  [Echinodermata, 
q.v.]  An  animal,  belonging  to  Echinoder- 
mata, the  larval  state  of  which  is  but  imper- 
fectly developed.  .- 

Echini,  (ek-i'ni).  [Gk.  cc/anos/sea-urchini] 
Fossils,  covered  with  spines,  abundant  in 
Chalk,  the  remains  of  animals  belonging  to 
Echinodermata. 

Echinid,  (e-ki'nid).  '  [Gk.  echinos,  sea-urchin.] 
Individual  of  Echinodermata. 

Echinidea,  (e-ki-nid'e-a).  [Gk.  echinos,  sea- 
urchin.  ]=Sea-urchins:  a  division  of  Echi- 
nodermata ;  sea  stars  in  which  the  arms  are 
folded  over  so  as  to  form  a  spheroidal  or 
discoidal  body ;  also  called  Echinidse. 

Echinites,  (ek-i-nits'  or  ek-i-ni'tez)=Echini, 
q.v.  -*•--. 

Echinococcus,  (e-ki-no-kok'kus).  [Gk.  echinos, 
spiny;  kokkos,  berry.]  The  nurse-form  of 
tape-worms,  parasitic  in  other  animals. 

Echinodermata,  (e-kl-no-der'ma-ta).  [Gk. 
echinos,  spiny ;  derma,  skin.]=Sea-urchins, 
star-fishes,  sea-cucumbers,  &c. :  marine  ani- 
mals, forming  a  division  of  Annuloida,  q.c.', 
more  common  at  a  depth  below  20  fathoms. 
Found  fossil  from  the  Silurian  epoch  until 
now. 

Echinodenns,  (e-ki'no-dermz).  [Gk.  echinos, 
spiny;  dernia,  skin.]=Echinodermata,  q.v. 

Echinodon,  (e-ki'no-don).  [Gk.  echinos,  spiny; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  reptile,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains,  found  in  Jurassic  rocks. 

Echinoidea,  ( ek-i-noi'de-a ).  [Gk.  echinos, 
hedgehog;  eidos,  form.]= Sea-urchins,  &c., 
which  have  spiny  skins. 

Echinorhynchus,  (  e  -  ki  -  nor  -  ink'us ).  [Gk. 
echinos,  hedgehog ;  rygchos,  snout.]  A  ver- 
miform parasite,  having  a  proboscis  with 
sharp  hooks,  but  no  mouth.,  belonging  to 


ECHINOTHTTRIA 


111 


EEL 


Acanthocephala,  found  in  intestinal  canal 
of  birds  and  fishes. 

Echinothuria,  (e-ki-no-thu'ri-a).  [Gk.  echinos, 
spiny ;  thurios,  covering.  ]  A  fossil  sea- 
urchin,  found  in  Upper  Chalk  rocks. 

Echinothuridae,  (e-ki-no-thu'ri-de).  [Echino- 
thuria, q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  family  of 
sea-urchins,  comprising  the  extant  genera 
Calveria  and  Phormosoma,  and  the  fossil 
Echinothuria. 

Echinozoa,  (e-ki-no-zo'a).  [Gk.  echinos,  spiny; 
zoon,  animal.  ]=Annuloida,  q.v. 

Echinus,  (e-ki'nus).  [The  Latin  name.] =Sea- 
urchins :  globular,  with  spiny  body,  covered 
with  calcareous  plates;  mouth  a  simple  ori- 
fice with  five  sharp  teeth,  each  enclosed  in  a 
large  jaw. 

Echium,  (ek'i-um).  [Gk.  eckis,  viper.  ]=Bug- 
loss :  an  herb  belonging  to  Boraginacese. 

Echo,  (ek'6).  [The  Latin  word.]  The  repe- 
tition of  a  sound  arising  from  its  reflection 
from  some  large  surface  usually  not  less  than 
100  feet  distant. 

Ecitons:=  Foraging  ants=Army  ants  :  having 
no  fixed  home,  but  hunting  in  vast  numbers 
after  grasshoppers,  spiders,  &c. ;  the  eyes  are 
often  imperfect,  and  sometimes  absent. 

Eclipse,  (ek-lips').  [Ekleipsis,  the  Greek 
word.]  The  disappear-  § 

ance  of  a  planet  or  a 
star,  the  sun  or  the 
moon,  by  the  removal 
of  the  source  of  light, 
or  the  interposition  of  Eclipse. 

an  opaque  body.  Annular  E.:  when  the 
centre  of  the  object  only  is  obscured,  and  the 
whole  circumference  is  visible.  Partial  E.: 
in  which  a  portion  only  is  eclipsed. 

Ecliptic,  (ek-lip'tik).  [Eclipse,  q.v.]  The 
great  circle  of  the  heavens  in  which  the  sun 
appears  to  move,  and  on  or  near  which  the 
moon  must  be  at  the  time  of  an  eclipse. 

Ecteron,  (ek'ter-on).  [Gk.  ek,  out  of ;  dermos, 
skin.]  Used"  for  the  outer  layer  of  skin, 
whether  epithelium  or  epidermis. 

Ectocyst,  (ek'to-sist).  [Gk.  ektos,  outside; 
kystis,  bladder.]  The  outer  cell  of  a  polype, 
a  chitinous  or  calcareous  membrane. 

Ectoderm,(ek'to-derm).  [Gk.ektos, outside;  der- 
ma, skin.]  Outer  layer  in  Ccelenterata,  from 
which  the  organs  of  motion  are  developed, 
sub-divided  into  ecderon  and  enderon. 

Ectopistes,  (ek-to-pis'tes).  [Gk.  ektopizo,  I 
remove.]  E.  migratorius=Psisaengei-  pigeon. 

Ectosarc,  (ek'to-sark).  [Gk.  ektos,  outer; 
sarx,  flesh.]  The  outer  layer  of  the  Amoeba. 

Ectozoa,  (ek-to-zo'a).  [Gk.  ektos,  outside; 
zoon,  animals.]  Parasites  living  on  the 
outer  surface  of  other  animals,  cf.  Entozoa. 

Edaphodus,  (e-daf'o-dus).  [Gk.  edaphos,  foun- 
dation; odous,  tooth.]  A  fish,  belonging  to 
Holocephali,  known  by  fossil  remains  of  jaws 
and  spines,  found  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Eddy,  (ed'di).  [A.-S.  ed,  back;  ea,  stream; 
or  Ice.  yda,  whirlpool.]=Vortex= Whirl:  a 
stream  which  moves  in  either  a  spiral  or 
circular  direction. 

Eielforsite, '.  An  impure  variety  of  "Wollas- 
tonite. 


Edelite=Prehnite,  q.v. 

Edenite.    A  variety  of  Amphibole,  q.v. 

Edentata,  (e-den-ta'ta).    [L.  e,  without ;  dens, 
tooth.]   Sloths,  Ar- 
madillos, &c.:  ani- 
mals, belonging  to'- 
Mammalia,    in? 
which  the  teeth  are  1 
either    wholly    or  = 
partially  absent :  in-  ^- 
eludes  also  the  me-*" 
gatherium,  &c.  Edentata. 

Edentula,  (e-den'tu-la).  [L.  e,  without ;  dens, 
tooth.]  Owen's  term  for  Ant-eaters. 

Edentulous,  (e-den'tu-lus).  [Edentula,  q.v.]= 
Toothless. 

Edestes,  (e-des'tes).  [Gk.  edestes,  devourer.] 
A  fish,  known  only  by  fossil  spines,  found  in 
coal  in  Indiana,  named  from  the  supposition 
of  its  being  a  shark. 

Edible,  (ed'i-bl).  [L.  edo,  I  eat.]  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  the  genera,  some  of  the  species 
of  which  are  edible.  E.  Fucacece :  Laminaria, 
Sargassum,  Alaria,  Durvillsea,  Fucus,  Scy- 
tosiphon.  E.  fungi  :  chiefly  Agaricus.  E. 
lichens :  Cetraria,  Gyrophora,  Cenomyce, 
Parmelia,  Peltigera,  Stictypulmonacea.  E. 
sea-weeds :  Plocaria,  Gelidium,  Chondrus, 
Rhodomenia,  Iridaea,  Laurentia,  Fucus. 

Edingtonite.  A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrous  sili- 
cate of  aluminum  and  barium. 

Edriasterida,  ( ed-ri-as- tori-da  ).  [Gk.  hed- 
raios,  sessile  ;  Asteridea,  q.v.]  Extinct  ani- 
mals, belonging  to  Echinodermata,  found 
only  in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

Edriopthalmia,  (ed-ri-op-thal'mi-a).  [Gk. 
hedraios,  sessile;  ophthalmos,  eye.]=Hedrseo- 
phthalmia  =  Tetradecapoda  :  a  division  of 
sessile-eyed  Crustacea,  including  Amphi- 
poda  and  Isopoda,  aquatic  representatives 
of  wood-lice. 

Educabilia,  ( ed-u-ka-bil'i-a ).  [L.  educo,  I 
educate  ;  habilis,  suitable  for.]  Term  used 
by  Bonaparte,  q.v.,  for  a  portion  of  Mam- 
malia, including  Primates,  Ferae,  Pinnipedia, 
Cete,  Belluae,  Pecora. 

Educt,  (e'dukt).  [L.  educo,  I  draw  out.]  A 
chemical  term  used  to  express  an  already 
existing  compound,  separated,  in  the  course 
of  chemical  operations,  from  others  in  which 
it  had  been  included,  cf.  Product. 

Edulcoration,  (e-dul-kor-a'shun).  [L.  e,  out : 
dulcorare,  to  sweeten.]  The  separation  of 
insoluble  matter  from  soluble  by  washing, 
used  where  the  insoluble  only  is  preserved. 

Edward's  (Milne)  classification  of  animals. 
Osteozoaria=Vertebrata. 
Entomoza=Anellata :  insects,  &c. 
Malacozoaria =Mollusca. 
Zopphytes=Radiata. 

Edwardsite=Monazite. 

Eel,  (el),  [m,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Mura3na= 
Anguilla  :  a  fresh-water  fish,  with  cylindrical 
body,  belonging  to  the  Teleostei.  Conger  E. 
z=Conger  vulgaris.  Electrical  E.=Gymno- 
tus:  an  eel- like  fish  of  S.  America,  which  has 
the  power  of  giving  electrical  shocks  to  per- 
sons touching  it.  Glass  E.  v.  Glass-eels, 
Sand  .E'.rrArnmodytes  tobianus. 


EELS 


112 


ELATEBIDJE 


Eels,  (elz).     [Eel,  9.v.]=Mursenidse,  q.v. 

Effervescence,  (ef-fer-ves'ens).  [L.  effervesce,  I 
boil  up.]  The  escape  of  a  gas  from  a  liquid. 

Efflorescence,  (ef-fl5-res'ens).  [L.  effloresco,  I 
flourish.  ]  1.  The  superficial  or  complete  con- 
version of  a  crystal  into  a  powder,  whether 
amorphous  01  crystalline.  2.  The  powder  so 
formed.  3.  A  general  term  for  the  blossom- 
ing of  plants. 

Eft.  (eft).  [Efeta,  the  A.-S.  name.]  l.=Newt 
=Triton:  a  young  tadpole.  2.  Land  E.= 
Salamandra:  common,  in  Europe,  but  un- 
known in  England. 

Efts,  (efts).  [Eft,  q.v.]  A  general  name  for 
land  lizards:  animals  belonging  to  Batrachia. 

Egeran,  (eg'e-ran).  [Eger,  in  Bohemia  .]= 
Vesuvianite.  q.v. 

Egg,  (eg).  [Ag,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Ovura:  a 
cell  containing  the  germ  of  a  new  individual. 
In  the  case  of  oviparous  animals  this  cell, 
enclosed  in  a  shell,  is  deposited  before  the 
birth  of  the  young  one;  in  the  case  of  vivi- 
parous animals,  birth  takes  place  before  the 
expulsion,  and  the  egg  has  no  hard  shell.  E. 
apples=Fr\.iii  of  Solanum  melongena.  Elec- 
trical E.:  an  egg-shaped  electric  light,  ob- 
tained by  passing  an  electric  current  throueh 
an  exhausted  ellipsoid  plassvessel.  PoackedE. 
=0vulumovum.  Warty 
E.  =  Ovulum  verruco- 
sum:  two  varieties  of 
the  cowry.  Sea  E.— 
Sea-urchin,  q.v. 

Eglantine,  ( eg'lan-tm  ). 
[The  French  name.]= 
Kweet-briar=Rosarubi- 
ginosa:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Eosacese.  ' 

Egret,  (e'gret).   [Aigrette,  =&?>g-=^^^^^g^ 
the  F.  word.]  l.=Ardea 
egretta:   a  small  white  Egret 

heron.  2.  A  monkey,  having  erect  hairs  on 
its  head,  belonging  to  Macacus.  3.  A  tuft  of 
feathers  or  hair. 

Ehrenberg's  classification  of  animals  (exclud- 
ing man)  :— 

Myeloneura — 

Mammalia. 
Birds. 
Amphibia. 
Fishes. 
Ganglioneura — 

Articulata. 
Mollusca. 
Tubulata. 
Racemifera. 

Ehretiaceae,  (e-ret-i-a'se-e).  [Named  after  M. 
D.  G.  Ehret.]=Ehretiads:  herbs,  shrubs,  and 
trees,  chiefly  tropical,  with  gyrate  monopeta- 
lous  flowers,  belonging  to  Echiales. 

Eider-duck,  (i'der).  [Eider,  the  German 
name.]=Somateria  mollissima:  a  large  sea- 
duck,  the  down  of  which  is  very  soft  and 
warm. 

Eidograph,  ( I'd3-graf ).  [Gk.  eidos,  form  ; 
grapho,  I  write.]  An  instrument  for  repro- 
ducing drawings. 

Eighth.  (at-th)=0ctave:  a  musical  note  which 
is  made  by  half  as  many,  or  twice  as  many, 


vibrations  as  a  given  note  is  the  octave  of 
that  note,  being  eight  notes  lower  or  hfgher. 

Eimeoan.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Ekeing,  (caking).  [A.-S.  eacan,  to  increase.] 
Timber  filling  up  the  space  between  the 
apron  and  beam,  and  between  the  stern-post 
and  beam,  of  a  ship. 

Elseagnaceae,  ( e-le-ag-na'se-S  ).  [Gk.  elaia, 
olive;  agnos,  vine.]=:Oleasters;  scaly  trees 
and  shrubs,  with  small  flowers,  belonging  to 
Amentales. 

Elaene,  (e-lan).  [Gk.  elaion,  oil.]=C9Hi8= 
Monylene:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon. 

Elaeocarpacese,  (el-e-6-kar-pa'se-e).  [Gk.  elaia, 
olive  ;  karpos,  fruit.  ]  =  Eleocarps  :  trees, 
chiefly  Indian,  resembling  lindens;  also  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  Tiliaceae;  named  from 
the  fruit  resembling  an  olive. 

Elaeopten,  (el-e-op'ten).  [Gk.  elaion,  oil.]  The 
liquid  portion  of  cooled  essential  oils. 

Elaic  acid,  (el-a'ik).  [Gk.  elaion,  oil.]=Oleic 
acid,  q.v. 

Elaidic  acid,  (el-a-id'ik).  [Gk.  elaion,  oil.]= 
Ci8H34O2:  a  solid  fatty  acid,  obtained  by 
action  of  nitrogen  peroxide  on  oleic  acid. 

Elaidin,  (el-a-id'in).  [Gk.  elaion,  oil.]  A 
solid  fat  obtained  from  oleiu  by  action  of 
peroxide  of  nitrogen. 

Elain,  (el-a'in).     [Gk.  elaion,  oii.]=Olein,  q.v. 

Eland,  (e'land).=0reas  canna:   a  large  ante- 
lope of  8.  Africa;   also 
called  the  Cape  Elk. 

Elaphomyces,  (el-a-fo- 
nri'sez).  [Gk.  elaphas, 
elephant;  mykes,  mush- 
room.] Fungi  belong- 
ing to  Tuberacese. 

Elapidae,     (  e-lap'i-de  ). 
[Elaps,  q.v.]    A  group 
of    poisonous    serpents  X; 
belonging  to  Colubridse. 

Elapotherium,    ( e-lap-6-  Eland, 

the'ri-um).     An  extinct  mammalian  animal. 

Elaps,  (e'laps).  [The  Greek  name.]  A  snake: 
the  type  of  Elapidae. 

Elasmobranchii,  (el-as-ino-brangTci-a).  [Gk. 
elasma,  lamina;  bragchia,  gills.]=Sharks, 
rays,  &c. :  highly  organised  cartilaginous 
fishes,  forming  a  primary  division  of  Pisces, 
q.v.;  placoid,  with  fixed,  pouch-like  gills,  a 
short  intestine,  and  a  spiral  fold. 

Elasmotherium,  ( el-as-mo-the'ri-um ).  [Gk. 
elasma,  plate;  therion,  beast.]  An  extinct 
pachydermatous  animal,  somewhat  resembl- 
ing the  rhinoceros. 

Elastic,  (e-las'tik).  [Elastique,  the  French 
word.]  E.  bitumen  =  Elaterite,  q.v.  E. 
ti«5we=Cartilage,  q.v. 

Elasticity,  (e-las-tis'i-ti).  [Elastic,  q.v.]  Ten- 
dency of  a  substance  to  preserve  its  original 
form  and  size,  and  to  return  to  them  after 
any  small  change,  as  in  India-rubber,  steel, 
<fcc. 

Elater,  (el'a-ter).  [Gk.  elater,  driver.]=Spiral 
threads,  consisting  of  long  cells  with  spiral 
bands. 

Elateridas,  (el-a-torl-de).  [Elater,  q.v.]  In- 
sects forming  a  division  of  Coleoptera.  LaV' 
vce  <tf  E.—  Wire-worms,  q.v, 


ELATEBIN 


113 


EIECTRUM 


Elaterin,  (el-at-5'riti).=Co0H28O5:  white  silky 
crystals  from  Momordica  elaterium. 

Elaterite,  (el-at'er-it).  [Elater,<7.v.]=Mineral 
caoutchouc:  a  solid  elastic  variety  of  bitumen ; 

Elatinaceae,  (el-at-in-a'se-e).  [Elatine,  q.v.]= 
Water-peppers :  small  aquatic  herbs,  with 
rooting  stems,  belonging  to  Rutales. 

Elatine,  (el-at'in).  [Gk.  elate,  fir  tree.]= 
Water- wort:  a  small  creeping  aquatic  herb, 
belonging  to  Elatinacese. 

Elayl=Ethylene=Olefiant  gas,  q.v. 

Elder,  (el'der).  [Holder,  the  German  name.j 
=Sambucus:  a  tree,  the  pith  of  which  is 
very  light,  belonging  to  Caprifoliaceae.  E 
rao</i:=Phalaena  sambucaria :  an  insect  be- 
longing to  Lepidoptera. 

Elecampane,  (el-e-kam-pan').  [Corruption  of 
the  French  name. ]  l.  =  Inula  Helenium:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Asteraceae.  2.  A  medi- 
cine obtained  from  the  root  of  this  plant. 

Elecampin,  (el-e-kam'pin).  [Elecampane,  q.v.] 
=Inulin,  q.v. :  a  starch4ike  principle  found 
in  Elecampane. 

Electra,  (e-lek'tra).  [Classical.]  1.  A  minor 
planet,  No.  130,  discovered  1873.  2.  One  of 
the  Pleiades,  q.v.  3.  A  genus  of  membran- 
ous polypes. 

Electric,  (e-lek'trik).  [Electricity,  q.v.]  Con- 
nected with  electricity  ;  having  electricity 
for  its  origin  or  motive  power.  E.  battery: 
a  series  of  Leyden  jars.  cf.  Galvanic  bat- 
tery. E.  chimes:  a  set  of  small  bells  which 
can  be  sounded  by  electricity.  E.  clock:  a 
clock  in  which  a  current  of  electricity  sup- 
plies the  motive  power.  E.  current:  the 
transmission  of  electric  force.  E.  discharge; 
if  sudden,  in  the  form  of  a  spark;  if  continu- 
ous, in  the  form  of  a  current.  E.  eel=Gym- 
notus:  a  fish,  resembling  the  eel,  which  is 
capable  of  giving  electric  shocks.  E.  egg:  an 
egg-shaped  glass  vessel,  which  glows  with 
light  when  a  current  passes  through  it  E. 
J(5/i=Torpedo,  silurus,  gymnotus,  &c.  E. 
fluid:  the  hypothetical  medium  of  electricity. 
E.  insulation:  the  separation  of  an  electri- 
fied body  from  conducting  bodies  by  the  in- 
terposition of  a  non-conductor.  E.  iight= 
Voltaic  arc:  the  light  emitted  by  an  electric 
current  in  crossing  over  a  small  interval  of 
space.  E.  machine:  any  apparatus  for  the 
generation  of  electric  force.  E.  organs:  for 
storing  up  electricity;  found  only  in  some 
fishes  ;  v.  Gymnotus.  E.  pendulum=T>ith- 
ball  electroscope:  a  pith  ball  suspended  by  a 
non-conducting  thread.  E.  ray=Torpedo= 
Raia,  q.v.  E.  resistance;  small  in  conductors, 
great  in  non-conductors;  the  force  required 
ti  electrify  a  given  body.  E.  spark;  an  in- 
termittent form  of  electric  light,  obtained 
when  a  conducting  body  is  brought  near  an 
electrified  body.  E.  telegraph:  an  apparatus 


Electricity,  (e-iek-tris'i-ti).  [Gk.  elektron, 
amber.]  A  form  of  energy,  excited  by  fric- 
tion, chemical  action,  magnetism,  &c.,  and 
capable  of  being  converted  into  heat,  light, 
magnetism,  &c.,  at  pleasure,  by  suitable  ap- 
paratus. Probably  a  variety  of  impercep- 
tible molecular  motion.  E.  of  induction: 


the  transmission  of  electric  force  through  a 
badly  conducting  substance.  Chemical  E.: 
the  development  of  electric  force  by  chemical 
action;  usually  by  the  action  of  an  acid 
on  a  metal.  Fractional  E.:  development  of 
electric  force  by  friction  upon  the  surface  of 
badly  conducting  substances.  Galvanic  E. 
=Chemical  E.;  named  after  Galvani.  Resi- 
nous E.~ Negative  Electricity:  developed  by 
friction  on  resinous  surfaces.  Vitreous  E.  = 
Positive  electricity:  developed  by  friction  on. 
glass  and  other  vitreous  surfaces.  VoltoAc  E. 
=Chemical  electricity;  named  after  Volta. 

Electro,  (e-lek'tro).  [Electricity,  q.v.].  A 
prefix  indicating  electricity  as  the  origin.  E. 
chemical  series:  arrangement  of  a  number 
of  substances  in  order  of  their  affinity  for 
positive  or  negative  poles  of  a  battery.  E. 
telegraph,  in  which  chemical  decomposition 
is  effected  by  means  of  a  current,  and  so 
governed  as  to  be  a  means  of  signalling.  E. 
dynamics:  the  science  of  electricity  as  a  cause 
of  motion,  v.  Dynamics.  E.  magnet :  a  piece  of 
soft  iron  surrounded  by  a  coil  of  wire,  which 
is  magnetised  whenever  a  current  passes 
through  the  wire.  E.  metallurgy  =  Elec- 
tro-plating. E.  motive  force:  the  amount  of 
electric  force  which  is  over  and  above  the 
amount  consumed  in  the  machinery  of  gene- 
ration, and  so  is  capable  of  being  utilised. 
E.  negative  elements :  those  which  go  to  the 
anode  or  positive  pole.  E.  plating;  coating 
of  one  substance  by  another  by  means  of 
electricity.  E.  positive  elements:  which  in 
decomposition  by  electricity  go  to  the  cathode 
or  negative  pole.  E.  potential:  a  measure 
of  electric  force,  v.  Potential.  E.  series; 
a  number  of  substances  arranged  in  order 
of  their  power  to  excite  galvanic  currents. 
E.  statics:  the  science  of  electricity  at 
rest. 

Electrodes,  (e-lek'trodz).  [Electricity,  q.v.: 
Gk.  odos,  way.]  The  terminals  or  poles  of  a 
galvanic  batteiy. 

Electrolysis,  ( e-lek-troH-sis  X  [Electricity, 
q.v.;  Gk.  lysis,  loosening.]  Decomposition  of 
chemical  compounds  by  electricity. 

Electrolyte,  (6-lek'tro-lIt).  [Electro,  q.v. ;  lytos, 
dissoluble.]  A  compound  chemical  substance 
which  can  be  decomposed  by  electiicity. 

Electro-magnetic  units.  1.  Ohm=l(F  natural 
units:  measure  of  resistance.  2.  Farad.  = 
107  natural  units:  measure  of  capacity.  3. 
Volt.=106  natural  units:  measure  of  poten- 
tiality. 

Electrometer,  (g-lek-trom'e-ter).  [Electro,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  to 
measure  the  force  of  an  electric  current. 

Electrophorus,  (  e-lek-trof'o-rus  ).  [Electro, 
q.v.;  Gk.  phoreo,  I  bear.]  An  instrument 
for  collecting  electricity,  and  exhibiting  the 
phenomena  of  induction. 

Electroscope,  (5-lek'trS-skop).  [Electro,  q.v.; 
Gk.  skopeo,  I  observe.]  An  instrument  for 
detecting  and  exhibiting  the  presence  of 
electricity. 

Electrotonus=Anelectrotonus    and    Cathelec- 

trotonus. 

Electrum,  (e-lek'trum).    [The  Latin  word,]   1. 

H 


ELEMENTS 


114 


EMBRYOLOGY 


A  native  rich  alloy  of  gold  or  silver.     2.= 
Succinite. 

Elements,  (el'e-ments).  [  Elementum,  the 
Latin  name.]  The  constituents  of  a  com- 
pound; also  used  for  those  chemical  sub- 
stances which  cannot  be  decomposed  by  any 
known  means.  Electro-positive  E. ;  those 
which  go  to  the  negative  pole  in  chemical  de- 
composition by  electricity.  Electro-negative 
E.:  those  which  go  to  the  positive  pole. 

Elemi,  (el'e-mi).  An  odoriferous  resin,  ob- 
tained from  Icica  and  other  plants. 

Elephant,  (el'e-fant).  [Elephantus,  the  Latin 
name.]  =  Elephas:  a  thick-skinned  quadru- 
ped, forming  a  distinct  order,  Proboscidea, 
q.v.,  of  Mammalia:  has  no  canine  teeth,  and 
the  incisors  become  tusks;  has  very  long  pre- 
hensile nose  called  a  trunk.  E.  fish=Ca\lor- 
hynchus  antarctica.  E.'s  <us£=Dentalium 
arcuatum:  a  tooth-shell.  Sea  E.=A.  large 
seal=Morunga  proboscidea  E.  HcMokmoth= 
Chserocampa  elpenor.  E.  s7irew;=:Macrosce- 
lides  typicus. 

Elephantiasis,  (  el-e-fan-ti'a-sis  ).  [Elephant, 
q.v.]  1.  A  diseased  condition  of  the  skin, 
in  which  it  becomes  very  thick.  2.  A, dis- 
ease of  the  leg,  which  becomes  enormously 
thickened. 

Elephas,  (el'e-fas).  [The  Latin  name.]=Ele- 
phant,  q.v.  E.  Africanus= African  elephant. 
E.  Indicus  =  Asiatic  elephant.  E.  primi- 
<7enms=Mammoth. 

Elimination,  (e-lim-in-a'shun).  [L.  elimino, 
I  remove.]=Removal  or  separation:  especi- 
ally used  in  algebra  for  the  removal  of  two 
equal  terms  from  an  equation. 

Eliquation,  (  e-lik-wa'shun ).  [L.  eliquo,  I 
strain.]  The  separation  of  two  solid  sub- 
stances by  the  melting  of  the  more  fusible. 

Elizabethan  architecture,  ( S-liz'a-beth-an ). 
[Queen  Elizabeth.]  A  compound  of  Gothic 
and  Italian  architectures. 

Elk,  (elk).  [Sleh,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Cervus 
alces= Moose:  an  herbivorous  mammal  with 
short  neck,  long  legs,  and  large  horns. 

Ell,  (el).  [Eln,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A  measure 
of  length.  Flemish  E.=3  quarters  of  a  yard. 
English  E.=5  quarters.  French  E.=6  quar- 
ters. 

Ellagic  acid=zCi4HgOg  :  a  crystalline  powder, 
obtained  from  gall-nuts,  having  weak  acid 
properties,  and  forming  a  constituent  of  some 
bezoars;  also  called  bezoaric  acid. 

Ellipse,  (el-lips').      [Gk.    elleipsis,  defect.]= 
Parallel    projection    of     a 
circle:    ono    of    the    conic 
sections:  a  curve  in  which 

.  the  distances  of  any  point 
from  the  two  foci  have 
always  the  same  sum.  Ellipse. 

Ellipsoid,  (el-lip'soid).  [Ellipse,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  A  solid  figure,  formed  by  the 
revolution  of  an  ellipse  about  its  axis;  any 
plane  section  of  which  is  an  ellipse  or  a  circle. 

Elliptical,  (el-lip'ti-kal).  [Ellipse,  q.v.]  Be- 
longing to  or  resembling  an  ellipse.  E. 
polarization:  in  which  the  vibrations  are 
elliptical,  in  planes  perpendicular  to  the 
direction  of  the  ray.  v.  Polarization. 


Ellipticity,  (el-lip-tis'i-ti).  [Ellipse,  Q.V.]  The 
deviation  of  an  ellipse  from  a  circle,  expres- 
sed by  the  excess  of  the  longer  diameter  over 
the  shorter,  if  one  be  5  aad  the  other  3,  the 


Elm,  (elm).    [TheA.-S.  name.]=Ulmus:atree, 

with    small    flowers 

and  hard  timber,  the 

type  of  Ulmaceoe. 
Elmo's  fire.  v.  St.  Elmo. 
Elongation,  (e-long-a/- 

shun).      [L.  e,  from; 

longus,  long.]      The 

distance  of  any  hea-   ,~ 

venly  body  from  the 

sun,  as  seen  from  the 

earth. 
Elonichthys,     (  el  -  o  -  : 

nik'this).    [Gk.  helos,  x 

marsh;  ichthys,  fish].  Elm. 

A  fish  belonging  to  -Lepidoganoidei. 
Elutriation,  (e-lu-tri-a'shun).      [L.  clutrio,  I 

wash  out.]    The  separation,  by  washing  of 

the  lighter  portions  of  a  powder. 
Elvanite,  (el'va-nit).      [Celt,   el,   rock;  van, 

white.  ]    A  granitic  rock,  white  when  exposed 

to  the  weather,  found  in  the  form  of  dykes 

in  Carboniferous  rocks. 
Elytra,  (el'i-tra).    [Gk.  elytron,  covering.]  1.= 

Imbricated  plates  or  scales.    2.  =  Front  wings 

of  Coleoptera,  which  are  covered  by  scales. 
Elytron,  (el'i-tron).     [Gk.  elytron,  covering.] 

Singular  of  Elytra. 
Elytrum,  (el'i-trum).     [Gk.  elytron,  covering.] 

The  first  pair  of  wings  in  beetles,  which  are 

hard,  and  cover  the  second  pair. 
Embolite,  (em'b5-lit).     [Gk.  embolon,  wedge.] 

A  mineral,  chiefly  chloro-bromide  of  silver. 
Embossing,  (em-bos'sing).       Covering  wood, 

paper,  cloth,&c.,  with  ornamental  raised  work. 
Embrasure,  (em-brii'zhur).    An  opening  in  a 

wall,  usually  with 

sloping    sides,    for 

the  fire  of  a  gun, 

or  a  window. 
Embrithrite,      (em- 

brith'rit).   A  mine- 

ral, chiefly  sulphide 

of    antimony    and 

lead. 
Embryo,  (  em'bri-o  ).  Embrasure. 

[Embryon,  the  Greek  word.]     The  earliest 

stage  of  a  young  animal  ,  before  it  is  sufficiently 

advanced  to  be  termed  a  foetus:  consists  of 

three  layers.     1.  The  outer,  which  becomes 

developed  into  nerves,  muscle,  and  bone.     2. 

The  medial,  which  forms  the  heart  and  cir- 

culating system.     3.  The  inner,  which  be- 

comes the  alimentary  system.     Naked  E.  = 

Spore.     E.  in  a-  receptacle=See<l.      E.  of 

man:  at  first  resembles  all  other  embryos  of 

plants  and  animals;   successive  differentia- 

tions limit  it  consecutively  to  animals,  ver- 

tebrata,  mammalia,    placental   mammalia, 

quadrumana,  and  man. 
Embryology,  (em-bri-ol'5-ji).     [Embryo,  q.v.] 

The  science  of  the  successive  modifications 

through  which  any  organism  passes  in  its 


EMBRYONIC 


115 


ENDLICHER'S 


gradual  development  from  the  germ  stage  to 
the  ad  ult  form ;  a  sub-division  of  Biology,  q.v. 

Embryonic,  (em-bri on'ik).  [Embryo,  q.v.} 
Rudimentary:  belonging  to  an  embryo. 

Emelinite:=Chabazite,  q.v. 

Emerald,  (em'er-ald).  [Emeraude,  the  French 
name.]  A  brilliant  greenstone,  a  silicate  of 
aluminum  and  glucinum;  a  pure  variety  of 
beryl;  a  mineral  of  the  topaz  group,  crys- 
tallising in  hexagons.  Oriental  E.:  a  green 
variety  of  sapphire.  E.  copper=Dioptase. 

Emersion,  (e-mer'shun).  [  L.  eniergo,  I  come 
forth.]  The  re-appearance  of  a  planet,  &c., 
after  eclipse;  the  opposite  of  immersion,  q.v. 

Emery,  (em'er-i).  [Cape  Emeri,  in  Naxos.]  A 
coarse  variety  of  corundum  or  native  alumina. 

Emetine,  (em'e-tin).  A  base  obtained  from 
ipecacuanha;  used  as  an  emetic. 

Emeu,  (e'mu)=Emu=Drornaius:  a  bird  of  the 
ostrich  kind,  found 
in    New    Holland, 
belonging  to  Stru- 
thionidse. 

Emission  theory  of 
light.  That  light 
is  the  effect  of 
emission  of  infin- 
itely minute  par- 
ticles of  matter. 

Emmet,  (  em '  et ). 
(jEmet,  the  A.-S.  Emeu. 

name.]=Ant,  q.v.:  nearly  obsolete. 

Emperor  moth=Saturnia  pavonia:  named 
from  its  large  size. 

Empetracese,  (em-pet-ra'se-e).  [Empetrum, 
§.v.]=Crowberries:  small  heath-like  shrubs, 
with  small  flowers.belonging  to  Euphorbiales. 

Empetrum,  ( em'pet-rum ).  [Gk.  en,  upon; 
petron,  a  rock.]=Crowberry:  a  shrub,  com- 
mon in  stony  places,  with  small  flowers  and 
edible  berries,  the  type  of  Empetraceae. 

Empusa.  An  insect  belonging  to  Orthoptera. 
E.  muscce:  parasitic  on  flies. 

Emu=Emeu,  q.v. 

Emulsic  acid,  (S-mul'sik).  [Emulsin.]  An 
acid  derived  from  Emulsin.  q.v. 

Emulsin,  (6-mulsin).  [L.  emulgeo,  I  milk.] 
=Synaptase:  a  substance,  found  in  almonds, 
which  acts  as  a  ferment  on  amygdalin,  and 
converts  it  into  glucose,  &c. 

Emulsion,  (e-mul'shun).  [L.  emulgeo,  I  milk.] 
A  compound  of  oil  and  water  obtained  by 
use  of  a  third  body,  such  as  which  will  com- 
bine with  both,  named  from  often  having  a 
milky  appearance. 

Emys's  system,  [M.  Emys,  the  inventor.  [ 
Of  constructing  large  arches  by  a  number  of 
united  layers  of  timber. 

Emys,  (em'is).  [The  Latin  name.]=Terrapin 
^Speckled  tortoise=Testudo  orbicularis;  a 

-fresh-water  tortoise  belonging  to  Chelonia. 

Emysaura,  (em-i-saw'ra).  [Emys  and  Sauria, 
Q.v.}  A  tortoise  resembling  the  Emys  found 
in  America. 

Enaima,  (en-a'ma).  [Gk.  enaimos,  having 
blood.]  Aristotle's  term  for  Vertebrata. 

Enaliosauria,  (en-al-i-o-saw'ri-a).  [Gk.  en,  in; 
hals,  sea;  saura,  lizard. ]=Ichthyopterygia 
and  Sauropterygia. 


Enaliosaurian,  (e-nal-i-o-saw'ri-an).  [Gk.  en- 
alyos,  living  on  the  shore;  Saurian,  q.v.} 
Fossil  reptiles  of  the  Lias  strata,  including 
the  Ichthyosaurus  and  Plesiosaurus. 

Enamel,  (en-am'el).  [Esmail,  the  French 
word.]  1.  A  hard  glossy  substance,  forming 
the  crown  of  teeth,  composed  chiefly  of  phos- 
phate and  fluoride  of  lime.  2.  Artiflcal  com- 
pounds containing  glass. 

Encaustic,  ( en-kaw'stik  ).  [L.  encausticus, 
burnt  in.]  Having  a  pattern,  usually  of 
different  colour,  burnt  in:  used  for  tiles,  &c. 

Enceinte,  ( ang-sant' ).  [The  French  word.] 
The  outer  wall  of  a  fortification;  the  general 
enclosure. 

Encephala,  (en-sef'a-la).  [Gk.  en,  in;  kepliale, 
head.]=Cephalophora:  a  primary  division 
of  Mollusca=Gasteropoda,  Pteropoda,  and 
Cephalopoda. 

Encephalartos,  (en-sef-a-lar'tos).  [Gk.  en,  in; 
kephale,  head;  artos,  bread.]=Caffer-bread ; 
a  tree,  belonging  to  Cycadacese,  found  in 
Africa,  from  the  starch  of  which  bread  is 
made. 

Encephalon,  (en-sefa-lon).  [Gk.  en,  in;  Tcepli- 
ale,  head.]=Brain :  the  whole  brain,  in- 
cluding so  much  of  the  spinal  cord  as  is 
within  the  head. 

Enchanter's  nightshade=Circsea :  a  slender 
herb,  with  small  flowers  and  creeping  root- 
stock,  belonging  to  Ouagracese. 

Encke's  comet.  [Prof.  Eucke  of  Berlin.]  A 
telescopic  comet  of  short  period,  returning 
every  3J  years.  This  period  is  shorter  by 
some  two  hours  each  recurrence. 

Encrinal  marbles,  (en-kri'nal).  [Encrinites, 
q.v.]  Containing  encrinites. 

Encrinites,  (en'krin-lts).  [Gk.  krinos,  lily.] 
l.=Stone  lilies:  fossil  Crinoidea,  found  in 
all  rocks  since  the  Palaeozoic,  inclusive.  2.= 
Crinoidea,  q.v. :  a  division  of  Echinodermata. 

Encrinus,  (en-kri'nus).  [Gk.  krinos,  lily.]= 
Stone-lily. 

Encystment,  ( en-sist'ment ).  [Gk.  kystis, 
bladder.}  A  metamorphosis  in  some  proto- 
zoa, during  which  they  are  motionless,  and 
enclosed  in  a  cyst;  a  method  of  reproduction. 

Endecagon,  ( en-dek/a-gon  ).  [Gk.  hendeka, 
eleven;  gonia,  corner.]  A  regular  plane 
figure  having  eleven  sides  and  eleven  angles. 

Endellipnite,  (en'del'yu-nIt)=Bournonite,  q.v. 

Endemic,  (en-dem'ik).  [Gk.  en,  among;  demos, 
people.]  Peculiar  to  a  certain  locality  or 
people.  E.  diseases:  Anaemia,  Goitre, 
Phthisis,  Stnunous,  &c. 

Enderon,  (en'der-on).  fGk.  en,  in;  deros, 
skin.]=Dermis :  the  inner  or  true  skin. 

Endive,  (en'div).  [The  French  name.]= 
Cichoritrm  endivia :  an  herb,  belonging  to 
Cichorium,  used  as  a  salad. 

Endlicher's  arrangement  of  plants,  made  in 
1840,  in  use  in  Germany— 
Thallophyta— 
Protophyta. 
Hysterophyta. 
Cormophyta— 
Acrobrya. 
Amphibrya. 
Acramphibrya. 


ENDOCARDIUM 


116 


ENTOMOPHAGA 


Endogeng. 


Endocardium,  (en-do-kar'di-um).  [Gk.  endon, 
in;  kardia,  heart.]  An  internal  lining  to  the 
human  heart. 

Endocarp,  (en'do-k&rp).  [Gk.  endon,  in:  kar- 
pos,  fruit.]  The  inner  layer  of  a  carpel. 

Endochrome,  (  en'do-krom ).  [  Gk.  endon, 
within;  chromos,  colour.]  A  colouring  mat- 
ter found  in  leaves. 

Endocyst,  (en'do-sist).  [Gk.  endon,  within; 
kystis,  bladder.]  An  inner  layer  of  cells. 

Endoderm,  (en'do-derm).  [Gk.  endon,  within; 
derma,  skin.]  The  layer  of  tissue,  lining  the 
inner  cavity  of  the  body  in  Hydrozoa,  which 
absorbs  the  nutriment. 

Endogens,  (en'do-jens).  [Gk.  endon,  within: 
gennao,  I  produce.] 
Plants  having  stem  and 
leaves  distinct;  leaves 
with  parallel  veins,  the 
new  wood  deposited  in- 
side, flowers  in  3  or  6 
parts,  and  one  seed-leaf 
only;  have  endorhizal 
germination,  and  rarely 
live  beyond  200  years: 
with  one  exception,  Po- 
thocites  Grantonii,  not  found  fossil  in  any 
primary  rocks. 

Endolymph,  (en'd5-limf).  [Gk.  endon,  within: 
Lymph,  q.v.]  A  watery  fluid  in  the  semi- 
circular canals  of  the  ear. 

Endophlamm,  ( en-dd-flu'um ).  [Gk.  endon, 
inner;  phloios,  bark.]=Liber:  the  innermost 
layer  of  bark,  consisting  of  fine  woody  fibres. 

Endopodite,  (  en-dop'o-dit ).  [Gk.  endon, 
within;  potts,  foot.]  A  portion  of  the  limb 
of  a  Crustacean  animal. 

Endorhizal,  (en-dor-i'zal).  [Gk.  endon,  within ; 
rkiza,  root]  In  plants,  having  the  radicle 
protruded  from  within  the  embryo  in  ger- 
mination. 

Endosarc,  (en'do-sark).  [Gk.  endon,  inner; 
sarx,  flesh.]  The  inner  layer-of  Amsebae. 

Endoskeleton,  (en-do-skel'e-tou).  [Gk.  endon, 
iiwier;  skeletos,  skeleton.]  The  internal 
central  skeleton  of  Vertebrate  animals. 

Endosmometer,  (en-dos-mom'e-ter).  [Endos- 
mose  and  Meter,  g.v.]  An  apparatus  for  the 
illustration  and  measurement  of  endosmosis. 

Endosmose,  (en'dos-mos).  [Gk.  endon,  within ; 
os,nos,  thrusting,  from  otlio,  I  thrust.]=En- 
dosmosis:  if  a  membrane  be  placed  between 
two  mixable  liquids  of  different  densities, 
some  of  each  will  pass  through,  but  more  of 
one  than  of  the  other.  The  transfer  of  that 
which  passes  more  rapidly  is  called  endos- 
mose;  of  the  other,  exosmose. 

Endosmotio,  (en-dos-m6'tik).  [Endosmose, 
q.v.]  Connected  with  endosmose,  q.v. 

Endosperm,(en'd5-spgrm).  [Gk.  endon, within; 
sperma,  seed.]  A  mass  of  tissue  in  which 
the  embryos  of  seed-bearing  plants  are  im- 
bedded. 

Endostyle.  (en'do-stTl).  [Gk.  endon,  within; 
stj/los,  pillar.]  A  long  fold  in  the  pharynx 
of  Ascidians. 

Energy,  (en'gr-ji).  [Energeia,  the  Greek  word.] 
Power  of  doing  work.  Used  as  equivalent 
to  force  q.v.,  but  implying  no  theory  as  to 


q. 

in 


its  origin.      Actual  #.=Dynamic  E.=Vis 

mv 
viva=~2-:  capacity    for  doing  work;  the 

force  present  in  a  moving  body,  where  m= 

mass  and  r=velocity.    Possible  E.  =  Potential 

E.  =Tension  :  capacity  for  doing  work.     Kine- 

tic E.  =Energy  of  motion=  Actual  energy.Q  v. 
Engine,  (en'jin).     [L.  ingenium,  cleverness.] 

Any  mechanical  contrivance,  or  combination 

of  machinery;  sometimes  used  specially  for 

steam  engine.    Steam    E.:    a  machine  for 

utilising  and  applying  the  expansive  power 

of  steam. 
Engineering,   (en-jin-e'ring).      [Engine,   q.v.] 

The  art  of  applying  machinery,   and  con- 

structing large  works  of  any  kind.     Civil  E.: 

the  art  of  constructing  bridges,  docks,  and 

public  works  generally. 
English  bond.     v.  Bond. 
Engraulis=  Anchovy,  q.v. 
Engraving,  (en-grii'ving).   [Graver,  the  French 

word.]     1.  The  art  of  cutting  figures  on  wood, 

metals,  gems,  &c.,   for  ornament.     2.  The 

same  on  metal   plates  for  printing   from. 

Wood  l?.=Wood-cutting,  q.v. 
Enharmonic,   (  en-har-mon'ik  ).      [Harmonic, 
.v.]      E.   scale:  one  proceeding   by  small 
ntervals,  such  as  quarter  tones.   E.  interval: 

a  small  interval,  such  as  between  D  sharp 

and  E  flat,  or  A  sharp  and  B  flat. 
Enif=E.  Pegasi:  a  star  in  the  constellation 

Pegasus. 

Enneoctonus.  E.  collurio=Tled-backed  shrike. 
Ensiform,   (  en'si-form  ).      [  L.   ensis,   sword; 

/or»ia,form.J     Sword-shaped:  used  of  leaves, 

bones,     and     processes 

generally,  that  are  more 

or  less  sword-shaped. 
Entablature,    (en-tab'la- 

tar).      The    horizontal 

portion  of  an  order,  q.  v.t 

i  ncluding  cornice,  frieze  , 

and  architrave,  which 

is    supported    by    the 

columns. 
Entellus  a=  Semnopithe-          Entablature. 

cus:  the  sacred   monkey  of   the    Hindoos, 

found  only  in  S.  Asia. 
Enteric,  (en-terlk).     [Gk.  enteron,  intestine.] 

Connected  with  the  intestines. 
Entomoid,  (en'to-moid).    [Gk.  entomon,  insect; 

eidos,  form.]  Insect-like:  having  the  form  of 

an  insect. 
Entomolite,   (  en-tom'o-lit  ).      [Gk.   entomon, 

insect;  lithost  stone.]    A  general  term  for  a 

fossil  insect. 
Entomology,  (en-to-mol'o-ji).     [Gk.  entomon. 

insect;  logos,  discourse.  ]  The  science  of  insect 

life.     v.  Zoology. 
Entomophaga,  (en-tom-ofa-ga).  [Gk.  entomon, 

insect;  phago,  I  eat.]     1.  An  extensive  arid 

varied  division  of  Marsupialia,  feeding  ou 

insects. 

(  Ambulatoria=Thyrmecobius. 
=  J  Saltatoria=Perameles,  &c.,  q.v. 
(  Scansoria=Didelphis,  q.v. 

Eepresented  by  the  kangaroo.      2.    A  sub- 

division of  Hymenoptera,  whose  larva?  are 

parasitic  within  other  insects. 


ENTOMOPHILOUS 


117 


EPICARP 


Entomostraca. 


Entomophilous  flowers,  (en-t5-mof  i-lus).    [Gk. 

entomon,  insect;  phyllon,  leaf.]     A  term  used 

for  those  flowers  of  which  the  pollen  is  carried 

by  insects  from  the  male  to  the  female  flowers. 
Entomostomata,   (en-to-mos-to'ma-ta).      [Gk. 

entomos,  cut  into;  stoma,  mouth.]     Used  by 

De  Blainville  for  a  sub-division  of  Mollusca, 

nearly    co-extensive    with    Buccinidfe,    the 

mouths  of  the  shells  of  which  are  notched. 
Entomostraca,  (en-to-mos'tra-ka).     [Gk.  ento- 

mon,  insect  ;   ostrakon, 

shell.]     Insects  having 

a  shelly  covering;  the 

lower  Crustaceans;  the 

only   fossil    remains  of 

these  are  carapace  val- 

ves. 
Entomotomy  ,  (en-to-mof- 

p-mi).      [Gk.   entomon, 

insect  ;  temno,   I  cut.] 

=Anatomy  of    insects. 

v.  Zootomy. 
Entomoza=Anellata:  a  term  used  by  Milne- 

Edwards,  q.v. 
Entomozoaria,  (en-tom-o-zo-a'ri-a).     [Gk.  en- 

tomos, cut;  zoon,  animal.]    Term  used  by 

De  Blainville  for  Articulata. 
Entophyta,  (en-tofi-ta).     [Gk.  entos,  within; 

phytos,  planted.]     Lower  algae    or    fungi, 

parasitic  within  animals,     cf:  Epiphyte. 
Entozoa,  (en-to-z5'a).    [Gk.  entos,  within;  zoon, 

animal.]      Animals    parasitic  within  other 

animals,    cf.  Epizoa.     v.  Parasites. 
Entozoon,  (en-to-z5'on).     [Gk.  entos,  within; 

200/1,  animal.]     Singular  of  Entozoa,  q.v. 
Entrochites,  (en-tro-ki'tez).     [Gk.  en,  in;  tro- 

chos,  wheel.]     Fossil  joints  of  Encrinites, 

wheel-like  in  form. 
Eocene,   (e'o-sen).      [Gk.   cos,  dawn;  kainos, 

recent.]=Lower  Tertiary:  in  which  existing 

species  of  Testacea  are  first  found,  and  in 

•which  they  form  a  small  proportion  of  the 

whole. 
Eolian  harp,  (e-oli-an).    [tfolus,  god  of  the 

winds.]    A  small  strin- 

ged instrument,  placed 

so    that  air   is    forced 

through  it,  and  causes 

the  strings  to  vibrate. 
Eolipyle,  (e-ol'i-pil).    [L.  Eolian  harp. 

^olus,  god  of  winds;  pila,  ball.]    A  hollow 

metallic  sphere,   having  two  arms  turned 

contrariways,  and  filled  with  water.     When 

heated,  the  steam  issues  from  apertures  at 

the   ends  of  the  arms,  and  by  its  reaction 

causes  the  rotation  of  the  sphere  upon  two 

pivots  which  support  its  weight. 
Eolis,  (e'o-lis).     A  molluscous  animal,  belong- 

ing to  Gasteropoda,  having  nematocysts. 
Eopithecus,  (e-5-pi-the'kus).     [Gk.  eos,  dawn; 

pithekos,  ape.]    A  monkey,  known  only  by 

fossil  remains. 
Eosaurus,  (e-6-saw'rus).   [Gk.  eos,  dawn  ;  mura, 

lizard.]     An   animal,   probably  a  reptile  of 

aquatic  habits,  known    only   by  fossil   re- 

mains of  two  vertebrae,  found  in  the  Coal 

Period. 
Eosite,  (e'o-slt).     A  mineral:  a  compound  of 

lead,  molybdenum,  and  vanadium. 


Eozoic,  (e-o-zo'ik).  [Gk.  eos,  dawn;  zoe,  life.] 
The  oldest  fossil  if erous  rocks,  formerly  called 
Azoic  and  Hypozoic. 

Eozoon,  (e-6-zo'on).  [Gk.  eos,  dawn;  zoon, 
animal.]  E.  Canadense:  found  in  Lower 
Laurentian;  a  perforate  Foramifer.  v.  Foiva- 
minifera.  The  oldest  fossil  known,  belongs  to 
the  highest  family  of  the  lowest  class  of  ani- 
mals, v.  Rhizopoda. 

Eozoonal  rock,  (e-6-zo'on-al).  [Eozoon,  q.v.]= 
Liassic,  q.v. 

Epacridaceae,  ( e-pak-rid-a'se-S  ).  [Gk.  epi, 
upon;  akros,  point.]=Epacrids:  shrubs  and 
trees,  with  monopetalous  flowers,  belonging 
to  Ericales. 

Epact,  (e'pakt).  [Gk.  epaktos,  added  to.] 
Number  expressing  the  age  of  the  moon, 
on  the  1st  day  of  any  year  of  the  Metonic 
Cycle;  being  the  difference  between  the 
termination  of  the  solar  and  lunar  years. 

Epaulement,  (  e  -  pawl'ment ).  [  F.  epaule, 
shoulder.]  A  temporary  earthwork,  intended 
as  a  flank  protection  against  fire  of  musketry, 
&c. 

Epaxial.  (ep-aks'i-al).  [Gk.  epi,  upon;  Axis, 
q.v.]  Outgrowth  of  the  vertebral  axis.  E. 
arches:  bony  or  cartilaginous  processes  of 
the  back-bone,  enclosing  the  spinal  marrow, 
in  some  vertebrata  only,  not  in  man.  E. 
cartilages :  surrounding  the  neural  canal. 

Epencephalic,  ( ep-en-se-fal'ik  ).  [  Gk.  epi, 
upon;  Encephalon,  q.v.]= Occipital:  belong- 
ing to  the  back  of  the  cranium. 

Ependema.  A  delicate  layer  of  epithelium 
lining  the  cavity  of  the  cerebro-spinal  axis. 

Ephemerae,  ( ef-em'er-e ).  [  Gk.  ephemeros, 
transient. ]=May  Flies,  q.v. 

Ephemeridae,  (ef-em-er'i-de).  [Gk.  epi,  upon; 
hemera,  day.]=Day  Flies:  insects,  belonging 
to  Orthoptera,  which  have  no  mouths,  and 
live  but  a  few  hours;  also  called  Ephemera. 

Ephemerides,  (ef-em-er'i-dez).  [  Ephemeris, 
q.v.]  An  astronomical  diary,  giving  the 
positions,  &c. ,  of  any  given  stars,  &c. 

Ephemeris,  ( ef-em'er-is ).  [Gk.  ephemeros, 
transient.]  An  astronomical  diary.  Singular 
of  Ephemerides,  q.v. 

Ephemeromorphs,  (ef-em'er-o-morfs).  [Gk. 
ephemeros,  transient;  morphe,  form.]  A  term 
used  for  the  lowest  forms  of  animal  life,  such 
as  Bacteria,  Torulas,  &c. 

Ephialtes,  (ef-i-al'tes).  E.  scops:  scops-eared 
owl. 

Ephippus,  ( ef-ip'pus ).  A  fish  belonging  to 
Chfetodon,  q.v. 

Ephthiamura,  (ef-thi-a-mu'ra).  An  Austra- 
lian bird  of  the  wagtail  kind. 

Ephyrae.  1.  Detached  segments  of  hydra 
tubes,  often  very  large,  the  ova  of  which 
become  hydra  tubes.  2.  A  stage  of  Rhizos- 
tomidre:  separated  discs  which  become 
medusae. 

Epiblast,  (ep'i-blast).  [Gk.  epi,  upon ;  Blas- 
toderm q.v.]  The  outer  layer  of  Blasto- 
derm, q.v. 

Epi,  (ep'i).  [Gk.  epi,  upon.]  A  prefix  mean- 
ing upon. 

Epicarp,  (ep'i-karp).  [Gk.  epi,  upon;  karpos, 
fruit.]  The  outward  layer  of  the  pericarp. 


EPICOTYLEDONES 


11* 


EQUATOR 


Epicotyledones,  (ep-i-kot-i-le'donz).  [Epi  and 
Cotyledon,  q.v.]  Van  Beneden's  term  for  In- 
sects, Myriapoda,  Arachnida,  and  Crustacese. 

Epicrium.  A  snake-like  reptile,  belonging  to 
Ophiomorpha,  found  only  in  Asia. 

Epicycle,  (ep-i-si'kl).  [Gk.  epi,  upon ;  kyklos, 
circle.]  A  small  circle  revolving  upon  the 
circumference  of  a  larger  circle. 

Epicycloid,  (ep-i-si'kloid).  [Epi  and  Cycloid, 
q.v.]  A  curve  traced  by  a  point  in  the  cir- 
cumference of  one  circle  which  is  rolling 
upon  the  convex  arc  of  another  circle. 

Epicyclic  trains,  (ep-i-si'klik).  [Epicycle,  q.v.} 
A  number  of  wheels  attached  to  a  rotating 
bar,  from  the  revolutions  of  which  they 
derive  their  motion. 

Epidemic,(ep-i-dem'ik).  [Gk.  epi,  upon ;  demos, 
people.]  Diseases  prevailing  amongst  numbers 
of  persons  at  the  same  time.  cf.  Endemic. 

Epidermal,  (ep-i-der'mal).  [Epidermis,  q.v.} 
=Epidermic:  connected  with,  or  related  to, 
the  epidermis. 

Epidermis,  (ep-i-der'mis).  [Epi  and  Dennis, 
q.v.}  The  outer  tough  layer  of  skin,  composed 
of  horny  matter,  which  contains  no  blood- 
vessels, and  is  continually  being  worn  away 
and  replaced. 

Epidermose,  (ep-i-der'mos).  [Epidermis,  q.v.} 
:=  Epidermal,  q.v. 

Epidote.  (ep'i-dot).  [Gk.  cpididomi,  I  add  to.] 
A  mineral  of  the  garnet  group,  a  silicate  of 
alumina  and  liuie. 

Epigee,  (ep'i-ge).  [Gk.  epi,  upon;  ge,  earth.] 
v.  Perigee. 

Epigenesis,  (ep-i-jen'e-sis).  [Epi  and  Genesis, 
q.v.]  A  method  of  reproduction,  in  which 
the  individual  is  supposed  to  grow  rather 
than  to  develop;  opposed  to  Evolution,  q.v. 

Epigenite,  (ep'i-jen-It).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
sulphide  of  iron  and  copper. 

Epiglottis,  (ep-i-glot'tis).  [Epi  and  Glottis, 
q.v.]  The  gristly  covering  of  the  glottis,  q.v. 

Epigynous,  (e-pij'i-nus).  [Gk.  epi,  upon; 
gyne,  woman.]  Having  calyx,  corolla,  and 
stamens  all  adhering  to  ovary,  and  the  ovary 
consequently  inferior. 

Epihyal,  (ep-i-hfal).  [Epi  and  Hyoid,  q.v.] 
A  bone  of  the  hyoid  arch  in  fishes. 

Epilobium,  (ep-i-16'bi-um).  [Gk.  epi,  upon; 
lobos,  lobe.]=Willow-herb :  an  herb  belong- 
ing to  Onagracese. 

Epimachus,  (e-pim'a-kus).  [Gk.  epimachus, 
defenceless.  ]=Plume  birds. 

Epiornis=.^Epiornis,  q.v. 

Epiotic,  (ep-i-ot'ik).  [Gk.  epi,  upon;  ous,  ear.] 
The  upper  bone  of  the  auditory  capsule  in 
the  ear. 

Epipactis,  (ep-i-pak'tis)=Helleborine,  an  herb 
belonging  to  Orchidaceae. 

Epipastics,  (ep-i-pas'tiks).  [Gk.  epipasso,  I 
moisten.] = Vesicatory:  raising  blisters. 

Epiphlc3um,  ( ep-i-fle'um ).  [Gk.  epi,  upon; 
phloios,  bark.]=Corky-bark:  the  outermost 
of  the  three  layers,  of  which  bark  is  usually 
composed. 

Epiphragm,  ( ep'i-fragm  ).  [Gk.  epi,  upon ; 
phragmo,,  fence.]  The  barrier  of  hardened 
mucus  with  which  snails,  &c.,  close  the  orifice 
of  their  shells. 


Epiphysis,  (e-pif'i-sis).    [Gk.  epi,  upon;  pliyo, 

I  grow.]    Any  process  or  projecting  portion, 

especially  of  a  bone. 
Epiphyte,  (ep'i-fit).     [Gk.  epi,  upon;  phytos, 

planted.]   A  plant  attached  to  another  plant, 

but  not  growing  at  its  expense,    v.  Orchi- 

dacese.    cf.  Parasitic  plants. 
Epiphytic,  (ep-i-fit'ik).   [Epiphyte,  q.v.]  Hav- 

ing the  qualities  of,  or  being  related  to, 

epiphytes. 
Epipodia,  (ep-i-po'di-a).   [Gk.  epi,  upon;  pous, 

foot.]    Lobes  upon  the  feet  of  some  Gas- 

teropoda. 
Epipodite,    (  ep'i-pod-it  ).      [Gk.   epi,  upon; 

pous,  foot.]    The  external  distal  segment  of 

the  limb  of  a  crustacean  animal. 
Epistome,  (ep'is-tom).    [Gk.  epi,  upon  ;  stoma, 

mouth.]    A  valve-like  organ,  arching  over 

the  mouth  in  some  Polyzoa. 
Epistylion,  (ep-is-ti'li-oii).    [The  Greek  word.] 

=  Architrave,  q.v. 
Epithelium,  (ep-i-theli-um).    [Gk.  epi,  upon  ; 

thelys,  soft  flesh.]     The  modified  epidermis 

which  forms  the  outer  layer  of  the  mucous 

membrane. 
Epitricha.     A  '  sub-division  of  Infusoria,    v. 

Hoeven. 

Epizoa,  (ep-i-zo'a).      [Gk.  epi,  upon;  zoon, 
;  animal.]  =  Haustellata  :  parasitic  Crustacea, 

with  suctorial  mouths;  free  when  young, 

parasitic  when  adult. 
Epizoon,  (ep-i-zo'on).     [Gk.  epi,  tipon  ;  zoon, 

animal.]     Singular  of  Epizoa,  q.v. 
Epizootic  diseases,  (  ep-i-zo-ot'ik  ).     [Epizoa, 

q.v.}    Sheep-  pox,  glanders,  &c.:  diseases  to 

which  cattle  are  subject,     cf.  Epidemic. 
Epoch,  (e'pok).     [Epochc,  the  Greek  word.] 

1.  Any  time  from  which  dates  are  counted: 

any  remarkable  event  which  is  taken  as  a 

standard  in  chronology.     2.  In  astronomy, 

the  position  of  a  star  at  a  given  date. 
Epsom  salts,      [First    found    in    springs  at 

Epsom.]=MgSO4=Magnesic  sulphate. 
Epsomite,  (ep'som-it).    A  mineral,  chiefly  sul- 

phate of  magnesium. 
Equation,  (e-kwa'shun).  [L.  aiquatio,  a  making 

equal.]      The  expression  of  equality  :    Ex. 

1+5  =  4+2.     Binomial  E.  =  x»  -  A  =  0.     v. 

Binomial.     Biquadratic  E.  =  xt+2'>^+<l^+ 

rx  +  s  =  0.      Cubic  JE.  =  y?+ax2+bx+c  =  0. 

Quadratic  E.  =  xz  +  px+q  =  r.     If  the  un- 


known quantity  occur  in  only  the  first  power, 
X,  the  equation  is  simple;  if  in  the  second 
power,  x-,  it  is  quadratic  ;  if  in  the  third 
power,  x  ,  it  is  cubic;  in  the  fourth  power, 
x*,  it  is  biquadratic.  E.  of  a  circle  :  (x-h)-+ 
(y  —  k'p=a''i,  in  which  a=radius;  M-=centre; 
xy=any  given  point.  E.  of  a  line  :  Ax+ 
B?/=C,  x  and  y  being  the  co-ordinates,  q.v. 
E.  of  time  :  the  time  to  be  added  to,  or  sub- 
tracted from,  the  time  shown  by  a  sun-dial,  to 
find  the  correct  time. 

Equator,  (o-kwa'tor).  [L.  cequatio,  a  making 
equal.]  An  imaginary  line  drawn  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  midway  between  tho 
poles,  so  as  to  divide  its  surface  equally- 
Magnetic  E.,  a  line  approximating  to  a 
great  circle  of  the  earth;  also  called  Aclinic 
line,  q.v. 


EQUATORIAL 


119 


ERIOPHORTIM 


Equatorial,  (e-kw5-to'ri-al).  [Equator,  q.v.] 
A  telescope  so  mounted  that  a  star,  &c.,  may 
he  followed  by  it  from  rising  to  setting :  the 
telescope  moving  regularly  and  continuously. 

Equi-,  (e'kwi).  [L.  cequus,  equal.]  A  prefix 
meaning  equal. 

Equidae,  (e'kwi-de).  [Equus,  q.v.]  Horse, 
ass,  zebra,  &c. :  a  division  of  Ungulata,  q.v. 

Equilateral,    ( e-kwi-lat'er-al ).      [L.    cequus, 
equal;  latus,  side.]    Having 
equal  sides. 

Equilibrium,  (  e  -  kwi  -  lib'ri  - 
um ).  [L.  cequus,  equal ; 
libra,  balance.]  -  A  state  of 
rest,  arising  from  the  equal- 
ity of  two  opposite  and  equal 
forces.  Neutral  E. :  in  which 
a  body  may  be  moved  with- 
out either  raising  or  lower-  Equilateral, 
ing  its  centre  of  gravity.  Stable  E.:  when 
the  body,  after  a  slight  disturbance,  would 
return  to  its  original  position.  Unstable  E.'. 
when  a  slight  disturbance  would  suffice  to 
alter  its  position  permanently  by  lowering 
its  centre  of  gravity. 

Equine,  (S'kwln).  [L.  equus,  horse.]  Relating 
to  horses. 

Equinox,  (e'kwi-noks),  [JZquinoctium,  the 
Latin  word.  ]  When  day  and  night  are  equal 
all  over  the  world;  when  the' earth  is  at  one 
of  the  two  points  at  which  the  equator  and 
ecliptic  coincide.  Vernal  E.:  22nd  March. 
Autumnal  E.:  22nd  September.  Spring  E. 
= Vernal  E. 

Equinoctial,  (e-qwi-noks'i-al).  [Equi  nox,  q.  v.  ] 
^Celestial  equator:  the  great  circle  of  the 
heavens  lying  in  the  plane  of  the  earth's 
equator. 

Equisetacese,  (e-kwi-s5-ta'se-e).  [L.  equus, 
horse;  seta,  hair .]=Horsetails:  leafless  aquatic 
plants,  in  rivers  and  ditches,  belonging  to 
Muscales. 

Equisetic  acid,  (e-kwi-se'tik).  [Equisetum, 
5.v.]=Aconitic  acid,  q.v. 

Equisetites,  (e-qui-se'tltz  or  e-qwi-sa-ti'tez). 
[Equisetacese,  q.v.]  Fossil  plants  in  coal, 
belonging  to  Equisetacese. 

Equisetum,  (e-kwi-se'tum).  [L.  equus,  horse; 
seta,  bristle.]  The  only  genus  of  Equisetacese. 
A  marsh  plant,  found  fossil  in  Lias  rocks. 
E.  fl,uviatile=Cha.Ta.. 

Equivalency,  (e-kwiv'a-len-sy).  [Equivalent, 
q.v.]  In  chemistry = Atomicity,  q.v. 

Equivalent,  (e-kwiv'a-lent).  [L.  cequus,  equal; 
valeo,  I  am  strong.]  The  relative  quantities 
of  substances  which  may  be  substituted  for 
one  another  in  similar  chemical  compounds. 

Equivocal  generation,  (  e-kwiv'p-kal ).  [L. 
cequus,  equal ;  vocalis,  speaking.]  =  Spon- 
taneous generation,  q.v. 

Equuleus,  (e-kwi-ul'e-us).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=The  Little  Horse:  a  small  northern  con- 
stellation. 

Equus,  (e'kwu-us).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Horse:  a  domesticated  quadruped,  belonging 
to  Equidse,  q.v.  **^' 

Eranthis,  (  e-ran'this  ).  [Gk.  eros,  spring; 
anthos,  flower.]=.  Winter  aconite:  a  small 
herb  belonging  to  Kanunculacese. 


Eratosthenes,  (er-a-tos'the-nez).  [Classical.] 
A  lofty  crater  in  the  moon,  33  miles  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  mountains. 

Erbia,  (er'bi-a).  [Erbium,  g.v.]=EO:  the 
oxide  of  erbium,  a  rare  earth. 

Erbium,  (ei-/bi-um).=E:  very  rare,  one  of  the 
earth-metals. 

Erdshrew,  (erd'shru).  [Gk.  erd,  earth;  Shrew, 
q.v.]  Shrew-mouse,  q.v. 

Eremacausis,  (e-re-ma-kaw'sis).  [Gk.  eremos, 
gently;  kausis,  burning.]  Slow  combustion, 
such  as  rusting  of  iron,  produced  by  the 
action  of  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere. 

Erethizon,  ( e-reth'i-zon ).  [  Gk.  erithizo,  I 
provoke.]  E.  dorsatum=Ca.nadia.n  porcu- 
pine. 

Erg',  (erg).  [Gk.  ergon,  work.]  Proposed  by 
Everett  as  the  unit  of  energy  relative  to  the 
foot,  pound,  and  second. 

Ergot,  (er'got),  [The  French  word.]  A  black 
fungoid  body  secreted  within  the  floret  of 
grasses,  especially  of  Rye=Puccinia  gra- 
in inis. 

Erian.  Used  by  Dawson  as  equivalent  to 
Devonian. 

Erica,  (e-ri'ka).  [Erice,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Heath:  a  shrub,  the  type  of  Ericaceae,  q.v. 

Ericaceae,  (e-ri-ka'se-e).  [Erica,  5.  V.  ^Heath- 
worts:  balsamic  shrubs  and  trees,  with 
leathery  leaves,  belonging  to  Ericaies. 

Ericales,  (e-ri-ka'l6z).  [Erica,  q.v.]  Plants, 
with  dichlamydeous  flowers,  having  an. 
embryo  with  much  fleshy  albumen;  forming 
a  division  of  Hypogynous  Exogens. 

Ericinol,  (e-ri'si-npl).  [Erica,  <?.v.]=CioH160: 
A  green  oil  obtained  from  ericolin. 

Ericolin,  (e-ri'ko-lin).  [Erica,  q.v.^C^H^^l' 
A  resinous  substance  obtained  from  erica- 
ceous  plants. 

Ericson's  propeller.  A  variety  of  the  screw- 
propeller,  in  which  a  number  of  blades  are 
fitted  on  the  surface  of  a  hollow  drum. 

Eridanus,  (  e-rid'a-nus  ).  [Classical.]  =  The 
river  Eridanus:  a  southern  constellation  of 
large  size,  but  with  few  large  stars,  Acher- 
nar  being  the  chief. 

Erinaceidse,  (e-rin-a'si-de).  [Erinaceus,  q.v.] 
Owen's  term  for  animals  such  as  the  hedge- 
hog. 

Erinaceus,  (e-rin-a'se-us).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Hedgehog:  an  animal,  belonging  to  Insec- 
tivora,  remarkable  for  having  its  back 
covered  with  prickly  spines. 

Erinite,  (erl-nit).  A  mineral  containing 
copper. 

Eriocaulaceae,  (e-ri-o-kaw-la'se-e).  [Erio- 
caulon,  2.v.]=Pipe-worts :  marshy  plants, 
with  small  flowers,  belonging  to  Glumales. 

Eriocaulon,  (e-ri-o-kaw'lon).  [Gk.  erion,  wool; 
caulon,  astem.]=Pipe-wort:  a  tropical  plant 
belonging  to  Eriocaulaceae,  of  which  it  is  the 
type. 

Eriometer,  (e-ri-om'e-ter).  [Gk.  erion,  wool; 
metron,  measure.]  An  apparatus  for  measur- 
ing the  diameter  of  fine  fibres. 

Eriophorum,  (e-ri-of'o-rum).  [Gk.  erion,wool; 
phoreo,  to  bear. ]= Cotton-grass:  herbs  belong- 
ing to  CyperacesD,  named  from  the  cotton- 
like  fibres  in  the  fruits. 


ERMINE 


120 


ESOX 


Ermine,  (  er'min  ).  [  Hermine,  the  French 
name.J  =  Mustella 
erminea :  a  small 
weasel-like  animal 
belonging  to  Muste- 
lidae,  q.v.  E.  moth 
=Yponomeuta  pa- 
della :  a  social  in- 
sect. 

Erodium ,  (  e  -  ro'di  - 
um).  [Gk.  erodios, 
heron.  ]  =  Stork's  Ermine. 

bill:    an    herb,    belonging   to    Geraniacese, 
named  from  the  form  of  the  fruit. 

Erophila,  (e-rofi-la).  [Gk.  er,  the  spring; 
philo,  I  love.]= Vernal  whitlow  gr<oss:  a 
small  herb,  belonging  to  Brassicacese,  named 
from  flowering  in  the  spring. 

Erpetology,  (er-pet-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  herpeton, 
serpent;  logos,  discourse.]=Herpetology,  q.v. 

Errantia,  (er-ran'shi-a).  [L.  erro,  I  wander.  J 
Sea-mice,  Sea-worms,  &c.:  free  annelides, 
belonging  to  Chsetophora,  named  from  being 
capable  of  active  movement. 

Ersbyite,  (ers'bi-it).  A  mineral,  chiefly  sili- 
cate of  aluminum  and  calcium. 

Erubescite,  (  er-u-bes'it ).  [L.  erubesco,  I  grow 
red.]  One  of  the  copper  group  of  minerals, 
crystallising  in  cubes,  chiefly  sulphide  of  cop- 
per and  iron,  named  from  its  iridescence. 

Eruca,  (e-ru'ka).  [L.  uro,  I  burn.]=White 
mustard=Sinapis  alba,  q.v.:  an  herb  belong- 
ing to  Brassicaceaj. 

Erucic  acid,  (e-ru'sik).  [Eruca,  q.v. ]=Co2 
H^Oa:  an  acid  of  the  oleic  series,  obtained 
from  oil  of  mustard. 

Erycinidse,  (e-ri-si'ni-dS).  [L.Erycina, Venus.] 
A  family  of  butterflies. 

Eryngium,  (e-rin'ji-um.)  \Gk.  eryngion,  a 
thistle.]=Eryngo:  an  herb,  belonging  to 
Apiacae,  named  from  its  use  in  medicine. 

Eryon.     A  trilobite  fcmnd  in  Lias. 

Erysimum,  (e-ris'i-mum).  [Gk.  eryo,  I  draw.] 
=Treacle  mustard:  an  herb,  belonging  to  Bras- 
sicaceae,named  from  its  use  in  causing  blisters. 

Erythracus,  (e-rith'ra-kus).  [Gk.  erythros, 
red.]  E.  rubecula=Red breast. 

Erythrsea,  (e-ri-threa).  [Gk.  erythros,  red.]= 
Centaury:  anherb,'belongingto  Gentianaceae, 
named  from  the  usual  colour  of  the  flowers. 

Erythric  acid,  (e-rith'rik).  [Gk.  erythros,  red.  ] 
rsCosHgoOu^Di-orsellic  ether  of  erythrite: 
an  acid  substance  found  in  lichens. 

Erythrin,  (er'i-thrin).  [Gk.  erythros,  red.]= 
Erythric  acid,  q.  v. 

Erythrine,  (er'i-thrin).  [Gk.  erythros,  red.] 
Cobalt  bloom=Erythrite,  q.v. 

Erythrite,  (erl-thrit).  [Gk.  'erythros,  red. ]=1 . 
Psuedo-orcin=C4H10p4:  a  tetratomic  alcohol 
obtained  from  the  litmus  lichen.  2.  Ery- 
thrine: cobalt  bloom;  a  mineral  of  the  cobalt 
group,  with  oblique  crystallization,  chiefly 
arseniate  of  cobalt.  3.  A  variety  of  felspar. 

Erythronium,  (e-rith-ro'ni-uni)=Vanadate  of 
lead. 

Erythromannite=C4H10O4:  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance; also  called  Erythroglucin,  Erythrite, 
and  Pseudorcin. 

Erythrophyll,   (e-rith'ro-fil).      [Gk.  erythros, 


red;  phyllon,   leaf.]     A   crimson   colouring 

matter  found  in  leaves. 
Erythrose,  (er'i-thr5s).  [Gk.  erythros,  red.  ]  An 

orange  dye-stuff  obtained  from  rhubarb. 
Erythroxylacese,  (e-rith-roks-i-la'se-e).      [Gk. 

erythros,  red;  xylon,  wood.]  =  Erythroxyls  : 

trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  S.  American,  "be- 

longing   to    Sapindales,   named    from    the 

colour  of  the  wood. 
Erythroxyline,  (e-rith-roks'i-lln).      [Gk.  ery- 

thros, red;  xylon,  wood.)    A  crystalline  sub- 

stance obtained  from  Erythroxylon  coca. 
Erythrozyme,  (e-rithro-zim).     [Gk.  erythros, 

red.]      A  nitrogenous    substance  found  in 

madder  root. 
Eryx,  (e'riks).     [Classical.]    1.  In  the  moon, 

q.v.     2.  A  reptile  belonging  to  Ophidia,  q.v. 
Escalloniacese,    (es-kal-lon-i-a'se-e).      [Signer 

Escallon.]=Escalloniads;  shrubs,  with  ever- 

green, resinous  leaves  and  showy  flowers, 

belonging  to  Grossales. 
Escapement,  (es-kap'ment).     [P.  echapper,  to 

escape.]  =  Crutch  :    a    crank 

which  regulates  the   motion 

of  the  chief  or  escapement- 

wheel  of  a  train  of  clock-work 

worked  by  the  pendulum  or 

spring.    E.   valve,  v.  Valve. 

E.  wheel,  v.  Escapement. 
Escarp,   (es-karp').     [Escarpe, 

the  French  word.]=Scarp:  a 

steep  slope  forming  part  of  a 

cliff  or  of  a  fortification. 
Escarpment,     (es-karp'ment).     Escapement. 

[Escarp,  q.v.]     1.  A  cliff  resulting  from  sub- 

serial    denudation.      2.    An    artificial    cliff 

formed  by  cutting  away  ground  so  as  to 

form  a  slope. 
Eschara.     A  bryozoan,  from  Palaeozoic  rocks, 

still  extant. 
Escharotics.  (es-ka-rot'iks).     [F.  escarotique, 

caustic.]     Nitrate  of  silver,  caustic  potash, 

chloride  of  antimony,  &c.  :  substances  which 

burn  the  flesh. 
Escherite,   (  es'ker-it  ).      A  variety  of  Epi- 

dote,  q.v. 
Esculetin,  (  es-kule-tin  ).      [Esculin,  5.1?.]= 

CgHfiC^:  a  crystalline  substance,  of  feebly- 

acid  properties,  obtained  from  esculin. 
Esculic  acid,   (es-ku'lik).      [^Esculus,  q.v.]= 

Saponic  acid,  q.v.  :  an  acid  substance  obtained 

from  Saponin. 
Esculin,   (es-kulin).      [jEsculus,  g.v.]=Poly- 


i3:  a  glucoside  substance 

obtained  from  the  bark  of  the  horse-chestnut 

=/Esculin,  q.v. 
Eserine,   (es'er-in).     An  alkaline  base  from 

which  blue  dye  is  obtained. 
Esexuales,  (e-seks-u-a'lez).      [L.  «,   without; 

Sexual,  q.  v.]     Ferns,  Mosses,  Fungi,  &c.  :  a 

term  used  by  Lindley  for  plants  in  which 

the  distinction  of  sex  is  not  evident. 
Esocidse,   (e-sos'i-de).     [Esox,  q.v.]=Pikes:  a 

family  of  fishes  belonging  to  Telostei.     The 

flying  fish  belongs  to  this  order. 
Esoteric,  (es-6-te.r'ik).     [Gk.  esoterikps,  inter- 

nal.]    Internal":  secret,     cf.  Exoteric. 
Esox,  (e'soks).     [The  Latin  name.]     Pike:  the 

type  of  Esocidse. 


ESPLANADE 


121 


EUCALYPTUS 


Esplanade,  (es-pla-nad').  [The  French  word.] 
An  open  space  adjoining  a  fortification  or 
enclosed  by  it. 

Esquimaux,  (es'ki-m<5).  A  race  of  people  in- 
habiting Arctic  America  and  Greenland. 

Essence,  (es'sens).  [Essentia,  the  Latin  word.] 
The  concentrated  material  of  any  substance, 
purified  from  all  other  matters,  often  found 
as  a  hydrocarbon,  and  called  an  essential  oil, 
q.v.  ;  also  with  oxygen  or  sulphur  as  a  consti- 
tuent. E.  of  camomile—  U^H-fr  E.  qf  garlic 
=(C3H5)2S.  E.  oj  melons=A.n  ethyl  com- 
pound of  an  acid  of  cocoa-nut  oil.  E.  of 


<?tmice.sr=ii222,       - 

Essential  oils,  (es-sen'shi-al).  [Essence,  q.v.] 
=  Volatile  oils  :  usually  the  distinctive 
compound  of  the  plant  whence  obtained; 
harsh-feeling,  inflammable  oily  substances, 
usually  liquid,  and  lighter  than  water,  com- 
posed of  stearopten,  a  solid,  and  elceopten,  a 
liquid. 

Etching,  (ech'ing).  [Atzung,  the  German 
word.]  A  method  of  engraving  on  metal  or 
glass,  by  exposing  it  to  the  vapour  of  fluoric 
acid,  which  eats  it  away.  The  plate  is  covered 
by  a  coating  of  wax  through  which  the  pattern 
is  cut. 

Etesian  wind,  (e-te'zi-an).  A  cool  N.E.  wind 
blowing  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Ethacetic  acid,  (  e-tha-se'tik  ).'  [  Ethal  and 
Cetic.]=C4H8O2=Butyric  acid,  q.v. 

Ethal,  (e'thal).  [The  French  name.^C^H^O 
=  Cetyl  alcohol,  a  monatomic  alcohol,  ob- 
tained from  spermaceti 

Ethalic  acid,  (e-thal'ik).  [Ethal,  q.v.  ]=C16H32 
O2=  Palmitic  acid,  q.v. 

Ethalone,  (e'tha-lon).  [Ethal,  g.v.]=Palmi- 
tone,  q.v.  ;  also  called  Cetylone. 

Ethalol=Ceterie,  q.v. 

Ethalyl,  (e-tha-lil).     [Ethal,  <?.v.]=Cetyl,  q.v. 

Ethamine,  (e'tha-mIn)=Ethylamine,  q.v. 

Ethene,  (e'then).     C2H4:=  Ethylene,  q.v. 

Ethenides=Primary  Nuclei. 

Ether,  (e'ther).  [The  French  word.]  1  .= 
(C2Hg)2O=Vinic  ether=Ethylic  ether=Sul- 
phuric  ether=  Alcohol  -  Water  =  Oxide  of 
ethyl:  a  colourless,  volatile,  very  inflam- 
mable liquid  obtained  by  action  of  sulphuric 
acid  on  alcohol,  formerly  much  used  as  an 
anaesthetic.  2.  A  hypothetical  fluid  of  infi- 
nite thinness,  the  vibrations  of  which  cause 
the  sensation  of  light,  v.  Luminiferous  ether. 
Compound  E.  =Ether+an  anhydrous  ether= 
Ammoniacal  salts.  Double  E.  =  Mixed  ethers. 
ex.  Methyl-amyl  ether=CH3,C5Hii,O. 

Ethers,  (e'therz).  [Ether,  5.v.J=(CnH2ii+i)2O: 
volatile  liquids  =  Compounds  of  alcoholic 
radicles,  with  electro-negative  radicles. 
Simple  E.  =  Oxides  of  organic  radicles. 
Confound  E.  =  Salts  of  organic  radicles. 
Haloid  ^,=Compounds  of  organic  radicles, 
with  chlorine,  bromine,  iodine,  &c. 

Ethereal  salts,  (e-the're-al).  [Ether,  q.v.]— 
Compound  ethers,  q.v. 

Etherene,  (e'ther-en).  [Ether,  g.v.]=Ethy- 
lene,  q.v 

Etherification,  (e-ther-if-i-ka'shun).  [Ether, 
q.v.  ;  L.  facio,  I  make.]  Conversion  of  an 
alcohol  into  an  ether. 


Etherin.  A  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  heavy  oil  of  wine. 

Etherol,  (e'ther-ol).  [Ether,  9.v.]=C16H32= 
Light  oil  of  wine. 

Ethine,  (e'thm).    [Ether,  Q.r.]=Acetylene,  q.v. 

Ethionic,  (G-thi-on'ik).  [Ether,  q.v.  ;  and  Oik. 
thcion,  sulphur.]  Compounded  of  ether  and 
sulphuric  acid.  E.  an//?/cfr«te=C2H42S03= 
Sulphate  of  carbyle.  E.  acid=C2H6S2O7. 

Ethiops  mineral,  (e'thi-ops.)  [Gk.  ait  ho,  I 
burn;  ops,  eye]=Hg2S=Mercurous  sulphide, 
named  from  its  black  colour. 

Ethmoid,  (eth'moid).  [Gk.  ethmos,  sieve; 
eidos,  form.]  A  complex  sieve-like  bone, 
between  the  skull  and  the  face,  through 
orifices  in  which  the  olfactory  nerve  goes  to 
the  nose. 

Ethnical,  (  eth'ni-kal  ).  [Gk.  ethnos,  race.] 
Connected  with  ethnology. 

Ethnography,  (  eth-nog'ra-fi  ).  [Gk.  ethnos, 
race,  grapho,  I  write.]  The  description  of 
the  various  races  of  mankind. 

Ethnology,  (eth-nol'o-ji).  [Gk.  ethnos,  race; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the  various 
races  of  mankind. 

Ethnologist,  (eth-nol'o-jist).  [Ethnology,  q.v.] 
A  student  of  ethnology. 

Ethyl,  (e'thil).  [Ether,  g.v.]=(C2H5)2=Et.= 
E.=Butyl  hydride;  the  radicle  of  ether=An 
odorous  inflammable  gas,  acting  as  a  com- 
pound radicle  ;  also  called  Quartane  and 
Deutylen.  E.  acetate=  Acetic  ether.  E.  al- 
cohol =  C2HgO  =  Alcohol,  q.v.  E.  cacodyl 
=  Arsendiethyl.  E.  carbamides  =  Ethyl- 
ureas;  v.  Urea.  E.  ether  —  (C2H5)20  =  E. 
oxide=Ether,  q.v.  E.  oxide-=^Ei.  ether,  q.v. 

Ethylamine.  (e-thil'a-min).  [Ethyl  and  Amiue, 
q.v.]  =  C^H^:  A  transparent  colourless 
liquid:  ammonia,  in  which  one-third  of  the 
hydrogen  has  been  replaced  by  ethyl;  also 
called  Ethylamide  and  Ethylammonium. 

Ethylene,  (e'thi-len).  [Ethyl,  g.v.]=C2H4= 
Olefiant  gas=Elayl—  Ethene.  A  combustible 
gas,  forming  one  of  the  chief  elements  of  coal 
gas:  the  representative  of  the  olefines.  E. 
series=Olefines,  q.v. 

Ethylenia,  (e-thi-le'ni-a).  [Ethylene,  q.v.]— 
(C2H4)H4N2=Ethylene  diamine,  a  base  ob- 
tained from  ethylene  compounds=Formylia. 

Ethylia,  (e-thi'li-a).  [Ethyl,  g.v.]=(C2H5)H2X 
=Ethylamine,  q.v.:  the  vapour  of  which 
is  inflammable;  one  of  the  primary  mona- 
mines.  Di  -  E.  =  (O>H5)2HN.  Tri-E.  = 


Ethylic,  (e-thi'lik).     [Ethyl,  q.v.]    Connected 

with  ethyl. 
Etiolate,  (e'ti-o-lat).    [R  etolier.]    To  blanch 

or  whiten  plants  by  shutting  out  the  light 

of  the  sun. 
Etruscan,  (6-trus'kan).    [Etruria,  the  ancient 

name  of  Tuscany.]     Belonging  or  related  to 

the  province  of  Italy  now  called  Tuscany. 
Eucalyn,   (uka-lin).        [Eucalyptus,   q.v.]= 

CgH^Og:   a  saccharine  substance  obtained 

from  eucalyptus. 
Eucalyptol,  (u-kal-ip'tol).     [Eucalyptus,  q.v.] 

=Ci2II2oO:  An  oil  obtained  from  eucalyptus. 
Eucalyptus,    (  u-ka-lip'tus  ).       [Gk.  eu,  well; 

kalypto,  I  cover.]    An  Australian  plant  be- 


EUCALYPTOCRINUS 


122 


EVECTION 


longing  to  Myrtaceae.     E.  globulus  =  Elae 

gum  tree. 
Eucalyptocrinus,   (u-ka-lip-to-krl'nus).      [Gk. 

eu,  well;   kalyptos,   covered;    krinon,  lily.] 

A  fossil  belonging  to  Crinoidea. 
Euchlorine,  (u'klo-rm).     [Gk.  eu,  well;  Chlo- 
rine, q.v.]     A  compound  of  chlorine  and 

oxide  of  chlorine. 
Euchroic   acid,    (  u-krS'ik  )  =  Cja^NaOs :   a 

crystalline  acid  substance. 
Euchroite,    (u-kro'it).      A  mineral,  chiefly 

arsenate  of  copper. 
Euclase,  (uTdas).      [The  French  name.]    A 

mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum  and 

glucinum:  also  called  Prismatic  Emerald. 
Eudialyte,  (u'di-a-lit).     [Gk.  eudialytos,  soon 

dissolved.]      A  mineral,  chiefly   silicate  of 

zirconium,  sodium,  and  calcium. 
Eudiometer,  (u-di-om'e-ter).    [Gk.  eudia,  calm 

weather;  metron,  measure.]  An 

apparatus  for  the  measurement 

of  gases. 
Eudiometry,  (u-di-om'e-tri).  The 

measurement  of  gases. 
Eudoxus,  (u-doks'us).     A  crater, 

46  miles  diameter,  one  of  the 

grandest  in  the  moon. 
Eugenic  acid,  (u-jen'ik)=Ci0H12 

62:  an  oil;  also  called  Eugenol 

and  Caryophyllic  Acid. 
Eugenia,   (u'jen-in).      A  white 

luminous    substance    obtained 

from  cloves :  also  called  clove 

camphor.  Eudiometer. 

Euglense,  (u'glen-e)=Ciliated  infusoria. 
Eugnathus,   ( ug-na/thus ).      [Gk.    eu,   well; 

pnathos,  jaw.]    A  Liassic  fish  belonging  to 

Lepidoganoidei. 
Eukolyte,  (u'ko-Ht).    A  mineral,  probably= 

Eudialyte,  q.v. 
Eulor's  theorem  of  consonance.     That  it  is  the 

pleasure  derived  from  the  easy  perception  of 

order. 

Eulyte,  (u'lIt)=C6H6N407:  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  citraconic  acid. 
Eulvtin,(u'lI-tin)=Bismuth  blende,  v.  Blende. 
Eumenidae,  (u-men'i-dS)=Solitary  wasps. 
Euomphalus,  ( u-om'fa-lus ).      [Gk.  eu,  well; 

omphalos,  navel.]    A  Gasteropod,  often  of 

large  size,  with  whorled  shell  bosses,  found 

in  Palaeozoic  strata. 
Euonymite,  (u-on'i-mit).     [Euonymus,  q.v.]= 

C6H14O6:  a  saccharine  substance  obtained 

from  the  spindle  tree. 
Euonymus,  (u-on'i-mus).     [Gk.  euonymos,  of 

good  fame.]=Spindle  tree:  a  tihrub  or  tree, 

with  poisonous  berries,  belonging  to  Celas- 

traceae. 
Euosmite,   (u'os-mlt).     [Gk.   eu,  well;  osme, 

smell.]  A  fossil  resin  found  in  beds  of  lignite. 

Eupatorium,  (  u-pa-td'ri-um  ).  =  Hemp  agri- 
mony: an  herb  belonging  to  Asteraceae. 

Euphorbia,  (u-for'bi-a).  [Gk.  euphorbia,  fer- 
tile. ]= Spurge:  an  herb  belonging  to  Euphor- 

biaceae. 

Euphorbiacese,  (u-for-bi-a'se-ti).  [Euphorbia, 
q.v.]  Herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees,  sometimes 
with  milky  sap,  mostly  poisonous,  belonging 
to  Euphorbiales. 


Euphorbiales,  (u-for-bi-a'lez).  [Euphorbia, 
q.v.]  Plants  with  scattered  flowers,  and 
embryo  with  abundant  albumen,  forming  a 
division  of  Diclinous  Exogens. 

Euphorbium,  (u-for'bi-um).  [Euphorbia,  q.v.] 
A  resin  obtained  from  Euphorbia. 

Euphoria,  (u-fo'ri-a),  a  plant  belonging  to 
Sapindaceae. 

Euphrasia,  (u-fra'si-a).  [Gk.  euphraino,  I 
delight.]=Eyebright:  a  parasitic  herb  be- 
longing to  Scrophulariaceae. 

Euphyllite,  (u'fil-lit).  [Gk.  eu,  weU;  phyllon, 
leaf.]  A  variety  of  mica. 

Eupione.  A  hydrocarbon,  obtained  in  distil- 
lation of  wood,  coal,  &c. 

Euplexoptera,  ( u-pleks-op'ter-a ).  [Gk.  eu, 
well;  pleko,  I  plait;  pteron,  wing.]=Earwigs: 
a  term  proposed  by  Jones  to  form  a  fresh 
family  out  of  Orthoptera. 

Eupoda,  (u'po-da).  [Gk.  eu,  beautiful;  pous, 
foot.]  A  primary  division  of  beetles=Phy- 
tophaga,  q.v. 

Euroclydon,  (u-rokli-don).  [Gk.  euros,  east 
wind;  klydon,  wave.]  A  tempestuous  wind 
common  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Euryalid,  (u-ri'a-lid)=Asteronyx  loveni:  an 
ecbiuoderm  of  Scandinavia. 

Eurynotus,  (u-ri-no'tus).  [Gk.  eurya,  broad; 
notos,  back.]  A  Lepidoganoid  fish  found  in 
Carboniferous  rocks. 

Eurypteridae,  ( u-rip-ter'i-de  ).  [Eurypterus, 
q.v.  ]  Crustaceans,  known  only  by  Palaeozoic 
fossils,  often  of  large  size. 

Eurypterus,  (u-rip'ter-us).  [Gk.  eurys,  broad; 
pteryx,  fin.]  A  Crustacean,  sometimes  eight 
feet  long,  belonging  to  Entomostraca,  found 
in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

Euryte,  (u'rit).  [Gk.  eureo,  to  flow  well].  A 
mineral:  a  fine  variety  of  granite,  which  fuses 
easily. 

Eustachian  tubes,  (u-staVki-an).  [Signer  Eus- 
tachias.]  Tubular  passages  from  the  ear 
opening  into  the  pharynx,  serving  to  keep 
the  interior  of  the  tympanum  supplied  with 
air,  so  as  to  keep  the  pressure  on  the  two 
sides  equal.  E.  valve:  a  rudimentary  fold 
in  the  membrane  of  the  heart. 

Euterpe,  (u-ter'pe).  [Classical.]  A  plant.  E. 
oimicea=Assai. 

Euxanthic  acid,  (u-ksan'thik).  CziRi8Ou= 
Purreic  acid,  q.v. 

Euxenite,  ( u'ksen-it ).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
yttria  and  columbic  acid.  v 

Euzeolite,  (u-ze'o-lit).  [Gk.  eu,  well;  Zeolite, 
q.v.)  l:  A  Variety  of  Stilbite,  q.v.  2.  A 
variety  of  Heulandite. 

Evansite,  (ev'an-sit).  [Mr.  Evans.]  A  mine- 
ral, chiefly  hydrated  phosphate  of  alumin  urn. 

Evapometer,  (e-vap-om'e-ter).  [Evaporation 
and  Meter,  q.v.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  amount  of  evaporation. 

Evaporation,  (e-vap-o-ra'shun).  [Evaporatio, 
the  Latin  word.]  1.  The  slow  conversion  of  a 
liquid  into  vapour,  which  takes  place  at  the 
surface  at  all  temperatures.  2.  Driving  off 
a  solvent,  in  vapour,  by  the  operation  of 
heat. 

Evection,  (e-vek'shan).  [Evectio,  the  Latin 
word.]  v.  Libration. 


EVERGREENS 


EXPLOSIVE 


Evolute. 


Evergreens.  Plants,  such  as  the  holly  and 
laurel,  which  keep  their  leaves  throughout 
the  winter. 

Everlasting  flowers.  Those  which,  from 
having  little  moisture  to  part  with,  keep 
the  appearance  of  freshness  for  a  long  time. 

Evernic  acid,  (e-ver'nik).  Ci7Hi6O7:  an  acid 
obtained  from  the  lichen  evernia. 

Evolute,  (ev'o-lut).  [L.  evolvo,  I  unroll.]  A 
curve,  from  which  an  in- 
volute is  formed  by  the 
gradual  unrolling  of  a 
line  from  its  surface. 
ABC  is  the  evolute, 
DEFG  the  involute. 

Evolution,  (ev-6-lu'shun). 
[L.  evolvo,  I  unfold.]  1. 
The  process  of  finding 
the  square  root,  cxibic  root,  &c.,  of  any  given 
number.  2.  =Growth  (increase  of  bulk)  and 
development  (increase  of  structure).  E. 
theory:  that  new  species  of  animals  and 
plants  have  been  developed  by  a  natural 
process,  of  which  the  factors  are  Heredity, 
Variation,  and  Adaptation. 

Ewe,  (u).  [Eoion,  the  A. -S.  name.]  A  female 
sheep,  v.  Ovis. 

Ex,  (eks).  [L.  ex,  from,  or  out  of.]  A  prefix 
used  to  convey  the  idea  of  motion  from  or 
out  of. 

Exalbuminous,  (eks-al-bu'min-us).  [Ex  and 
Albumin,  q.v.}  Used  in  botany  to  describe 
seeds  that  have  but  little,  if  any,  albumin. 

Exanthalose,  (eks-an'thal-5s).  [Gk.  exantheo, 
I  eftloresce;  kals,  salt.]  An  efllorescence  of 
glauber-salt. 

Exanthema,  (eks-an-the'ma).  [Gk.  exanthema, 
a  blossoming.]  An  efflorescence  of  the  skin. 

Excentric=: Eccentric,  q.v. 

Exchange,  ( eks-chanj' ).  [Echanger,  tho 
French  word.]  Of  heat:  of  any  two  bodies  at 
different  temperatures  near  each  other,  each 
gives  and  receives  heat  until  both  are  it  the 
same  temperature. 

Excortication,  (eks-kor-ti-ka'shun).  [Ex  and 
Cortex.]  The  removal  or  falling  off  of  the 
bark  from  a  tree. 

Excrement,  (eks'kre-ment).  [Excrementum, 
the  Latin  word.]  Partly  undigested  food, 
partly  intestinal  secretions;  usually  of  stable 
chemical  composition,  and  usually  acid. 

Excretin,  ( eks-kre'tin ).  [Excrement,  q.v.] 
Probably  CaoHgeO:  a  crystalline  substance 
obtained  from  excrement. 

Excretory  organs,  (eks-kre'to-ri).  [L.  ex,  out; 
cresco,  I  grow.]  Skin,  lungs,  and  kidneys,  q.v. 

Exitelite,  (eks'it-e-lit).  [Fr.  Exitele.]=Valen- 
tinite,  q.v. 

Exocaetus,  (eks-o-se'tus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
= Flying  fish:  has  pectoral  fins  that  can  be 
used  as  wings  to  rise  2  or  3  feet  from  the 
water. 

Exoccipital,  (eks-ok-sip'i-tal).  [Ex  and  Occi- 
put.] Belonging  or  relateu  to  the  first  cranial 
segment. 

Exogens,  eks'o-jens).  [Gk.  exo,  without;  gen- 
nao,  I  produce.]  A  division  of  flowering  plants 
in  which  the  stem  or  trunk  has  a  hollow  woody 
axis  containing  pith;  the  leaves  are  usually 


broad  and  rounded,  with  net-like  veins ;  the 
roots  have  an  exorhizal 
germination,  and  a  solid 
woody  axis.  The  plants 
live  for  an  indefinite 
time,  and  never  grow 
from  a  single  terminal 
bud.  They  are  divided 
into  diclinous  exogens 
and  hermaphrodite  ex- 
ogens; and  are  not  found 
fossil  in  any  primary  Exogeii. 

rocks,  and  very  rarely  in  any  bed  older  than 
Upper  Cretaceous. 

Exogyra,  (eks-6-ji'ra).  [Gk.  exo,  without; 
gyros,  curved.]=l.  Fossil  sponges.  2.  An 
oyster-like  fossil.  Named  from  the  spiral 
curve. 

Exorhizae,  (eks-o-ri'z5).  [Gk.  exo,  without; 
rhiza,  root.]  Plants  of  which  the  roots  grow 
from  the  extremity  of  the  seed,  and  do  not 
burst  through  the  coat  of  the  seed  from 
within,  cf.  Endorhizal. 

Exorhizal,  ( eks-6-ri'zal ).  [Exorhizae,  q.v.] 
Belonging  or  related  to  Exorhizse,  q.v. 

Exoskeleton,  (eks-6-skel'e-ton).  [Gk.  exo, 
without;  skeletos,  skeleton.]  The  hardened 
portionsof  the  in  tegument,  cf.  Eudoskeleton. 
v.  Skeleton. 

Exosmose,  (eks'os-mos).  [Gk.  exo,  without; 
osmos,  thrusting.]  v.  Endosmose. 

Exosperm,  (eks'o-sperm).  [Gk.  exo,  without; 
sperma,  seed.]  The  outer  coating  of  a 
spore. 

Exoteric,  (eks-o-ter'ik).  [Gk.  cxoterikos,  on 
the  outside.]  External,  popular,  opposed  to 
Esoteric,  q.v. 

Exothecium,  ( eks-o-the'si-um ).  [Gk.  exo, 
without;  theke,  sheath.]  The  outer  covering 
of  a  seed-case. 

Exotic,  (ekz-ot'ik).  [Gk.  exotikos,  foreign.] 
Introduced  from  abroad,  cf.  Indigenous. 

Expansion,  (eks-pan'si-on).  [L.  expando,  I 
stretch  out.]  Increase  of  space  occupied  by 
a  given  quantity  of  matter.  E.  of  water: 
takes  places  in  rising  above  or  falling  below 
4°  C.  E.  of  gases  (including  air):  about  -jf  3- 
of  their  volume,  at  0°  C.,  for  each  degree  C., 
and  -4^15-  for  each  degree  F.  E.  cam;  a  cam 
used  to  open  and  shut  the  valve,  admitting 
the  steam  in  expansive  working.  Co-efficient 
of  E.:  the  amount  of  increase  in  the  volume 
of  a  given  substance  in  rising  from  0°  to  1°  C. 

Expansive  working,  (eks-pan'siv).  [Expan- 
sion, q.v.]  In  steam  engine:  in  which  the 
supply  of  steam  is  cut  off  before  the  cylinder 
is  full;  the  movement  of  the  piston  being 
completed  by  the  expansion  of  the  steam; 
the  object  being  to  economise  the  steam. 
E.  gear:  the  machinery  requisite  for  expan- 
sive working. 

Explosion,  ( eks-plo'si-on ).  [L.  explodo,  I 
drive  out.]  A  sudden  and  large  increase  of 
volume,  usually  by  the  conversion  of  a  solid 
or  liquid  into  a  gas.  Steam  E. '.  the  fracture 
of  a  boiler  by  the  excessive  pressure  of  steam. 

Explosive  agents,  (eks-plo'siv).  Substances 
by  means  of  which  explosions  can  be  pro- 


EXPONENT 


124 


FALCATE 


duced.  —  Chloride  of  Nitrogen,  Dynamite, 
Gun-cotton,  Gunpowder,  Iodide  of  Nitrogen, 
Mercuric  fulminate,  Nitro-glycerine=Glouo- 
ine,  Perchloric  ether,  Silver  fulminate. 

Exponent,  (eks-po'nent).  [L.  expono,  I  set 
out.  ]  I  ndex :  used  in  arithmetic  and  algebra 
to  denote  the  power  to  which  a  quantity  is 
to  be  raised:  e.g.,  42=4 X 4.  m«=the  product 
of  m  multiplied  n.—l  times  by  m=mxmxm 
(n  times).  Here  2  and  n  are  exponents. 

Exsiccator,  (eks-ik'a-tor).  [L.  exsicco,  I  dry.] 
A  drying  apparatus,  formed  by  the  use  of 
substances,  such  as  chloride  of  calcium, 
which  readily  absorb  moisture. 

Exstipulate,  (eks-stip'u-lat).     v.  Stipule. 

Extra-current.  An  induced  galvanic  current: 
in  the  same  direction  as  the  principal  current 
when  contact  is  made;  in  the  reverse  direc- 
tion when  it  is  broken. 

Extrados,  (eks-tra'dos).  [The  French  word.] 
The  outer  curve  of  an  arch  or  of  a  vault. 

Extraordinary  ray.  One  of  the  two  rays 
resulting  from  double  refraction,  q.v. 

Exuviae,  (eks-u'vi-e).  [The  Latin  word.]  Any 
things  that  are  cast  off  as  useless,  as  skins  and 
shells  of  some  animals. 

Eyas,  (i'as).  [Fr.  niais,  from  the  nest.]  A 
hawk  too  young  to  leave  its  nest. 


Eye,  (i).     [Eage,  A.-S.  word.]    1.  The  organ 

of  sight,  by  means  of  which  light  affects  the 

optic  nerve.    2.  In  potatoes,  a  bud,  a  point 

of  growth. 
Eyeball.      A  tough  spheroid  of   connective 

tissue,  the  front  of  which  is  transparent. 
Eyebolt,    A  bolt  or  bar  having  an  eye  at  one 

end. 
Eyebright,  (i'brit).   [Eye  and  Bright.  ]=Euph- 

rasia,  q.v.:  named  from  having  been  used 

medicinally  for  the  eyes. 
Eyeglass=Spectacles. 
Eyelashes,     Hairs  fringing  the  eye. 
Eye  lens.    The  lens  of  a  compound  eyepiece, 

which  in  use  is  nearest  to  the  eye. 
Eyelids.     Folds  of  skin  which  can  be  drawn 

over  the  eye. 
Eyemuscles.     Those  by  which  the  eyeball  is 

moved. 
Eyepiece.    The  simple  or  compound  lens,  in 

any  optical  apparatus,  to  which  the  eye  is 

applied. 
Eyetooth=Canine-tooth:  a  conical  tooth  next 

to  the  incisors. 
Eyot,  (i'ot).     [A.-S.  ey,  island. ]= Ait:  a  small 

river  island. 
Eyrie,  (a'ri  or  I'ri).    The  nest  of  a  bird  of  prey, 

especially  of  an  eagle. 


F. 


Fabaceae,  ( fa-ba'se-e ).  [L.  faba,  bean.  ]= 
Leguminous  plants:  herbs,  shrubs,  and  large 
trees,  with  papilionaceous  corolla  and  legu- 
minous fruit,  belonging  to  Resales. 

Fab  ago,  (fa-ba'go).  [L.  faba,  a  bean.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Fabaceae. 

Faboidea,(fa-boi'de-a).  [L. /a&a,bean  ;Gk.«iefos, 
form.]  Fossil  remains  of  leguminous  plants. 

Facade,  (fa-sad').     [The  French  word.]    The 
front  of  a  build-  ,.^ji_i: — •  •-—  ^-^=^-=^_^=_  , 
ing,especially  the 
principal  front. 

Face,(fas).[  Facie*, 
the  Latin  word.] 
The  front  of  the 
head,  including 
the  special  organs 
of  sight  and  smell 
the  mouth,  fore- 
head,  &c.  F. 
wheel :  a  wheel 
having  cogs  or  Facade, 

pins  on  its  face. 

Facial  nerves,  (fa'shi-al).  [Face,  q.v.]  The 
seventh  pair  of  cerebral  nerves,  belonging  to 
the  face  muscles. 

Factors,  (fak'torz).  [L.  factor,  maker.]  The 
numbers  which,  when  multiplied  together, 
produce  a  given  number  are  the  factors  of 
that  number.  Ex. :  4  and  8  are  factors  of  32; 
3  and  7  are  the  factors  of  21,  <fec. 

Faculae,  (fak'u-le).  [L.  f acute,  small  torch.] 
Brilliant  ridges  and  plains  upon  the  photo- 
sphere of  the  sun;  probably  mountains  or 
heaped-up  matter,  cf.  Maculae. 


Faeces,  (fe'sgz).  [L./a>z,dregs.]=Excrement 
q.v. 

Fseniculum,  (fC-nik'u-lum).  [The  Latin  name.] 
= Fennel,  q.v. 

Fagine,  (fa'jin).  [Fagus,  q.v.]  A  narcotic 
obtained  from  beech  nuts. 

Fagopyrum,  (fa-go-pi'rum).  [Gk.  phayo,  I  eat; 
pyros,  wheat.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Poly- 
gonaceae;  also  called  Polygonum  Fagopyrum. 
F.  escwien<um=Buckwheat,  q.v. 

Fagus,  (fa'gus).  [Gk.  phago,  to  eat.]=Beech, 
q.v. :  a  large  tree  belonging  to  Corylaceae. 

Fahlerz,  (fa'lerz).  [The  German  name.]= 
Grey  copper  ore;  also  called  Fahlore.  Silver 
F. :  a  copper  ore  containing  silver. 

Fahlunite,  (fah'lu-mt).  [Fahlun,  in  Sweden.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  magnesia  and 
alnminia.  Hard  P.=Iolite. 

Fahrenheit's  scale,  (fa'ren-hit).  [Fahrenheit, 
the  inventor.]  Of  thermometer:  in  which 
the  freezing  point  of  water  is  32°,  and  the 
boiling  point  212°,  the  distance  between 
being  divided  into  ISO  equal  parts;  in  com- 
mon use  in  England,  cf.  Centigrade  and 
Reaumur  scales. 

Fairing,  (fa'ring).  A  corrective  process  in 
shipbuilding,  by  which  errors  in  the  plans  are 
detected  before  the  building  is  commenced. 

Fairy,  (fa'ri).  [Y.f eerie,  fairy-like.]  Used  as 
a  common  name  for  some  animals  of  especi- 
ally graceful  form.  F.  martin=Himudo 
ariel:  Australian.  F.  s7iri7Jip=Cbii'ocephalus 
diaphanus. 

Falcate,  (fal'kat).  [L.  fate,  sickle.]  Sickle- 
shaped. 


FAICO 


125 


FAVOSITES 


Falco,  (fal'ko).  [The  Latin  name.  ]= Falcon, 
a  bird  of  prey,  belonging  to  Raptores,  in- 
cludes the  fishing  eagle,  bald  buzzard,  &c. 

Falcon,  (faw'kn).   [Faucon,  the  French  name. ] 
= Falco  rufipes:  a  bird 
used  in  sport. 

Falconidae,  (fal-kon'i-de). 
[Falcon,  q.v.]  =  Rap- 
tores  :  birds  of  prey : 
eagles,  vultures,  kites, 
buzzards,  <fcc. 

Fall  of  bodies.  Caused 
by  the  attraction  of  the 
earth.  v.  Laws  of 
motion. 

Fall  poison=Amianthi- 
um  muscsetoxicum. 

Falling  stars= Aerolites, 


tubes,  (fal-15'-  Falcon, 

pi-an).  [M.  Fallopius.]— Oviducts:  connect 
the  uterus  and  ovaries,  and  convey  the  ova 
to  the  former;  in  man,  fine  tubes  4  inches 
long. 

False  bedding=Cross-bedding:  in  which  the 
minor  layei-s  are  not  parallel  to  the  larger. 
F.  keel.  v.  Keel.  F.  scor*jpions=Eophrynus. 
v.  Scorpion. 

Falsetto  voice,  (fawl-set'to).  [The  Italian 
word.]  Artificial  high  notes  of  the  voice, 
produced  by  tightening"the  glottis. 

Faluns,  (fa'loon).  [The  French  word.]  Beds 
of  sand  and  marl,  containing  shells  and 
corals,  found  in  France,  and  used  for  manure; 
belong  to  Upper  Miocene  strata. 

Falx.  A  membrane  between  the  two  upper 
halves  of  the  brain. 

Families  of  men.     v.  Man. 

Family,  (fam'i-li).  [Familia,  the  Latin  word.] 
1.  A  sub-division  of  an  order  of  animals  or 
plants,  often  used  generally  for  a  group  of 
genera  having  a  general  resemblance;  also 
used  as=order.  2.  In  chemistry:  a  family 
is  a  group  of  compounds  having  a  common 
element  or  nucleus.  Ex. :  the  alcohol  family 
includes  all  bodies  containing  the  radicle 
ethyl. 

Fan.  F.  pahn=Borassusflabellifovmis.  F.  tail: 
a  variety  of  pigeon  named  from  the  form  of 
its  tail 

Fangs,  (fangz).  [A.-S.  fang,  grasp.]  Used 
for  pointed  teeth  generally.  1.  The  lower 
parts  of  teeth,  which  are  set  in  the  jaw.  2. 
Poison-fangs  of  serpents:  teeth  having  a 
groove  along  which  the  venom  passes. 

Fantees,  (fan'tez).    An  African  people. 

Farad,  (far'ad).  [M.  Faraday.  ]=107  natural 
units:  the  measure  of  electro-magnet  capa- 
city, v.  Electro-magnet  units. 

Faraday,  (far'a-dii).  F.'s  icheel:  a  disc  of  which 
a  portion  is  cut  out,  and  which,  when  made 
to  revolve  rapidly,  disappears,  owing  to  the 
image  of  what  is  seen  remaining  on  the  re- 
tina. F.'s  voltameter:  measures  the  intensity 
of  a  galvanic  current  by  the  quantity  of  water 
decomposed  by  it  in  a  given  time.  F.  and 
Melde's  figures:  regular  figures  formed  by 
sand  or  water  spread  over  a  vibrating  surface. 

Fascines,  (fas-senz').     [.The  French  word,] 


Bundles  of  twigs  or  branches  used  for  filling 
up  ditches,  and  for  temporary  defences,  in 
warfare;  also  in  engineering  works  for  similar 
purposes. 

Fascicularia,  (fas-si-ku-la'ri-a).  [L.  fasciculus, 
little  bundle.]  Bryozoan  animals,  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  the  Coralline  Crag. 

Farewell-rock=Millstone  grit,  because  no  coal 
is  found  beneath  it. 

Fashion-timbers:  in  the  framework  of  the 
stern  of  a  ship. 

Fast  and  loose  pulley:  Several  pulleys  on  one 
axis;  those  that  are  fixed  and  revolve  with 
it  are  the  fast  pulleys;  those  that  are  free 
and  can  revolve  without  it  are  loose.  By 
these,  machinery  can  be  stopped  and  set 
going  while  the  prime  mover  continues  in 
motion. 

Fats,  (fatz).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  Compounds 
of  carbon  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  solid  or 
liquid  combustible  substances,  mostly  com- 
pounds of  olein,  margarin,  stearin,  &c., 
which  stain  paper= Ethers  of  glycerin:  com- 
pounds of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen, 
a  primary  division  of  foods.  Solid  F.  of  vege- 
table origin:  cocoa-nut  oil,  nutmeg  butter, 
palm-oil.  Solid  F.  of  animal  origin:  butter, 
lard,  suet,  spermaceti,  bees'-wax. 

Fata  Morgana,  (fa'ta  mor-ga'na).  [Breton, 
mor,  sea;  gan,  fine  woman.]=Sea  woman:  a 
reversed  image  of  an  object  seen  in  the  air; 
occurs  most  frequently  at  sea. 

Father  lasher =Cottus  bubalis:  a  fish  belong- 
ing    to    Acantho- 
pterygii. 

Fatty  acids,  (fat'ti). 
[Fat,  q.v.]  Acids 
obtained  by  the 
saponification  of 
fats=l.  Cnl^n-aOa: 
the  acetic  or  stearic 

the  glycolic  series. 

3.    CnH2nO2  :    the 

oleic  series.     4.  CuH^n 
Fauces,  (faw'sez).    [The 

of  F.:  the  space  between  the  arches  of  the 

palate. 
Faujasite,   (faw'ja-slt).     [M.    Faujus  de    St. 

Fond.]   A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrous  silicate  of 

aluminum. 
Fault,   (fawlt).     [Faulte,  the  French  word.] 

Displacement  of  the  strata  on  one  side  of  a 

fissure. 
Fauna,  (faw'na).     [L.  Fauns,  forest  gods.]    A 

general  term  for  all  the  animals  of  a  country. 

cf.  Flora. 

Faure's  battery,a  modification  of  Bunsen's ,  q.  v. 
Fauserite,  (  faw'ser-it ). 

[  Mr.    Fauser.  ]  "   Hy- 

drated  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesium. 
Favosites,      (  fa  -  vo'si  - 

tez).    [L.  favus,  honey- 
comb.] Tabulate  corals, 

polyps,   approximating 

to    sponges,   of   which 

reefs  were  built  in  the 

Palaeozoic  period.  Favose- 


Father-lasher. 
4:  the  oxalic  series, 
itinword.]   Isthmus 


PATO 


126 


FERMENTATION 


Faun. 


Faun,  (fawn).  [Faon,  the  French  name.]  A 
young  deer. 

Faxoe  beds,  (fak'so). 
Partly  connect  Se- 
condary and  Ter- 
tiary rocks. 

Fayalite,  (fa'a-Ht). 
[Fayal,  an  island; 
Gk.  lithos,  stone.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly 
silicate  of  iron. 

Faye's  comet  =  Co- 
met VI.  of  1873;  a 
telescopic  comet,  with  a  period  of  7|  years, 
discovered  in  1843  by  M.  Faye,  a  French 
astronomer. 

Feathers,  (feTH'ers).  [Fedher,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
Peculiar  horny  sub-divided  developments  of 
the  epidermis,  found  only  on  birds.  Have 
been  called  "plants  growing  on  animals," 
also  "skin  plants."  Clothing  F.:  covering 
the  body.  Primary  F. :  rise  from  the  bone 
of  the  hand.  Quill  F.:  in  the  wings  and  tail. 
Secondary  F. :  rise  from  distal  end  of  fore-arm. 
Tertiary  F. :  rise  from  proximal  end  of  fore- 
arm. F.  alum:  fibrous  varieties  of  alum;  v. 
Halotrichite.  F.  bearers=Plume  moths= 
Pterophori.  F.  edged:  having  one  edge 
thinner  than  the  other.  F.  grro«s=Stipa,  a 
plant  belonging  to  Graminaceae.  F.  ore :  a 
fibrous  variety  of  lead  ore :  also  called 
Heteromorphite  ;  v.  Jamesonite.  F.  stars= 
Comatulae  :  animals  belong  to  Crinoidae. 

Featherings=:Foliations,  q.v. 

Fecula,  (fek'u-la).  [L.  fcecula,  dregs.]  Any 
powdered  substance  obtained  from  plants ; 
used  especially  for  such  as  starch. 

Fecundation,  (fek-un-da'shun.)  [L.  fecundo,  I 
fertilise.]  The  union  of  the  sperm  and  germ 
elements,  which  fertilises  the  germ. 

Feejeans,  an  Oceanic  race ;  natives  of  Feeje 
Islands. 

Feeling,  (fe'ling).  [A.-S.  felan,  I  feel.]  The 
sense  of  touch,  diffused  generally  over  the 
whole  body. 

Feldspar,  (feld'spar).  [Ger.  feld,  field  ;  spath, 
spar.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alu- 
minum, of  which  there  are  many  varieties. 
The  word  is  also  used  generally  as=Ortho- 
cluse,  also  for  the  feldspar  group  of  minerals 
which  includes  Albite,  Andesite,  Anorthite, 
Hyalophane,  Labradorite,  Oligoclase,  Ortho- 
el  ase ;  v.  Felspar.  J3hte.F.=:Lazulite.  Labra- 
dor F.  = Labradorite.  Lime  .F.  =  Anorthite. 
Potash  F.=Orthoclase.  Soda  F.= Albite. 

Feldspath,  (feld'spath).  [The  German  word.] 
= Feldspar,  q.v. 

Feldstein,  (feld'stin).  [Ger.  feld,  field ;  stein, 
stone.] =Feldspar,  q.v. 

Felidae,  (fe'li-de).  [Felis,  q.v.]  Cat-like 
animals :  lions,  tigers,  hyaenas,  &c. ;  a  group 
of  carnivorous  animals,  marked  by  strength 
and  fierceness ;  have  usually  strong  curved 
teeth  and  claws. 

Felis,  (fg'lis).  [The  Latin  name.]=Lion,  cat, 
tiger,  &c.:  a  genus  of  animals  belonging  to 
Felidse  ;  found  everywhere  but  in  Australia. 
F.  feo=Lion.  Fossil  F.:  F.  catus,  F.  leo, 
F.  pardoides,  F.  spelaea,  F.  tigris. 


Felsite,  (fel'sit).  [Ger.  fel,  rock.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  alumina  ;  a  compact  variety 
of  felspar. 

Felsobanyite,  (fel-se-ban'ylt).  [Felsoobanya, 
in  Hungary.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrous 
sulphate  of  aluminum. 

Felspar,  (fel'spar).  [Fel,  rock  ;  spath,  spar.] 
Double  silicates  of  aluminum  and  potassium 
or  sodium,  &c. ;  a  constituent  of  granite, 
basalt,  porphyry,  &c.  ;  minerals  mostly 
plagioclastic  and  triclinic. 

Felspar  group  of  minerals, includes  Orthoclase, 
Albite,  Oligoclase,  Labradorite,  and  other  fel- 
spars. Potassium  ^?.=Adularia=Orthoclaso 
=Common  F.  v.  Feldspar. 

Felstone,  (fel'ston).    Felsite  :  compact  felspar. 

Felt,  (felt).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  Cloth  made 
of  wool,  hair,  &c.,  by  pressure,  which  forms 
it  into  a  matted  substance, 

Felt-moulds=Antennariei  :  fungi  belonging 
to  Physomycetes. 

Female,  (fe'rual).  [Femina,  the  Latin  word.] 
v.  Set 

Femoral,  (fem'o-ral).  [Femur,  q.v.]  Con- 
nected with,  or  relating  to,  the  femur. 

Femur,  (fe'mur).  [The  Latin  word.]  The 
thigh  bone ;  the  longest  and  strongest  bone 
in  the  human  skeleton. 

Fenestella,  (fen-es-tel'la).  [L.  fenestella,  little 
window.]  A  polyzoon ;  known  by  many 
fossil  remains  in  Devonian  limestone  and 
other  rocks. 

Fenestra,  (fen-es'tra).  [L.  fencstra,  window.] 
Two  openings  in  the  ear,  closed  by  mem- 
branes ;  one  called  the  fenestra  rotunda,  the 
other  the  fenestra  ovalis. 

Fennel,  (fen'nel).  [Fenol,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Fceniculum :  a  plant  belonging  to  Apiaceao. 
Oil  ofF.=Oil  of  anise,  q.v. 

Fenugreek,  (fe-nu-grek').  [L.  fcenum,  hay; 
Gnecum,  Greek.  ]=Trigonella:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Leguminaceae. 

Ferae,  (fe're).  [L./mts,  wild.]  A  sub-division 
of  Mammalia,  according  to  Linnaeus's  classi- 
fication of  animals.  Used  by  Giebel  for  car- 
nivorous and  insectivorous  mammalia.  Also 
v.  Bonaparte's  classification. 

Ferberite,  (fer'ber-it).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
tungstate  of  iron. 

Ferguson's  paradox.  A  train  of  wheelwork, 
in  which  two  wheels  are  turned  in  different 
directions  at  the  same  time  by  the  motion  of 
a  third  wheel. 

Fergusonite,  (fer-gus'o-nlt).  [Mr.  Ferguson.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  niobata  of  yttrium  and 
cerium. 

Ferment,  (fe/ment).  [L.  fermentum,  leaven.] 
^Catalytic  body :  a  substance  which  causes 
fermentation;  e.g.,  yeast,  must,  &c.  Accord- 
ing to  the  physical  theory  of  fermentation, 
ferments  are  dead  nitrogenous  substances. 

Fermentation,  (fer-men-ta'shun).  [Ferment, 
q.v.]  Catalysis :  a  transformation  of  an 
organic  body,  whose  constituents  have  but 
feeble  affinity,  into  simpler  substances, 
which  commences  from  the  action  of  a  small 
addition  of  organic  matter  in  such  a  state  of 
change,  accompanied  by  the  production  of 
alcohol,  acetic  acid,  and  lactic  acid,  &c. ;  also 


FERN 


127 


FIBRO 


regarded  as  the  decomposition  of  sugar  by 
the  action  of  yeast-cells.  Varieties  offer- 
mentation  are:— Acetous  F,,  Alcoholic  R, 
Butyric  F.,  Lactous  F.=Lactic  F.,  Mucous 
F.,  Saccharous  F.,  Vinous  P.,  &c.,  named 
from  the  more  important  products.  Physical 
theory  of  F.=Liebig's  theory  ;  that  fermen- 
tation is  purely  chemical.  Vital  theory  ofF. 
=Pasteur's  theory :  that  life  is  essential  to 
fermentation. 

Fern,  (fern).  [Fearn,  the  A.-S.  name.]  An 
herb,  sometimes  a  shrub  or  tree,  with  fibrous 
root  or  rootstock  ;  with  frond-like  leaves : 
reproduced  by  means  of  minute  spores,  v. 
Ferns.  F.  royal=Osmuj\<ia..  Bladder  F.= 
Cystopteris.  Bristle  F.  =Trichomanes.  Fil- 
my F.=Hymenophyllum.  Flowering  F.= 
Osmunda.  Hard  F.= Lorn  aria.  Maiden- 
hair f.=Adiantum.  Male  F. =Nephrodium 
filix-mas.  Parsley  F.  —  Cryptogramme. 
Shield  F.  =  Aspidium.  Tree  F. 
=Cyathea. 

Ferns,  (fernz).  [Fern,  q.v.]= 
Filices  =  Polypodiaceae  ;  a 
primary  division  pf  Vascular 
Cryptogams. 

Ferrates,  (fertats).  [Ferric, 
q.v.]  Salts  of  ferric  acid. 

Ferrein.  Pyramids  of  F.  :  in 
the  kidneys,  formed  by  the 
tubes  entering  Malphigiau  Fern. 


Ferret 
of  iron  =  Red 


Ferret,  (fer'ret).    [Furet,  the  French  name.]= 

Mustela  furo:  a  small 

weasel-like     quadru- 

ped,    belonging     to 

Mustelidffi. 
Ferric,  (fertile).    [Fer- 

rum, q.v.]    Contain- 

ing iron  as  an  import- 

ant constituent.    An- 

hydrous F.  acid=FOz- 

F.  acid=H^O^:  an 

unstable  acid,  known 

only  in  combination. 

F.    oa:id6=Fe20 

oxide  of  iron  ;  also  called  Colcothar,  Rouge, 

and  by  other  names.    F.  satts=Persalts  of 

iron. 
Ferricum,  (ferti-knm).    [Ferrum,  q.v.]=$  Fe; 

an  hy  pothetical  combining  equivale  nt  of  iron  . 
Ferricyanide,  (fer-ri-si'a-nid).     [Ferrum  and 

Cyanogen.]    A  compound  of  a  metal  and 

ferri-cyanogen.      Potassic  .F.=Red  prussiate 

of  potash—  KgFe2Cyj2. 
Ferricyanides,  (fer-ri-sl'a-nidz).    [Ferrum  and 

Cyanide,  g.v.]=Ferridcyanides.   Compounds 

of  metals  and  the  radicle  ferri-cyanogen. 
Ferricyanogen,   (fer-ri-si-an'o-jen).     [Ferrum 

and  Cyanogen,  g-.v.]  =  Fe12Cyi2  =  Cfdy  :  an 

hypothetical  radicle  of  ferri-cyanides. 
Ferro,  (ferto).     [Ferrum,  q.v.]    A  prefix  de- 

noting the  presence  of  iron.    F.  calcite:  a 

variety  of  calcite.    F.  cobaltite:  a  variety  of 

cobaltite.  F.  tantalite=Tauta.]ite.  F.  titanite 

=Schorlomite. 
Ferrocyanide,  (fer-ro-si'a-nid).     [Ferrum  and 

Cyanogen,  q.v.]    Potassic  .F.=Yello\v  prus- 

siate of  potash=K4FeCye. 


Ferrocyanides,  (fer-ro-si'a-nldz).  Compc-unds 
containing  a  metal  and  the  radicle  ferro- 
cyanogen. 

Ferrocyanogen,  (fer-ro-si-an'o-jen).  [Ferrnm 
and  Cyanogen,  $.v.]=FeC6N6=FeCy6=Cfy; 
an  hypothetical  radicle  of  ferro-cyanides. 

Ferrous,  (fer'rus).  [Ferrum,  q.v.]  A  prefix 
denoting  the  presence  of  iron.  F.  sulphate 
=  FeSO4'7H2O  =  Protosulphate  of  iron  = 
Green  vitriol  =  Copperas.  A  dark  green 
cystalline  substance,  much  used  as  an  in- 
gredient in  black  dyes.  F.  oxo,late=YLu.m- 
boldtite=Iron-resin:  2FeC2O4'3H2O. 

Ferrum,  (fertum).  [The  Latin  word.]=Fe" 
=Iron,  q.v. ;  an  elementary  metallic  sub- 
stance. 

Fertile  nurse  forms,  in  plants  and  animals: 
organisms  which  become  fertile  without  ever 
becoming  perfect,  v.  Nurse  forms.  E.g., 
Aphides,  echinus,  prothallium,  &c. 

Fertilization=Making  fruitful.  F.  of  flowers: 
of  those  with  bright,  odorous ,  honeyed  flowers, 
usually  by  insects;  of  those  with  inconspicu- 
ous flowers,  usually  by  wind. 

Ferula,  (fer'u-la).  [L.fero,  I  strike.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Apiaceaa.  F.  asaJ'cetida=A&a,- 
foetida. 

Ferulic  acid,  (ferVlik).  [Ferula,  q.v.] 
CioHjoO,!;  a  monobasic  acid  substance  found 
in  ferula. 

Festuca,  (fes-tuTca).  [Celt,  fest,  pasture  or 
food.]  =  Fescue  grass;  a  plant  belonging  to 
Graminacese. 

Fettbol,  (fet'bol).  [Ger.  fett,  fat;  bol,  bole.]= 
Chlorophal:  a  mineral, chiefly  hydrous  silicate 
of  iron. 

Fettstein,  (fet'stin).  [Ger.  fett,  fat;  stein, 
stone.  ]=Nephelite:  a  mineral,  also  called 
Oilstone,  q,v. 

Feuerblende,  [Ger.  feuer,  fire;  and  Blende, 
fl.v.]=Pyrostilpnite,  q.o. 

Feverfew,  (fe'ver-fu).  [L.  febris,  fever;  fugo, 
I  drive  away.  ]=Pyrethr urn  parthenium= 
Matricaria  partheniuin:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Asteraceae. 

Fiber,  (fi'ber).  [The  Latin  narne.]=Castor 
fiber =Beaver,  q.v. 

Fibre,  (fi'ber).  [L.  fibra,  thread.]  Usedgene- 
ra).ly  for  any  thread-like  substance. 

Fibres  of  Corti.  Minute  rods  or  fibres  in  the 
scala-  media  of  the  ear,  which,  being  set  in 
vibration  by  sound,  act  on  the  auditory  nerve 
by  means  of  the  scala  media,  and  distinguish 
the  quality  of  the  sound;  each  fibre  vibrating 
to  a  certain  note  only. 

Fibrin,  (f  i'brin).  One  of  the  constituents  of 
blood,  which  unites  with  the  corpuscles  when 
the  blood  coagulates;  it  is  also  the  principal 
component  of  muscular  tissue;  resembles 
albumin  in  composition :  probably=oxidised 
albumin.  v.  Proteids  and  Albuminoid 
principles. 

Fibrinogen,  (fi-brin'o-gen).  [Fibrin,  q.v.;  and 
Gk.  gennao,  I  produce.]=:Incipient  albumin: 
a  modification  of  globulin,  found  in  the 
plasma  of  the  blood,  causing  the  production 
of  fibrin. 

Fibro-vascular  tissue  =  Phloem  and  Xylem, 
q.v.  A  compound  found  in  plants. 


FIBROFEREITE 


128 


FIORITE 


Fibroferrite,  (fi-br5-fer'it).  [Fibfe  and  Fer- 
rum,  q.v.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrous  sul- 
phate of  iron. 

Fibroin,  (fi'broin).  [Fibre,  q.v.]  C15Ho3N5O6: 
the  chief  material  of  silk,  q.v. 

Fibrolite,  (fi'bro-lit).  [Fibre;  and  Gk.  lithos, 
stone.]  Chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum;  much 
used  for  implements  in  the  "  Stone  age." 

Fibrous  tissue,  (fi'brus).  [Fibre,  q.v.]=Con- 
nective  tissue,  q.v. 

Fibula,  (fib'u-la).  [L.  fibula,  buckle.]=Splint- 
bone:  the  small  bone  of  the  leg,  correspoud- 
i  rig  to  the  Ulna. 

Fioaria,  (fi-ka'ri-a).  [L.ficus,  fig.]=Pile-wort 
=Ranunculus  F.:  an  herb,  belonging  to 
Ranunculaceae. 

Fichtelite,  (fik'te-lit).  [M.  Fichte.]  A  hydro- 
carbon, found  in  fossils,  and  in  Finns 
Australis.  F.  group  of  minerais=CnHon-4: 
belongs  to  Camphene  series  of  hydro- 
carbons: includes  Fichtelite,  Hartite,  Dinite, 
Ixolyte. 

Ficoidales,  (fi-koi-da'lez).  [Ficus,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.  ]=Mesembryaceae :  herbs  and 
shrubs,  with  fleshy  leaves,  forming  a  division 
of  Perigynous  Exogens. 

Ficoids,  (fi'koidz).  [Ficus,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
f or m.]= Ficoidales,  q.v. 

Ficus,  (  f  i'kus  ).  [  The  Latin  name.  ]= Fig- 
tree  :  a  wide-spreading  tree,  with  short 
thick  trunk,  belonging  to  Urticaceje.  F. 
lenjamina  =  Benjamin  tree.  F .  car  tea  = 
Common  fig.  F.  cZa««i<ra=Caoutchouc  tree 
of  India.  F.  Indica  =  Banyan  tree.  F. 
religiosa=Bo  tree. 

Field,  (feld).  F.  Zmgr=Pentatoma.  F.  fare= 
Turdus  pilaris.  F.  glass:  between  the  object 
and  eye  glasses.  F.  lens=ihe  lens  of  a  com- 
pound eye-glass  which,  is  towards  the  field- 
glass. 

Tieldite,  (fel'dit).  [Mr.  Field.]  A  variety  of 
tetrahedrite. 

Fifth,  (fifth).  In  music:  the  interval  between 
a  note  and  another  four  notes  higher.  F. 
nerve:  the  sensitive  nerve  of  head  and  face; 
moves  the  masticating  muscles,  and  supplies 
sense  of  taste  to  the  tongue. 

Fig,  (fig).    [Fee,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Ficus,  q.v.: 
a  tree  of  which  the  fruit 
forms  a  kind  of  bag. 

Fig- eater  =  Beccafico  = 
Sylvia:  a  bird  belonging 
to  Insessores. 

Fighting  crab  =  Gelasi- 
inus  bellator:  a  crab 
having  one  claw  very 
large. 

Figures,  (fig'urz).  Chla- 
dni's  F.,  Faraday  and 
Melde'sF.,andLichten- 
berg's  F.,  q.v. 

Figure  stone=Agalrnatolite,  q.v. 

Fig-wort,  (fig'wurt).  [Fig  and  wort,  q.v.]= 
Scrophularia,  q.v. 

Filbert,  (fil'bert).  [Fill-beard  or  Philbert.]=: 
Corylus  avellana:  the  cultivated  hazel. 

File  fishes=Balistes,  q.v. :  named  from  the 
file-like  appearance  of  their  skins. 

Filicales= Ferns  :  vascular  plants  with  spore- 


bearing  leaves,  forming  a  division  of  Acro- 
gens,q.v. 

Filices,  (fil'i-sez).     [L.  filix,  fern.]=Ferns : 
As  arranged  by  Lindley— 

Gleicheniacese. 

Polypodiacese. 

Osmuudaceae. 

Danaeacere. 

Ophioglossaceae. 

As  arranged  by  Hooker— 

Hymenophylleae^ Filmy  ferns. 
Polypodies =Maiden  hair  fern. 
Osmundese=Fern-royal. 
Ophioglossea3=Adder's  tongue. 

Filicic  acid,  (fil'i-sik).  [Filices,  q. v.]  C^H^Cy. 

an  acid  substance  found  in  the  root  of  Aspi- 

dium  filix-mas. 
Filicinse,  (fil-is'i-ne).    [L.  filix,  fern.]=Filices. 

v.  Perleb's  classification. 
Filicoid,  (fil'i-koid).     [Filices,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 

form.]    Fern-like. 
Fillet,  (fillet).     [F.  filet,  thread.]    A  narrow 

moulding. 
Fillings.    Timber  in  the  lower  part  of  a  ship, 

to  strengthen  it  and  prevent  hogging,  q.v. 
Filter,  (fil'ter).    [Filtre,  the  French  word.]  An 

apparatus  for  separating  water,  or  any  other 

liquid,  from  any  solid  impurities  in  it,  by 

means  of  a  porous  substance  through  which 

it  percolates. 
Filtration,  (fil-tra'shun).     [Filter,  q.v.]    The 

process  of  filtering  a  liquid,     v.  Filter. 
Fimbrias,    (fim'bri-e).      [The    Latin    word.] 

Fringe-like  processes:  on  animals,  plants,  <fcc. 
Fin,  (fin).     [The  A.-S.  word.]    An  expansion 

of  the  integument 

in  fishes,  servingfor 

propulsion  and  sup- 
port.    Pectoral  P.: 

analogue     of     an- 
terior limbs.     Yen- . 

tral  F. :  analogue  of 

posterior  limbs. 
Fin-whale.  A  whale 

having  a  dorsal  fin. 

=  Balaanoptera  and 

Physalus. 
Finch,   (finsh).      [Fine,   the    A.-S.   name.]= 

Fringilla ;  also  a  general  name  for  the  family 

Fringillidae. 
Finder.     A  small  telescope    attached  to  an 

astronomical  telescope  ;  used  to  find  more 

readily  any  required  star,  <fec. 
Fingers,    (fing'gerz).       [The    A.-S.    word.]— 

Digits  :  the  terminations  of  the  hand.   First 

F.=  Index  F. 
Finial,  (fin'i-al).     [L.  finis,  end.] 

The  termination    of    a    spire, 

pinnacle,  &c.;  often  in  the  form 

of  flowers,  leaves,  fruit,  &c. 
Finners,  (fin'nerz).    [Fin,  q.v.] 

Fin-whales. 
Finner,   (fin'ner).      [Fin,   q.v.]= 

Finner -whale  =  Balaenoptera, 

q.v.;  the  largest  animal  known, 

90  feet  long. 
Fiorite,  (fi'o-rit).     A  variety  of 

opal,  q.v. 


Fins. 

e,  anal ;  /,  caudal ; 

a,  dorsal ;  c,  pectoral ; 

d,  veutraL 


FIB 


129 


FLAG 


Fir-tree. 


Fir,  (fer).  [A.-S.  /«rfc.]=Pinus:  a  tree  be- 
longing  to  Coniferse, 
Q.V.;  also  called  Abies. 
Norway  F.  = Abies-ex- 
celsa.  Silver  F.— Abies 
Picea.  F.  rapes=.Mono- 
tropacese. 

Tire,  (fir).  [Fyr,  the 
A.-S.  word.]  F.  damp=: 
Carburetted  hydrogen 
and  air,  which  takes 
fire  with  explosive  viol- 
ence. F.  6irrf=Balti- 
more  oriole.  F.  blende 
=-Pyrostilpnite.  F. 
clay:  a  variety  of  clay 
free  from  alkaline  earth,  which  therefore 
resists  the  action  of  heat.  v.  Dinas  and 
Stourbridge  F.  files;  glow-worm,  &c.  v. 
Lampyrida;.  F.  taite=Chrysidid8e:  insects 
parasitic  in  nests  of  other  insects.  F.  tree= 
Nuytsia  floribunda,  named  from  its  bright 
orange  blossoms. 

Firkin,  (fer'kin).  [A.-S.  fewer,  fourth  part,.] 
A  small  cask  containing  nine  gallons ;  named 
from  being  the  fourth  part  of  a  barrel. 
Firolidse,  (fi-rol'i-de).  Gaskeropods  with  veiy 
large  bodies,  and  either  very  small  shells  or 
none. 

Fischerite,    (fis'ser-it).     A.   mineral,   chiefly 
phosphate  of  aluminum. 
Fish,    (fish).      [Fisc,   the   A.-S.    name.]     A 
vertebrate,  oviparous,  cold-blooded  animal, 
adapted  to  aquatic  life  ;  breathing  by  means 
of  gills,  and  moving  by  means  of  fins.    Elec- 
tric F.,  v.  Electric.    F.  a#g=Devonian.    F. 
Zice=Cymothoa :  a  small  sessile-eyed  crusta- 
cean, belonging  to  Isopoda. 
Fisher-eaglez=Haliaetus    maei=Palco  maei : 
a  bird  of  prey  belonging  to  Falconidae. 
Fishes.    Fossil  remains  of  fishes  very  plenti- 
ful in  Devonian  rocks ;  not  found  in  rocks 
older  than  Ludlow  :  no  order  of  fishes  is 
entirely  fossil.    Classified  by  Cuvier  as— 

Chondropterygii. 

Acanthoptery. 

Malacopterygii. 
By  Huxley— 

PharyngobranchiL 

Marsipobranchii. 

Teleostei. 

Ganoidei. 

Elasmobrauchii. 

Dipnoi 
By  Muller— 

Leptocardia. 

Cyclostomata. 

Teieostei. 

Ganoidei. 

Selachia. 

Fish-eye-stone=Apophyllite,  q.v. 
Fishing  frog=Lophius  piscatorius. 
Fissilinguia,  (fis-si-ling'wi-a).    [L.  fissus,  split ; 
lingua,  tongue.]    A  term  used  for  lizards 
which  have  bifid  tongues. 
Fission,  (fis'shun).    [L.fissura,  cleft.]    Multi- 
plication by  division,     v.  Keproduction. 
Fissiparity,  (fis-si-par'i-ti).    [L.  fissus,  split ; 
pario,  I  bear.]=Fissiparous  generation :  a 


variety  of  gemmation ,  q.  v.  •  e.g. ,  in  Annellata, 
in  which  a  number  of  consecutive  individuals 
appear  in  a  connected  .row,  the  last  only 
being  sexual. 

Fissiparous,  (fis-sip'a-rus).  [L.  fissus,  split; 
pario,  I  bring  forth.]  Asexual  generation, 
in  which  the  body  of  one  animal  splits  into 
two. 

Fissipedia,  ( fis-si-ped'i-a ).  [L.  fissus,  split; 
pes,  foot.]=Cats,  dogs,  bears,  &c.;  carnivor- 
ous terrestrial  quadrupeds,  having  the  toes 
free  from  each  other,  forming  a  sub-division 
of  Carnivora,  q.v. 

Fissirostres,  (fis-si-ros'tres).  [L.  fissus,  split  ; 
rostram,  beak.]  Swallows:  a  sub-division  of 
Insessores. 

Fissura,  (fis-su'ra).  [The  Latin  word.]  v. 
Fissure.  F.  C7asseri=Glasserian  fissure,  q.v. 
F.  -RoZ«nrfi=Roland's  fissure,  q.v.  F.  Sylvii 
= Fissure  of  Sylvius. 

Fissure,  (fish'ur).  [Fissura,  the  Latin  word.] 
A  narrow  cleft.  Glasserian  F.=in  the  ear. 
Roland's  F.=in  the  brain.  F.  of  Sylvius:  a 
deep  groove  in  the  upper  surface  of  the  brain, 
sepai'ating  the  anterior  and  middle  portions. 

Fistularidse,  (fis-tu-lar'i-de).  [L.  fistula,  pipe.] 
=Pipe  mpuths=:Apodoxis  Echinodermata : 
animals  with  worm-like  bodies,  connecting 
Echinodermata  with  Annelida,  and  thus 
connecting  Radiata  with  Annulosa. 

Fitzgerald's  sounding  machine.  A  modifica- 
tion of  the  Bull-dog  machine,  used  for  deep- 
sea  sounding,  q.v.  Used  in  the  "  Lightning  " 
expedition  in  1868. 

Fitzinger's  classification  of  animals:— 
Yertebrata,  having  animal  organs — 
Mammalia. 
Birds. 
Reptiles. 
Fishes. 

Evertebrata,  having  vegetable  organs— 
Arthrozoa. 

Dermatozoa=Mollusca. 
Pbysiozoa. 
Gasterozoa,  q.v. 

Fitzroy  barometer.  A  modification  of  the 
siphon  barometer,  q.v. 

Fixed.  F.  air:  an  old  name  for  carbonic  an- 
hydride: COg.  F.  liquids,  which  cannot  be 
vaporised  by  heat,  owing  to  decomposition 
taking  place.  F.  oils  :  those  which  are  not 
volatilised  by  heat  below  450°  F.;  v.  oils.  F. 
stars:  those  that  always  occupy  the  same 
places  in  the  heavens,  and  whose  relative 
positions  do  not  change,  excepting  within 
very  narrow  limits;  one  of  the  nearest  to  us, 
61  Cygni,  is  59  billions  of  miles  distant. 

Flacourtia,  (fla-kor'ti-a).  [M.  Flacourt.]  A 
plant,  the  type  of  Flacourtiaceae. 

Flacourtiaceae,  (fla-kor'ti-a'se-e).  [Flacourtia, 
<7.-!;.]=Bixads:  shrubs  and  trees  with  leathery 
leaves  and  axillary  flowers,  belonging  to 
Violales,  found  chiefly  in  E.  and  W.  India 
and  Africa. 

Flag,  (flag).    [From  flag,  to  hang  down.]  The 

popular  name  of  several  water-side  plants. 

Yellow  F.=Iris  pseudacorus.     Sweet  F.= 

Acorus.    F.  sfone=Laminated  sandstone. 

I 


FLAGELLATA 


130 


FLUID 


[Flame.]     Phoeni- 


Flagellata,  (  fla-jel-la'ta  ).  [L.  flagdlum,  a 
whip.]  Infusoria  which  move  by  means  of 
flagellfe  or  long  filaments. 

Flagelhun,  (  fla-jel'lum  ).  [  L.  jlagellum,  a 
whip.]  Any  whip-like  body  or  appendage, 
as  the  trailing  stem  of  a  plant,  &c. 

Flakes,  (flaks).  [Flace.ihe  A.-S.word.]  Scales 
or  small  plates.  Flint  F.=Flat  pieces  of 
flint,  broken  off  artificially.  Obsidian  F.= 
Knocked  off  by  pressure. 

Flamboyant,  (  flam-bo/ant ).  [The  French 
word.]  A  style  of  architecture,  named  from 
the  lines  of  tracery  in  the  windows,  which 
suggest  the  idea  of  flames.  Dates  from  the 
15th  century. 

Flame,  (flam).  [Flamma,  the  Latin  word.] 
A  luminous  phenomenon  which  frequently 
occurs  when  chemical  combination  occurs  at 
a  high  temperature,  v.  Combustion,  v. 
Light.  The  brightness  of  a  gas  flame  varies 
with  the  pressure  of  the  gas.  F.  moth= 
Anticlea  rubidata. 

Flamingo,  (fla-ming'go). 
copterus :  a  duck-like 
bird,  with  long  and 
slender  legs ;  named 
from  its  red  colour. 

Flannel,(flan'nel).  [Flan- 
nelle,  the  French  word.  ] 
A  woollen  fabric,  of 
comparatively  thin  and 
loose  texture. 

Flat-head.  [Local  name 
in  Queensland.]=:Cera- 
todus,  q.v. 

Flat-fishes  =  Pleuronec- 
tidaa:  sole,  plaice,  tur-.iii.S3 
bot,    &c.  ;    fishes    with  Flamingo, 

the  bodies  compressed  sideways,  and  havin 
usually  both  eyes  on  one  side  of  the  head. 

Flax,  (flaks).  [Fleax,  the  A.-S  name.]= 
Linum:  a  plant,  belonging  to 
Linaceze,  the  fibres  of  which  are 
woven  to  form  linen.  Common 
F.  =  L.  usitatissimum.  New 
Zealand  .F.=Phormium.  Purg- 
ing F.  L.  catharticum. 

Flax-worts,  (flaks'wurts).  [Flax 
and  Wort,  g.v.]=Linace8eF  q.v. 

Flea,  (fl5).  [Flea,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Pulex:  a  wingless  insect,  be- 
longing to  Diptera.  Garden  F.  = 
Altica. 

Flemingites,  (flem'ing-ites).  [Mr. 
Fleming.]    Probably  spores  or  sporangia  of 
Lepidode  udron. 

Flemish  bond.    v.  Bond. 

Flesh,  (  flesh).  [Fla-sc,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
complex  substance  of  muscles,  nerves,  lym- 
phatic, and  blood-vessels,  with  intermediate 
connective  tissue  and  water.  F.  animals= 
Head  animals ;  Oken's  term  for  Vertebrata. 
F.  ^?/=Musca  camaria. 

Fleshy  polypes=Actinia,  <fec.,  q.v. 

Flies,  (fliz).  [Plural  of  Fly,  q.v.}  Insects  be- 
longing to  Diptera. 

Flint,  (flint).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  A  variety 
of  native  silica,  found  chiefly  in  chalk  rocks. 
liquor  of  f.;  a  solution  of  flint  in  potassio 


hydrate.     F.    rope  =  Stem    of   Hyalonema 

Sieboldii:  a  sponge.    F.  glass:  a.  silicate  of 

potash  and  lead. 
Flixweed,  (fliks'\ved)=Sisymbrium  Sophia :  a 

plant  belonging  to  Brassicacese. 
Floating.    F.  ribs= Vertebral  ribs.    F.  battery 

=A  small  Voltaic  cell  fixed  on  a  cork,  so  as 

to  float  on  water. 
Float-stone.     A   cellular  variety  of  native 

silica  or  quartz. 
Floccular,  (flok'u-lar).     [L.  floccus,  a  lock  of 

wool.]=Flaky.     F.  process:  in  cerebellum 

of  brain,  fitting  into  a  petrous  bone. 
Flocculus  of   cerebellum=Floccular   process, 

Flook,  (fl66k).  1.  =  Flounder,  q.v.  2.  = 
Flucan,  q.v. 

Flora,  (flo'ra).  [L.  flos,  flower.]  1.  A  collec- 
tive term  including  all  the  plants  of  a  district. 
cf.  Fauna.  2.  Also  used  for  a  description  of 
such  plants.  3.  No.  8  of  minor  planets,  q.v. 

Floral  leaves=Perianth,  q.v. 

Flounder=Platessa  flesus;  also  called  Fluke 
and  Flook. 

Flour  beetle=Tenebrio  molitor. 

Flower,  (flow'er).  [Flos,  the  Latin  word.]  1. 
That  part  of  a  flowering  plant  which  pro- 
duces the  seed  ;  consists  of  modified  leaves ; 
used  also  for  the  compound  structure  which 
contains  the  sexual  organs  of  mosses ;  is  pro- 
duced by  plants  when  the  growth  is  l>i>iri li- 
ning to  cease.  2.  Used  sometimes  for  sub- 
limates in  a  powdered  form,  as  flour  of 
brimstone,  &c.  F.  anim«fls=Anthozoa,  q.v. 

Flowers  of  tan.  Receptacles  of  ^Ethalium, 
belonging  to  Gasteromycetcs ;  named  from 
growing  on  tan. 

Flowering,  (flow'er-ing).  [Flower,?.*.]  Having 
flowers,  especially  having  them  in  a  distinct 
form.  F.  /rni=Osmuuda,  q.v.  F.  rwsA= 
Butomus,  q.v. 

Flowering  plants=Phanerogamia= 
Gymnosperms,      having  no  ovary. 


Flowerless  plants,  (flow'er-les).    [Flower,  q.v.] 
Plants   without    distinguishable    flowers  = 
Thallogens:  stems  and  leaves  not  distin- 
guishable; 
Acrogens:  stems  and  leaves  separate. 

Flucans,  (flu'kans).  [Probably  from  FlooJc,  a 
Cornish  word.]  Fissures  filled  with  clay:  a 
Cornish  term  for  cross-courses  in  sedimentary 
rocks. 

Fluellin,  (flu-el'lin).  Male  F.  =Lineria  spuria: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Scrophulariacese. 

Fluellite,  (flu'el-lit).  A  mineral,  chiefly  a 
compound  of  fluorine  and  aluminum.- 

Fluid,  (flu'id).  [Fluid*!,  the  Latin  word.]  1.= 
Liquid:  a  condition  intermediate  between 
the  solid  and  aeriform  conditions;  in  which 
the  particles  lie  closely  together,  yet  are  free 
to  move  individually.  2. :=  Liquid  or  gas:  any 
body  which  is  not  solid,  so  that  the  particles 
can  move  individually.  Electric  F.,  v.  Elec- 
tric. Elastic  F.:  a  fluid,  the  volume  of  which 
is  dependent  upon  the  amount  of  pressure; 
applied  especially  to  gases.  Magnetic  F.,  v. 
Magnetic. 


FLTTIDACIA 


131 


FOIL 


Fluidacia,  (flu-i-da'si-a).  [Fluid,  q.v.]  v. 
Damortier. 

Tluke,  (fluk)=Flounder,  q.v.  F.  worm,  v. 
Trematoda.  v.  Cercaria. 

Tluo,  (flu'o).  [Fluorine,  q.v.]  A  prefix:  ex- 
pressing the  presence  of  fluorine. 

Fluo-boric  acid,  (nu-o-bo'rik).  [Fluorine  and 
Boron,  q.v.]  B203.6HF=Boro-fluoric :  a 
solution  of  boro-fluoride  in  water;  an  oily 
corrosive  liquid. 

Fluocerine.  (flu'o-ser-in).  [Fluo  and  Cerium, 
q.v.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  cerium  and  fluorine. 

Fluocerite,  (flu'o-ser-it).  [Fluo  and  Cerurn, 
q.v.]  A  haliod  mineral  of  the  fluorite  group, 
chiefly  cerium  and  fluorine. 

Fluochlore,  [flQ'o-klor).  [Fluo  and  Chlorine, 
q.v.]=Pyrochlore,  q.v. 

Fluor,  (flu'or).  [L.  fluo,  I  flow.  ]= Fluor-spar. 
F.  apatite :  a  variety  of  apatite.  F.  spar= 
Calcic  fluoride=CaF2:  the  only  commonly 
found  native  compound  of  fluorine;  also 
called  Fluor,  Fluorite,  and  Derbyshire  spar. 

Fluorene,  ( fliYo-ren  ).  [Fluorine,  q.v.]  = 
CisHjo :  a  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  coal 
tar. 

Fluorescein,  (flu-o-res'In).=C2oHi2O5:  a  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from  resorcin ; 
named  from  becoming  fluorescent  when  dis- 
solved in  ammonia. 

Fluorescence,  (flil-6-res'ans).  [Fluor,  q.v.] 
The  property  of  some  usually  invisible  rays 
of  a  spectrum  to  become  visible  when  their 
rates  of  vibration  are  altered.  Ex.  If  a  screen 
receiving  a  solar  spectrum  be  soaked  in  solu- 
tion of  ajsculine,  the  spectrum  is  lengthened, 
moime  rays  becoming  visible:  caused  by  flour- 
spar,  and  other  substances  which  reduce  the 
vibrations  of  invisible  rays,  so  as  to  make 
them  visible. 

Fluorhydric  acid,  (flu-or-hi'drik).  [Fluorine 
and  Hydrogen, 5.v.]=HF=Hydrogen fluoride 
= Hydrofluoric  acid,  q.v. 

Fluorides,  (flu'6-ridz).  [Fluorine,  q.v.}  Com- 
pounds of  fluorine  and  a  metaL 

Fluorine,  (flu'6-rm  or   flu'o-ren).     [Fluo,  to 

,  flo\v.]=rF':  a  colourless  gas,  obtained  separate 
with  difficulty,  one  of  the  Halogens,  q.v. 

Fluorite,  (flu'6-rit).  [Fluor,  2.v.]=Fluor:  a 
mineral,  chiefly  fluoride.  F.  group  of 
minerals:  includes  fluorite,  fluocerite,  cryo- 
lite, and  yttrocerite. 

Flustra,  (flus'tra).  —  Sea-mat :  a  compound 
animal  belonging  to  Polyzoa,  consisting  of 
minute  animals  livingin  aggregations;  named 
from  their  mat-like  appearance. 

Flustridae,  (flus'tri-de).  [Flustra,  q.v.]=Sea.- 
mats:  a  family  of  Polyzoa,  of  which  Flustra 
is  the  type. 

Fluvio  marine,  (Flft'vi-o  ma-ren').  [L.  fluvius, 
river;  mare,  sea.  ]  Related  to  both  river  and 
sea.  F.  strata:  brought  to  the  sea  by  the 
action  of  rivers. 

Fluviales,  (flfi'vi-a-lez).  [L.  fluvius,  river.] 
=Naiadacefe,  q.v. 

Flux,  (fluks).  [L.  fluo,  flow.]  A  substance 
used  in  smelting  to  form  fusible  compounds 
with  the  earthy  matters  found  in  the  ores. 
Black  F.  =  Potassic  carbonate  and  carbon. 
White  jP.zrPotassic  carbonate  and  nitre, 


Fluxions,    (fluk-shunz).      [L.  fluo,  I  flow.]= 
Differential  calculus,  q.v. 

Fly,(fli).  [Fleoge,  the  A.-S.  name.l=Musca: 
an  insect  belonging  to  Diptera.  mistering 
.F.=Cantharis.  Boat  .F.=Notonecta.  Sot 
F.  =  (Estrus  equi.  Suiter  F.  =  Papilio. 
Caddis  F.  =Phryganea.  Crane  .F.  =Tipula. 
Day  F.= Ephemera.  Dragon  F.  =Libellula. 
Fire  F.=Lampyra.  Flesh  F.^Musca  car- 
naria.  Gad  J'.=(Estrus.  Gall  F.  =Cynips. 
Golden  .F.=Chrysi8.  Harvest  .F.:=Cicadia. 
Horse  .F.=Hippobosca.  Lantern  J^.^Ful- 
gora.  Saw  F.  =  Teuthredo.  F.  catchers 
Muscicapa.  F.  fungus=Emp\iaa.  muscas.  F. 
wheel,  I.  Wheel.  F. 
bug  =  Reduvius  per- 
sonatus :  an  insect,  be- 
longing to  Heteroptera, 
which  devours  the  bed- 
bug. 

Flying.  F.  birds=Ca.ri- 
natee.  F.  bridge  =  a 
boat  moved  to  a  buoy, 
so  that  the  current 
moves  it  across  a  river. 
F.  buttress,  v.  Buttress. 
F.  dragon=Dr&co  volans:  a  small  Indian 
lizard.  f.j?s/t=Exocsetus.  F .  /oz=Pteropus. 
F.  frog  =  Rhacop- 
horua ;  has  large' 
webbed  feet  with 
adhesive  discs.  F- 
gurnard  =  Dacty- 
lopterus.  F,  lemur 
=  Galeopithecus. 
F.  lizard  =  Ptero- 
saur ia.  F.  squirrel, 
v.  Squirrel. 

Focal  distance,  (foTcal). 


Flying-buttress. 


Flying-flsh. 
[Focus,  q.v.] 


The 


distance  of  the  focus  from  a  mirror. 

Foci,  (fo'si).  Plural  of  Focus.  Calorific  P.: 
focus  of  heat  rays.  Luminous  P.:  focus  of 
light  rays.  Acoustic  P.:  focus  of  sound  rays. 

Focus,  (fo'kus).  [The  Latin  word.]  Point  of 
concentration.  Real  F. ;  formed  in  front  of 
a  mirror  by  reflected  converging  rays  of  light. 
Virtual  F.:  apparently  formed  behind  a 
mirror.  Conjugate  P.,  v.  Spherical  mirror. 

Fosniculum,  (fe-nik'u-lum).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Fennel:  an  herb  belonging  to  Urn  belli  ferae. 

Foetal,  (fe'tal).  [Foetus,  q.v.]  Related  to  a 
foetus.  F.  cotyledons,  v.  Cotyledon.  F. 
life:  the  period  of  life  during  which  the 
individual  exists  in  the  foetal  state. 

Foetus,  (fe'tus).  [The  Latin  name.]  The 
young  of  vertebrate  animals  between  the 
embryo  and  independent  states;  the  per- 
fected embryo  during  the  period  previous  to 
its  separation  from  the  parent. 

Fog,  (fog).  [Fok,  the  Icelandic  word.]  A 
visible  vapour  floating  in  the  air,  near  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  F.  signals :  usually  by 
means  of  sound,  to 
give  notice  of  danger 
in  case  of  fog. 

Foil,  (foil).    [L.  folium, 
leaf.]       1.    Very    thin 
sheets  of  metal.     2.   A        Foils.    (Arch.) 
rounded  or  leaf-like  ornament   in  tracery. 


FOLIACEOTTS 


132 


FORMICA 


Tre-F.  =having  three  leaves  or  cusps,  Quatre- 
.F.=:having  four  leaves  or  cusps.  Cinque-F. 
=having  five  leaves  or  cusps. 

Foliaceous,  ( fo-li-a'shus ).  [Foliaceus,  the 
Latin  word.]  Leaf -like. 

Foliaceae,  (  fo-Ji-a'se-e ).  [L.  foliaceus,  leaf- 
like.]  =  Hepaticse  and  Musci,  q.v.  Plants 
with  leaf-like  expansions  :  a  sub-division  of 
Acotyledons.  v.  De  Candolle's  classifica- 
tion. 

Foliation,  (fo-li-a'shun).  [L.  folium,  leaf.]= 
Feathering:  splitting  into  leaves. 

Folkestone  and  Hythe  Beds.  Sand  belong- 
ing to  Upper  Neocomian. 

Follicle,  (fol'li-kl).  [L.  folliculus,  a  little 
sack.]  1.  A  dry  dehiscent  fruit,  consisting 
of  a  single  carpel,  cf.  Legume.  2.  A  liHle 
bladder. 

Folliculares,  (fol-li-ka-la'rez).  [L.  folliculus,  a 
little  sack.]  A  sub-division  of  Proteaceae,  q.v. 

Follower.  Used  in  machinery,  for  the  one  of 
two  pieces  which  is  moved  by  the  other. 

Fomalhaut.  A  star  in  Piscis  Australia,  of  the 
first  magnitude. 

Fontanelles,  (  fon'ta-nelz ).  [P.  fontanelle, 
little  fountain.]  Membranous  intervals  be- 
tween the  bones  of  the  skull,  exist  only  in 
infancy;  named  from  the  pulsation  of  the 
brain  being  felt. 

Food,  (food).  [Foda,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Sub- 
stances taken  into  the  alimentary  canal, 
from  which  nourishment  of  the  body  can  be 
obtained;  always  contain  protein,  and  are 
usually  of  unstable  chemical  composition. 
Divided  into  Proteidx:  such  as  albumen, 
gluten,  casein,  &c.  Fats:  such  as  oils,  fat, 
&c.  Amyloids:  such  as  starch,  sugar,  gums, 
&c.  Minerals:  water,  and  various  salts.  Iu 
warm  countries  the  food  should  contain  an 
excess  of  oxygen,  in  cold  countries  an  excess 
of  carbon,  above  the  average. 

Fool's  parsley =.32thusa,  q.v. 

Foot,  (fdt).  (Fot,  the  A.-S.  word]  1.  The 
extremity  of  the  posterior  limb  in  man, 
quadrupeds,  <fcc.  2.  A  measure  of  length, 
the  unit  of  measurement  in  physics=12  in. 
F.  jaw  =  Maxillipedes,  q.v.  F.  pound,  a 
measure  of  energy =one  pound  raised  through 
one  foot  against  gravitation.  F.  prints, 
fossil:  footmarks  of  quadrupeds  and  birds, 
found  as  far  back  as  the  Silurian  rocks,  v. 
liithicnozoa. 

Foraging  ahts=Ecitons,  q.v. 

Foramen,  (for-a'men).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
hole,  or  small  opening.  F.  of  Monro,  in  the 
cerebrum  of  the  brain.  F.  of  Pannizzce,  be- 
tween the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery,  in 
reptiles.  F.  of  Sommering,  in  the  eye :  a 
rounded  elevation  in  the  centre  of  the  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  retina:  named  from 
being  supposed  to  be  a  foramen;  also  called 
Yellow-spot.  F.  of  Vesalii,  in  the  greater 
wing  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  F.  of  Winslow, 
between  the  stomach  and  liver. 

Foraminifera.  (for-ii-min-if er-a).  [L.  foramen, 
hole ;  fero,  I  bear.]  Animals  belonging  to 
Rhizopoda,  usually  living  in  perforated 
shells,  and  having  long  filamentous  pseudo- 
podia.  Classified  according  to  texture  of 


shell  rather  than  manner  of  growth.  Classi- 
fied by  D'Orbigny,  Carpenter,  and  others. 
Force,  (fors).  [L.  fortis,  strong.]  The  cause 
of  motion :  measured  by  the  velocity  and  mass 
of  the  moving  body:  called  pressure,  and 
measured  by  weight,  when  acting  vertically 
downwards.  F.  pump :  to  pump  up  water, 
&c.,  against  gravitation.  F.  of  gravity:  v. 
Gravitation.  F.  of  running  water:  3  in.  per 
second  moves  fine  clay,  12  in.  fine  gravel, 
24  in.  small  pebbles,  36  in.  stones  as  large 


Forces,  (fors'ez).  [Force,  q.v.}  Plural  of  Force, 
q.v.  Molecular  F.,  v.  Molecular.  Polygon 
of  P.,  a  diagram  representing  a  number  of 
forces,  acting  upon  a  point  in  equilibrium, 
consisting  of  a  polygon,  of  which  each  side 
represents  one  of  the  forces;  the  direction  of 
the  force  is  indicated  by  the  direction  of  the 
line,  and  the  amount  of  the  force  by  its  length. 
Triangle  of  F.,&  polygon  of  forces,  in  which 
there  are  but  three  forces. 

Forest,  (for'est).  [Foresta,  the  Italian  word.] 
F.  Bed  of  Norfolk,  with  bones  of  elephant, 
extending  40  miles.  F.  ^Zies=Hippobosca, 
q.v.  F.  marble,  a  bed  of  sandstone  belong- 
ing to  Lower  Oolite;  also  called  Bath  Oolite. 

Forficula,  (for-fik'u-la).  [The  Latin  word.] 
1.  =  Earwig,  q.v.  2.  Small  forceps,  in  in- 
sects, &c. 

Forget-me-not  =  Myosotis  palustris,  a  small 
herb. 

Formaldehyde,  (form-al'de-hid).  [Formic  and 
Aldehyde,  q.v.]  =  CHoO  ;  also  called  formic 
aldehyde  and  methyfic  aldehyde,  obtained 
from  hydrogen  and  carbon  dioxide,  v.  Al- 
dehydes. 

Formamide,  (form'a-mld^CH^NO:  a  colour- 
less liquid,  ammonia  in  which  one  equi- 
valent of  H  is  replaced  by  one  of  CHO, 
obtained  by  heating  ethyl  formate  and  dry 
ammonia. 

Formates,  (form'uts).  [Formic,  q.v.]  Salts  of 
formic  acid. 

Formations,  (for-ma'shunz).  A  number  of 
rocks  that  are  alike  in  composition,  aee,  or 
origin.  Aqueous  F.,  v.  Aqueous.  Fresh- 
water F.t  found  in  Jakes  and  estuaries,  often 
of  great  thickness,  but  usually  of  small  ex- 
tent. Lacustrine  F.,  formed  at  the  bottom 
of  lakes.  Marine  F.,  formed  in  seas.  Metal- 
liferous F.t  v.  Metalliferous.  Stratified  F., 
v.  Strata,  v.  Aqueous.  Unstratifled  F.,  v. 
Unstratified.  Volcanic  F.,  v.  Volcanic. 

Formene,  (  for'men  ).  [Formic,  q.v.]  =  Me- 
thane, q.v. 

Formiates,  (for'rni-ats.)  [Formic,  g.v.]=For- 
mates. 

Formic,  (for'mik).  [Formica,  q.v.]  F.  acid 
=CH202 :  the  simplest  organic  acid,  obtained 
from  red  ants,  by  oxidation  of  organic  bodies, 
or  by  synthesis  of  hydrogen  and  carbon  di- 
oxide; a  fuming  corrosive  liquid.  F.  aide- 
7i#d<;=Formaldehyde.  F.  ether =(C.2II5)CHO2 
=Ethyl  Formiate.  F.  ethers=Formia.tes  of 
methyl,  ethyl,  tetry],  &c.:  formic  acid  in 
which  the  basic  hydrogen  has  been  replaced 
by  an  alcoholic  radicle. 

Formica,  (for'mi-ka).     [Tho  Latin  name.]= 


FOBMICIDJE 


133 


FRACTION 


Ant,  q.v.:  an  insect  belonging  to  Hymen- 
optera. 

Fonnicidse,  (for-mi'si-de).  [Formica,  $.•».]= 
Ants:  insects  living  in,  communities,  belong- 
ing to  Hymenoptera. 

Formionitrile,  (for-mi-6-ni'tril).  [Formyl  and 
Nitrogen,  2.v.]=:CHN=Hydro-cyanic  acid, 
q.v.  Formamide,  from  which  the  elements 
of  water  have  been  removed,  v.  Nitriles. 

Formula,  (for'ma-la).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
general  expression,  usually  in  symbols.  Ex. 
H2O  is  the  formula  for  water;  CNH  that  of 
prussic  acid,  <bc. 

Formulae,  (for'mu-le).  [The  Latin  word.] 
General  expressions,  usually  in  symbols,  used 
in  chemistry,  mathematics,  mechanics,  &c. 
Empirical  F.  express  the  actual  result  of  a 
given  experiment.  Rational  F.  express  this 
result  in  a  form  denoting  some  theory. 
Dental  F.  express  the  normal  number  and 
arrangement  of  the  teeth;  v.  Dental  formulae, 
F.  of  motion:  v—ft;  s=$fP:  v2=2/s:  /=rate 
of  acceleration:  Z=time. 

Formulaic  equations,(for-mu-la'ik).  [Formula, 
q.v.]  Those  of  which  one  member  is  readily 
seen  to  be  the  same  as  the  other,  but  in  a 
different  form:  ex.  a2-b*=(axb)(a-b). 

Formyl,  (for'mil).  [Formic  acid,  q.v.]=CT3.O 
= Radicle,  of  formic  acid,  not  known  in  a 
separate  form,  formerly  also  used  for  Xylyl, 
q.v. 

Formylia,  (for-mi'li-a).  [Formyl,  2.v.]=Ethy- 
lenia,  q.v. 

Fornix,  (  for'niks  ).  [  L.  fornix,  arch.  ]  A 
lamella  of  white  fibrous  matter  in  the  brain, 
beneath  the  corpus  callosum. 

Forschammer's  regions.  Of  sea  water,  v. 
Regions. 

Forsterite,  (fors'ter-It).  [Mr.  Forster.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  magnesium. 

Fortification,  ( for-ti-fi-ka/shun  ).  [  L.  fortis, 
strong ;  facio,  I  make.  ]  1.  The  science 
and  art  of  fortifying  towns,  &c.  2.  The 
buildings  intended  for  defence. 

!Fortin's  barometer.  A  more  portable  modifi- 
cation of  the  cistern-barometer. 

Fortuna,  (for-tu'na).  [Classical.]  No.  19  of 
the  minor  planets,  q.v. 

Fosse,  (fos).  [  L.  fossa,  ditch.  ]  1.  A  ditch 
or  moat.  2.  Used  in  anatomy  for  any 
cavity  in  a  bone,  <fcc. 

Fossil,  (fos'sil).  [L.fossilis,  dugout.]  1.  The 
remains  of  any  organic  substance  that  has 
been  buried  for  a  long  period  in  the  earth. 
2.  The  traces,  such  as  casts,  of  any  such  sub- 
stance. F.  botany:  period  of  Acrogens=: 
Silurian,  Carboniferous,  and  Permian  rocks; 
of  Gymnosperms=Lower  and  middle  Second- 
ary rocks ;  of  Angiosperms=:Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary  rocks.  F.  flax:  a  loose  silky  fibrous 
variety  of  asbestos.  F.  flour:  remains  of  in- 
fusoria; a  siliceous  mealy  earth,  used  for  fire- 
proof bricks.  F.  plants:  preserved  by  casts, 
carbonization,  infiltration,  and  petrifaction. 
F.  paper:  a  variety  of  asbestos,  named  from 
its  appearance.  F.  screics:  casts  of  the 
.interior  of  spiral  univalve  shells.  F.  verte- 
brata:  mammalia,  as  far  back  as  Upper  Trias 
rocks ;  birds,  as  far  back  as  Upper  Oolite ; 


reptilia,  as  far  back  as  Carboniferous  rocks  ; 

fishes,  as  far  back  as  Lower  Ludlow.     Cave 

fossil  and  semi-fossil   remains   of   Elephas, 

Rhinoceros,  Ursus,  Hyaena,  and  Man,  q.v. 
Fossiliferous,   (fos-sil-ifer-us).     [Fossil,   q.v.; 

li.fero,  I  bear.]      F.   formations= Aqueous 

formations,  q.v. 
Fougasse,   (fo'gas).     [The   French  word.]    A 

small    mine,    used    to    destroy  walls,   &c., 

under  which  it  is  sunk. 
Foumart,  (fd'mart).    [F.  fouine,  marten;  and 

marten,  q.v.  ]=Mus- 

tela,  q.v.;  the  pole- 
cat. 
Fountain.(foun'tan). 

[L.  fonx,  fountain.] 

A  small  stream  of 

water  rising    from 

the     ground.       F. 

%ftskes=  Ctenophora: 

whose  cilia  produce 


small   fountain -like 


Foumart, 
currents.      Hero's  F.: 


an  artificial  fountain  of  water,  caused  by  the 

pressure  of  air. 
Fouquieracese,  (f5-ke-ra'se-e).   [M.  Fouquiere.] 

Mexican  plants,  trees,  and  shrubs;  formerly 

included  in  Portulaceae. 

Fourth,  (forth).     In  music,  the  interval  be- 
tween any  note  and  the  fourth  note  above  it. 

F.  nerve=Trocblear  nerve,  q.v. 
Fousel  oil,  (fu'zel).=Amyl  alcohol,  q.v. 
Fovea.  (fo've-a).      [L.  fovea,  the  pit.]    Most 

sensitive  point  in  retina  of  eye  of  man  and 

apes;  a  minute  circular  pi*  in  the  macula 

lutea,  where  the  vision  is  most  distinct. 
Fovilla,  (fo-vil'la).     [L.  foveo,  I  nourish.]    A 

fluid,  containing  starch  granules  and  oily 

globules,  found  in  pollen. 
Fowl,   (fowl).      [Fugol,  the   A.-S.   name.]= 

Gallus  domesticus,  q.v. 
Fowlerite,    (fowl'er-It).      [Mr.    Fowler.]      A 

zinciferous  variety  of  Rhodonite. 
Fox,   (foks).     [The  A.-S.   name.]=Vulpes:  a 

carnivorous,     bur- 
rowing,    dog  -  like 

quadruped,  having 

a  bushy  tail.  Arctic 

f.:=Vulpes  lagopa. 
Fox-bat  =  Pteropus ' 

personatus:   a  bat, 

named      from    its 

fox-like  head. 
Fox-glove=Digitalis, 

from  the  sJiape  of  its  flowers. 
Fox-grapes.      Plants   of  N. 

America,  belonging  to  Vi- 

tacese. 
Fox-shark  =  Alopecida  =( 

charias  vulgaris,  called  also 

sea  fox.     v.  Shark.  « 

Foxtail   grass  =Alopecurus, 

q.v. 
Fracastorius,     (fra-kas-to'ri- 

us).     A  mountain  peak  in 

the  moon.  Fox-glove. 

Fraction,  (frak'shun).     [L.  frango,  I  break.] 

A  portion:  expressed  by  two  numbers,  as 

^>  f>  V»  &c->  °f  which  the  lower  number, 
the  denominator,  expresses  the  number  of 


q. 


Fox. 


an  herb,  named 


FEAGAfcIA 


134 


FRIES'S 


equal  parts  into  which  the  whole  of  a  given 
unit  is  divided ;  and  the  upper,  the  numer- 
ator, expresses  the  number  of  these  that  are 
taken.  Continued  F.  of  the  form— 

1 

"a+l 
6+1 

c+1,  &c. 

Improper  P.,  in  which  the  numerator  is 
greater  than  the  denominator.  Vanishing 
F  in  which  numerator  and  denominator 
both  become  0.  Proper  F.,  in  which  the 
numerator  is  less  than  the  denominator. 
Simple  P.,  in  which  the  numerator  and  de- 
nominator are  whole  numbers.  Complex  F., 
in  which  the  numerator  or  denominator  is 
a  fraction,  a*  A  7  M  &c-  Compound  F., 

a  fraction  of  a  fraction,  as  J  of  f .  Vulgar 
P.,  in  which  both  numerator  and  denomi- 
nator are  expressed,  as  \.  Decimal  F.,  in 
which  the  denominator  is  a  power  of  10,  and 
is  not  expressed  except  by  the  notation  of 
the  numerator,  as  '5. 

Fragaria,  (fra-ga'ri-a).  [L.  fra grans,  fragrant.  ] 
^Strawberry:  an  herb  with  edible  fruit, 
belonging  to  Rosaceaj. 

Francoacese,  (frau-k5-a'se-e).     [M.  Franco.]= 
Francoads:  stemless  herbs,  with  numerous 
small  seeds,  belonging  to  Ericales. 
Francolite,  (fran'ko-lit).     (Wheal  Franco,  a 

Cornish  mine.]    A  variety  of  Apatite,  q.v. 
Frangulin,  (fran'gu-lin).     C2oH2oOi0:  a  yel- 
low substance  obtained  from  bark  of  Rham- 
nus  frangula. 

Frangulic    acid,    (fran'gu-lik)     Gi^BsO^'.   a 
crystalline    acid    substance    from    bark    of 
Rhamnus  frangula. 
Frankenia,  (f ran-ko'ni-a).    [John  Frankeni  us.  ] 

=Sea-heath:  a  plant  found  in  salt  marshes. 
Frankeniacese,  (fran-ke-ni-ii'se-e).  [Frankenia, 
q.v.]    Herbs,  found  on  shores,  with  small 
flowers,  belonging  to  Violales. 
Frankincense,    ( frang'kin-sense ).      A    gum- 
resin  obtained  from  Amyridaceoe,  Croton, 
and  other  plants. 

Franklin's  theory  of  electricity,  That  it 
is  a  subtle,  imponderable  fluid,  present 
in  all  substances,  the  amount  of  which  is 
increased  in  some  and  diminished  in  others 
by  friction. 

Franklinite,  (frank'lin-it).  [Dr.  Franklin.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  oxides  of  iron,  manganese, 
and  zinc. 

Franklinic  electricity=Frictional  electricity. 
Fraunhofer's    lines,   (frown'hof-er).      [Herr 
Fraunhofer  of  Bavaria.]     The  dark  lines  in 
the    solar    spectrum,   of   which    there    are 
several  thousands,     v.  Spectrum. 
Fraxin,  (fraks'in).      [Fraxinus,  q.v.]    Cig'n^ 
Oi0.H2O:  a  crystalline  substance  obtairiec 
from  the  bark  of  the  ash,  resembles  esculin 
also  called  Paviin. 

Fraxinus,  (fraks'i-nus).  [The  Latin  name. 
=Ash:  a  tree,  belonging  to  Oleacefe,  the 
timber  of  which  is  tough  and  elastic.  Flower 
ing  Ash^Ornus,  q.  v. 


Freestone,  (fre'ston).  A  general  term  for  any 
stone  which  can  be  cut  easily  in  any  direc- 
tion, and  which  has  no  distinct  cleavage. 
Sometimes  confined  to  sandstone,  but  also 
used  for  sandstones,  limestones,  and  even 
granite. 

Freezing,  (fre-zing).  [A.-S.  freosan,  cold.] 
The  solidification  of  a  liquid,  as  the  con- 
version of  water  into  ice.  F.  mixtures: 
compounds  which,  when  becoming  liquid, 
absorb  heat,  and  so  cool  any  object  in  con- 
tact with  them.  Ex.  Snow  and  salt :  phos- 
phate of  sodium  and  nitric  acid.  F-  point: 
of  fresh  water=32°  F.— 0°  C ;  of  sea  water= 
2-25°  C=27'4°  F. 

Freia.    No.  76  of  the  minor  planets,  q.v. 
Freibergite,   (  fri'ber-git ).     [  Freiburg.  ]      A 

variety  of  Tetrahedrite. 

Freieslebenite,  (fre/le-ben-It).  [Herr  Freies- 
leben.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  lead,  silver, 
stibium,  and  sulphur. 

French,  F.  bean  =  Phaseolus  vulgaris.  F. 
6oi£er=Elephant  boiler:  one  large  and  two 
smaller  cylinders  connected  by  transverse 
pipes.  F.  chalk= A  variety  of  talc.  F.  weights 
and  measures,  v.  Metric  system.  F.  unitvf 
electrical  resistance  :  1  kilometre  of  iron  wire 
4mm.  indiaineter=9ohms  nearly.  F.  polish 
=A  solution  of  gum  shellac  in  alcohol.  F. 
sote=Solea  pegusa.  F.  gurnard^lug^  Kne- 
ata.  F.  tanline='Yo\\i\g  pilchard. 
Frenelites,  (fren'e-lits).  Fossil  remains  of 
coniferous  plants,  found  in  Lower  Clay,  in 
Kent. 

Fre&co,  (fres'kS).  [It.  fresco,  fresh.]  Paint- 
ing in  water  colours  on  wet  plaster.  Dry 
F.  on  dry  plaster,  cf.  Tempera,  v.  Paint- 
ing. 

Fresnel's  rhomb,  (fra'nel).  [M.  Fresnel.] 
An  instrument,  essentially  a  rhomb  of  glass, 
for  the  circular  or  elliptical  polarization  of 
light,  invented  by  M.  Fresnel. 
Friable,  (fri'a-bl).  [Friabilis,  the  Latin 
word.]  =  Pulverulent :  easily  reduced  to 
powder. 

Friar-birds,  An  Australian  variety  of  honey- 
eaters. 

Friction,  (frik'shun).  [Frictio,  the  Latin 
word.]  Resistance  to  motion,  caused  by 
roughness.  Statical  F.:  the  resistance  which 
tends  to  present  the  motion  of  a  body  at 
rest.  Dynamical  F.:  the  resistance  which 
diminishes  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body. 
Coefficient  of  -F.  =  |-:  where  F=Friction.  P. 
=pressure.  F.  wheels:  small  wheels  inter- 
posed to  reduce  friction. 
Frictional  electricity,  v.  Electricity. 
Fries's  classification  of  plants  :  according  to 
fruits. 

Dicotyledons — • 
Corolliflora;. 
Thalamiflone. 
Calyciflone. 
Incomplete. 
Monocotyledons. 
Cryptogams— 

HeteronemefC. 
Homonemeot. 


FRIEZE 


135 


FULMINATES 


Frieze,  (frez).  [J?me, 

the  French  word. 

The  portion  of  an 

entablature,u  sually 

sculptured,     above 

the  architrave  and 

below  the  cornice. 
Friga.   No.  77  of  the       || 

minor  planets,  q.v.  Frieze. 

Frigate,  (frig'at).      [Freyate,    the   French 

word.]    A  large  vessel 

of  war  with  two  decks. 

J*.  &2'rd=Tachypetes:  a 

bird,  belonging  to  Nata- 

tores,  having  very  long 

wings    and    tail,    and 


great  power  of  flying. 
Fringe  -  myrtles  =  Cha- 


Frigate. 
Finches:  small 


mselauciaceae,  q.v. 
Fringilla,   (  frin  -  gil'la  ). 

[L.  fringilla,  chaflSnch.] 

song   birds,   the  type  of   Fringillidse.      F. 

spintts=Barley  bird.     F.  coelebs=Cba.f&nch.] 
Fringillidse  (frin-jil'i-de).      [Fringilla,   q.v.] 

Finches,   larks,   &c.:   perching  birds,   with 

short  thick  beaks,  belonging  to  Insessores. 
Fringing  reef=Coral  reef:  when  apparently 

an  extension  of  the  coast. 
Frisians,  (friz'i-anz).     A  European  race  :  the 

early  inhabitants  of  Friesland  and  Western 

Holland  generally. 
Fritillary,  (frit-il'la-ri)=:Argynnis;  a  butter- 

fly. 

Fritzscheite,  (fritz'shlt).  [M.  Fritzche.]  A 
mineral  resembh'ng  Uranite. 

Frog,  (frog).  [Frogga,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Rana:  a  small  hybernating  amphibious  ani- 
mal, belonging  to  Batrachia,  which  is  mostly 
in  the  tadpole  form  when  young.  There  are 
130  genera  of  frogs,  and  600  species;  they  are 
scarce  in  Africa,  and  unknown  in  New  Zea- 
land. 2Vee.F.=Hyla.  F.  6if=Hydrocharis. 
F.  cra&=Ranina:  can  climb  trees,  &c.,  found 
on  island's  in  Indian  Ocean.  F.  fishes=Chi- 
ronectes:  a  fish  belonging  to  Telostei.  F. 


Frond,  (frond).     [L.  frons,  leaf.]    Combined 

stem  and  leaf,  as  in  ferns. 
Frondicularia,   (fron-di-ku-la'ri-a).      [Frond, 

q.v.]    Fossil  remains  of  Foraminifera,  found 

in  Chalk  and  Gault. 
Frontal,  (fron'tal).     [L.  frons,  forehead.]    In 

vertebrate  animals,  generally  the  upper  part 

of  the  third  cranial  segment. 
Frugivorous,  (frd-jiv'o-rus).     [L.  frux,  fruit; 

voro,  I  eat.]    Feeding  upon  fruits. 
Fruit,  (frut).     [Fructus,  the  Latin  word.]= 

1.  Ovary  and  seeds:  the  ripened  pistil  of  a 
flower,  containing  the  ovules  or  seed-buds. 

2.  The  edible  portion  of  fruits,  consisting 
chiefly  of  sugar   and  water,  with  a  small 
quantity  of  some  free  acid.    Compound  F.;  a 
number  of  carpels. 

Fruit-sugar  =  L{Bvulose=C6IIi2O6  ;  obtained 
from  fruits. 

Fruits,  classification  of.  Dry  indehiscent,  one 
seeded:  nut,  achenium,  schizocarp.  Dry  de- 
hiscent capsules:  follicle,  legume,  silique, 
capsule,  pyxidium.  Succulent,  indehiscent: 


drupe=Stone  fruits,  berry.     Succulent  dehi- 
scent: dehiscent  capsule  and  berry. 

Frustum,  (frus'tum).    [The  Latin  word.]    The 
lower  portion  of  a 
regular   solid,  the 
upper  portion  hav- 
ing been  removed. 

Fucacese,  (fu-ka'se-g) 
[Fucus,  g.v.]=Sea- 
wracks:  aquatic 
plants,  some  very 
large,  multiplied  by 
external  spores,for-  Frustum, 

ining  a  primary  division  of  Algales. 

Fucoides,  (fu-koi'dez.)  [Fucus,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Fossil  remains  of  plants,  found  in 
Lower  Silurian  rocks. 

Fucus,  (fu'kus).  [L.  fucus,  a  lichen.]  An 
aquatic  plant,  the  type  of  Fucacese. 

Fucusamide,  (  fu-ku'sa-mid ).  [Fucus  and 
Amide,  q. v.]  CisHisNaOg:  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  fucusol  by  the  action 
of  ammonia. 

Fucusine,  (fuTsu-sIn).  [Fucus,  q.v.]  Ci5Hi2 
N203:  a  base  obtained  from  fucusamide. 

Fucusol,  (fu'ku-sol).  [Fucus,  q.v.]  C5H10O2: 
obtained  from  fucus  and'  other  sea- weeds  by 
sulphuric  acid. 

Fuel,  (fu'el).  [F.  feu,  fire.]  Wood,  turf,  peat, 
coal,  lignite,  hydrogen,  &c. :  any  combustible 
matter  used  for  firing. 

Fulcrum,  (fulcrum).  [The  Latin  word].  A 
fixed  point  in  a  Jever, 

or  upon  which  it  is    ,.  1 p 

supported,  and  about     I 

which  it  is  free   to    A  A 

turn. 

Fulgora,    ( ful'go-ra  ^         A,  Fulcrum. 
[L.  fulgor,  brightness. ]=Lantern-fly:  an  in- 
sect belonging  to  Hemiptera. 

Fulgurites,  (ful'gu-rltz).  [L.  fiilgur,"  light- 
ning.] Sand  tubes  vitrified,  and  probably 
formed,  by  lightning. 

Fulica,  (fu'li-ka).  [The  Latin  name.]=Coot: 
an  aquatic  bird,  belonging  to  Grallatores. 

Fuligula,  (fu-lig'u-la).  [L.  fuligo,  soot.]= 
Pochard,  &c. :  duck-like  birds,  the  type  of 
Fuligulinaj,  probably  named  from  the  dark 
colour  of  some  of  the  feathers. 

Fuligulinse,  (fu-lig-u-li'ne).  [Fuligula,  q.v.]= 
Sea  ducks:  a  family  of  birds  belonging  to 
Natatores. 

Fuller's  earth,  (f6Tlerz)=An  argillaceous  bed, 
with  many  fossil  niollusca,  belonging  to  the 
Oolitic  strata:  composed  chiefly  of  hydrous 
silicate  of  alumina,  some  varieties  of  which 
are  included  in  Smectite,  and  some  in 
Kaolinite.  Is  useful  because  of  its  pro- 
perty of  absorbing  grease.  F.  teasel=~Dip- 
sacus  fullonum:  used  in  falling.  F>  herb= 
Saponaria. 

Fulling  (filling).  [L.  fullo,  fuller.]  A  pro- 
cess in  woollen  manufacture,  in  which  the 
cloth  is  cleaned  and  thickened. 

Fulminates,  (fol'mi-nats).  [L.  fulmen,  thun- 
der.] M2C2N202:  Salts  of  fulrninic  acid, 
which,  when  strack  or  heated,  are  explosive: 
fulminic  acid,  in  which  the  hydrogen  is  re- 
placed by  a  metal,  M.  Argentic  F.  =Fulmi- 


FULMINATING 


136 


FTJllFUROL 


Dating  8ilver=Ag2C2N2O2.  Mercuric  F.= 
Fulminating  mercury=HgC2N2O2. 

Fulminating  pane:  Glass  plate,  coated  on 
each  side  with  tin-foil,  which,  when  electri- 
fied, can  be  discharged  with  a  spark:  a  modi- 
fication of  the  Leyden  jar. 

Fulminic  acid,  (fol-min'ik).  [L.  falmen,  thun- 
der. ]=C2H2N2O2  =  Fulminate  of  hydrogen: 
not  known  separately  from  Fulminates,  q.v. 

Fulminuric  acid,  (fol-min-u'rik).  [Fulminic, 
Q.v.]=C3H3N3O3=Isocyanuric  acid:  an  an- 
hydrous crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
fulminic  acid. 

Fulminose,  (fdl-min'os).  Cellulose  modified 
by  heat 

Fulminurates,  (fSl-min-u'rats).  [Fulminuric, 
q.v.]  Salts  of  fulminuric  acid. 

Fumaramide,  (fu'ma-ra-mid).  [Fumaryl  and 
Amide,  g.v.]:=:C4HgN2O2:  Ammonia  in  which 
one-third  of  the  hydrogen  has  been  replaced 
by  furaaryl.  cf.  Fumarimide. 

Fumarates,  (  f u'ma-rats  ).  [Fumaric,  q.v.] 
Salts  of  fumaric  acid. 

Fumaria,  (fu-ma'ri-a).  [L.  fumus,  smoke.  ]= 
Fumitory :  an  herb,  with  small  flower,  be- 
longing to  Fumariacese,  named  from  its  un- 
pleasant odour. 

Fumariaceae,  ( fu-ma-ri-a'se-e ).  [Fumaria, 
g.v.]=Fume-worts:  brittle  herbs,  with  irre- 
gular flowers,  belonging  to  Berberales. 

Fumaric  acid,  (fu'ma-rik).  [Fumaria,  q.v.] 
=Boletic  acid  =  C4H4O4 ;  a  crystalline  acid 
substance,  which  exists  in  Fumaria  and 
other  plants ;  also  called  Lichenic  acid  and 
Paramaleic  acid.  F.  series  =  CuH2n-4O4= 
Fumaric  and  Maleic  acids ;  Citraconic,  Ita- 
conic,  and  Mesaconic  acids. 

Fumarimide,  (fu'ma-ri-mid).  [Fumaryl  and 
Imide,  q.v.]=C^Hz02'.  ammonia,  in  which 
two-thirds  of  the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by 
fumaryl.  cf.  Fumaramide. 

Fumarine,  (fu'ma-rln).  [Fumaria,  q.v.]  A 
crystalline  base  found  in  Fumaria. 

Fumarole,  (fu'ma-rol).  [Fumerolle,  the  French 
word.]  An  opening  in  a  volcanic  district, 
whence  escapes  smoke,  mud,  &c. 

Fumaryl,  (fu'ma-ril).  [Fumaria,  §.v.]  = 
C4HoO2:  the  radicle  of  fumaric  acid,  &c. 

Fuming,  (fu'ming).  [L.  fumus,  smoke.]  Giv- 
ing forth  vapour.  F.  liquor  of  Eoyle=A. 
compound  of  sulphides  of  ammonium.  F. 
liquor  of  Cadet=A  compound  of  cacodyl  and 
oxide  of  cacodyl.  F.  liquor  of  Libavius=. 
Tetrachloride  of  tin. 

Funaria,  (fu-na'ri-a).  An  Urn-moss:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Bryaceaa.  F.  hydrometrica= 
Cord-moss. 

Function,  (  fungk'shun ).  [L.  functio,  per- 
formance.] 1.  A  function  of  a  quantity  is 
some  other  and  dependent  quantity ;  thus 
the  diameter  of  a  circle  is  a  function  of 
the  radiris.  Ax  is  a  function  of  x,  &G.  2. 
The  use  to  which  any  organ  is  adapted. 

Fungales,  (fun-ga'lez).  [Fungi.]  =  Blights, 
mildews,  toadstools,  &c.:  cellular  flowerless 
plants,  living  on  decaying  organic  substances 
only,  and  propagated  by  spores ;  belonging 
to  Algales.  Grow  and  decay  rapidly,  have  no 
chlorophyll ;  do  not  require  light  in  growth. 


Fungi,  (fun'ji).    [Fungus,  the  Latin  word.]  = 
Fungales,  q.v. 
Lindley's  classification  ofF.:— 

Hymenomycetes=Mushrooms,  &c. 
Gastromycetes    = Puff-balls,  &c. 
Coniomycetes      =Mildew,  smut,  &c. 
Hyphomycetes    =Moulds,  &c. 
Ascomycetes        =Truffles,  &c. 
Physomycetes      =  Moulds,  &c. 
Bach's  classification  of  F. '. — 
Phycomycetes. 
Hypodermiaae. 
Basidiom  ycetes. 
Ascomycetes. 

Fries's  classification  of  F. : — 
Hymenomycetes. 
Pyrenomycetes. 
Gasteromycetes. 
Coniomycetes. 

Fungi  are  also  divided  into  Sporifera-=. Spore- 
bearing,  and  <Sporidu/era:=Sporidia-bearing. 
Parasitic  F.  =  Dry-rot,  corn-blight,  smut, 
ergot,   mildew,    &c.       Phosphorescent   F.  = 
Rhizomorpha,  Agaricus  (some  species  of),  &c. 
Fungia,  (fun'ji-a).     [Fungi,  q.v.]    A  family  of 
coral  polyps,  which  resemble  fungi. 
Fungic  acid,  (fun'jik).    [Fungus,  q.v.]    Found 
in  many  fungi:    probably  a  compound  of 
other  acids,  such  as  the  malic  and  citric,  &c. 
Fungoid,  (fun'goid).    [Fungus,  q.v. ;  Gk.  cidos, 
form.]    Fungus-like:  resembling  mushrooms 
or  other  fungi. 

Fungology,  (fun-gol'o-ji).     [Fungus,  q.v.;  Gk. 
logos,  discourse.  ]=Mycology:  the  science  of 
fungi,  their  nature  and  classification. 
Fungus,  (fung'gus).     [The  Latin  word.]    Sin- 
gular of  Fungi,  q.v. 

Funicular,  (fu-nik'u-lar).  [L.  funiculus,  thin 
rope.]  Slender,  cord-like:  used  for  slender 
processes  in  plants,  animals,  &c.  F.  curve— 
Catenary:  the  curve  in  which  a  perfectly 
flexible  cord  would  hang  when  suspended  by 
its  extremities. 

Funkite,  (fun'kit).    A  variety  of  pyroxene. 
Fur,   (fer),      [Fourrure,  the    French  word.] 
1.  The  soft  hairy  covering  of  such  animals 
as  the  beaver  and  sable:  used  as  a  covering 
in  cold  climates,  because  it  conducts  heat  but 
very  slightly.     2.   An  incrustation,  chiefly 
carbonate  of  lime,  gradually  formed  in  any 
vessel  in  which  calcareous  water  is  boiled. 
Fur-bearing  animals,     Beaver,  ermine,  fox, 

hare,  marten,  sable,  seal,  stoat,  <fec. 
Furculum,   (fer'ku-lum).      [D.   furca,   fork.] 
The  V-shaped  bone  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  clavicles:  in  birds,  called  the  merry- 
thought. 

Furfuramide,  (fer-fer'a-mld).  [Furfurol  and 
Amide,  q.v.}  =.  CisHjaNoOs :  a  solid  com- 
bustible substance  obtained  from  furfurol: 
the  amide  of  furfurol. 

Furfuria,  (fer-fer'i-a).  [Furfurol,  q.v.]=Fnr- 
furinr=C;t5Hi2N203  :  a  crystalline  alkaline 
base  obtained  from  furfurol. 
Furfurol,  (fer'fer-ol).  [L.  furfur,  bran;  oleum, 
oil.]=C5H402;  a  volatile  aromatic  oil,  ob- 
tained from  sugar,  starch,  bran,  &c.,  by 
treating  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  The 
aldehyde  of  pyromucic  acid. 


FURLONG 


137 


GALACTOSI! 


Furlong,  (ferlong).  [Furlang,  the  A.  -S.  werd.  ] 
A  measure  of  length=one-eight  part  of  a 
mile=220  yards. 

Purnace,  (fer'nas).  A  structure  in  which  a 
fire  can  be  made  so  as  to  attain  a  very  high 
degree  of  heat:  used  for  smelting,  and  in 
manufactures  generally.  Blo.st  P.,  v.  Blast. 
Cupola  F.,  v.  Cupola.  Catalan  P.,  in  which 
a  blast  of  air  is  supplied  by  the  action  of 
falling  water.  Reverberator)/  P.,  in  which 
the  flames,  <fec.,  pass  from  the  fire-place  over 
the  metal,  &c.,  befoi-e  reaching  the  chimney. 

Furze,  (ferz).  [Pyrs.  the  A.-S.  name.]^=Ulex: 
a  plant  with  yellow  flowers  and  prickly  stern, 
belonging  to  Fabaceae,  also  called  gorse  and 
whin.  Needle  jF.=Genista  anglica. 

Fuscite,  (fus'sit)=Wernerite,  q.v. 

Fuse,  (fuz).  [L.  fundo,  I  pour  out.]  To  liquefy 
a  solid,  usually  by  means  of  heat. 

Fusee,  (fu-ze).    [P.  fuseau,  spindle.]=Fuse= 
Fuze.  1.  The  conical 
wheel  on  which  in 
a  clock-work  train 
the  chain  is  wound. 
2.  A  means  of  firing 
a  train  of  gunpow- 
der or  other  com- 
bustible, usually  by  F.  Fusee. 
a  tube  filled  with  powder,  &c. 

Fusel  oil,  (fu'zei).  [Ger.  jVMit  bad  brandy.  ]= 
Fousel  oil=Amyl  alcohol,  q.v. 

Fusibility,  scale  of:  used  to  determine  the 
degreeof  fusibility  in  minerals,  <fec.,  bronzite, 
orthoclase,  actinolite,  almandirie,  natrolite, 
antimonite:  these  form  a  series,  increasing  in 
ease  of  fusion. 

Fusible,  (fu'zi-bl).     [Fuse,  q.v.}    Capable  of 


being  melted  or  fused.  F.  calculus :  a  variety 
of  urinary  calculus,  which  is  readily  fused 
by  the  blowpipe.  F.  metal :  an  alloy  of  bis- 
muth, lead,  and  tin,  which  melts  at  the 
temperature  of  boiling  water.  F.  white  pre- 
cipitate ;  a  compound  of  corrosive  sublimate 
and  ammonia 

Fusiform,  (  fu'zi-form  ).  [  Fuzee,  q.v.;  and 
Form.]  Thickening  from  the  base  to  the 
poi  nt. 

Fusing  point,  (fu'zing).  [Fuse,  g.v.]=Melting 
point:  that  at  which  a  solid  becomes  a  liquid. 

Fusion,  (fu'zhun).  [Fuse,  <?.v.]=Melting:  the 
conversion  of  the  solid  to  the  liquid  state. 

Fustian,  (fust'yan).  [Futaine,  the  French 
word.]  A  coarse  thick  cotton  fabric,  of 
which  corduroy  and  velveteen  are  varieties. 

Fustic,  (fus'tik).  A  yellow  dye  obtained  from 
wood   of    Morus    tinc- 
toria;  also  from  wood 
of   Khus   cotinus.      v. 
Yellow  dyes. 

Fusus,  (fii'sus).  [L.fusus, 
spindle.]  Agasteropod, 
found  fossil  in  Pliocene 
strata. 

Fusyl,  (fu'zil)=C5H9:  a 
hydrocarbon. 

Futtocks,  (  fut'toks  ). 
fCoi-ruption  of  foot- 
hooks.]  Timbers  form- 
ing the  sides  of  a  ship. 
F.  plates .'  on  tho  masts 

for  the  F.  shrouds  to  pass  tock  plates;  c.'  futtock 
through.     F.  shrouds:  shrouds, 
connecting  the  top-mast  and  lower  riggings. 

Fuze—Fuse,  q.v. 


Futtock. 
id,  dead-eyes;  bb,  fut- 


G. 


Gabbro,  (gab'bro).  1.  Euphotide:  a  rock  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  diallage  and  felspar.  2. 
Used  more  generally  for  a  variety  of  com- 
posite rocks  containing  felspar,  serpentine, 
<fec. 

Gabbronite,  (gabT>ro-nit)=Scapolite:  a  mine- 
ral, chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum  and  soda. 

Gabion,  (ga'bi-on).     [The  French,  word.]    A 
cylinder    of     basket-work, 
which  may  be  filled  with 
earth,  &c.,  used  for  defence 
in  warfare. 

Gable,  (ga'bl).  [Giebel,  the 
German  word.]  The  upper 
termination  of  the  end  wall 
of  a  building  when  triangu- 
lar. 

Gadidae,  (gad'i-de),  [Gad  us, 
g.v.]=Cod,  haddock,  whiting,  &c. :  a  family 
of  fishes,  belonging  to  Teleostei:  have  pointed 
ventral  fins  near  the  throat. 

Gadflies,  (gad'fliz).  [Gadfly,  (?.v.]=Tabanid8o: 
a  family  of  insects  belonging  to  Diptera. 

Gadfly,  (gad'fll).  [A.-S.  gad,  sting;  Fly,  q.v.} 
=GEstrus  bovis:  an  insect  belonging  to 
Diptera,  the  larva  of  which  is  parasitic  in 
the  stomach  of  the  horse. 


Gadoidei,  (gad-oi'de).  [Gadus,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Gadus,  Merlangus,  &c. :  Cuvier's 
name  for  a  family  of  fishes,  of  which  the 
cod  is  the  type. 

Gadolinite,  (gad'o-lin-it).  [Prof.  Gadolin.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  yttrium. 

Gadus,  (ga'dus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Cod: 
a  fish  the  type  of  Gadidas. 

Gadwall,  (gad'wawl).  [A.-S.  gad,  to  walk 
about.  ]  =  Chau- 
liodus  strepera : 
a  duck-like  bird 
belonging  to  Aua- 
tidss. 

Gsertner's  classifi- 
cation of  plants; 
according  to  the 
fruits. 

Gage = Gauge,  q.v. 

Gahnite,  (ganlt).  Gadwall. 

[Herr  Gahn.]  AloZnOo  =  Automolite  :  a 
mineral,  chiefly  aluminate  of  zinc. 

Galactite,  (gal'ak-tit).  [Gk.  galaktikos,  of  the 
colour  of  milk.]  1.  A  mineral:  a  variety  of 
Natrolite.  2.  A  plant,  belonging  to  Astera- 
ceae,  named  from  its  white  veins. 

Galactose,  ( gal'ak-tos ).     [Gk.  gala,  milk.]= 


GALAGO 


GALLS 


:  a  crystallisable  substance  obtained 
from  milk  sugar. 

Oalago,  (gal-a'go)=Otolicnos:  an  African  half- 
ape  remarkable  for  its  activity. 

Galanthus,  (gal-an'tlms).  [Gk.  gala,  milk ; 
anthos,  a  flower.]= Snowdrop:  an  herb,  with 
•white  flowers,  belonging  to  Amaryllidaceae. 

Galatea,  ( gal-a-te'a ).  No.  74  of  the  minor 
planets,  q.v. 

Galaxy,  (gal'ak-si).  [Galaxias,  the  Greek 
word.]=Milky-way=Via  Lactea:  a  belt  of 
light  in  the  heavens  formed  by  some  18 
millions  of  stars. 

Galbanum,  (gal'ba-nutn).  [Chalbane,  the  Greek 
name.]  A  gum  resin,  named  from  the  plant 
producing  it. 

Galbula,  (gal'bu-la)  =  Jacamar :  a  climbing 
bird  belonging  to  Halcyonidae. 

Gale,  (gal).  Sweet  (r.=Myrica:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Myricaceae. 

Galecynus,  (ga-les'i-nus).  [Gk.  galee,  weasel; 
kyon,  dog.]  Owen's  name  for  the  fossil  fox 
discovered  by  Murchispn:  an  animal  inter- 
mediate between  Canis  and  Viverra.  v. 
Dog-of-the-marsh . 

Galena,  (ga-le'na).  [The  Latin' word.]=Plum- 
bic  sulphide=PbS=Lead  glance:  the  most 
common  ore  of  lead,  one  of  the  lead  group 
of  minerals,  crystallising  in  cubes.  G.  lime- 
sto»e=Upper  Magnesian  Limestone. 

Galenite,  (gaVe-nit).  [Galena,  q. v.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  sulphide  of  lead.  G.  groupof  minerals: 
includes  galenite,  argentite,  and  realgar,  &c. 

Galeocerdo,  (gal-e-6-ser'do).  [Gk.  galee, weasel; 
kerdo,  fox.]  A  shark,  known  only  by  fossil 
teeth,  found  in  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
rocks. 

Galeodes,  (gal-e-o'dez).  A  spider-like  animal 
belonging  to  Arachnida,  q.v. 

Galeopithecus,(gal-e-6-pi-the'kus).  [Gk.  galee, 
weasel;  pilhekos,  ape.]=Flying  cat,  &c.= 
Dermoptera:  insectivorous  animal  resembl- 
ing both  lemurs  and  bats. 

Galeopsis,  (gal-e-ops'is).  [Gk.  galee,  weasel; 
opsis,  lpok]=Hemp  nettle:  a  plant,  belonging 
to  Labiatas,  named  from  form  of  flower. 

Galestes,  (ga-les'tez).  [Gk.  galee,  weasel.  J  A 
mammalian  animal,  fossil  remains  of  which 
are  found  in  Purbeck  beds. 

Gale-worts,  (gal'wurts).  [Gale  and  Wort,  q.v.] 
— Myricaceae,  q.v. 

Galiacese,  (gal-i-a'se-e).  [Galium.]=Stellates: 
herbs,  with  small  flowers,  belonging  to  Cin- 
chonales. 

Galilean  telescope,  A  simple  telescope  of 
two  lenses,  an  object  glass  and  an  eye-piece: 
named  after  Galileo  its  inventor. 

Galingale,  (gal'in-gul)  =Cyperus  longus:  an 
herb  belonging  to  Cyperaceas. 

Galipot,  (gal'i-pot).  [The  French  name.]  A 
white  resin  obtained  from  Bordeaux  turpen- 
tine. 

Galium,  (gali-urn).  [Gk.  gala,  milk]=Bed- 
straw,  q.v.'.  an  herb,  with  small  flowers, 
belonging  to  Galiacese.  G.  aparini=Goosc- 
grass=Cleavers.  G.  verum= Cheese  rennet. 
G.  crv.ciatum=Cross-\roTt. 

Gall,  (gawl).  [Gealla,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1. 
Cystic  bile:  an  alkaline  liquid  formed  in  tho 


liver,  v.  Bile.  2.  Singular  of  galls,  q.v. 
G.  bladder:  an  oval  sac,  near  the  liver,  in 
•which  the  gall  is  accumulated.  G.  flies: 
Cynipidue:  insects  belonging  to  Hymenop- 
tera.  G.  ./fy=Cynips.  G.  nw(s=Galls,  q.v. 
G.  s£ones=Biliary  calculi ;  stones  of  very 
complex  composition,  containing  especially 
cholochrome  and  acids  formed  from  the  bile. 

Gallates,  (gal'lats).  [Gallic  acid,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  gallic  acid  with  bases. 

Gallein,  (gal'lin).  [Pyro-gallic  acid,  q.v.]= 
C2oHi2O7=Phthalein  of  pyrogallic  acid:  a 
red  colouring  matter  obtained  from  pyro- 
gallic acid. 

Gallery,  (galle-ri).  [Galerie,  the  French 
word.]  1.  A  long  covered  passage.  2.  Also 
used  for  a  long  room,  especially  if  used  for 
exhibition  of  works  of  art.  3.  A  passage 
leading  to  a  mine. 

Galley,  (gal'li).    [Go.lere,  the  French  word.] 
1.    A    low    built 
vessel  with   one  _ 
deck.     2.  A  large    : 
open  boat.     3.  A  ~ 
furnace. 

Gallic  acid,  (gal'-  ^ 
lik).   [Galls,  q.v.]  = 
=C7H6O5:  a  crys- 
talline acid  sub- 
stance  found  in 
gall-nuts  and  in 
astringent  vege- 
tables. 

Gallin,  (gal'lin). 
[Gallein,  q.v. ]= 
CgoHjgOo:  a  base  obtained  from  gallein. 

Gallinaceous  birds,  (gal-li-na'se-us).  [L.  gal- 
Una,  fowl.]  =  Clamatores:  fowls,  turkeys, 
grouse,  &c.  :  polygamous  graminivorous 
birds,  with  fat  bodies,  building  their  nests 
on  the  ground. 

Gallinae,  (gal-li'ne).  [L.  gallina,  fowl.]  An 
order  of  birds,  by  Milne  Edwards,  including 
all  gallinaceous  birds. 

Gallinula,  (gal-lin'u-la).  [L.  gallina,  fowl.] 
A  group  of  wading  birds,  of  which  the 
common  water  hen  is  the  type. 

Galliot,  (gal'li-ot).  [  Go.liotc,  the  French 
word.]  1.  A  kind  of  bomb-vessel.  2.  A 
small  merchant  ship. 

Gallipoli  oil,  (gal-lip'6-li).  [Gallipoli  in  Nap- 
les.] An  impure  variety  of  olive  oil. 

Gallium,  (gal'li-um).=ff.:  a  metallic  chemical 
element. 

Gallon,  (gal'lon).  [Galon,  the  French  word.] 
=277i  cubic  inches:  a  measure  of  volume 
used  for  liquids.  &c.;  the  quantity  of  dis- 
tilled water  which  weighs  10  Ibs.  avoirdu- 
pois. 

Gallotannates,  (gal-lo-tan'nats):  [Gallotanic 
acid,  q.v.]  Compounds  of  gallotanic  acid 
with  bases. 

Gallotannic  acid,  (gal-16-tan'ik).  [Galls  and 
Tannic,<j"y.]=C27H22Oj7:  a  variety  of  Tannic 
acid  obtained  from  gall  nuts;  also  called 
Tannic  acid  and  Tannin. 

Galls,  (gawls).  [Gealla,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
Excrescences  upon  oak  trees,  caused  by  the 
deposition  of  the  eggs  of  gall-fly,  composed 


Galley. 


GAILTJS 


139 


GAPERS 


[  Galvanism,  q.v.  ] 


chiefly  of  woody  fibre,  tannin  and  gallic  acid: 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  ink,  &c. 

Gallus,  (gal'lus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Cock: 
A  poultry-like  bird,  the  type  of  the  Galli- 
naceous family  of  birds.  G.  domesticus= 
Common  fowl.  G.ferrugineus=3swan  cock. 
G.  Temminckii=133ita.vinQ.  cock.  G.  Lafayetii 
=Ceylon  cock. 

Gallyworm.  1.  Polydesmus:  a  worm-like 
animal,  with  numerous  legs,  belonging  to 
Chilognatha.  2.  Xylobius  sigillariae:  found 
fossil  in  Acadia. 

Galt=Gault,  q.v. 

Galugo,  (ga-lu'go).  An  animal  of  the  bat  kind 
found  in  Borneo. 

Galvanic,   ( gal-van'ik  ). 
Related  to  galvanism. 
G.  battery:  a  number  of 
connected  galvanic  cells 
G.  cell:  a  combination 
of  two  substances  in  a 
liquid  which  acts  chemi- 
cally upon    one   more 
than  on  the  other.     G. 
electricity  =  Chemical      Galvanic  Battery, 
electricity.     G.  shocks :  sensations  caused  by 
a  nerve  being  connected  with  an  inductive 
coil  charged  by  a  galvanic  cell,  so  that  it  is 
affected  by  the  currents. 

Galvanised,  (gal'va-nizd).  [Galvanism,  q.v.] 
Acted  upon  by  galvanism.  G.  iron— Iron 
coated  with  zinc. 

Galvanism,  (gal'van-izm).  [Sig.  Galvani  of 
Bologna]  =  Chemical  electricity  =  Current 
electricity  =  Voltaic  electricity  :  electricity 
produced  by  chemical  action,  when  two 
substances  are  combined  so  as  to  form  a 
galvanic  cell. 

Galvanometer,  (gal-va-nom'e-ter).  [Galvanism 
and  Meter,  q.  v.  ]  An  apparatus  for  measuring 
the  intensity  of  a  galvanic  current,  and  in- 
dicating its  direction,  usually  by  means  of 
an  astatic  couple;  also  called  a  multiplier. 
Differential  G.  measures  the  difference  in 
the  intensities  of  two  currents.  Tangent  G. 
by  which  the  intensity  of  the  current  is 
measured  by  the  tangent  of  the  angle 
through  which  the  magnetic  needle  is  de- 
flected. Thomson's  G.:  a  reflecting  G.  origin- 
ally designed  for  use  on  shipboard,  in  which 
the  needle  carries  a  mirror,  in.  which  a  beam 
of  light  is  reflected. 

Galvanoscope,  (gal-van'o-skop).  [Galvanism, 
q.v.;  Gk.  s/copeo,  I  observe.]  An  instrument 
to  show  the  presence  of  a  galvanic  current 
and  its  direction. 

Galvano-thermometer.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  heating  effect  of  a  galvanic 
current. 

Gambir,  (gam'ber).  A  Chinese  shrub,  from 
the  leaves  of  which  a  dye-stuff  is  extracted. 

Gamboge,  (gam-bo'j).  [Cambogia.]  CgoHssOia: 
a  gum  resin  obtained  from  Garcinia'  cam- 
bogia. 

Gamitana,  (gam-i-ta'na).  A  large  flat  fish, 
resembling  the  skate,  found  in  Peru. 

Gamma  Virginis,(gam'ma  ver'jin-is).  [Gamma 
and  Virgo,  q.v.]  A  double  star,  of  which 
one  alternately  approaches  and  recedes  from 


the  other.  The  third  star  in  the  constellation 
Virgo. 

Gammarus,  (  gam'ma-rus  ).  An  insect,  found 
in  Japan,  belonging  to  Amphipoda.  G.  pv.lex 
= Fresh-water  shrimp. 

Gamogenesis,  (gam-o-jen'e-sis).  [Gk.  gamos, 
marriage;  Genesis,  g.v.]=Sexual  reproduc- 
tion =Homogenesis:  occurs  when  growth  is 
nearly  completed  or  declining,  v.  Genesis. 
v.  Development. 

Gamopetalae,  (  gaui-o-pet'a-le  ).  [Gk.  gamos, 
marriage;  Petal,  5.v.]=Sympetalse:  Brong- 
niart's  term  for  a  division  of  Exogens,  be- 
longing to  Angiospermea),  the  petals  of 
which  are  united  so  as  to  form  a  tube. 

Gamut=:Gammut. 

Ganglia,  (gang'li-a).     Plural  of  ganglion,  q.v. 

Ganglion,  (gang'li-on).  [Gk.  ganglion,  knot.] 
A  nervous  centre1  an  accumulation  of  nerve- 
cells,  capable  of  giving  and  receiving  im- 
pressions 

Ganglioneura,  (gang-li-o-nu'ra).  [Ganglion, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  neuron,  nerve.]  Ehrenberg's  term, 
for  Articulata,  Mollusca,  and  the  lower 
animals  generally. 

Ganglionic  nervous  system  =  Sympathetic 
system,  q.v. 

Gangrene,  (gang'ren).  [Gangraina,  the  Greek 
word.]  The  first  stage  of  local  death,  t>.  Mor- 
tification. 

Gannet,  (gan'net).    [A.-S.  ganet,  a  sea  duck.] 
:=Sula:  a  sea-bird, 
found    near    land : 
belonging  to  Nata- 
tores. 

Gannister,   (gan'nis- 
ter).      A    siliceous 

variety  of  fire-clay. 

Ganocephala,  (gan-6- 1 
sef  '  a  -  la).  [  Gk. 
ganos,  brightness  ; 
kephale,  head.]  A 
family  of  reptiles, 
belonging  toDipnoa, 
allied  to  Ganoid  Gannet 

fishes,  known  by  fossil  remains. 

Ganodus,  (gan-6'dus).  [Gk.  ganos,  brightness; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  fossil  fish,  of  which  there 
are  many  species  in  Great  Oolite. 

Ganoid,  (gan'oid).  [Gk.  ganos,  brightness; 
eidos,  form.]  Having  bony  scales,  covered 
with  enamel. 

Ganoidei,  (gan-oi'de-I).  [Gk.  ganos,  bright- 
ness; eidos,  form.]  A  primary  division  of 
fishes,  including  the  sturgeon  and  many 
extinct  genera;  having  a  partially  ossified 
skeleton,  and  being  covered  with  enamelled 
bony  scales.  Approximate  to  reptiles;  now 
rare,  but  many  fossil. 

Ganoine,(gan'oin).  [Gk.  0anos,brightness.]  The 
enamel  coating  of  the  scales  of  ganoid  fishes. 

Ganymede,  (gan'i-med).  One  of  the  satellites 
of  Jupiter. 

Ganomatite,  (gan-om'a-tit)=Goose-duiig  ore: 
a  mineral,  chiefly  oxide  of  iron  and  cobalt. 

Gapers,  (ga'perz).  Eurylaimidse  :  Eastern 
birds,  resembling  the  American  chatterers; 
have  gay  plumage,  and  build  closed  nests; 
belonging  to  Muscicapidie. 


GARBOAP.DS 


140 


GASTRIC 


Garboards,  (gar'bordz).  [Probably  a  corrup- 
tion of  guard-board.]  Outer  boards  on  each 
side  of  the  keel  of  a  ship,  forming  part  of  the 
bottom. 

Garcinia,  (gar-sl'ni-a).  [Dr.  Garcin.]  Trees 
found  in  E.  India,  China,  &c.;  belonging  to 
Clusiacese.  G.  mangostana  =  Mangosteen 
tree.  G.  cambogia=Ga.m\)oge  tree. 

Garden.  G.  bean=Vicia.  faba.  G.  beetles= 
Carabidse.  G.  tfeas=Halticae:  small  jump- 
ing beetles,  common  in  Phillippine  Islands. 
G.  7/;i<es=Trombididse.  G.  spider =Epeira 
diadema-  called  also  the  geometric  spider, 
from  its  radiated  web. 

Gardenia,  (gar-de'ni-a).  [Dr.  Garden.]=Cape 
Jessamine:  a  plant  belongingtoCinchonaceae. 

Gar-nsh=Belone  vulgaris:  also  called  snipe- 
eel,  sea-needle,  and  long-nose:  a  fish  belong- 
ing to  Esocidse. 

Gare-fowl=Alca  impenms*  a  sea-bird,  belong- 
ing to  Natatores. 

Gargoyle,  (gar'goil).  [Gargouille,  the  French 
word.]  A  project- 
ing water  -  spout, 
usually  carved  more 
or  less  grotesquely, 
common  in  old 
Gothic  buildings. 

Garlic,  (gar'lik). 
[Garleac,  the  A.-S. 
•word.]  =  Allium:  a  Gargoyle, 

plant  belonging  to  Liliacege.  G.  pear=Cr&- 
tseva:  a  plant  belonging  to  Capparidacese. 
G.  mustard=Sisym\>ri\im  alliaria.  Oil  of  G. 
=Sulphide  of  allyl. 

Garnet,  (gar'net).  \Grenat,  the  French  word.] 
A  general  name  for  a  variety  of  minerals, 
chiefly  silicates  of  iron  and  aluminum,  many 
of  which  are  precious  stones.  G.  group  of 
minerals,  includes  epidote.  idocrase,  axinite, 
&c.  Bohemian  G.=Pyrope.  Oriental  G.= 
Precious  6y.=Almandite=Almandiue.  White 
<?.:=Leucite. 

Garrulacinae,  (gar-rd-la'si-ne).  [Garrulus,  7.1;.] 
A  family  of  birds  belonging  to  Corvidae,  of 
•which  the  jay  is  the  type 

Garrulax,  (gar'ro-laks).  G.  phcenicev.m:  an 
Indian  bird=Trochalopteron  phoeniceum. 

Garrulinae,  (gar-ro-llne).  [Garrulus,  q.v.] 
Magpies,  jays,  <fcc.:  birds  belonging  to 

'  CorvidjB. 

Garrulus,  (gar'ru-lus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Jay,  &c.:  a  sparrow-like  bird,  belonging  to 
Corvida?. 

Garrya,  (gar'ri-a).  [Mr.  Garry.]  A  shrub  with 
pendulous  flowers;  the  type  of  Garryaceae. 

Garryaceae,  (gar-ri-a'se-e).  [Garrya.]  =  Gar- 
ryads:  shrubs,  with  pendulous  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Garryales. 

Garryales,  (gar-ri-3/lez).  [Garrya,  q.v.]  Plants 
with  monochlamydeous  flowers  and  small 
embryo,  forming  a  division  of  Diclinous 
exogens. 

Gas,  (gas).  \Gaz,  the  French  word.]  1.  An 
elastic  fluid,  often  so  attenuated  as  to  be 
wholly  or  nearly  invisible,  expanding  regu- 
larly with  increase  of  temperatures,  Ihe 
volume  of  which  is  inversely  proportional 
to  the  pressure,  v.  Expansion,  cf.  Vapour. 


2.  Also  used,  specially,  for  coal  gas  when 
used  for  lighting  purposes.  Laughing  ff.= 
NgO  =  Protoxide  of  nitrogen.  Water  G. 
= Hydrogen  obtained  by  the  decomposition 
of  water.  Wood  <?.=Carburretted  hydrogen 
obtained  by  distilling  wood.  G.  holder= 
Gasometer.  G.  liquor:  a  solution  of  various 
compounds  of  ammonia,  obtained  in  the  dis- 
tillation of  coal.  G.  meter:  an  apparatus 
for  measuring  the  quantity  of  gas,  measured 
by  volume,  which  passes  through  it. 

Ga'salier,  (gas-a-ler').  [The  French  word.]= 
Gaselier:  a  number  of  gas  burners  grouped 
so  as  to  form  a  central  light. 

Gaseous,  (ga'se-us).  [Gas,  q.v.]  Having  the 
form  of  an  elastic  vapour:  gas-like. 

Gasometer,  (gas-om'e-ter).  [Gas  and  Meter, 
q. v.]= Eudiometer,  q.v. 

Gasometric,  (gas-o-met'rik).  [Gasometer,  q.v.] 
Relating  to  the  measurement  of  gases.  G. 
rtnatysis=Eudiometry. 

Gassendi,  (gas-sen'di).  A  crater  in  the  moon, 
about  54  miles  diameter,  enclosed  by  moun- 
tains about  a  mile  high. 

Gassiot  tubes,  (gas'si-ot).  [Mr.  Gassiot.]= 
Geissler's  tubes,  q.v. 

Gaster,  (gas'ter).  [Gk.  paster,  belly.]  A 
prefix,  meaning  stomach  or  belly. 

Gasteromycetes,  (gas-ter-o-mi-se'tez).  [Gaster, 
q.v.'.  Gk.  mykes,  mushroom  ]=Puff- balls:  a 
primary  sub-division  of  sporiferous  fungi,  in 
which  the  hymenium  is  enclosed  in  an  outer 
sac. 

Gasteromyci,  (gas-ter-o-ml'si).  [Gaster,  q.v.; 
Gk.  mykes,  mushroom.]  Term  proposed  for 
Lycoperdons  and  similar  fungi. 

Gasterophilus,  (gas-ter-of'i-lus).  [Gaster,  q.v.; 
Gk.  philos,  loving.]=Bot-fly:  larvae  found  in 
the  stomach  of  the  horse. 

Gasteropoda,  (gas-ter-op'o-da).  [Gaster,  q.v.; 
Gk.  pous,  foot,]=Univalves :  a  primary 
di vision  of  Mollusca.includinglimpets.snails, 
whelks;  animals  which  have  a  head,  with 
two  eyes  and  two  tentacles;  a  mouth  with  an 
odontophore;  and  a  broad  ventral  disc,  called 
a  foot,  for  locomotion.  Divided  into  Pul- 
monifera,  adapted  to  serial  respiration;  and 
Branchifera,  adapted  to  aquatic  respiration; 
found  fossil  from  Lower  Silurian  till  now. 

Gasterosteus,  (gas-ter-os'te-us).  [Gaster,  q.  v. ; 
Gk.  osteon,  bone.]  Stickleback:  a  small  fish 
resembling  the  gurnard.  G.  ductor=Pilot- 
fish:  a  small  blue  fish,  attending  the  shark. 

Gasterozoa,  (gas-ter-6-zo'a).  [Gaster,  q.v.; 
Gk.  zoon,  animal.]  Fitzinger's  term  for 
Acalephse,  Zoophyta,  and  Infusoria. 

Gastornis,  (gas-tor'nis).  [Gaston,  proper 
name;  Gk.  ornis,  bird.]  A  bird  known  by 
fossil  remains. 

Gastraeada,  (gas-trg'a-da).  [Gaster,  q.v.;  Gk.' 
eidos,  form.]  Primitive  stomach  animals: 
many  celled  animals  with  a  mouth  and  an 
intestine  :  the  primary  form  of  worms  and 
zoophytes. 

Gastric,  (gas'trik).  [Gaster,  q  v.]  G.  oczcZ= 
G.  juice.  G.  chamber:  a  cavity  serving  the 
purpose  of  a  stomach.  G.  glands:  secrete 
gastric  acid.  G.  juice:  an  acid  secretion  of  the 
stomach,  which  converts  the  food  into  chyme. 


GASTKIMARGUS 


141 


GEMMA 


Gastrimargus,  (gas-tri-mar'gus)=Lagothrix : 
an  American  monkey. 

Gastrobranchus,  (gas-tro-brang'kus).  [Gaster 
and  Branchiae,  q  r.]=Myrine:  also  called 
Borer,  q.v.,  and  Glutinous  Hag;  a  fish  be- 
longing to  Myxinidae. 

Gastrophysaria,  (gas-tro-fi-sa'ri-a).      [Gaster, 
q.v.;  Gk.  physa,   breath)=Annelidaria :  De 
Blainville's  term  for  Sipunculus,  &c. 
Gauge,  (gaj).     [Jauge,  the  French  word.]    1. 
A  measure:  a  standard  of  measurement.     2. 
Size,  especially  of  a  cylinder,  such  as  the  bore 
of  a  gun.    Narrow  G  ,  of  railway,  4ft.  8J  in. 
between    the  internal  edges   of  the  rails. 
Broad  G.,  7  ft.  between  the  rails. 
Gauging,  (gaj  ing).    Measuring  by  reference 
to  a  standard  gauge-  especially  used  for  the 
estimation  of  the  volume  of  casks,  <fec. 
Gault,  (gawlt).     The  lowest  of  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  beds:  a  clayey  rock  between  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Greensands. 
Gaultherates,  (  gawl'ter-ats ).     Salts  of  Gaul- 

theric  acid. 

Gaultheria,  ( gawl-te  ri-a  ).     [  Mr.  Gaulthier.  ] 
A  plant  belonging  to  Ericaceae. 
Gaultheric  acid,(gawl'ter-ik).  [Gaultheria,5.i'.] 
=C8H3O3:  a  fragrant  oil  obtained  from  the 
flowers  of  Gaultheria  procumbens.  Also  called 
Oil  of  Winter-green  and  MethyJ-salicylate. 
Gavial,  (ga'vi-al).  [Gavial,  the  Hindoo  name.] 
A  fresh-water  crocodile,  found  in  East  Indian 
rivers.  Fossil  remains  of  G.  found  in  Middle 
Eocene  rocks. 

Gay  Lussac's  barometer.  A  modification  of 
the  siphon  barometer,  invented  by  Gay 
Lussac,  a  French  chemist. 
Gay  lussite,  (ga-lu'sit).  [M.  Gay  Lussac.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  carbonate  of  soda 
and  lime. 

Gazelle,    (ga-zel').      [The    French    name.]= 
Gazella=Antelope  dor- 
cus.     v.  Antelope. 
Gazoline,       (  gaz'o-lin  ). 
[Gas,  q.v.]     A  mineral 
hydrocarbon,    obtained 
from  petroleum. 
Gear,(gei).  [A.-S.  geara, 
furniture.]  Machinery: 
especially  smaller  por- 
tions intended  to  com- 
municate   motion    be- 
tween principal  parts. 
Gearing.(ggr'ing).  [Gear, 
q.v.  ]=Gear,  q.v. 
Gecarcinus,    (je-kar'si-nus). 
karkinos,  crab.]=Land 
crab  of  West  Indies:  au 
animal     belonging     to 
Brachyura,    capable  of 
both  aerial  and  aquatic 
respiration ;     migrates 
to  sea  to  lay  its  eggs. 
Gecko,  (gek'o).      [From 
its     sound.  ]  =  Gecko 
verus  =  Hemidactylus 
maculatus,   and   many 
others:  a  small  lizard, 
easily        domesticated, 
found  in  Ceylon. 


Geckotidae,  (ge-kot'i-dS).  [Gecko,  *q.v.]  A 
family  of  lizards,  of  which  the  Gecko  is  the 
type. 

Gedge's  alloy.  A  compound  of  copper,  iron, 
and  zinc,  named  aftoi-  its  inventor;  used  for 
covering  the  bottoms  of  ships. 

Gedrite,  (ged'rit).  [Gedre,  in  Spain.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  iron,  magnesium, 
and  aluminum. 

Geese,  (ges).  [Plural  of  goose. ]= Anserine: 
aquatic  birds  belonging  to  Natatores.  Pro- 
bably all  descended  from  Anas  ferus=Grey 
lag  goose. 

Gehlenite,  (geh'le-nlt).  [Herr  Gehlen.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime. 

Geic  acid,  (ge'ik).  [Gk.  ge,  the  earth.]= 
C2oH]2O7:  one  of  the  constituents  of  the 
mould  of  decaying  wood. 

Gein,  (ge'in).  [Gk.  ye,  the  earth.  ]=Humus: 
decaying  woody  matter 

Geisers,  (gi'zer).  [The  Icelandic  name.]= 
Geysers,  q.v. 

Geissler's  tubes,  (gi'sler),  glass  tubes  contain- 
ing rarefied  gas,  which  glow  brilliantly  when 
the  secondary  currents  of  an  induction  coil  are 
passed  through  them,  each  gas  having  a  dis- 
tinctive colou  r.  G.  machine :  a  modification 
ot  the  Torricelian  vacuum  applied  as  an  air- 
pump. 

Gelasimus,  (je-las'i-mus).  [Gk.  gelasimos, 
ludicrous.]  =  Fighting  crab  :  a  crab-like 
animal  found  in  Borneo,  &c  One  species 
has  a  claw  larger  than  its  body. 

Gelatigenous,  (jel-a-tij'en-us).  [Gelatin,  q.v.; 
Gk.  genno.o,  I  produce.]  Capable  of  produc- 
ing gelatin.  G,  substances:  gelatin,  chou- 
driri,  ossem,  &c. 

Gelatin,  (jel'a-tin).  [Gelatine,  the  French 
word.]=C]3HjoN20g:  glue,  size,  isinglass, 
&c:  a  compound  found  only  in  animal  sub- 
stances. 

Gelder-rose,  (gel'der).  [Corruption  of  Guel- 
dres.]  =  Viburnum  opulus  :  a  shrub;  also 
called  snow-ball  tree,  belonging  to  Capri- 
foliacese. 

Gelidium,  (jel-id'i-um).  An  edible  sea- weed, 
belonging  to  Fucacese. 

Gelocus :  an  extinct  Mammalian  animal, 
known  by  fossil  remains. 

Gem,  (Jem)-  [Gemma,  the  Latin  word.] 
Singular  of  gems,  q.  v. 

Gemelli  muscles,  (je-mel'li).  \L.  gemel- 
lus,  paired.]  Two  small  muscles  in  the 

thigh. 
Gemini,  (jem'i-ni).     [L.  gemini,  twins.]=The 

Twins  :    the    third          x-N*2^-^ 

sign  of  the  Zodiac,   ^^{v  vJ-^>^      II 

containing  the  stars 

Castor  and  Pollux. 
Geminorum,  (jem-in- 

6'rum). .  [The  Latin 

word.  J  =  Of      the 

Twins:  belonging  to 

the  constellation  of 

that  name.  Gemini. 

Gemitores,  (jem-i-to'res).    A  family  of  birds 

belonging  to  Columbidse. 
Gemma,   (jem'ma).     [The  Latin  word.]     1. 


GEMK2E 


142 


GEOCORISA 


Alphecca,  the  chief  star  of  Corona  Borealis. 
2.  Singular  of  Gemmae,  q.v. 

Gemmae,  (jeru'mc).  [The  Latin  word.]  Buds 
which  separate  before  development,  common 
in  polypes  and  plants,  v.  Gemmation.  Also 
called  bulbs,  bulblets,  stolons,  &c. 

Gemmation,  (jem-ma'shun).  [L.  gemma,  bud.] 
= Budding:  a  form  of  development  by  buds; 
common  in  plants,  polypes,  &c.  Continuous 
G. :  in  which  the  individuals  remain  connec- 
ted with  the  parent.  Discontinuous  G. :  in 
which  they  are  separated  and  distinct. 

Gemmiparity,  (jem-mi-par'i-ti).  [Gemmi- 
parous,  q.v.  ]  =  Budding.  A  variety  of 
asexual  generation  in  which  the  individuals 
are  developed  from  buds  which  arise  on  the 
body  of  the  parent. 

Gemmiparous,  (jem-mip'a-rus).  [L.  gemma, 
bud;  pario,  I  bring  forth.]  Relating  to  gem- 
miparity. 

Gemmule,  (jem'mul).  [L.  gemmula,  a  little 
bud.]  A  vital  mass  separated  from  the 
parent,  and  capable  of  development  into  a 
single  individual  resembling  the  parent. 

Gems,  ftemz).  [Gemma,  the  Latin  word.]  1. 
= Jewels:  stones  remarkable  for  their  lustre, 
colour,  rarity,  &c.,  such  as  diamonds,  eme- 
ralds, pearls.  2.=Gemmae,  q.v.  Artificial 
G. :  made  of  a  variety  of  glass  called 
Strass. 

Geneagenesis,  (jen-e-a-jen'e-sis).  [Gk.  genea, 
race ;  genesis,  generation.]=Metagene8is:  a 
variety  of  gemmation,  v.  Genesis. 

Genera,  (jen'er-a).  [Genus,  q.v.]  Plural  of 
Genus,  q.v. 

Generation,  (jen-er-u'shun).  [Generatio,  tho 
Latin  word.]  The  reproduction  of  organic 
beings:  propagation.  In  oviparous  G.  the 
eggs  are  extruded  anc  hatched  independently. 
In  ovo-vimparous  G.  the  eggs  are  hatched 
before  extrusion.  In  viviparous  ff.=Utero- 
gestation:  the  young  are  born  alive.  Asexual 
G.:  in  which  the  union  of  two  sexes  is  not 
concerned,  v.  Fissiparity,  Gemmation,  Abio- 
genesis,  Heterogenesis.  G.  of  heat:  the 
conversion  of  motion  into  heat ;  the  change 
from  motion  of  bodies  into  motion  only  of 
molecules  ;  v.  Heat.  G.  of  conies :  the  for- 
mation of  a  cone  by  the  revolution  of  a 
triangle;  v.  Triangle.  G.  of  winds,  v. 
Winds. 

Generations,  (jen-er-a'shunz).  Alternation  of 
G.= Development  by  means  of  nurse-forms 
in  Acalephse,  Entozoa,  <fec. 

Generic,  (jen-er'ik).  Connected  with  or  re- 
lating to  Genus,  q.v. 

Genesis,  (jen'e-sis).  [The  Greek  word.] 
Multiplication  of  individuals.  Bio-G.:  the 
origin  of  life  only  from  life.  Abio-G.= 
Spontaneous  generation.  Homo  -  G.  =  Bio- 
genesis: when  the  child  resembles  the  parent. 
Hetero-G.  =  Xeno-G.  =  Abio-geuesis.  Meta- 
Gr.=Geneagenesis=Gemmatiou,  with  fission, 
when  the  produced  zooid  is  dissimilar  to 
the  pi-oducing  zooid.  Gamo-G.= Sexual  re- 
production in  which  contact  of  ovum  and 
spermatozoon  is  needed.  Ayamo-G.—'Re- 
production  in  which  contact  is  not  needed. 
Genea-  G.  =Metagenesia. 


Genet,  (jen-ef).      [The  French  word.]     1. 

Viverra :    a    small 

weasel-like  animal; 

also  called  Genetta. 

2.  A  small  horse. 
Genetic,  (je-net'ik). 

[Genesis.]  Relating 

to  the  mode  of  pro- 
duction or  origin. 

G.  spiral:  a  helix      —-^^^5^, 

running  round  the 

stem  of  a  plant ,  for-  Genet 

med  by  the  points  of  growth  of  all  the 

branches. 
Geneva,   (je-nS'va).      [F.  genievre,  juniper.] 

A  spirit  obtained  from  the  distillation  of 

grain  and  juniper  berries. 
Geneva  stop.     In  a  train  of  clock  -work;  in- 
tended to  prevent  overwinding. 
Genista,  (jen-is'ta).     [The  Latin  name.]    1. 

A  shrub  belonging  to  Fabaceae.     G.  tinctoria 

=Woad=Dyer's  weed.     G.  ttnjrZicct^Neudla 

furze=Petty  whin. 
Genitalia,  (jen-i-ta'li-a).    [Genitalis,  the  Latin 

name.]    The  sexual  organs:  a  general  term 

for  the  whole  of  the  organs  engaged  in  re- 
production either  in  animals  or  plants. 
Genou,  (zha-no).     [The  French  word.]     Knee: 

often  used  for  a  bend,  in  fortification,  ship- 
building, <fec. 
Genthite,  (gen'tit).   [Herr  Genth.]  A  mineral, 

chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  iron  and  mag- 
nesium. 
Gentian,  (jen'shun).  [Gentius,  King  of  Illyria.l 

=  Gentiana  :    an    herb 

belonging    to    Geutia- 

naceie. 
Gentianaceae,  (jen-shi-a- 

na'se-e  ).       [  Gentiana, 

q.v.]  =  Gentian-  worts ; 

herbs,      with      ribbed 

leaves      and      regular 

flowers,    belonging    to 

Gentianales. 
Gentianales,   (jen-shi-a- 

na'lez).    [Gentiana,  q.v.} 

Plants,    with    dichyla- 

mydeous  monopetalous  Gentian. 

flowers,  forming  a  division  of  Perigynous 

Exogens. 
Gentianic  acid,   (jen-shi-an'ik).     [Geutiana, 

q.v.]    O btai ned  from  G entian. 
Genu=Genou,  q.v. 
Genus,  GG'11U8)-     tTne  Latin  word.]    A  group 

of  species  forming  a  sub-division  of  a  family. 

v.  Tables. 

Geocalyx.     A  plant  belonging  to  Hepatic;^. 
Geocentric,   (jC-o-sen'trik).      [Gk.   gc,   earth; 

Centre,  q.v.]    Having  the  earth  as  a  centre  ; 

reckoned  from  the  centre  of  the  earth. 
Geocerellite,  (je-6-ser'el-lit).  [Geocerite,  q.v.]  A 

white  brittle  mineral  obtained  from  geocerite. 
Geoceric   acid,  (je-o-ser'ik).     [Gk.  ge,   earth; 

keros,  wax.]      CasH^C^:  resembles   Cerotio 

acid,  obtained  from  earthy  lignite. 
Geocerite,  (je-6'se-rit).     (Gk.  ge,  earth;  Iceros, 

wax.]    C28H56O4:  a  white  wax-like  mineral 

obtained  from  coal. 
Geocorisa,  (je-o-kor-'i-sa).     [Gk.  ge,  earth; 


GEOCRONITE 


143 


GERMINAL 


Jcoris,  bug.]=Land  bugs:  insects  belonging 
to  Heteroptera. 

Geocronite,  (je-ok'ro-nit).  [Gk.  gc,  earth; 
kronos,  a  name  for  lead.]  A  mineral,  chiefly 
sulphide  of  lead  and  antimony. 

Geodephaga,(je-o-def a-ga).  [Gk.  geodes, earthy; 
phago,  I  devour.  J  Carnivorous  ground 
beetles,  a  primary  division  of  Goleoptera, 
including  Tiger  beetles. 

Geodesy,  (je-od'e-si).  [Geodesic,  the  French 
word.]  The  measurement  of  the  earth's 
surface  or  any  large  portion  of  it. 

Geodetic  line,  (j«-o-det'ik).  [Geodesy,  q.v.] 
A  base  line  used  in  geodesy. 

Geogeny,  (je-oj'e-ni).  [Gk.  ge,  earth;  gennao, 
I  produce.]  The  science  of  the  action  of  the 
molecules  of  a  celestial  mass  on  each  other, 
and  of  the  action  upon  all  of  force  radiated 
from  other  such  bodies:  includes  Biology, 
Geology,  Psychology,  &c. 

Geognosy.  [Gk.  ge,  earth;  gnosis,  knowledge.] 
^Mineralogy. 

Geography,  (je-og'ra-fi).  [Geor/raphia,  the 
Greek  word.]  The  science  of  the  surface  of 
the  globe  and  its  inhabitants. 

Geology,  (je-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  ge,  earth;  logos, 
discourse.]  The  science  of  the  changes 
that  have  taken  place  in  the  organic  and 
inorganic  kingdoms  of  nature,  and  of  the 
causes  and  results  of  these  changes:  the 
anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  earth. 

Geometrse,  (jti-om'e-tre)  =  Loopers  :  a  sub- 
division of  Lepidoptera,  named  from  alter- 
nately looping  and  stretching  the  body  in  pro- 
gression: includes  a  large  number  of  species. 

Geometrical,  (je-o-met'ri-kal).  [Geometry, 
q.v.]  Relating  to  geometry.  G.  progression: 
the  regular  increase  or  decrease  when  a  given 
number  is  continually  multiplied  or  divided 
by  the  same  number,  as  in  1,  3,  9,  27,  etc.; 
or  64,  16,  4,  1. 

Geometridse,  (jS-o-met'ri-de)  =  Emeralds:  a 
family  of  moths  belonging  to  Geometrse. 

Geometry,  (js-om'e-tri).  [Gk.  ge,  earth; 
metron,  measure.]  1.  The  science  of  form, 
and  of  the  relations  between  regular  figures. 
2.  Used  specially  for  the  system  of  geometry, 
called  "The  Elements,"  by  Euclid.  Analy- 
tical G.=Algebraic  G.:  a  branch  of  Mathe- 
matics, q.v. 

Geomyricite,  (j5-o-mi'ri-sit).  [Gk.  ge,  earth; 
Myricine,  q.v.^C^RQ^O-^'  a  waxy  combus- 
tible mineral  found  in  coal,  probably  derived 
from  wax-bearing  trees. 

Geomys,  (je'o-mis).  [Gk.  ge,  earth;  mys,  rat.] 
A  rat-like  animal  belonging  to  Muridse.  G. 

pinetis  =  Hamster;  G.  bursarius  =  Canada 
pouched  rat. 

Geophila,  (je-ofi-la).  [Gk.  ge,  earth:  philos, 
loving.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Cinchonaceae. 

Geophilus,  (je-ofi-lus).  [Gk.  ge,  earth ;  i^hilos, 
loving.]  A  pigeon-like  bird  belonging  to 
Columbidse. 

Geordie  safety  lamp.  A  safety  lamp  for  use 
in  coal-pits  invented  by  George  Stephenson. 

Georgian  planet=Georgium  sidus^Uranus^.w. 

Georychus,  (je-o-ri'kus).  [Gk.  ge,  earth;  orysso, 
I  dig.]  Lemming,  &c.  Mole-rats,  found  in 
Equatorial  Africa. 


Geosaurus,  (je-o-saw'rus).  [Gk.  ge,  earth; 
sauros,  lizard.]  A  crocodile-like  reptile, 
known  by  fossil  remains  ,  also  called  Lacerta 
gigantea. 

Geospiza,  ( je-os'pi-za ).  A  group  of  ground 
finches,  peculiar  to  Galapagos  Island. 

Geostatic  arches,  (je-o-stat'ik).  [Gk.  ge, 
earth;  Statics,  q. v.]  Arches  adapted  to  the 
support  of  a  load  of  earth. 

Geoteuthis,  (je-o-tu'this).  [Gk.  ge,  earth; 
teuthis,  cuttle-fish.]  A  cuttle-fish,  known 
by  fossil  remains  found  in  Lias  rocks. 

Geotrupes,  (je-o-tro'pez).  [Gk.  ge,  earth: 
trypao,  I  bore.]  Also  called  Dorbeetle,  and 
Flying-watchman ;  an  insect,  the  type  of 
Geotrupidse. 

Geotrupidae,(je-o-tro'pi-de).  [Geotrupes,  q.v.] 
A  family  of  beetles,  belonging  to  Lamelli 
cornes. 

Gephyrea,  ( je-f  I're-a  ).  [  Greek  gephyra, 
bridge.]  A  subdivision  of  Annulata,  by 
Rolleston,  which  bridges  over  the  interval 
between  Echinodermata  and  Vermes. 

Geraniacese,  (je-ran-i-a'se-e).  [Geranium.] 
Crane's  bills:  resinous  and  fragrant  herbs  and 
shrubs  with  tumid  stems  and  regular  flowers, 
belonging  to  Geraniales. 

Geraniaies,  (je-ran-i-a'lez).  [Geranium,  q.v.] 
Plants  with  monodichlamydeous  symmetrical 
flowers,  forming  a  division  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens. 

Geranium,  (je-ra'ni-um).  [Geranos,  a  crane.] 
=Crane's  bill :  an  herb 
belonging  to  Gerani- 
acese. Named  from 
long  beak  of  fruit.  0. 
Robertianurii  =  Herb 
Robert. 

Gerbil,  (jer'bil).  Labra- 
dor G.  =  Mus  Labra- 
dorius. 

Gerbillus,  (  jer-billus  )= 
Dipus  :  an  "animal  be- 
longing to  Rodentia. 

Gerda,  (go/da).  No.  122 
of. the  minor  planets, 
discovered  in  1872. 

Gerfalcon,  (  jer-faw'kon )  =  Hierofalco=Falco 
candicans:  an  eagle-like  bird. 

Gerhardt's  base^Platinarnmine,  q.v.;  named 
after  M.  Gerhardt. 

Germ,  (jerni).  [L.  germen,  bud.]  The  bud 
which  a  new  individual  first  develops,  either 
in  animals  or  plants. 

German,  (jer'man).  l.=High  Dutch.  2. 
A  prefix,  usually  implying  relation  to  Ger- 
many. G.  black:  a  vegetable  black  substance, 
probably  charcoal,  used  in  printing.  G. 
silver:  an  alloy  of  copper,  nickel,  and  zinc.  G. 
tinder= Amadou,  q.v.  G.  yeast,  v.  Yeast. 

Germander,  (  jer-man'der  )  =  Teucrium  :  an 
herb,  belonging  to  Labiatse. 

Germanic  floral  region,  characterised  by  de- 
ciduous trees  and  green  vegetables. 

Germen,  ( jer'men).  [The  Latin  word.]=Ovary 
=Germ,  q.v. 

Germinal,  (jer'min-al).  [Germ.]  G.  area:  the 
portion  of  an  ovum  in  which  development  ia 
taking  place.  G..  inembrane;  three  layers,  tfye 


Geranium. 


GERMINATION 


GIRAFFE 


outer  of  which  becomes  the  chorion,  and  the 
inner  the  allantois. 

Germination,  (jer-min-a'shun).  [Germinatio, 
the  Latin  word].  The  first  stage  of  the  de- 
velopment of  an  embryo  into  an  animal  or 
plant. 

Gesneraceae,  (ges-ner-a'se-e).  [Herr  Gesnera.] 
=Gesner- worts:  herbs  and  shrubs,  with  soft 
wood,  rugose  leaves  and  showy  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Bignonales. 

Gesso,  (jes'so).  [The  Italian  word.]  A  com- 
pound of  white  plaster  of  Paris  and  size,  used 
as  a  ground  for  tempera  painting. 

Gestation,  (jes-ta'shuii).  [Gestatio,  the  Latin 
word.]  The  carrying  young  in  the  womb  dur- 
ing the  age  of  development.previousto  birth. 

Geum,  (ge'um).  [The  Latin  word.]=Avens: 
an  herb,  belonging  to  Rosaceae.  G.  urbanum 
=Herb  Bennett=Wood  avens.  G.  rivale= 
Water  avens. 

Geyserite,  (gl'zer-it).  [Geysers,?.*;.]  A  siliceous 
mineral.deposited 
by  hot  springs. 

Geysers,  (gi'zerz). 
1.  Two  intermit- 
tent hot  springs 
in  Iceland,  con- 
taining silica  and 
other  minerals  in 
solution.  2.  The 
name  is  also 
used  as  a  general 
term  for  such 
springs. 

Ghorka,  (gorTta)= 
Gamboge  tree  : 
a  large  tree  of  Ceylon. 

Giant's  causeway.  A  formation  of  basaltic 
rocks,  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  in  which  the 
columns  of  basalt  are  arranged  as  if  to  form 
a  causeway. 

Gibbon,(gib'Don)=Hy locates:  an  active,  gentle 
ape,  with  long 
arms  and  no  tail, 
found  in  S.  E. 
Asia,  living  in 
hills  and  trees, 
analogous  to  the 
spider  monkey  of 
the  New  World. 

Gibbous,  (gib'bus). 

LL.      gibba,      a 
ump.  J     doubly 
convex.  G.  moon: 
greater    than    a 
half  moon. 
Gibbsite,  (gib'sit). 
[Colonel  Gibbs.]r= 
AlHg:  a  mineral,  chiefly hydrated aluminum. 
Gibraltar.    G.  monkey=ln\i\iB  ecaudatus.    G. 
stone :  a  variety  of  calcite. 
Giebel's  classification  of  Mammalia, 
Unguiculata —  Ungulata— 


Geywr. 


Gibbon. 


Quadrumana. 

Cheiroptera. 

Ferse. 

Marsupialia. 

Glires. 

Edentata. 


Solidungula. 
Multungula. 
Bisulca. 
Pinuata. 


Gig,  (gig).  [A.-S.  ganffan,  to  go.]  A  light 
clincher-built  boat,  about  25  feet  long,  in- 
tended for  swift  motion. 

Gigantholite,(gi-gan'to-lit),  A  mineral  .chiefly 
hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and  iron  ;  a 
variety  of  Finite. 

Gilbertite,  (  gil'ber-tit ).  [  Mr.  Gilbert.  ]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina,  probably 
an  impure  variety  of  Kaolinite. 

Gilding,  (gil'diug).  [Gold,  q. v.]  Covering 
with  a  thin  layer  of  gold. 

Gilead.  Balm  of :  obtained  from  Icica  carana. 
and  Dracoccephalum. 

Gill,  (gil).     Singular  of  gills,  q.v. 

Gilliesiaceae,  (  gil-li-si-a'se-e ).  [  Gilliesia.  ]=s 
Gilliesiads;  small  Chilian  bulbous  herbs,  with 
narrow  leaves,  belonging  to  Liliales. 

Gills,  (gils).  [Geagl,  the  A.-S.  name. ]= Bran- 
chiae: delicate  skin  processes,  richly  supplied 
with  blood-vessels,  by  means  of  which  aquatic 
animals  breathe. 

Gillyflowers,  (jil'li).  [Giroflet,  the  French 
name.]  l.=Cheiranthus  cheiri.  2.  Mat- 
thiola  incana==:stock=wall  flower. 

Gilthead.(gilt'hed).=Chrysophrys  aurata:  also 
=Crenilabrus  melops:  a  fish,  named  from  ita 
head  being  partly  yellow. 

Gimbals,  ( gim'bals ).     [  L.  yemellus,  double.  ] 
Two    supports    for    a 
ship's  com  pass;  enabling 
it  to  remain  horizontal. 

Gin,  (jin).  [1,  F.  geni- 
evre,  juniper;  2, 3,  abbr. 
of  engine.]  1.  A  spirit 
obtained  from  corn ,  and 
flavoured  with  the  ber- 
ries  of  the  juniper  plant.  2.  A  machine  used 
to  cleanse  cotton  previous  to  its  being  spun. 
3.  Sometimes  used  for  machine. 

Gingelly  seed=Seed  of  Sesamum  orientale. 
Oil  ofG.:  used  to  adulterate  almond  oil. 

Ginger,  (jin'jer).  [Corruption  of  Zmgiber.] 
l.=.Zingiber  oflicinale  ;  a  tree,  belonging  to 
Zingiberaceaa.  2.  The  rhizome  of  Zingiber 
oflicinale,  Alpinia  raoemosa,  &e.,  used  aa  a 
spice.  G.  beer:  a  fermented  drink  made  from 
ginger  root,  with  the  addition  of  sugar,  tar' 
tario  acid,  &c. 

Gingerbread  tree=Hyph?eno  thebaica:  a  tree 
belonging  to  Palmacea). 

Ginger-worts,  (jin'jer-wurts).  [Ginger  and 
Worts,  q  v.]=Ziugiberace8o,  q.v. 

Ginseng,  (jin-seng').  [The  Chinese  name.]= 
Panax  quinquefolium:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Arahaceae,  the  root  of  which  is  used  medici- 
nally. 

Gipsies,  (jJP'siz)-  [Plural  of  Gipsy,  q.v.]  A 
wandering  Indo-European  people,  probably 
of  Indian  origin;  also  called  Bohemians, 
Gitanos,  and  Zmgari. 

Gipsy,  (jip'si).  [Probably  a  corruption  of 
Egyptian.]  1.  Singular  of  Gipsies,  q.v.  2.= 
Opisthocomus:  a  gallinaceous  bird  of  Brazil. 
G.  '/HO</i=Liparis  dispar.  G.  wori=Lycopus. 

Giraffe,  ( ji-raf).  [Girafa,  the  Spanish  name.] 
=Giraffa.-=Camelopardalis:  an  herbivorous 
quadruped,  intermediate  between  Cervus 
and  Antelope:  remarkable  for  ita  long  neck 
and  legs. 


GIRASOL 


145 


GLEICHENIACEJE 


Girasol,  (zhi'ra-sol).  [The  Italian  name.]= 
Sun-opal:  a  transparent  red  variety  of  opal; 
also  called,  fire-opal. 

Girder,  (ger'der).  [A.-S.  gerd,  rod.]  A  large 
beam,  crossing  a  wide  opening,  such  as  a 
road.  Box  G. :  a  square  tube.  Lattice  G. : 
with  iron  lattice-work.  Plate  G.:  having  a 
plate  at  top  or  bottom,  or  both. 

xxxxxx 

Lattice  Girder. 


Box  Girder.  Plate  Girder. 

Gismondite,  (gis'mon-dit).  A  rare  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  aluminum,  cal- 
cium, <fec. 

Gizzard,  (giz'zard).  [Gesier,  the  French  word.] 
In  birds:  a  modification  of  the  stomach, 
serving  to  grind  grain,  and  corresponding  to 
the  pylorus.  *  . 

Glacial,  (gla'si-al).  [Glacia  Us,  the  Latin  word.] 
Icy :  connected  with  glaciers.  G.drift=BonldeT 
foruiation=Diluvium.  G.  period:  common 
to  and  connecting  Tertiary  and  Post-Tei-ti- 
ary;  probably  divisible  into  two  periods, 
separated  by  a  long  period  of  submergence, 
and  partly  anterior  to  drift  period.  G. 
action:  existence  of,  proved  by  erratic  blocks, 
Arctic  character  of  shells,  and  similarity  of 
fauna  and  flora  on  far  apart  mountains.  G. 
acids;  which  occur  in  a  crystalline  form. 

Glacier,  (gla'si-er).  [The  French  word.]= 
Snow  converted  into  ice,  usually  porous  and 
opaque:  an  ico  river;  abundant  in  Switzer- 
land, Norway,  and  near  Cape  Horn.  The 
motion  of  a  glacier  is  continuous,  but  varies 
with  the  temperature. 

Gladiolus,  (gla-di'o-lus).  [L.  gladiolus,  little 
sword  ]— Corn  flag  :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Iridaceae,  named  from  its  sword-shaped 
leaves. 

Gladius,  (gla'di-us).  [L.  gladius,  sword.] 
The  internal  shell  of  cuttle  fishes;  also  called 
Pen. 

Glairin,  (glair'in).  [Glaire,  the  French  word.] 
s=Glaire= White  of  egg.  r.  Albumin. 

Glaisher's  factors.  [Prof.  Glaisher.]  A  table 
of  constants  used  in  finding  the  dew  point. 

Glance,  (glans).  [GUtnz,  the  German  word.] 
A  general  term  for  lustrous  minerals.  G. 
copper  =  Chalcocite.  G.  coal  =  Anthracite. 
Lead  £.=Galena. 

Glands,  (glandz).  [L.  glans,  acorn.]  Secret- 
ing viscera :  those  which  absorb  from  the 
blood  certain  substances.  Monotrematic  G. 
= Abdominal  G.  of  Ornithorhynclms:  have 
no  nipples;  not  conglomerate.  Mammo,ry 
G.:  simple  caeca  in  Cetacese  and  Monotremata; 
conglomerate  in  higher  Mammalia.  G.  of 
Lieberkuhn :  in  the  walla  of  the  intestines. 


Glareola,  (gla-re-o'la)= Pratincole:  a  wading 
bird,  known  in  the  Old  World  only,  belongs 
to  Grallatores. 

Glass,  (glas).  [Glas,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
compound  of  various  silicates,  which  is  very 
transparent,  very  brittle,  and  fusible  at  a 
high  temperature,  and  can  be  converted  into 
enamel  or  porcelain.  Bohemian  G.:  silicate 
of  potassium  and  calcium.  Bottle  G. :  a  coarse 
variety  of  glass.  Crown  <?.=Silicate  of  pot- 
assium and  calcium.  Flint  (?.=Silieate  of 
lead  and  potassium.  Stained  G.:  coloured 
in  the  making,  chiefly  by  metallic  oxides. 
Plate  G  =Cast  G.=Silioate  of  sodium,  cal- 
cium, iron,  &c.  Volcanic  G.  =  Obsidian. 
Water  (?.=Soluble  G.=Hydrated  silicate  of 
potassium  or  sodium.  G.  iv?/=Campanularia 
integra:  a  parasite  upon  parasitic  Sertularia. 
G.  eel'  belonging  to  Leptocephalidse.  G.  rope- 
sponge  =  Hyalouema.  G.  serpent  =  Anguis 
ventralis.  G.  s/ieiJ=Carinaria:  belongs  to 
Gasteropoda.  G.  shrimp  =  Erichthus  :  a 
marine  ciustacean  animal.  G.  icorfeSali- 
cornia:  an  herb  belonging  to  Chenopodiacese. 

Glasseri  fissura=Glasserian  fissure:  a  narrow 
slit  between  two  bony  surfaces  in  the  ear, 
through  which  the  tympanic  artery  passes. 

Glauberite,  (glaw'ber-it).  [Glauber's,  q.v.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  sulphate  of  lime  and  soda. 

Glauber's  salt,  (glaw'berz).  [Herr  Glauber.] 
= Sulphate  of  soda:  used  medicinally;  also 
called  Mirabilite. 

Glaucae,  (glaw'se).  A  group  of  small  willows, 
with  soft  silky  leaves. 

Glaucium,  (glaw'si-um).  [Gk.  glaukos,  blue.] 
Horned  poppy:  a  plant  belonging  to  Papa- 
veraceae. 

Glaucolite,  (glaw'ko-Ht).  [Gk.  glav.kos,  blue; 
lithos,  stone.] =Wernerite:  a  variety  of  albite; 
a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime. 

Glaucoma,  (glaw'ko-ma).  [Gk.  glaukos,  blue.] 
A  disease  of  the  eye;  in  which  the  pupil  is 
changed  in  colour  from  black  to  green. 

Glauconite,  (glaw'ko-nit).  [Gk.  glaukos,  blue.] 
A  silicate  of  aluminum,  iron,  &c.,  found  in 
Greensand. 

Glaucophane,  (  glaw'ko-fan  ).  [Gk.  glaukos, 
blue;  phaino,  I  show.]  A  variety  of  garnet, 
A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum,  iron, 
potassium,  &c, 

Glaucopis,  (glau-ko'pis).  [Gk.  glaukos,  blue  ; 
ops,  eye.]  Wattle-bird:  a  sparrow-like  bird. 

Glaucus,  (glaw'kus).  [Gk.  glaukos,  blue.]  1. 
A  molluscous  animal,  belonging  to  Gastero- 
poda. 2.  A  small  lizard-like  animal,  with 
body  and  tail,  four  limbs,  and  many  feelers, 
but  no  mouth  or  eyes  ;  about  1  inch  long. 

Glaux,  (glawks).  [Gk.  glaukos,  blue.]  1.  Sea 
milk-wort.  2.  An  owl.  G.  Javonica=Glasa 
owl. 

Glazing,  (gla'zing).  [Glass,  g.v.]  1.  Fixing 
plates  of  glass  in  window  frames,  &c.  2.  To 
cover  with  a  vitreous  coat. 

Gleditachia,  (gled-it'si-a).  [Herr  Gleditsch, 
a  German  botanist.]  A  plant,  belonging  to 
Leguminaceae.  G-triacanthos^'Koney locust. 
G.  m0nos/9erma= Water  locust. 

Gleicheniacese,  (gll-ken-i-a'se-e).  v.  Filicales : 
K 


GLENGARIFF 


146 


GLUME 


a  primary  sub-division  of  Filicales  or  Ferns ; 

chiefly  tropical. 

Glengariff  grit=Dingle:  a  schistose  and  quart- 
zoserock,  corresponding  with  Upper  Silurian. 

Glenoid  surface,  (glen'oid).  [Gk.  glene,  socket; 
eidos.form.]  1.  Of  the  temporal  bone,  articu- 
lating with  the  parietal.  2.  Generally  for 
any  similar  surface. 

Gliadin,  (gli'a-din).  [Gk.  glia,  glue.]=Glutin: 
one  of  the  constituents  of  glue. 

Glires,  (gli'rez).  [L.  glis,  dormouse.]=Roden- 
tia:  used  by  Linnaeus  for  the  group  of  animals 
including  the  porcupine,  beaver,  rat,  squir- 
rel, &c. 

Glis,  (glis).  [L.  glis,  dormouse.]  A  rat-like 
animal,  belonging  to  Kodentia. 

Globe,  (glob).   (Globus,  the  Latin  word.]  The 
earth  ;    named  from  its 
form.     According  to  geo- 
logical      and      physical 
theories,  the   earth  was 
formerly  a  molten  globe  ; 
and,  according  to  astro- 
nomical    and     chemical 
theories,  it  was  formerly 
an  incandescent  centre  of 
light  and  heat.    G.  .£s/tes=:Gyinnodontidae : 
have  an  air  sac  which, 
when  inflated,  gives  the 
fish  a  spherical  form. 
G.  stater«=Sphaeroma : 
sessile-eyed  crustaceans. 
G.   flower  =  Trollius  : 
named  from  the  globe- 
shaped  flowers. 

Globigerinae,  (gl5-bij-er-i'no).  [L.  globu*. 
globe;  yero,  I  bear.]  Minute  foraminifera, 
found  in  great  abundance  at  the  bottom  of 
the  Atlantic.  Found  fossil  iu  Tertiary  rocks 
and  in  Chalk. 

Globiocephalus,'(glo-bi-5-sef 'a-lus).  [L.  globus, 
globe;  Gk.  kepliale,  head.]  A  variety  of  the 
dolphin ;  an  animal  belonging  to  Cetacea. 
G.  svineval=^Pi\ot  whale. 

Globular,  (glob'u-lar).  [Globe,  q.v.]  Related 
to  a  globe  in  form.  G.  minerals:  which  occur 
in  more  or  less  complete  spheres.  G.  projec- 
tion, v.  Map. 

Globulariaceae,  (glob-S-la-ri-a'se-e).  [Globu- 
laria,  the  typical  genus.]=Selagids :  herbs 
with  alternate  leaves,  sessile  flowers,  and 
two-celled  fruit  with  pendulous  seeds. 

Globulin,  (glob'u-lin).  [Globular,  q.v.]=Cry- 
Btallin  :  in  blood  globules  ;  the  albuminous 
substance  of  which  they  are  mainly  composed. 

Globulodus,  (glo-bul'o-dus).  [L.  globulosv.s, 
globular;  Gk.  odous,  tooth.  ]  A  ganoid  fish, 
known  by  fossil  teeth,  found  in  Permian 
rocks.  ••••••!•»  •*-•• 

Glomerulus,  (glom-er'u-lus).  [L.  glomero,  I 
make  into  a  ball.]  Globular  accumulation: 
e.g.,  bundles  of  capillary  vessels  in  which  the 
renal  arteries  terminate  within  the  Malphi- 
ghian  capsules  of  the  kidneys.  «•  ••«%«.  -*•.• 

Glonoine,  (glo-noin')=Nitro-glycerine,  q.v: 

Glossohyal  bone,  (glos-so-hi'al).    [Gk.  glossa, 


Globo-flah. 


tongue;  Hyal,  q. v.]= Lingual  bone:  a  slight 
bone  supporting  the  tongue  in  some  fishes 


Glossopetra,  (  glos-so-pet'ra  ).  *  [  Gk.  glossa, 


tongue;  petron,  rock.]  A  general  term  used 
for  fossil  teeth. 

Glossophaga,  (  glos-of 'a-ga  ).  [  Gk.  glossa, 
tongue;  phago,  I  eat.]  Leaf-bat,  &c.:  an 
animal,  belonging  to  Cheiroptera. 

Glossopharyngeal  nerves,  (glos-so-fa-rin'je-al.) 
[Gk.  glossa,  tongue  ;  Pharyngeal,  q.v.]  The 
ninth  pair  of  nerves,  serving  the  tongue  and 
the  muscles  of  the  pharynx. 

Glottalite,  (  glot'a-lit  ).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and  lime. 

Glottis,  (glot'tis).  [Gk.  glotta,  tongue.]  The 
aperture  at  the  back  of  the  mouth,  forming 
the  entrance  to  the  trachea  or  windpipe. 

Glow-worm=Lampyris  noctiluca:  an  insect, 
belonging  to  Coleoptera,  which  emits  a  phos- 
phorescent light. 

Glucic  acid,  (  glu'sik  ).  [Glucose,  q.v.  ]  Cjg 
HigO9=Glucinic  acid  :  obtained  from  sugar. 
Apoglucic  acid=0xidised  glucic  acid=Assa- 
mar. 

Glucina.  (glu-si'na).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet  ]= 
GO  =  Oxide  of  glucinum :  named  from  its 
sweet  taste. 

Glucinurn,  (glu-sl'num).  [Glucina,  q.v.]=G": 
Beryllium:  one  of  the  earth-metals,  a  white 
malleable  metal,  obtained  from  the  emerald. 

Gluco,  (glu'ko).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet.]  A  pre- 
fix implying  the  presence  of  glucose,  or  deri- 
vation from  it. 

Gluco.citric  acid,  (glu-ko-sit'rik).  [Gluco  and 
Citric,  q.v.]  A  compound  of  glucose  and 
citric  acid. 

Glucosan,  ( glu'ko-san  ).  [Glucose,  q.v.]  = 
CfiHjoOs:  the  anhydride  of  dextro-glucose:  a 
colourless  amorphous  substance,  into  which 
gi-ape  sugar  is  converted  by  the  loss  of  some 
of  its  water. 

Glucose,  (gla'kos).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet. ]= 
CeHiaOg:  a  saccharine  substance  formed 
from  the  blood  by  the  action  of  the  liver; 
also  called  grape  sugar,  liver  sugar,  <fcc. 

Glucosides,  (glu'ko-sidz).  [Glucose,  q.v.]  Ar- 
butin,  esculin,  salicin,  quercitrin,  &c. :  crys- 
talline substances  from  which  sugar  can  be 
obtained. 

Glucotartaric  acid,  (glu-ko-tar-tar'ik).  [Gluco 
and  Tartaric,  q.v.]  A  compound  of  glucose 
and  tartaric  acid. 

Glue,  (glu).  [Gluten,  q. v.]  A  thick  gelatinous 
substance  prepared  from  skins  and  other  ani- 
mal matter:  an  inferior  quality  of  gelatin. 

Glue  plant  =  Fucus  tenax  =  Piocaria  tenax : 
used  as  glue  or  varnish. 

Glumaceae,  (  glu-ma se-e ).  [Glume,  q.v.  ] 
Grasses,  sedges,  <fcc. :  plants  having  the 
flowers  in  glumes.  , 

Glumaceous,  (glu-ma'se-us. )  ,  [Glume,  q.v.] 
Related  to  Glumaceaj. 

Glumales,  (gla-ma'lez).  [Glume, 
q.v.]  Evergreen  herbs,  with  cylin- 
drical join  ted  stems,  narrow  leaves, 
and  scales  for  floral  envelopes, 
forming  a  division  of  Emlogens, 
and  including  Cyperaceic,  Gramin- 
aceaj,  &c. 

Glume,  (glum).    [Gluma,  the  Latin     Glume. 
word.]    The  floral  envelope  of  grasses,  &c., 
formed  of  two  bracts. 


GLUTAMIC 


147 


GNATHOSTOMA 


Glutamic  acid,  (glu-ta'mik).  [Glucose,  q.v.} 
C5H9N04:  an  acid  substance  obtained  from 
gluten. 

Gluten,  (glu'ten).  [The  Latin  word.]  A  gray 
elastic  compound  of  glutin,  fibrin,  casein, 
&c. :  the  chief  ingredient  in  the  seeds  of 
wheat,  rye,  &c. 

Glutin,  (glu'fcin).  [Gluten,  q.v.]  An  albu- 
minous substance  obtained  from  gluten. 

Glutton,  (glut'ton).    [Glutto,  the  Latin  name.] 
•=  Ursus    gulo  = 
Wolverene:  named 
from   its  voraci- 
ous appetite. 

Glyceramine,  (glis'- 
er-a-min).  [Gly- 
cerine and  amine, 
q.v.}  QsHgNOj: 
a  base  obtained 
from  glycerin.  "~  Glutton.  r 

Glyceria,  (gli-se'ri-a).  [Gk.  glykeros,  sweet. ]= 
Manna  grass;  a  plant  belonging  to  Grami- 
nacese. 

Glyceric,  (glis'er-ik).  [Glycerin,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  glycerin.  G.  aeid=C3H604.  G.  acids 
=CnH2nO4.  G.  ether=CsH.-L(>03. 

Glycerides,  (glis'er-idz).  [Glycerin,  q.v.  ]= 
Compound  ethers  of  glycerin:  artificial  com- 
pounds resembling  fats. 

Glycerin,  (glis'er-in).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet.] = 
C'jHgOs^Sweet  principle  of  oils:  separated 
from  most  fats  and  oils  during  saponifica- 
tion;=an  alcohol,  used  to  preserve  animal 
substances,  v.  Alcohols.  Does  not  freeze  nor 
evaporate  at  any  usual  temperatures,  v. 
Nitro-glycerin. 

Glyceryl,  (glis'er-il).  [Glycerin,  q.v.  ]  The 
radicle  of  glycerin. 

Glycocholic  acid,  (gll-ko-kol'ik).  [Gk.  glykys, 
sweet;  chole,  bile.}=:2CfesH«80t :  a  white 
crystalline  acid  substance  obtained  from  the 
bile  of  oxen. 

Glycocine,  (gli'ko-sm).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet.] 
=CoH5NO;> :  a  sweet  crystalline  substance 
obtained  from  glycerin. 

Glycocoll,  (gli'ko-kol).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet; 
kolla,  glue.]=Glycocine,  q.v. 

Glycogen,  (gli'ko-jen).  [Glucose,  q.v.;  Gk. 
gennao,  I  produce.  J^CgHioOg:  an  amyloid 
substance  found  in  the  liver  and  the  pla- 
centa, which  is  converted  into  sugar  by  the 
action  of  the  liver. 

Glycol,  (gli'kol).  [Glycerin  and  AlcohoZ.]= 
^CoHgO^Ethylene  alcohol:  a  liquid  sub- 
substance  intermediate  between  glycerin  and 
alcohol,  the  vapour  of  which  is  inflammable. 

Glycolic  acid,  (  gli-kol'ik  ).  [Glycol,  q.v.]= 
C.2H4O3 :  a  syrupy  liquid,  the  type  of  the 
glycolic  series  of  acids. 

Glycolic  series=CnH2n03 :  a  series  of  acids 
intermediate  between  acetic  and  oxalic  series, 
including  glycolic  and  lactic  acids. 

Glycolide,  (gli'ko-lld).  [Glycol,  g.v.]=Gly- 
colic  anhydride=:C<>HoOo. 

Glycollamide,  (  glT-kol'a-mTd  ).  [Glycol  and 
Amide,  #.?>.]:=C2H5NO2:  the  amide  of  glycol. 

Glycols,  (gli'kolz).  [Glycol,  q.v.]  =  Diatomic 
alcohols:  a  series  of  hydrocarbons,  of  artifi- 
cial composition,  intermediate  between  alco- 


hols and  glycerins,  which,  when  oxidized, 
become  acids. 

Glycolyl,  (gli'ko-lil).  [Glycolic,  g.v.]=C3H20: 
the  radicle  of  the  glycolic  series. 

Glycose,  (gli'kos).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet.]  = 
Glucose,  q.v. 

Glycyl,  (gli'sil).  [Glycerin,  g.-y.]=C3H3:  an 
hypothetical  radicle  of  glycerin. 

Glycyrhiza,  (gli-sir'i-za).  [Gk.  glykys,  sweet; 
rhiza,  root.]=Liquorice  plant:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Fabacese. 

Glyoxal,  (gli-oks'al).  FGlycol  and  Oxalis,  q.v.] 
— CaHoOo— An  aldehyde  of  glycol,  interme- 
diate in  composition  between  glyoxilic  and 
glyoxalic  acids. 

Glyoxalurea,  (gli-oks-a-lu're-a).  =  Allanturic 
acid,  q.v. 

Glyoxiline,  (gll-oks'i-lin).  [Glyoxal,  q.v.]  A 
mixture  of  gun-cotton  and  nitre. 

Glyoxylic  acid,  ( gli-oks-il'ik  ).  [Glyco]  and 
Oxalic,  g.v.]=:C2H4O4  :  an  acid  obtained  from 
glycerin  by  action  of  nitric  acid,  intermediate 
between  the  glycolic  and  oxalic  seriesof  acids. 

Glyphoglossus,  (gli-fo-glos'sus).  [Gk.  glyphe, 
carving;  glossa,  tongue.]— Indian  toad:  the 
fattest  of  all  toads. 

Glyphography,(gli-fog'ra-fi).  [Gk.  glyphe,  carv- 
ing; grapho,  I  write.]  A  process  of  etching  by 
galvanism,  in  which  the  drawing  is  in  relief. 

Glyptic,  (glip'tik).  [Glyptos,  the  Greek  word.] 
=Carved:  engraved. 

Glyptodon,  (glip'to-don).  [Gk.  glyptos,  carved; 
odous,  tooth.]  A 
large  edentate  ani- , 
mal,  of  which  fossil 
remains,  chiefly  flu- 
ted teeth,  have  been 
found  in  Pleisto- 
cene rocks. 

Glyptolepis,     ( glip- 
tol'e-pis).      [Gk.  ,- 
glyptos,       carved ;  Glyptodon. 

lepis,  plate.]  A  fossil  Ganoid  fish  found  in 
Devonian  rocks. 

Gmelinite,  (mel'i-nit).  [Herr  Gmelin.]=Cha- 
bazite,  q.v.  :  a  mineral  of  the  zeolite  group, 
chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  aluminum,  cal- 
cium, and  sodium;  also  called  Hydrolite. 

Gnaphalium,  (na-fa'li-um).  [Gk.  graphalion, 
woolly.]  =  Cudweed:  Cotton  weed,  &c.,  a 
plant  belonging  to  Compositse.  G.  orientals 
= Everlasting  Love. 

Gnat,  (nat).  [The  A.-S.  name.]=Culex:  an 
insect  belonging  to  Diptera. 

Gnats,  (nats)=Culicid8e  :  insects  belonging  to 
Diptera,  including  the  gnat,  mosquito,  &c. 

Gnathites,  ( na-thi'tez  ).  [Gk.  gnathos,  jaw.] 
Appendages  to  Decapoda,  modified  for,  mas- 
tication. 

Gnathodon,  (nath'o-don).  [Gk.  gnathos,  jaw; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  molluscous  animal. 

Gnathodontes,  (nath-6-don'tez).  [Gk.  gnathos, 
jaw;  odous,  tooth.]  Name  suggested  by  De 
Blainville  for  a  primary  division  of  fishes, 
including  the  bony  fishes.  .  !*~': 

Gnathostoma,  (nath-os'to-roa). '  [Gk.  gnathos, 
jaw;  stoma,  mouth.]  Small  worms,  belong- 
ing to  Entozoa,  found  in  the  stomach  of  tho 
tiger,  leopard,  &c. 


GNEISS 


148 


GONIOMETER 


Gneiss,  (ins).  A  rock  resembling  granite, 
but  having  a  more  stratified  or  foliated  ap- 
pearance: composed  of  quartz,  felspar,  and 
mica ;  one  of  the  metaiuorphic  rocks,  very 
durable. 

Gneissoid,  (ni'soid).  [Gneiss,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Resembling  gneiss. 

Gnetacese,  (ne-ta'se-e).  [Gnetum,  2.v.]=Joint- 
firs;  small  trees,  with  jointed  stems,  belong- 
ing to  Gymnogens,  but  approximating  to 
Exogens. 

Gnetum,  (ne'tum).  [The  Latin  name.]  A 
plant,  the  type  of  Gnetaceae,  found  in  tro- 
pical India  and  America. 

Gnomon,  (n5'mon).  1.  A  figure  resembling  a 
carpenter's  square,  formed  by  taking  away  a 
portion  of  a  rectangle.  2.  The  index  of  a 
sun-dial. 

Gnomonic,  (no-mon'ik).  [Gnomon,  q.v.]  Re- 
lating to  a  gnomon.  G.  projection:  in  map 
drawing,  in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be 
at  the  centre  of  the  earth. 

Gnu,  (nu).    [The  Hottentot  name.]=Antilope 
gnu:  an  animal  re- 
sembling the  ante-     _-^ 
lope,    the    buffalo,    • 
and  the  horse. 

Goat,  (got).  [Gat, 
the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Capra:  an  animal 
belonging  to  Rumi- 
nantia.  G.'s  beard 
=Tragopogon  pra- 
tensis.  G.  moth=  Gnu. 

Cossus  ligniperda.  G.  29e^er=Capsicum,  q.v. 
G.  sucker  =  Capri- 
mulgus,  q.  v. ;  a  bird 
also  called  Night- 
jar. G.  8  thorn  = 
Astragalus  verus. 
G.  weed  =  JEgopo- 
dium,  q.v. 

Gobioidei,  (go-bi-oi'- 
de-I).  [Gobius, q.v.; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.] 
=  Gobiidaj:  Goby, 
Blenny,  &c.,  a  Goat-sucker, 

family  of  fishes  belonging  to  Acanthopteri. 

Gobius,  (g5'bi-us).  [The  Latin  name.]=Goby: 
a  nest-building  fish. 

Godin,  In  moon,  a  crater  22  miles  in  diameter. 

God- wit,  (god' wit).     [A.-S.  y6d,  good;  whit, 
creature.  ]  =  Limosa, 
a    wading    bird,   be- 
longing    to     Longi- 
rostres. 

Goethe's  theory:  that 
all  organs  of  plants, 
petals,  sepals,  sta- 
mens, &c.,  are  meta- 
morphosed leaves. 

Goetite,  (ge'tit).  [Goathe. 
= Oxide  of  iron:  one 
of  the  iron  group  of 
minerals,    crystallis-  Godwit 

ing  in  rhombs:  much  resembling  limonite. 

Goitre,  (goi'tr).  [The  French  name.]=Bron- 
chocele:  the  enlargement,  by  disease,  of  the 
thyroid  gland;  also  called  "Derbyshire  neck." 


Gold,  (g61d)=Au'"=Auruni:  one  of  the  noble 
ruetals;  a  soft,  yellow,  lustrous,  malleable 
metal,  valuable  from  its  beauty,  scarcity,  and 
freedom  from  the  action  of  oxygen:  found 
most  commonly  in  Paheozoic  rocks.  Native 
G.=fom\d  iu  grains  and  nuggets;  sometimes 
also  contains  silver,  copper,  &c.  G.  carp= 
G.  ^sA=Cyprinus  auratus.  G.  finch=Fnn- 
gilla  carduelis,  a  bird.  G.  jinny  =  Creni- 
labrus.  G.  ^Ha:=Avanturiue.  6.  leaf  elec- 
t}'0sc0pe=Bennett's  E.,  q.v.  G.  of  pleasure 
=Camelina,  q.v.  G.  thread=Coptia  trifolia, 
a  plant  belonging  to  Ranunculaeeae. 

Gold-beater's  skin.  The  thin  skin  of  the  in- 
testines of  oxen,  prepared  for  use  in  gold- 
beating. 

Gold-beating.  The  hammering  of  gold  into 
extremely  thin  sheets. 

Golden,  (gol'den).  [Gold,  3. v.]  G.  fly=CYuyah: 
an  insect,  belonging  to  Ilymenoptera.  G. 
r<iofrf=Crenilabrus  melops:  a  fish,  belonging 
to  Labridae.  G.  number:  marks  the  place  of 
the  year  in  the  cycle  of  19  years,  in  which  the 
civil  and  astronomical  years  coincide.  G.  rod 
=Solidago:  an  herb,  belonging  to  Composite. 
G.  ro&in=:Baltiniore  oriole.  G.  teeth:  teeth 
of  herbivorous  animals  are  sometimes  coated 
with  a  yellow  precipitate.  G.  trumpeter; 
A  garni,  a  crane-like  bird. 

Goldie-locks=Linosyris  :  an  herb,  belonging 
to  Composite. 

Gomeisa=/3  Canis  Minoris :  the  second  star  in 
the  constellation  Canis  Minor. 

Gomer,  (go'mer).     Tho  conical  chamber  of  a 

Gompholite,(gom'fo-lit).  [Gk.  yomplios,  wedge; 
lithos,  stone.]  A  miocene  rock,  named  from 
the  wedge-shaped  pebbles  found  in  it. 

Gomphosis,(gom-fo'sis).  [Gk.  gomphos,  wedge.  ] 
The  union  of  two  bodies  by  the  insertion  of 
one  in  the  other. 

Gomuti  palm,  (go-mo'ti).  Borassus  sacchari- 
ferus=:13orassu8  gomuti=Arenga  sacchari- 
fera:  a  palm  tree,  from  which  sago  and  sugar 
are  obtained. 

Gonds.     An  Asiatic  people. 

Gong  metal.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  used 
in  making  gongs. 

Goniaster,  (go-ni-as'ter).  [Gk.  gonia,  angle  ; 
aster,  star.]=Cushion  star  :  connects  Aste- 
riadaj  with  Echinidae.  Many  species  are 
found  fossil  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Goniasteria,(go-ni-as-te'ri-a).  (Goniaster,'?. v.] 
Goniaster,  &c. :  a  group  of  star  fishes,  be- 
longing to  Asteriada;. 

Goniatites,  (gS-ni-a-ti'tez).  [Gk.  gonia,  angle.] 
Fossil  remains  of  Ammonites,  many  species 
of  which  are  found  in 
Devon  ian  and  Carboni- 
ferous Limestone. 

Gonidia,(go-nid'i-a).  Algae 
imprisoned  by  fungi,  so 
an  to  form  lichens,  q.v. 

Goniometer,  (go-ni-om'e- 
ter).  [Gk.  gonio.,  angle; 
Meter,  q. v.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the 
angles  of  crystals,  or 
angles  generally.  Goniometer. 


GONIOMETKIC 


149 


ORAAFIAN 


Goniometric,  (go-ni-6-met'ric).  [Goniometer, 
q.v.]  Connected  with  the  measurement  ol 
angles. 

Goniometry,  (  go-ni-om'e-tri  ).  [  Gk.  gonia 
angle  ;  Meter,  q.v.]  The  art  of  measuring 
angles. 

Goniopholis,  (go-ni-ofo-lis).  [Gk.  gonia,  angle; 
plwlis,  scale.]  A  reptile,  belonging  to  Cro- 
codilia,  known  by  fossil  remains  in  Wealden 
and  Purbeck  rocks. 

Gonoblastidium.  Reproductive  matter  found 
in  gonophores. 

Gonophore,  (  gon'o-for  ).  [Gk.  gonos,  seed; 
pkero,  I  bear.j=Androphore:  generative  ele- 
ments ;  ex.,  such  as  are  produced  in  walls  of 
the  manubrium  of  Meduste. 

Gonopteryx,  (gon-op'ter-iks).  [Gk.  gonia, 
angle;  pteryx,  wing.]  An  insect  belonging 
to  Lepidoptera.  G.  libatrix=Hergild  moth. 
G.  r&amm=Brimstone  butterfly. 

Gonosome,  (gon'o-som).  [Gk.  gonos,  seed; 
soma,  body.]  Collective  name  for  generative 
organs. 

Goodeniaceae,  (  good-en-i-a'se-e ).  [Goodenia, 
the  typical  genus.]=Goodeniads=Goodeno- 
vieje:  herbs,  chiefly  Australian,  with  scattered 
leaves  and  monopetalous  flowers,  Belonging 
to  Campanales. 

Goosander,  (gous-an'der).  [Goose,  g.v.]=Mer- 
gus:  an  aquatic  bird,  belonging  to  Natatores. 

Goose,  (goos).  [Gos,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Anser: 
an  aquatic  bird,  belonging  to  Natatores. 
Bean  G.=Anser  segetum.  Upland  G.= 
Chloephaga  magellanica.  G.  /oo<=Cheuo- 

podium.     G  grass=G&lmm  aparine. 

Gooseberry  (gooz'ber-ri).  [Cor.  of  gorseberry.j 
=Ribes  grossularia :  a  plant,  belonging  to 

Saxifragaceae. 

Goose-dung  ore^Ganomatite,  q.v. 
Gordiaceae.  (  gor-di-a'se-e.  )    [  Gordins,  g.v.  ] 

Thread-like  animals,  belonging  to  Scolecida, 

and  forming  a  division  of  Crelemintha. 
Gordius,  (gor'di-us),    A  nematoid  worm,  the 

body  of  which  usually  resembles  knots. 
Gorge,  (gorj).    [The  French  word  ]    1.  A  nar- 
row entrance,  or  narrow  valley  with  lofty 

sides.     2.  The  entrance  to  a  bastion,   &c., 

where  the  sides  approach  near  each  other. 

3.  Any  narrow  entrance. 
Gorgol= Gargoyle,  q.v. 
Gorgonia,  ( gor-go'ni-a).     [  The  Latin  name.  ] 

A  coral  polype,  the  type  of  Gorgoniiedge.     G. 

verucosa:  Warted  Sea- Fan.     G.  auce/>s=Sea- 

willow. 
Gorgoniae,  (  gor-go'ni-e  ).     [Gorgonia,  q.v.]    A 

family    of   coral- 
forming  animals, 

belonging  to  Act- 

inozoa. 
Gorgonidae,    ( gor- 

gon'i-de  ).     [  Gor- 
gonia,  q.v. ;    Gk. 

eidos,     form.]  = 

Sea  shrubs:  coral 

polypes,    includ- 
ing red  coral,  a 

division  of  Actin- 

ozoa. 
Gorilla,  (gor-il'la).  Corronise. 


[The  African  name.]=Troglodytea  gorilla: 

anthropoid    ape    of 

Africa,    also    called 

Pongo;  large,  bulky, 

arboreal,    herbivor- 

ous,   and  polygam- 

ous; first  discovered 

in  1843. 
Gorse,  (gors).  [Gears, 

the  A.-S.  name.]  = 

Ulex:  a  thorny  shrub 

with  yellow  flower, 

belonging  to  Legu- 

minaceae. 
Goshawk,(gosTiawk).  Gorilla. 

[Corruption  of  goose-  Aawk.]=Astur  palum- 

barius:  a  hawk-like 

bird,   belonging    to 

Falconidse. 
Goslarite,  (goz'la-rit). 

[  Goslar    mine.  ]  = 

White      vitriol  :    a 

mineral,  chiefly  hy- 

drated    sulphate  of 

zinc. 
Gossypium,  (gos-sip'i- 

um.)    [Arab,  goz  or 

got/in,  a    soft   sub- 

stance. ]   =  Cotton 

plant:  a  plant,  be- 

longing     to      Mai-  Goshawk. 

vacese,  which  has  fibres,  from  \  inch  to  1£ 

inches  long,  on  the  seeds.    These  fibres  are 

raw  cotton. 
Gothic,  (goth'ik).=Teutonic:  a  race  of  people 

inhabiting  N.  and  N.W.  Europe:  German, 

English,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  &c. 
Gothic  architecture.    A  form  of  architecture, 
distinguished      by      pointed 
arches,  dating  from  the  13th 
century;  much  used  in  Central 
and    Northern    Europe    for 
ecclesiastical  buildings. 
Gothite,  (ge'tlt).    [Goethe.]    A 
mineral,     chiefly     hy  orated 
oxide  of  iron. 

Gourd,  (gord).     [Gourde,  the 
French  natne.]=Cucurbita:  a 
plant,  with  large  edible  fruit, 
belonging  to  Cucurbitacese. 
Gout-weed=Goat-weed,  q.v. 
Governor,   (  guv'er-ner.  )    A  contrivance  for 
regulating  the  supply 
of  steam  or  water  to 
machinery  so    as    to 
preserve  uniform  ve- 
locity.   Watt's  G.: 
heavy  conical  pendu-  p 
him  of  varying  shape, 
as  in  drawing.     Sie- 
men's  G.:    a  conical 
pendulum  and  train 
of  wheels,  adapted  to 
ensure  a  great  degree 
of  uniformity. 
Gowdie,    (  gow'di  ).  = 
Callionymus  lyra  :  a 
fish,  belonging  to  Gobioidae. 
Graafian  vesicles,  (gra'fi-an).    [Herr  de  Graaf.  ] 


Gothic-window, 


GRACTTLA 


150 


GRASS 


Small  vesicles,  found  in  the  human  ovary, 
containing  the  ova. 

Gracula,  (grak'u-la).  [The  Latin  name.  ]= 
Grakle-bird:  a  crow-like  bird. 

Graculinse,  (gra-ka'li-ne).  [Gracula,  q.v.]  A 
division  of  Corvidse :  a  family  of  birds,  of 
which  Gracula  is  the  type. 

Gradient,  (gra'di-ent).  fL.  gradus,  step.]  An 
inclined  plane,  especially  of  a  road.  Ruling 
G. :  the  gradient  adapted  to  any  given  road, 
or  kind  of  road.  Telford's  RG.=^,  i.e., 
rising  1  ft.  in  30  ft. 

Graduation ,  (grad-Q-a'shun. )  [L.  gradus,  step.  ] 
Division  into  degrees. 

Grahamite,  (graliam-it).  [Mr.  Graham.]  A 
mineral  resembling  coal;  a  variety  of  asphalt, 
found  in  Virginia. 

Graining,  ( gra'ning  ).  =Leuciscus  :  a  fish ,  be- 
longing to  Cyprinidse. 

Grains  of  paradise=The  seeds  of  Amomum 
grana-paradisi. 

Graklea,  (gra'klz).  =Quiscalina;,  q.v. :  a  family 
of  birds  resembling  the  starling  ;  also  called 
Boat-tails,  from  shape  of  the  tails. 

Grallse,  (  gral'lo  ).  [  L.  rirallfc,  stilts.  ]  = 
GraHatores:  an  order  of  birds,  by  Milne- 
Edwards. 

Grallator,  (gral-la'tor).  [L.  grallator,  one  on 
stilts.]  A  group  of  birds,  remarkable  for 
length  of  stride  and  slenderness  of  toes, 
known  only  by  fossil  footmarks,  v.  Pachy- 
dactylous  Lithichnozoa. 

Grallatores,  ( gral-la-to'rez  ).  [Plural  of  pral- 
lator.]  Crane,  plover,  coot,  snipe,  &c.  Wad- 
iiig  birds  :  having  long  legs,  building  their 
nests  on  the  ground,  on  banks  and  shores. 

Gramina,  (gram'i-ua).  [The  Latin  name.]— 
Grasses=Graminaceae,  q.v. 

Graminacese,  (  gram-in-a'se-o  ).  [  Gramina, 
<7.v.]=Gras8e3 :  evergreen  plants,  with  cylin- 

'  drical  jointed  stems,  sheathing  leaves,  and 
green  flowers  in  spikes,  belonging  to  Glu- 
ruales. 

Gramme,  (gram).  [The  French  word.]=Tho 
weight,  in  vacuo,  of  one  cubic  centimetre  of 
water  at  its  great  density,  4"  C.=15$  grains 
nearly;  the  unit  of  weight  in  the  Metric 
system. 

Grammepus,  (gram-6'pns).  [Gk.  gramma,Iine: 
pous,  foot.]  An  invertebrate  animal,  known 
only  by  fossil  tracks,  belonging  probably  to 
Crustacean  Lithichnozoa. 

Grampus,  (gram'pus).  [Corruption  of  French , 
grand  poisson,  large 
fish.]    An  animal, 
belonging  to  Ceta-  -i| 
ceae,  resembling  the 
dolphin. 

Granite,    (  gran'it  ). 
[Granit,  the  French  Grampus, 

word.]  A  rock  of  igneous  origin  .formed  under 
great  pressure  ;  melted  and  slowly  crystal- 
lised ;  differs  from  volcanic  rock  in  being 
more  crystalline  and  having  no  breccias  ; 
composed  of  quartz,  felspar,  and  mica  ;  one 
of  the  Plutonic  rocks.  Foliated  C?.=Gneiss. 
Graphic  Gr.=Prismatic  veins,  with  but  little 
mica.  Protogine  G.  —with  the  mica  replaced 


by  talc.   Syenitic  G.  =with  the  mica  partially 

replaced  by  hornblende,   approximates   to 

Syenite. 

Granules,  (gran'ulz).  [L.  (jranulus,  littlo 
grain.]  Small  grains.  G.  of  Lannlni: 
minute  bodies  present  over  the  whole 
solar  surface;  the  immediate  sources  of 
solar  light  and  heat.  G.  of  Hugfjins= 
Groups  of  Langley's  granules. 

Granuiite.  (gran'u-lit).  [Granito,  q.v.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  felspar,  quartz,  and  garnet: 
gneiss  in  which  mica  is  replaced  by  garnet. 

Grape,  (grap).  [F.  grappe,  a  branch  of  grapes.] 
The  fruit  of  the  vine.  G.  /ivacint/t=Musc;iri : 
a  plant  belonging  to  Liliacene.  G.  shot :  a 
number  of  shot  arranged  so  as  to  be  fired  as 
one.  but  dispersed  after  discharge.  G.  sugar: 
GfiHioO<5+HoOz=Starch  sugar:  a  variety  of 
sugar'obtained  from  fruit,  especially  grapes, 
and  from  starch;  also  called  glucose  and  dex- 
trose, v.  Suirar.  G.  rine=Yitis:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Vitaceae. 

Graphic,  (grafik).  [Graphicus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Descriptive.  G.  formula:  in  che- 
mistry, showing  the  combining  equivalent 
of  the  elements  in  a  substance  by  means  of 
symbols,  the  supposed  connection  of  the 
atoms  being  represented  by  lines  uniting 
the  symbols.  G.  acid=C^H4,O5;  obtained 
by  oxidation  of  graphite.  G.  representation: 
by  means  of  lines  or  diagrams.  G.  tellurium 
— Svlvanite. 

Graphidacese,  (graf-i-da'se-e).  [Graphis,  tho 
typical  genus.]  Letter-lichens:  a  division 
of  lichens,  named  from  the  fructifying  por- 
tions resembling  written  characters. 

Graphite,  (grafit).  [Gk.  yrapho,  I  write.] 
=Plumbapo=131uck-k-ad:  a  native  form  of 
carbon.  G.  battery:  a  variety  of  galvanic 
battery,  consisting  of  zinc  and  carbon  in 
sulphuric  acid. 

Graphon,  (grafon).  [Graphite,  g.v.]=Gr= 
an  allotropic  form  of  graphite. 

Graphotype,  (graf  o-tip).  [Gk.  grapho,  I  write ; 
t?/pos,  type.]  A  method  of  engraving  by 
drawing  in  ink  upon  a  chalk  surface,  and 
removing  the  chalk  between  the  lines  of 
the  drawing,  so  that  it  stands  out  in  relief, 
and  can  be  copied  in  stereotype. 

Grapsoidae,  (  grap-soi'de  ).  [  Grupsus  ;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]=Grapsid8e:  crab-like  animals, 
belonging  to  Brachyura,  can  open  the  bran- 
chial cavity  in  front  or  behind,  to  breathe 
water  or  air,  so  forming  a  link  between 
aquatic  and  terrestial  respiration. 

Graptolites,  ( grap-to-li'tez ).  [Gk.  graptos, 
written;  lithos,  stone. ]=Graptolithus:  ex- 
clusive and  characteristic  Silurian  fossils : 
animals  belonging  to  Hydrozoa.  Double  G. 
=Diplograpsus  and  Didymograpsus.  Twin 
G.  =Didymograpsus. 

Grass,  (gras).  [Gras,  the  A.-S.  name.]  An 
herb,  usually  slender,  belonging  to  Gra- 
minacese. Beard  G.  ^Polypogon.  Cat's  tail 
G.  =  Phlenm.  Fox  tail  G.  =  Alopecurus. 
Holy  G  =Hierochloe.  Manna  G.  =Glyceria. 
Marrem  (?.=Psamma.  Meadow  G!.=Poa. 
Quaking  G.=Briza.  Rye  G.=lMlinm.  Ver- 
nal <?.=Anthoxanthun.  G.  cloth :  a  textile 


GRASSES 


151 


GREY 


Grasshopper 


fabric  made  in    China    from  the    fibre  of 

Musa  textilis,   or  of  Corchorus  capsularis. 

G.    kopper  =  Gryllus  : 

an  insect,  belonging  to 

Orthoptera,  with  long  ,-: 

hind  legs.     G.  lizard=    ; 

Tachysauru  s  Japonicus  : 

a    slender,    brilliantly 

green  reptile,  common 

in  Borneo.     G.  moth= 

Crambus:  a  small  moth  living  in  grass.     G. 

tree=Xanthorrhaea.     G.  wrack  =  Zostera  :  a 

plant  belonging  to  Naiadaceae. 

Grasses,  (gras'es).  [Grass,  2.v.]=Graminacesc, 
q.v. 

Grasshoppers  =Gryllidae,  q.v. 

Gratings.     Diffraction  G.    v.  Diffraction: 

Graucalus.  (graw'ka-lus)=Papuan  crow;  a 
sparrow-  like  bird. 

Grauwacke,  (  grau-wak'a  ).  [The  German 
word.]  1.  A  rock  in  which  fragments  of 
quartz  are  mixed  with  clay-slate.  2.  Used 
to  include  Silurian  and  Cambrian  rocks  : 
often  used  generally  as  =  Transition  rocks. 

Gravel,  (  grav'el  ),  [  Gravelle,  the  French 
word.]  Water-worn  fragments  of  rock:  vary 
in  size  from  that  of  a  pea  to  that  of  an 
egg. 

Gravesande,  (gra-va-san'da).  [Heir  Grave- 
sande  of  Holland.]  Gr.'s  apparatus:  a  com- 
bination of  cords  and  weights  intended  to 
illustrate  the  parallelogram  of  forces.  G.'s 
ring:  a  ring  and  a  ball  which  when  cold 
passes  through,  but  when  heated  will  not; 
intended  to  show  the  expansion  caused  by 
heat. 

Grave-wax,  (  grav'waks  ).  [First  found  in 
graves.]=Adipocire,  q.v. 

Gravitation,  (grav-i-ta'shun).  [L.  yravis, 
heavy.]=Universal  attraction:  the  property 
of  all  bodies  to  attract  each  other,  existing 
in  every  particle  of  matter;  the  force  by 
which  all  smaller  and  adjacent  bodies  are 
drawn  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth,  and 
by  which  the  planets  are  kept  in  their  orbits 
in  the  solar  system. 

Gravity,  (grav'i-ti).  [L.  grams,  heavy  .]= 
Weight.  Centre  of  G.:  the  point  in  any 
body  round  which  its  weight  is  symmetri- 
cally distributed.  Specific  G.:  the  ratio  of 
the  weight  of  any  given  solid  or  liquid  sub- 
stance to  the  weight  of  an  equal  volume  of 
water;  or  of  a  given  gas  to  that  of  an  equal 
volume  of  air  or  hydrogen.  G.  battery:  a 
galvanic  battery  in  which  the  two  liquids, 
such  as  sulphate  of  zinc  and  sulphate  of 
copper,  remain  separate  in  the  same  vessel, 
because  of  the  difference  of  specific  gravities, 
so  that  no  porous  vessel  is  needed. 
Gray,  (gra,  ).  [Grag,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
compound  colour;  a  mixture  of  white  and 
black.  G.  lag  :  a  duck,  probably  the  species 
from  which  ail  other^ducks  have  descended. 
G.  icacke  =  Grau- 
wacke, q.v. 
Grayling,  (gra'ling). 
=  Thymallus  vul- 
garis:  a  salmon-like 
fish.  Grayling. 


Great,  (grat).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  G.  circle 
sailing =Tangent  sailing,  v.  Sailing;  G, 
0oHZe=Bath  stone,  q.v.  v.  Oolite. 
Greatest  common  measure.  The  largest  num- 
ber that  will  divide  two  or  more  other 
numbers  so  that  the  quotients  are  always 
whole  numbers. 

Grebe,  (greb).  [Grebe,  the  French  name.]= 
Podiceps  Hectori:  an  aquatic  bird. 
Grecian  architecture.  A  style  of  architecture 
in  use  in  ancient  Greece  before  the  use  of  the 
arch.  Corinthian :  the  most  richly  orna- 
mented order  of  Greek  architecture.  Goric: 
an  order  of  Greek  architecture,  of  Egyptian 
derivation,  in  which  the  columns  have  no 
bases.  Ionic:  an  order  of  Greek  architec- 
ture, of  Assyrian  derivation,  lighter  than 
the  Doric,  and  less  decorated  than  the  Corin- 
thian. 

Green,  (gren).  [Grene,  the  A.-S.  word]  A 
colour  intermediate  between  yellow  and 
blue.  G.  6one=Belone  vulgaris:  also=Zoar- 
ces  viviparus:  a  fish.  G.  blights= Aphidae: 
insects  belonging  to  Homoptera.  G.  bottle 
=Musca  chloris:  a  bright  green  fly.  G.  crab 
=Carcinus  moenas:  a  crustacean.  G.  finch= 
Fringilla  chloris:  a  bird.  G.  /te«r£=Sipeira 
=Laurus  chloroxylpn:  a  tree  resembling  the 
locust  tree,  found  in  Guiana.  G.  marble— 
Serpentine,  q.v.  G.  7no?i£e?/:=Cercopithecus, 
q.v.,  found  in  the  Cape  de  Verde  Isles.  G. 
pigments:  derived  from  copper,  chrome, 
arsenic,  potash,  &c.  G.  sand:  a  rock,  be- 
tween Wealden  and  Chalk,  not  necessarily 
green  in  colour.  G.  s<one=Trap,  q.v. :  a 
variety  of  trappean  rocks,  including  com- 
pounds of  felspar,  with  hornblende  or  with 
augite.  G.  vitriol= Sulphate  of  iron.  G. 
stars:  Sirius,  Vega,  Atair,  Deueb.  Scheele's' 
G.=CuHAsO3=Arsenate  of  copper,  used  as 
a  pigment. 

Greenockite,  (gre'nok-It).    A  mineral,  chiefly 
sulphide  of  cadmium. 

Gregarinida,  (gre-ga-ri'ni-da).     [L.  gregarius, 
in  a  herd.]     Parasitic  microscopic  animals, 
belonging  to  Protozoa,  one  of  the  simplest 
animal  forms    known,  having   no  mouth, 
found  in  the  intestines  of  insects. 
Gregorian,  ( gre-go'ri-an ).      G.  calendar,     v. 
Year.     G.  scales.-  the  scales  of  A,  B,  C,  and 
D.     v.  Keys,     G.  telescope :  a  variety  of  the 
reflecting   telescope,  in  which  the  metallic 
mirror  is  pierced  by  the  opening  for  the  eye, 
invented  by  Professor  Gregory. 
Grenade,    (gre-nad').    [Grenade,  th.o  French 
word.]    A  small  bomb- 
shell,   v.  Shell. 
Grenadilla,  ( gren-a-dil'- 
la).    The  fruit  of  Passi- 
flora  quadrangularis:  a 
large  West  Indian  fruit. 
Grewia,  (grew'i-a).    [Dr. 
Gre  w.  ]   A  plant  belong- 
ing  to  Tiliacese. 
Grey,  (gra).     [Gray,  ?.v.] 
=Gray,  q.v.     G.   lag=  Grenade. 

Anser  ferus:  a  duck  from  which  all  species 
of  ducks  have  descended.  G.  mullet=M.ugil 
capito.  G.  antimony— A.  native  sulphide  of 


GRIDIRON 


152 


GRYPTES 


antimony.  G.  copper=A.  native  sulphide  of 
copper.  6?.  wacfce=Grauwacke.  G.  hound: 
a  variety  of  the 
dog  remarkable  for 
swiftness. 

Gridiron  pendulum, 
One  in  which  the 
rod  is  compound, 
being  composed  of 
several  alternate 
rods  of  brass  and 
steel,  the  expan- 
sions of  which, 
by  heat,  or  contrac- 
tions from  cold,  Greyhound, 
counteract  each  other,  so  that  the  pendulum 
is  always  of  the  same  length. 

Griffon,  (griffon).  [The  French  name.]  A 
popular  name  for  several  varieties  of  the 
dog,  and  also  for  several  birds,  especially  of 
Vulture  gryphus  and  Martinet  noir. 

Grilse,  (grils).  The  intermediate  stage  of 
salmon;  the  young  salmon,  v.  Salmon. 

Grimaldi.  A  walled  plain  in  the  moon  more 
than  100  miles  in  diameter. 

Grinders,  (grin'derz).  [A.-S.  grindan,  to 
grind.]=Grinding-teeth=.Molars:  teeth  with 
broad  crowns,  and  two  or  three  fangs,  adap- 
ted for  crushing  and  grinding  food. 

Grindstones,  Varieties  of  sandstone,  chosen 
for  their  hardness  and  roughness. 

Grison,  (gris'on).  [The  French  name.]=Silver- 
haired  monkey  =  Viverra  vittata ;  also= 
Mustela  barbara. 

Grisly  bear— Ursus  ferox.    v.  Ursus. 

Grisue,  (gris'l).  [Gristl,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
firm,  white,  elastic  tissue  resembling  bone, 
but  soft;  also  called  Cartilage. 

Grit,  (grit).  [A.-S.  grytt,  sand.]  A  common 
name  for  hard  varieties  of  sandstone. 

Groats,  (grawts).  [Grats,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
The  seeds  of  corn,  the  outer  skin  being 
removed.  Embden  G. ^Crushed  G.:  from 
which  oatmeal  is  obtained. 

Groin,  (groin).  1.  The  lower  portion  of  the 
abdomen.  2.  The  curve  formed  by  the  in- 
tersection of  arches. 

Groined.  Formed  by  the  intersection  of 
several  arches. 

Groin-well,  ,(8rom'wel)  :=  Lithospermum  :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Boraginacetc. 

Grosbeak=Coccothraustes  vulgaris:  a  bird  be- 
longing to  Fringillidae. 

Gros,  (gros).  G.'s  base 
=Platindiaminine.  G.'s 
salts:  compound  salts 
of  platinum  and  am- 
monia. 

Grossales,  (gros-sa'lez). 
[Grossulariaceae,  q.v.] 
Plants  with  dichlaray- 
deous  polypetalous  flow-  Grosbeak.  • 

ers,  pulpy  fruit  with  numerous  small  seeds, 
forming  a  division  of  Epigynous  Exogens. 

Grossbeak=Grosbeak,  q.v. 

Grossulariaceae,  (gros-su-lu-ri-a.'se-e).  [L.  gros- 
sulus,  unripe  fig]  ^Currant- worts:  shrubs, 
sometimes  spiny,  with  axillary  flowers;  be- 
longing to  Grossales. 


Orouse 


Grossularia,  (gi-os-su-LVri'a).  A  pale  variety 
of  garnet:  also  called  grossularite. 

Grotto  of  cheeses.  A  grotto,  formed  by  basal- 
tic eruptions,  between  Treves  and  Coblentz. 

Ground  (grownd).  G.  6ear=Ursus  arctos.  G. 
/to0=Aard-vark,  q.v.  G.  iv#=Nepeta  glec- 
horna.  G.  nwts=Arachis  hypogaja.  G.  pearl 
=Ant  eggs:  minute  bodies  found  in  collec- 
tions of  shells.  G.  pine=Ajuga  chamaepitys. 
G.  tackle=Anchor  and  fittings. 

Ground  nut  oil=Oil  of  seeds  of  Arachis 
hypogaea=Arachidic  acid. 

Groundling,  (grownd'ling)=Cobitis  taenia:  a 
fish  belonging  to  Cyprinidae. 

Groundsel,  (grownd'sel).  [Grundswilige,  the 
A.-S.  name.]=Senecio  vulgaris:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Asteraceae. 

Grouse,  (grous)=Tetrao:  a  poultry-like  bird, 
belonging  to  Tetra- 
onidae.  Ruffled  G.= 
Bonasia. 

Grove's  battery.  A 
galvanic  battery, 
consisting  of  plates 
of  zinc  in  dilute  sul- 
phuric acid,  and 
plates  'of  platinum 
in  strong  nitric 
acid,  which  absorbs 
the  hydrogen  evol- 
ved by  the  action  of  the  battery:  this  is  a 
powerful  but  not  constant  battery. 

Grove's  gas  battery.  Plates  of  platinum, 
partly  in  sulphuric  acid,  and  partly  in 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  alternately :  when 
connected  as  in  a  galvanic  battery  a  current 
passes  along  the  connecting  wire  from  the 
oxygen  to  the  hydrogen. 

Growth,  (groth).  [A.-S.  groican,  to  grow.] 
Increase  in  size:  the  early  stage  of  develop- 
ment, which  essentially  requires  addition. 
v.  Evolution.  Q.  of  coral:  Madrepora,  a 
quick  growing  coral,  has  been  known  to 
gr,ow  3  inches  per  year  for  sixty  years. 

Grub,  (grub).  [A.-S.  grafan,  to  dig.] — Cater- 
pillar=Larva  of  holometabolic  insects,  v. 
Larva. 

Gruidse,  (gru'i-de).  [Grus,  <?.v.]=Cranes  :  a 
family  of  birds  belonging  to  Cultirostres. 

Grus,  (grus).  [The  Latin  name  ]=1.  Crane: 
a  wading  bird,  belonging  to  Grallatores.  2. 
The  Crane:  a  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

Gryllidae,  (gril'i-de).  [Gryllus,  q.v.]  Crickets, 
grasshoppers,  &c. :  family  of  insects  belong- 
ing to  Orthoptera. 

Gryllotalpa,  (gril-lo-tal'pa).  [Gryllus  and 
Talpa,  Q.i'.]=Mole-cricket:  an  insect  belong- 
ing to  Orthoptera. 

Gryllus,  (gril'lus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Cricket,  grasshopper,  &c. :  an  insect,  the 
type  of  Gryllidae. 

Gryphaea,  (grif-e'a).  A  kind  of  oyster,  of 
which  many  species  are  found  fossil  in 
Secondary  rocks. 

Grvphite  Umestone=Lias:  on  account  of  the 
number  of  shells  of  the  Gryphaea  found  in  it. 

Gryptes,  (grip'tez).  G.  HrMtefti=sBiY«r  cod 
of  New  Zealand. 


GTJACHARO 


153 


GTTN 


Guacharo. 


Guacharo,  (gwa-sha'ro).  [Guacharo,  in  Colum- 
bia. ]  =  Steatornis 

caripensis :   a  noc- 
turnal frngivorous 

bird,  found  in  the 

cave  of  Guacharo. 

G.  oil:  the  fat  of 

the   G.    bird.      G. 

seeds:  found  in  the 

gizzard  of  the  G. 

bird. 
Guaco,(gwa'ko).  [The 

native    name.]     A 

running  plant  of  Peru. ' 
Guaiacene,  (gwa'ya-sen).     [Guaiacum,  q.v.]=. 

CgHgO:  an  oil  obtained  from  guaiacum. 
Guaiacic  acid,  (gwa'ya-sik).    [Guaiacum,  q.v.} 

rrCfiHsOg:  a  crystalline  acid;  a  constituent 

of  guaiacum  resin. 
Guaiacol,   (gwa'ya-kol).     [Guaiacum,   q.v.]— 

C^HgOa  =  Guaicyl  hydride  ;    obtained  from 

creosote. 
Guaiacum,  (gwa'ya-cum).  [The  Spanish  name.] 

1.  A  tree  of  Guiana,  tbe  timber  of  which  is 

very  hard,  and  called  Lignum  vitse.    2.  A 

resin  obtained  from  the    plant  Guaiacum 

officinale. 
Guaiacyl,    (gwa'ya-sil).      [Guaiacum,    q.v.]= 

€711702:  the  base  of  Guaiacum. 
Guanches.    An  African  people.          j 
Guanidine,    (gwa'ni-drn).       [Guano,     q.v.]= 

CHsNg:  a  base  obtained  from  guano. 
Guanine,  (gwa'nm).  [Guano,  <2.*y.]=C5H5N50: 

a  base  found  in  guano. 
Guanite,  (gwii'mt).   IGuano,  q.v.]   A  mineral, 

chiefly  phosphate  of  ammonia  and  magnesia, 

found  in  guano. 
Guano,    (gwa'nd).      [The    Spanish  name.]  = 

Aramonic  urate,  more  or  less  decomposed: 

the  excrement  of  sea-fowl,  found  in  great 

accumulation    oil  the  coasts  of   Peru  and 

Bolivia,  owing  to  the  absence  of  rain;  much 

used  as  manure. 

Guaraiune=Theine,  q.v.  * 

Guava,    (gwa'va).      [The    Spanish    name.]= 

Pisidium :  a  tree  with  globular  pulpy  fruit. 

G.  .%-cafc/ter=Turdus  analis. 
Gudgeon,    (guj'un).      [Goujon,    the    French 

name.]    l.  =  Gobia 

fluviatilis :    a    fish 

belonging  to  Cypri- 

nidse.     2.=  Axle  or 

pivot. 
Guelder-rose,      (gel'  Gudgeon. 

der)=Viburnum  opulus:  a  plant  belonging 

to  Caprifoliacete. 
Guenon.      [The    French 

name.  ] =Green  monkey : 

the    French  name  for 

Cercocebus  and  Cerco- 

pithecus. 
Guillemot,     (gil'le-mot). 

[The  French  word.  ]= 

Uria:  a  bird  with  short 

tail,  narrow  wings,  and 

short  feet,  belonging  to 

Natatores. 
Guinea,  (gin'e).  [Guinea, 

in.  Africa.]     G.  baboon 


Guillemot. 


>.]=Larid?e:  a  family 


=Cynocephalus"papia.  G.  6ecZ=Monotis  bed 
= Insect  bed:  a  limestone  rock  belonging  to 
Lias;  containing  fossil  remains  of  reptiles, 
&c.  G.  /o2pf=Numidia  meleagris.  G.  peach= 
Sarcocephalua  esculentus.  G.  jpigr  =  Cavia 
cobaya.  G.  /i«nweed=Petiveria  alliacea.  G. 
s/iip=Physalia  pelagica  :  a  delicate  animal 
belonging  to  Acalephse.  G.?eorm=Dracun- 
culas,  a  worm  many  feet  long,  belonging  to 
Nematoda. 

Gulf-stream.  A  warm  current,  running  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  along  the  N.E.  coast  of 
America,  and  across  the  Atlantic  towards 
Europe:  but  is  gradually  dissipated  by  con- 
tact with  the  colder  water. 

Gulf- weed— Sargassum,  g.v.=Fucua  natans: 
a  sea-weed,  belonging  to  Fucaceae. 

Gull,  (gul).  [Gwylan,  tbe  Welsh  name].= 
Larus:  a  bird  belonging  -_  _ 

to  Natatores,  having 
powerful  wings,  and 
found  mostly  on  coasts. 
Herring  G.=Larus  ar- 
gentatus. 

Gullet,  (gullet).  [Gula, 
the  Latin  word.]=G5so- 
phagus:  the  tube  lead- 
ing from  the  pharynx 
to  the  stomach. 

GUIIS,     (gUlz).  [GUII,     .J.K.J  —  OJWUVA,^.      a.    1C.UJ1XJ 

of  birds  belonging  to  Natatores,  with  long 
pointed  wings. 

Gulo,  (gii'16).  [L.  gulosv.s,  gluttonous.]  A 
small  carnivorous  quadruped,  belonging  to 
the  plantigrade  division  of  Carnivora.  v. 
Plantigrade.  G.  Zwsczts=Wolverene=Glut- 
ton;  also  called  Ursus  gulo.  G.  vittoJus— 
Grison,  Fossil  remains  found  in  Miocene 
rocks. 

Gum,  (gum).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  A  vegetable 
substance  found  in  the  juice  of  many  plants. 
v.  Gums.  ,Artf/ia«£(?.=BritishGum.  British 
G.=Dextrine.  Elastic  (?.= Caoutchouc.  G. 

^7"a6ic^=Arabin,  from  Acacia.  G.  lac,  v.  Lac. 
G.  to-ee=Eucalyptus:  a  New  Holland  tree, 
often  200  ft.  high.  6.  tragacanth:  a  gum 
obtained  from  Astragalus  verus.  G.  resi'iis  : 
compounds  of  gums  and  resins.  G-  wood  = 
G.  tree. 

Gumatti,  (go-mat'ti).  A  rough  fibrous  bark, 
found  on  the  Gomuti  palm. 

Gummic  acid,  (  gum'ik  ).  [  Gum,  q.v.  ]= 
CtaHooOii:  the  potassium  and  calcium  salts 
of  which  form  gums. 

Gums,  (gumz).  [Gum,  q.v.]  1.  The  fleshy 
terminations  of  the  jaws,  in  which  tbe  teeth 
are  fixed.  2.  Compounds  of  resins  and  essen- 
tial oils,  found  in  juices  of  many  plants. 

Gun,  (gun).  An  engine  (essentially  a  tube) 
for  the  discharge  of  projectiles  by  means  of 
gunpowder,  gun-cotton,  &c.  Guns  may  be 
classed  as: — 1.  Muzzle  or  breech  loaders,  with 
projectiles  of  hard  metal  fitting  mechanically: 
such  as  the  Whitworth  and  Lancaster  guns. 
2.  Muzzle  or  breech  loaders,  with  projectiles 
having  soft  metal  studs  which  fit  into  grooves: 
such  as  the  Woolwich  and  French  guns.  3. 
Muzzle  loaders:  the  projectiles  having  a  metal 
envelope  which  is  expanded  by  the  gas:  such 


GUNBOAT 


154 


G  YE  ACANTHUS 


as  the  Parrot  and  Reed  guns.  4.  Breech 
loaders:  the  projectile  having  a  soft  metal 
coating  larger  than  the  bore,  which  is  coin- 
pressed  by  the  gas:  such  as  the  Armstrong 
and  Prussian  guns.  The  parts  of  a  smooth 
bored  cast  gun  are:  muzzle,  chase,  reinforces, 
cascable,  q.v. 

Gunboat.  A  small  vessel  adapted  for  the  car- 
riage and  use  of  one  or  more  guns. 

Gun-cotton.  Ci2H14O73N2O5  =  Pyroxylin  = 
Trinitrocelhilose:  cotton  soaked  in  nitric  acid, 
washed  with  water,  and  dried:  when  ignited 
is  more  explosive  than  gunpowder. 

Gun-metal.  An  alloy  of  9  parts  of  copper  with 
1  part  of  tin. 

Gunnell,  (gun'nel)=Butter  fish:  a  fish  belong- 
ing to  Mureenoidae. 

Gunpowder,  A  mechanical  mixture  of  salt- 
petre, charcoal,  and  sulphur,  which,  when 
heated,  ignites  with  explosive  force. 

Gunter's,  (gun'terz).  G.'chain:  a  chain,  usually 
of  100  links,  used  in  surveying  and  measur- 
ing 66  ft.  in  length.  G.  Kne=Line  of  num- 
bers on  Slide  rule.  G.  scale,  on  Slide  rule. 

Gurgoyle,  (ger'goil)=Gargoyle,  q.v. 

Gurnard,  (ger/nard)=Guruet=Trigla  cuculus: 
a   fish   belonging    to 
Loricati. 

Gutta  -  percha  tree, 
(gut'ta  perch'a).  [The 
Malayan  name.]=Ico- 
sandra  gutta  :  from 
which  is  obtained  a  Gurnet  . 

tough  waterproof  gum-substance  called  gutta 
percha. 

Guttiferales,  (gut-ti-fer-a'lez).  [L.  gutta,  drop; 
fero,  I  bear.]  Resinous  trees,  forming  a 
division  of  Hypogynons  Exogens. 

Guy  Lussac's  Law,  (gi-15-saks').  [M.  Guy  Lus- 
sac.]  =  Dalton's  law:  that  all  gases  expand 
equally  with  equal  increase  of  temperature. 

Gymnadenia,  Gim-na-de'ni-a).  [Gk.  gymnos, 
naked;  aden,  gland.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Orchidaceaa. 

Gymnema,  (jim-ne'ma).  A  plant  belonging 
to  Asclepiadacese.  G.  lactiferum=Co\v  plant; 
with  milky  juice. 

Gymno,  (jim'no).  [Gk.  gymnos,  naked.]  A 
prefix  implying  nakedness. 

Gymnocarpous,  (jim-no-kar'pus).  [Gymno, 
q.v.  ;  Gk.  karpos,  fruit.]  Used  of  plants, 
whose  fruits  have  no  floral  envelope. 

Gymnocladus,  ( jim-nok'la-dus).  [Gymno,  q.v.; 
Gk.  klados,  branch.]  Coffee  tree=Stump 
tree:  an  American  tree  belonging  to  Fabacefe. 

Gymnodactylus,  (jim-no-dak'ti-lus).  [Gymno, 
q.v.;  Gk.  daktylos,  toe.]  A  reptile,  belonging 
to  Geckotidse. 

Gymnodontidae,  (jim-no-don'ti-de).  [Gymno, 
q>v.;  Gk.  odous,  too th.]= Globe  fishes,  q.v. :  a 
family  of  fishes  belonging  to  Acanthopteri . 

Gymnogens,  (jim'iio-jene).  [Gymno,  q.v.;  Gk. 
gennao,  I  produce.]  Plants  resembling  club- 
mosses  but  larger:  intermediate  between 
flowering  and  flowerless  plants. 

Gymnolaemata,  ( jirn-no-le'ma-ta).  [Gymno, 
g.v.;Gk.  laimos,  throat.]  A  primary  division 
of  Poly zoa,  including  animals  having  no  cover 
to  the  trullet. 


Gymnophiona,  ( jim-no-f i'o-na).  [Gymno,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  ophis,  snake. ]=Ophiomorpha:  a  division 
of  Amphibia,  having  elongated  rounded  bodies 
without  limbs  or  tail,  including  Csecilia, 
Siphonops,  &c. 

Gymnophthalmata,  (  jim-nof-thal'nia-ta). 
[Gymno,  q.v.;  Gk.  ophtlialmos,  eye.]=Craspe- 
dote  Medusae:  a  division  of  Hydrozoa,  q.v. 
v.  Medusae. 

Gymnophthalmous,  ( jim-nof-thal'mus).  [Gym- 
no,  q.v.;  Gk.  ophthalmos,  eye.]=Naked  eyed. 
v.  Medusa;. 

Gymnops,  ( jim'nops).  [Gymno,  q.v.;  op.t,  eye.] 
Honey-eater:  a  sparrow-like  bird,  belonging 
to  Passeres,  named  from  the  head  being 
nearly  bald. 

Gymnospermese,  (jim-no-sper'me-f').  [Gymno, 
q.v.;  Gk.  sperma,  seed.]  Brbngniart's  term  for 
a  division  of  Exogens,  including  pines  and 
cycads,  the  seeds  of  which  are  naked. 

Gymnosperms,  ( jim'no-sperms).  [Gymno,  q.  v. ; 
Gk.  sperma,  seed.]=Gymnogens:  flowering 
plants  having  no  ovary;  include  Cycaurc, 
Coniferse,  and  Gnetaceae. 

Gymnotus,  (jim-no'tus).  [Gymno,  q.v.;  notos, 
back.]  A  fish  belonging  to  Murajnidsc.  G. 
e£ec<rict«=Electriceel,  about  6  ft.  long,  found 
in  S.  America. 

Gynandria,  ( jin-an'dri-a).  [Gk.  fji/ne,  woman: 
aner,  man.]  One  of  the  classes  in  the  Lin- 
nsuan classification  of  plants,including  plants 
in  which  the  stamens  and  pistil  are  consoli- 
dated. 

Gynandrous,  (jin-an'drus).  [Gk.  gync,  wo- 
man; aner,  man.]  Having  the  stamens,  style, 
and  stigma  all  consolidated ;  a  sub-division 
of  Monocotyledons. 

Gyno-  (jin'o).  [Gk.  gync,  woman.]  A  prefix 
implying  female. 

Gynoeceum,  (jin-G'si'um).  [Gk.  g?me,  woman; 
oikos,  house.]  The  whole  of  the  female  organ 
of  a  plant. 

Gypaotos,  (gi-pu'e-tos).  [Gk.  gyps,  vulture; 
(etos,  eagle.]  A  large  bird  of  prey,  belonging 
toVulturida?.  G-barbctetos=bon.inl&l vulture, 
I  Gypogeranus,  (  gi-po-jer'a-nus.  )  [Gk.  gyps, 
vulture.]  A  vulture-like  bird.  G.  serpen- 
tarius=SticietM-y  bird. 

Gyps,  ( gips  ).  [The  Greek  name.]  A  bird  of 
prey,  belonging  to  Vulturida?.  G.  Benria- 
?e*!si3=Bengal  vulture.  (7.  /w^vus^Gritl'on 
vulture. 

Gypsey,  ( gip'si )»  A  Yorkshire  name  for  a 
rivulet. 

Gypsies,  (jip'siz).     [Gipsy,  q.v.]    v.  Gipsies. 

'Sea  (r.=Badjo\vs=:a  tribe  of  Borneo. 

Gypsocallis,  (jip-so-kal'iis).  [Gk.  gypsos,  lime; 
kaltistore,  beautiful. ]=Moor-heath,  q.v. 

Gypsum,  (jip'sum).  [The  Latin  word. ]=Plaster 
of  Paris=a  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime  which 
soldifies  when  mixed  with  water :  used  in 
modelling,  as  a  manure,  and  in  building. 
Ciijstallised  G.=Selenite.  G.  group  of 
minerals,  includes  gypsum,  selenite,  alabas- 
ter, anhydrite,  &c. 

Gypsy=Gipsy,  q.v.     G.  wor^Lycopus. 

Gyracanthus,  ( jl-ra-kan'thus  ).  [Gk.  gyros, 
circle;  akanthn,  spine.]  A  fish,  known  by 
fossil  remains  found  in  Coal  Measures. 


GYRATION 


155 


HEMORRHAGES 


Gyration,  (jT-ra'shun).  [Gk.  gyros,  circle.]= 
Angular  oscillation,  v.  Oscillation.  Revo- 
lution round  a  fixed  centre. 

Gyrencephala,  ( ji-ren-sef'a-la  ).  [Gk.  gyros, 
circle  ;  encephalon,  brain.  J  =Quadrumana, 
Cetacea,  Carnivora,  &c.,  of  which  fossil  re- 
mains are  found  only  in  Tertiary  rocks. 
Owen's  term  for  a  division  of  Mammalia; 
including  Quadrumana,  the  more  common 
quadrupeds,  and  whales. 

Gyrfalcon,  ( jer-faw'kn ).  [Gk.  gyros,  circle  ; 
Falcon,  g.v.]  A  bird  of  prey,  belonging  to 
Falconidse. 

Gyrinus,  (ji-ri'nua).  [L.  gyrinus,  tadpole.] 
l.=Axolotl,  q.v.  2.  An  insect;  one  of  the 
water  beetles. 


Gyrodus,  (ji-ro'dus).  [Gk.  gyros,  circle:  odous, 
tooth.]  A  fish,  known  by  fossil  teeth,  found 
in  Wealden,  Oolite,  &c. 

Gyrogonites,  (jl-rog'6-mts).  [Gk.  gyros,  round; 
gonia,  corner.]  Fossil  Characeae,  named  by 
Lamarck  on  t-he  supposition  of  their  being 
testaceous  animals. 

Gyrolepis,  (jl-rol'e-pis).  [Gk.  gyros,  circle; 
lepis,  scale.]  A  ganoid  fish,  known  only  by 
fossil  scales  found  in  the  Lias. 

Gyrophora,  (  ji-rofo-ra  ).  [Gk.  gyros,  circle; 
pkcro,  I  bear.]  A  lichen,  some  species  of 
which  are  edible. 

Gyrophoric  acid,  (jT-rofor-ik).  An  acid  ob- 
tained from  Gyrophora. 


H 


Habenaria,  (ha-be-na'ri-a).  [L.  habena, thong.] 
A  genus  of  orchids  ;  named  from  shape  of 
spur.  H.  bifolia  =  Butterfly  orchis.  H. 
viridis=Frog  orchis. 

Hackberry,  (hak'ber-ri).  An  American  tree, 
resembling  the  elm,  with  edible  fruit. 

Hackly,  (hak'li).  [Dutch  heM,  comb.]  1. 
Covered  with  fine  points;  rough.  2.  Brittle; 
easily  broken. 

Haddock,  ( had'dok  ).  [Hadog,  the  Welsh 
name.]=Morrhua8eglefinus:  a  fish,  belonging 
to  Gadidse. 

Haedi,  (he'di).=£  and  ij  Aurigro:  two  stars  in 
the  constellation  Auriga. 

Haemal,  ( he'mal ).  [Gk.  haima,  blood.]  Be- 
longing to  the  circulating  system.  //  flexure: 
bending  to  wards  the  heart.  H.  s?/3tew=Blood 
circulation,  in  all  vertebrate  animals.  //. 
fw6e=Ventral  tube,  containing  heart,  lungs, 
alimentary  system. 

Hsematein,  (he'ma-tin).  [Gk.  haima,  blood.]= 
Ci6H1205 :  a  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  Hsematoxylin. 

Haematin,  (he'ma-tin).  [Gk.  Jiaima,  blood.]= 
Ci6H12O6=:H8ematosin=the  colouring  mat- 
ter of  blood.  Amorphous,  found  only  in  verte- 
brate animals.  Also  said  to  be  of  much  more 
complex  constitution  and  not  formed  in  blood , 
but  obtained  from  it  by  the  action  of  acids. 

Haematite,  (he'ma-tlt).  [Haimatites,  the  Gk. 
word.]  Blood-stone.  An  ore  of  iron:  one  of 
the  iron  group  of  minerals,  crystallising  in 
cubes.  1.  Hydrated  ferric  oxide=Brown 
H.=2  Fe203.3H2O.  2.  Ferric  oxide=Red  H. 
=Fe203. 

Haematococcus,  ( he-ma-to-kok'kus  ).  [Gk. 
haima,  blood  ;  Tcokkos,  grain.]  A  plant,  be- 
longing to  Algaj;  sometimes  red  coloured. 

Haematocrya,  (he-ma-tok'ri-a).  [Gk.  haima, 
blood ;  cryos,  cold.]=Cold-blooded  verte- 
brates: inchides  fishes,  amphibia,  and  rep- 
tiles, cf.  Hsematothermal. 

Haematocryal,  (he-ma-tok'ri-al).  [Gk.  haima, 
blood  ;  cryos,  cold.]  Owen's  term  for  cold- 
blooded vertebrates  ;  those  which  have  less 
complex  heart  and  breathing  organs=:fishes, 
amphibia,  reptiles. 


Haematocrygtallin,(li3-ma-to-kris'tal-lin).  [Gk. 
haima,  blood  ;  Crystalline,  #.i;.]=HjEmoglo- 
bin  :  a  crystalline  matter,  obtained  from 
blood. 

Haematoidin,  ( he-ma-to'i-din  ).  [Gk.  Jiaima, 
blood.  ]=Ci4H  13^03:  a  crystalline  substance 
found  in  blood,  probably=Bilirubin. 

Haematolin,  (  he-mat'o-lin  ).  [  Gk.  haima, 
blood.]  A  substance  obtained  from  Hserua- 
tin,  by  the  action  of  sTilpluiric  acid. 

Haematopus,  (he-ma-to'p>is).=Oyster  catcher: 
a  bird,  belonging  to  Grallatores,  having  a 
fleshy  tongue,  and  feet  adapted  to  running; 
found  on  sea  shores. 

Hsematornis,  (  he-ma-tor'nis  ).  [Gk.  haima, 
blood  ;  omis,  bird.]  A  bird  of  prey,  belong- 
ing to  Falconidse. 

Haematotherma,  (  he-ma-to-ther'ma ).  [  Gk. 
haima,  blood;  thermos,  hot.] = Warm- blooded 
vertebrates=Mammalia  and  birds. 

Haematothermal,  (hG-ma-to-ther'rnal).  [Gk. 
hoAma,  blood  ;  thermos,  hot.]  Owen's  term 
for  the  division  of  vertebrate  animals  con- 
taining mammalia  and  birds  :  animals  with 
four-chambered  heart,  spongy  lungs,  and  hot 
blood,  cf.  Hsematocryal. 

Haematoxylin,  (hc-rna-toks'i-lin).  [Gk.  haima, 
blood;  xylon,  wood.]=CigHi4Og:  the  crystal- 
line colouring  matter  of  logwood. 

H8ematoxylon,(he-ma-toks'i-lon).  [Gk.  liaima, 
blood  ;  xylon,  wood.]  A  plant,  belonging  to 
Fabacese.  H.  Campeachianum='LogwQQd. 

Heemodoracese,  (  he-mo-do-ra'se-e  ).  [  Hfemo- 
dorum,  3.v.]=Blood  roots:  herbaceous  plants 
with  sword-shaped  leaves  and  red  coloured 
roots,  belonging  to  Narcissales. 

Heemodorum,  (  he-mo-do'rum  ).  [Gk.  Jiaima, 
blood ;  doron,  gift.]  The  typical  genus  of 
Hsemodoracese. 

Haemoglobin,  (  he-mo-glo'bin  ).  [  Gk.  haima, 
blood.  ]  =  CrUorin  =  Hjematocrystallin  :  in 
muscular  tissue.  A  constituent  of  blood, 
upon  which  the  power  to  absorb  oxygen 
seems  to  depend.  The  quantity  of  H.  in- 
creases with  age,  and  it  is  more  abundant  in 
males  than  in  females. 

Haemorrhage,  (he'mor-aj).  [HaimorrJiagic',  the 


HJERNESITE 


156 


HALOGENS 


Greek  word.]  A  flow  of  Wood,  as  from  a 
wound. 

Hsernesite,  (  hcr'ne-sit  ).  A  mineral  of  the 
Phamacolite  group. 

Hag,  (hag).  Myxine:  a  fish,  belonging  to  Cy- 
clostoma.  Glutinous  H.= Myxine  glutinosa: 
covered  with  secreted  mucous. 

Hags,  (hagz).  [Plural  of  Hag.]=Myxinidre  : 
eel-like  fishes,  with  sucker-like  mouths, 
usually  found  in  larger  fishes. 

Haidingerite,  ( ha-din'jer-it ).  1.  An  ore  of 
calcium:  chiefly  hydrated  arsenate  of  calcium. 
2  Berthierite:  sulphide  of  iron  and  stibium. 

Hail,  (hal).  [Hagal,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Small 
pieces  of  ice:  frozen  rain. 

Haimean  bodies,  (ha'me-an).  Large  refractile 
cells  in  the  nervous  system  of  Actinia. 

Hair,  (  hiir  ).  [  Har,  the  A.-S.  word.  ]=Tri- 
chome  :  a  tubular,  scaly  modification  of  the 
epidermis  common  to  all  mammalia  except. 
whales  and  porpoise  :  in  hedgehogs  and  por- 
cupines, become  spines.  Hairs  are  peculiar 
to  warm-blooded  vertebrates,  and  in  the 
warmest  blooded,  birds,  they  become  feathers: 
//.  bell— Campanula  rotundifolia.  H.  rtag= 
Plocamium.  H.  grass=  Aira :  a  plant,  be- 
longing to  Graminaceoc.  H.  hygrometer^ 
Saussure's  hygrometer.  H.  wioss=Polytri- 
ohum.  H.  salt:  eflJorescence  of  sulphate 
of  magnesium:  a  silky  fibrous  variety  of  Ep- 
somite.  H.  taiJ=Trichiurus:  a  fish  having  a 
hair-like  tail.  H.  worms— Goriliiota. 

Hairs,  (harz).  [Plural  of  Hair,  q.v.]=Tri- 
chomes  :  horny  modifications  of  the  epider- 
mis, found  in  all  mammalia,  v.  Hair. 

Haje=Coluber  haje  :  a  serpent,  belonging  to 
Colubridne. 

Hake,  (hak).    [O.  hfcht,  pike.]=Merluciua= 
Gadus  roerlucius:  a 
fish,  belonging    to 
(JadidtB.  H's-dame 
=.Phycis  furcatus. 

Halcyon,  (hal'si-on). 
(Alcyon,  the  Latin  Hake. 

name.]=King-fisher :  a  bird,  belonging  to 
Insessores. 

Halcyonidse,  ( hal-si-on'i-de  ).  [Halcyon,  q.v.: 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]=Halcynoids.  Kingfishers: 
a  family  of  birds  belonging  to  Fissirostres. 

Halcyonium,  (hal-si-o'ni-um).  A  sub-division 
of  Zoophyta. 

Halcyornis,  (hal-si-or'nis).  [Halcyon,  king- 
fisher; Gk,  ornis,  bird.]  A  bird,  known  by 
fossil  remains  in  London  clay. 

Halo's  apparatus.  For  measuring  the  force  of 
ascending  sap  in  plants. 

Halesia,  (hfi-16'si-a).  [Dr.  Hales.]  A  plant, 
the  type  of  Halesiaceac.  H.  tetraptera:  snow- 
drop tree. 

Halesiacese,  (  hu-le-si-a'se-e  ).  [  Halesia,  q.v.] 
=Styracaceae,  q.v. 

Half  apes,  include  Cheirogaleus,  Galago,  Tar- 
sius. 

Half  beak=HeiniraTnplms:  a  sea  pike,  which 
has  the  lower  jaw  longer  than  the  upper. 

Half  breadth  plan  of  a  ship :  the  horizontal 
plan,  showing  one-half  of  the  ship. 

Haliseetus,  (hal-i-e'tus).  [Gk.  Halios,  marine: 
aetos,  eagle.)  A  bird  of  prey,  belonging  to 


Falconidae.  H.  leucocephalus  =  Sea  eagle. 
H.  maei= Fisher  eagle. 

Halibut,  (hal'i-but).     [Heilbut,  the   German 
name.  ]=Pleuronectes 
hippoglossus :  a  largo 
flounder  fish,  weigh- 
ing 4  or  5  cwt. 

Halicore,     (hal'i-kor). 
[Gk.  hallos,  marine;  Halibut 

koure,  damsel.]=Dugong:  a  cetacean  animal 
belonging  to  Manatidse. 

Halidracon,  (hal-id'ra-kon).  [Gk.  halios, 
marine;  drakon,  serpent. ]=Plesiosaurus,  q.v. 

Halimodendrum,  (hal-i-m6-den'drum).  [Gk. 
halimos,  sea;  dendron,  tree.]=Salt-tree :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Fabacese. 

Haliotidse,  (hal-i-6'ti-de).  [Haliotis,  «?.?'.]= 
Ear-shells  :  a  family  of  molluscous  animals, 
belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 

Haliotis,  (ha-li-6'tis).  [Gk.  hals,  sea;  out, 
ear. ]= Sea-ear:  a  molluscous  animal,  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  shell ;  the  type  of 
Haliotidse. 

Halite,  (hi'lit).  [Gk.  halt,  salt:  lithos,  stone.] 
Common  salt,  when  in  the  form  of  rock-salt: 
a  mineral,  chiefly  chloride  of  sodium,  also 
called  rock-salt,  muriate  of  soda,  &c.  If. 
group  of  minerals :  Halite,  nitre,  epsomite, 
boracite,  &c. 

Halitherium,  (hal-i-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  halios, 
marine;  therion,  beast.]  A  cetacean  animal, 
resembling  the  dugong,  known  by  fossil  re- 
mains, found  in  Tertiary,  v.  Sirenia. 

Halleriace»,  (hal-l5r-i-a'se-6)=Scrophulari- 
aceao,  q.v. 

Halley,  (hal'li).  [Halley,  the  astronomer.] 
1.  A  crater  in  the  moon.  2.  H.'s  comet; 
returns  every  76  years;  last  appearance  1835: 
next  expected  in  1911.  3.  11.  method  of 
observing  transit;  observing  the  duration 
of  the  transit  at  two  different  stations;  the 
sun's  distance  is  determined  by  the  difference 
of  these  times. 

Hallier's  theory  of  disease,  In  typhus, 
measles,  vaccinia,  Ac.;  that  micrococci  are 
present,  and  when  cultivated  become  fungi; 
it  is  not  certain  which  of  the  two,  disease  or 
fungus,  is  cause  and  which  effect. 

Hallite,  (hal'lit).  [Gk.  hals,  salt.]=Aluminite, 
q.v. 

Halloylite,  (hal'loi-lit).  [Mr.  Hally ;  Gk. 
litkos,  stone. ]=Halloysite:  a  mineral,  chiefly 
hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  magnesium, 
and  calcium. 

Hallux,  (hal'luks).  [L.  hallrx,  great  toe.]= 
Great  toe:  in  man,  but  slightly  adductive 
and  abdnctive  ;  in  apes  and  monkeys  freely 
movable ;  in  Insectivora  has  a  claw ;  re- 
sembles the  other  toes  in  Cheiroptera  and 
Carnivora. 

Halmaturus,  (hal-ma-tQ'rus).  1.  Used  for 
kangaroos  generally.  2.  A  small  species  of 
kangaroo. 

Halo,  (hii'lfl).  [The  French  word.]  A  lumi- 
nous circle;  especially  a  ring  of  light  round 
the  sun  or  the  moon. 

Halogens,  (hal'o-jenz).  [Ok.  Iw.ls,  sea-salt; 
pcnnao,  I  produce.]  =  Bromine,  chlorine, 
fluorine,  and  iodine;  monad  electro-negative 


HALOID 


157 


HAPLACANTHTTS 


chemical  elements,  combining  readily  with 
other,  electro-positive,  substances;  and  form- 
ing with  the  metals  compounds  resembling 
sea-salt. 

Haloid,  (haloid).  [Gk.  hah,  salt;  eidos,  form.] 
Resembling  salt.  H.  ethers:  compounds  of 
organic  radicles,  with  halogens.  H.  group 
of  minerals:  calcite,  halite,  fluorite,  gypsum, 
&c.  H.  salts:  combinations  of  metals  with 
hydrogen  acids,  resembling  common  salt.  v. 
Halogens,  v.  Salts. 

Haloragaceae,  (hal-6-ra-gu'se-g).  [Haloraeis.  ] 
=Hippurids=Mare'stail,  &c. ;  aquatic  herbs, 
with  small  axillary  flowers,  belonging  to 
Myrtales. 

Halotrichite,  (halo-tri-kit).  [Gk.  hals,  sea; 
thrix,  hair.]  1.  A  silky  fibrous  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  sulphate  of  iron  and  alu- 
minum; also  called  Halotrichine.  2.=Alu- 
nogen ;  hydrated  sulphate  of  aluminum. 

Halteres,  (hal-te'rez).  [Gk.  Jialteres,  weights.] 
Second  wings  of  Diptera,  also  called  balancers; 
modified  into  small  nobbed  stalks. 

Haltica,  (hal'ti-ka).  [Gk.  haltikos :  able  to 
leap.  ]=Tur  nip  flea,  garden  flea,  &c. ;  leaping 
insects,  belonging  to  Coleoptera. 

Halticocoridae,  (hal-ti-k6-kor'i-d6).  [Gk.  halti- 
xros.able  to  leap:  koris,  bug.]=Jumping-bugs; 
a  family  of  insects,  belonging  to  Heterop- 
tera. 

Halysichnus,  (hal-i-sik'nus).  [Gk.  Jtalysis, 
chain;  ichnos,  track.]  A  worm-like  animal 
known  only  by  its  fossil  track,  belonging 
to  Annelidan  Lithichnozoa.  v.  Lithich- 
nozoa. 

Ealysites,  (hal-i-si'tSz).    [Gk.  halysis,  chain.] 
Corals,  plentiful  in  Upper 
Silurian.  H.  catenularius 
=Chain  coral. 

Hamadryas,(ham-a'dri-as). 
[L.  hamadryas,  wood- 
nymph.]  1.  A  hooded 
serpent  with  poison  fangs, 
found  in  hollow  trees. 
2.  A  plant  belonging  to 
Ran  unculacete. 

Hamal  —  a  Arietis :  the 
chief  star  in  the  constel- 
lation Aries. 

Hamamelidaceae,  (  ham  -  a  -  mel  -  i  -  da  'se  -  e ). 
[Hamamelis,  q.v.]  =  Witch  -hazels  :  shrubs 
and  trees,  with  deciduous  leaves  and  axil- 
lary flowers,  belonging  to  Umbellales.  Fruit 
and  flower  grow  at  same  time. 

Hamamelis,  ( ham-a-melis ).  [Gk.  hama, 
with;  melon,  fruit.]  =  Witch-hazel :  a  plant, 
the  type  of  Hamarnelidacese,  named  from 
fruit  and  flowers  coming  in  same  time  of 


Halysites. 


=  Hydrofluocerite:  a  mineral, 
chiefly  carbonate  of  lanthanum  and 
cerium. 

Hamburgh  white  =  Barytes :  used  as  a  pig- 
ment. 

Hamilton's  triangle.  [Sir  W.  Hamilton.] 
v.  Quaternions. 

Hamipes,  (ha'mi-pes.  [L.  hamus,  hook;  pes, 
foot.]  A  crustacean  animal  known  only  by 
fossil  tracks,  v,  Lithichnozoa. 


Hamites,   (ha-nu'tez).     [L.  hamus,  hook.] 

Cephalopods,  having  a 

hooked  shell,  many  spe- 
cies of  which  are  found 

in  Chalk  rocks. 
Hammer,     (ham'mer).  i 

[Hamer, the  A.-S.  word.] 

Power   H.,   a   hammer' 

moved   by  machinery, 

by    means    of    water, 

steam,  &c.    Steam  H., 

a  hammer  worked  by 

steam:  usually  of  very 

large  size,  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  mass  of  steel, 

sliding    in    a    vertical 

frame,   and    connected 

directly  with  the  piston 

rod  of  a  steam  engine. 
Hammer-beam.  A  beam  reaching  only  partially 

across  an  opening. 
Hammer  -  engine.      A 

variety  of  the  direct- 
acting  vertical  steam- 
engine  :  named  from 

the  supporting  frame 

resembling  that  of  a 

steam-hammer. 
Hammer-headed  shark 

=  Zygaena    malleus : 

has  eye-balls  at  the 

end     of     projections        a.  Hammer-beam. 

from  the  side  of  the  head. 
Hamster,  (ham'ster).    [The  German  name.]= 

Cric33tus=Mu8  cri- 

cetus:    a  rat -like          \'J\    ^^^^\l\ 

animal     belonging 

to    Rodentia;    lias, 

large  cheek  po  uches. 
//.  of  Canada  = 
Canada  pouched  rat. 
Hamular,  ( hu'mu- 
lar).  [L.  hamus, 
hook.]  Hook-like. 

Hand,  (hand).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  =  Manus: 
the  extremity  of  the  pectoral  limb  in  man. 
//.  beast  =  Cheirotherium,  q.v.  H.  tree  = 
Cheirostemon  platanoides:  the  five  anthers 
resemble  digits. 

Hanging-bird = Han g-nest = Baltimore  oriole : 
a  bird  which  builds  a 
purse-shaped  hanging 
nest.    The  sexes  are 
alike,  and  coiispicu-, 
ously  coloured. 
Hapale,       ( hap'a-le  ). 
[Gk.  hapalos,  tender.] 
=Jacchus:  a  monkey 
belonging  to  Platyr-  i? 
hina.     H.  jacchus=  ^ 
Marmoset-monkey. 
Hapalemur,     (hap-al'- 
e-mur).    [Hapale  and 
Lemur,  q.v.]   An  animal  belonging  to  Lemu- 
rinae;  found  only  in  Madagascar. 
Hapalinse,   ( hap-al'i-ne ).      [Hapale,  Q.v.]    A 
sub-family  of  Cebidse. 

Haplacanthus,  (hap-la-kan'thus).  [Gk.  hap- 
loos,  simple ;  akantha,  spine.  ]  A  plagio- 


ng-bird. 


HAPLOPHLEBITJM 


158 


HAUYNE 


stomio  fish;  known  only  by  fossil  remains  ' 
found  in  Devonian  rocks. 

Haplophlebium,  (hap-16-fleb'i-um).  [Gk.  hap- 
loos,  simple ;  phleps,  vein.]  An  insect.  //. 
Barnesii:  known  only  by  a  fossil  wing,  found 
in  1867. 

Hard,  (hard).  [Heard,  the  A.-S.  word.]  H. 
<7rass=Rottbo3lia.  H.  palate:  in  the  roof  of 
the  mouth,  v.  Palate.  H.  solder:  an  alloy 
of  brass  and  zinc.  H.  water:  water  contain- 
ing matters,  such  as  metallic  substances, 
which  will  combine  with  soap  so  as  to  pre- 
vent its  solubility. 

Hardness,  (hard'nes).  [Hard,  q.v.]  Resistance 
to  abrasion.  Scale  of  H. :  use  to  deter- 
mine the  degree  of  hardness  in  minerals:  con- 
sists of  diamond,  corundum,  topaz,  quartz, 
orthoclase,  apatite,  fluor,  calcite,  gypsum, 
and  talc :  these  form  a  series  decreasing  in 
hardness. 

Hare,  (hur).  [Ifara,  the  A.-S.  name.]  Lepus: 
a  very  prolific  fur-bearing  animal,  belonging 
to  Rodeutia.  H.  bell=l.  Campanula  rotun- 
difolia ;  2.  Hyacinthus  nutaus.  H.'s  ear= 
1.  Bupleurum ;  2.  Erysimum  austriacum. 
//.'s/oo£=Ochroma  lagopus.  H.'sfootfern=. 
Aspidium  barometz.  //.  lip :  usually  the 
upper  lip  ;  when  the  fissure  exists,  owing  to 
incomplete  development.  H.'s  tail  grass= 
Lagurus. 

Hare's  deflagrator.  A  galvanic  cell,  formed 
by  two  large  sheets  of  copper  and  zino 
arranged  in  a  spiral,  but  separated  by  leather 
and  placed  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid;  produces 
great  heat  in  working. 

Harlech  grits,  (har'lok).  [Harlech,  in  North 
Wales.]  A  sub-division  of  Lougmynd  rocks, 

Harlequin  beetle=Acrocinns  longimamis. 

Harmaline,  (har'ma-lin).  [Gk.  hannala.  red.] 
=Ci3H14O2:  a  crystalline  base,  found  in  seeds 
of  Peganutn  harmala. 

Harmatone,  ( har'ma-ton  ).  A  mineral  of  the 
Zeolite  group,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum 
and  barium. 

Hannattan ,  (hur^mat-tan ).  [Tho  Arabic  word.  ] 
A  hot,  dusty  wind  of  Africa. 

Harmonia,  (hiir-mo'ni-a).  [The  Latin  word.] 
No.  40  of  the  Minor  Planets,  q.v. 

Harmonic,  (  har-mon'ik  ).  [  Harmony,  q.v.  ] 
Related  to  harmony.  //.  ratio:  the  ratio  be- 
tween numbers  whose  reciprocals  are  in 
arithmetical  proportion:  thus  1, 5, 9, 13,  being 
in  arithmetical  proportion,  1  1  1  1  are 
in  harmonical  proportion.  H.  sound  of  flames, 
v.  Singing  flames.  H.  tones  :  higher  notes 
also  produced  when  any  given  musical  note 
is  sounded,  r.  Sound. 

Harmony,  (har'mo-ni).  [Hannonia,  the  Latin 
word.]  1.  A  variety  of  suture :  a  method  of 
union  in  anatomy,  in  which  the  pieces  are 
fitted  together  without  being  fastened.  2. 
Concord  of  musical  sounds,  v.  Sound.  H. 
of  spheres :  the  regular  movements  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  in  which  the  planets  are 
compared  to  the  notes  of  a  musical  scale. 
Jupiter  is  named  Do;  Saturn=:/Je;  the  Moon 
=  Mi;  Mercury=.Fa ;  Venns=Sol;  Sun=Za. 

Harpagopus,  (har-pag'o-pus).    [Gk.  harpage, 


sickle;  pous,  foot.]  An  invertebrate  animal, 
probably  crustacean,  known  only  by  its  fossil 
tracks,  v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Harpedactylus,  (  har-pe-dak'ti-lus  ).  [Greek 
harpe,  sickle  ;  dactylos,  toed.]  A  lizard, 
known  only  by  its  fossil  tracks,  v.  Lithich- 
nozoa. 

Harpins,  (har'pinz).  [F.  harper,  to  grapple.] 
=Heads=  Diagonals  :  connecting  timbers  at 
the  extremities  of  a  vessel ;  used  dxiring 
building. 

Harpy  eagle,  (har'pi).    [Harpyia,  the  Latin 
name.]  =  Harpyia : 
a  powerful  bird  of 
prey,  belonging  to 
Falconidse. 

Harquebus,  (harTce- 
bos).  [Arquebuse, 
the  French  word.] 
An  old  form  of 
musket. 

Harrier,  (har'ri-er). 
[1.  //arn/,torol>:  2. 
hare,  q.v.]  l.=Cir- 
cus  :  a  hawk  :  2.  a 
dog,  used  in  hare- 
hunting.  Moor  H.— Circus  rufus.  Hen  II. 
=Falco  cyaneu8=Ciicus  cyaneus. 

Hart's  tongue=Scolopendrium :  a  fern  found 
on  damp  rocks,  near  wells,  &c. 

Hartin,  (har'tin).  CioH^O;  a  resin,  obtained 
from  lignite. 

Hartite,  (  har'tit ).  CGlli0  :  a  translucent 
mineral,  belonging  to  the  Fichtelite  group, 
q.v. ;  a  fossil  resin,  found  in  fossil  pine  trees 
and  in  coal  beds. 

Hartshorn,  (hartsliorn).  Spirits  o/7/.=Am- 
monical  liquor,  obtained  from  distillation  of 
horn  and  .of  bone  ;  also  used  for  any  solution 
of  ammonia  iu  water. 

Harvest,  II.  /y=Cicada:  an  insect  belonging 
to  Homoptera.  //.  moon:  at  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember, when  the  full  moon  rises  soon  after 
sunset.  II.  mouse =Micromys  minutus :  a 
very  small,  insectivorous  mouse, which  builds 
a  pensile  nest ;  found  at  harvest  time.  If. 


Hastings  sand= Middle  Wealden:  a  sub-divi- 
sion of  the  Wealden,  q.v. 

Hatchetin,  (  hach'et-in  ).  [  Mr.  Hatchett.  1= 
IIatchettite=Mineral  tallow :  a  solid  bitu- 
men ,  q.v.  An  inflammable  mineral,  found 
in  bogs  and  coal  beds. 

Hatchway,  (  hach'wi  ).  An  opening  on  the 
deck  of  a  ship  ;  for  a  staircase  entrance. 

Haulm,  (hawm).  [Halm,  the  A.-S.  word.]  De- 
caying herb  stems,  straw,  Ac. 

Hausmannite.  (  haws'man-nit ).  [  M.  Ilaus*- 
man.]=Mn3O4.  An  oxidised  ore  of  man- 
ganese, also  called  Black  Manganese. 

Haustellata,  (  haw-stel'la-ta ).  [  L.  haurio,  I 
draw.]  A  primary  division  of  insects,  includ- 
ing Lepidoptera,  Diptera,  Aphaniptera,  He- 
miptera,  Hemoptera,  all  of  which  are  pro- 
vided with  suckers.  2.=Epizoa:  parasitic 
crustaceans. 

Hauyne,  ( haw'in  ).  [Mr.  Hauy.]=Hauynite: 
a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum,  pot- 
assium, sodium,  and  calcium. 


HAWFINCH 


159 


HEDERA 


Hawfinch,  (liaw'finch).=Cocothraustes:  a  bird 
belonging  to  Insessorea. 

Hawk,  (hawk  ).     [Hafoc,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Accipiter:  a  bird  of 
prey,  belonging  to 
Falconidse.       Man 
of   War  H.  =  Tra- 
chypetes       aquila. 
Secretary  H.  =  Gy- 
pogeranus.      Spar- 
row    H.  =  Accipiter 
nisus.    H.  bit=Ij6- 
ontodon :  a  plant, 
belonging  to  Aster- 
acese.      H.   moth  =       Swallow-tailed  Hawk. 
Sphinx.    II.  ow£:=Strix  surnia.    H.  icccd= 
Hieracium:  a  plant  belonging  to  Asteracete. 

Hawk's.  H.  beard=Creyis:  an  herb,  belong- 
ing to  Asteraceas.  H.  bill  turtle,  v.  Turtle. 

Hawse,  ( hawz  ).  [F.  hausser,  to  raise.]  H. 
holes :  in  the  bow  of  a  ship,  to  allow  of  the 
cable  of  the  anchor  passing  through.  77. 
pieces :  the  timber  in  which  the  hawse  holes 
are  cut.  77.  plugs :  used  to  fill  the  hawse 
holes.  H.  timbers:  next  to,  and  behind,  tho 
knight-head  of  a  vessel. 

Hawser,  (hawz'er).  [F.  hausser,  to  raise.]  A 
small  cable. 

Hawthorn,  (haw'thorn).  [A.-S.  haga,  hedge; 
Thorn,  Q.?>.]:=Cratoegus :  a  plant,  usually  a 
tree,  belonging  to  Rosaceaa. 

Hay's  composition,  used  for  making  water- 
proof joints  and  surfaces. 

Hazel,  (ha'zel)=Filbert=Corylus  avellana:  a 
plant,  belonging  to  Corylacese.  H.  iuoth=z 
Tortrix  sorbiana. 

Head,  (hed).  [Heafod,  tho  A.-S.  word].  The 
most  important,  or  the  uppermost  portion  of 
a  body.  In  the  higher  animals  contains  the 
organs  of  the  sense  and  the  mouth.  Long  77. : 
having  the  length  more  than  -j  of  breadth. 
Short  H.:  having  the  length  less  than  f .  H. 
aniraate=Vertebrata.  77.  of  a  bone:  a  globular 
articulating  surface.  H.  of  Medusa= Algol, 
q.v. :  a  starz=)3  Persei.  77.  of  water:  an  ac- 
cumulation of  water  at  a  high  level,  so  as  to 
be  applicable  to  use  as  motive  power. 

Header,     v.  Brick. 

Headon  series,  (hS'don).  [H.  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight.]  Fresh-water  and  marine  beds  be- 

'  longing  to  Upper  Eocene. 

Hearing,  (he'ring).  [A.-S.  hyran,  to  hear.] 
The  sensation  produced  by  the  excitement 
of  the  auditory  nerve;  the  fine  terminal 
fibres  of  which  are  connected  with  the  ear. 

Heart,  (hart).  [Heort,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
centre  of  the  circulating  system;  in  mammals, 
birds,  and  crocodiles  has  four  distinct  davities 
enclosed  in  a  pericardium;  in  fishes  has  one 
auricle  and  one  ventricle;  in  Batrachians 
one  ventricle;  in  lancelet  and  Ascidians  is  a 
simple  muscular  contractile  tube;  in  Bra- 
chiopoda  is  a  pseudo-heart  of  a  ventricle 
and  auricle  opening  into  the  body  cavity; 
in  Tunicate  works  alternately,  each  end 
being  in  turn  both  arterial  and  venous.  77. 
urchins:  a  variety  of  Echinoidea.  77.  wood 
=Durarnen,  q.v.  Rudimentary  H.:  a  sim- 


ple tube.  Li/mphatic  77.:  a  pulsatile  portion 
of  the  lymphatics,  which  is  regularly  con- 
tractile. There  are  several  of  these  in  many 
reptiles  and  birds. 

Hearts-ease=Pansy=Viola  tricolor:  a  small 
fragrant  herb,  belonging  to  Violacese,  ferti- 
lised by  means  of  humble  bees  only. 

Heat,  (het).  [The  A.-S.  word.  ]  A  variety 
of  molecular  motion  ;  a  form  of  energy, 
consisting  of  exceedingly  small  and  rapid 
vibrations.  Animal  H.:  of  man,  about  98" 
F.  ;  of  human  blood,  about  106°  F.  Latent 
Jf.=Absorbed  H.:  heat  which  does  not  affect 
the  thermometer.  Specific  7J.=Capacity  for 
absorbing  heat.  77.  of  combustion;  heat 
developed  in  chemical  combination.  77.  of 
friction:  heat  developed  by  friction.  77.  of 
spectrum:  increases  from  the  violet  end  to 
the  red  end,  and  is  greatest  beyond  the  red 
extremity.  Dynamical  theory  of  H.=  Me- 
chanical theory  of  77.;  that  heat  is  a  motion 
of  the  ultimate  particles  of  matter.  Ex- 
change of  H.,  v.  Exchange.  Generation  of 
H.:  the  conversion  of  some  other  phase  of 
energy  into  heat.  Measurement  of  77.:  by 
quantity=Calorimetry;  by  degree  or  temper- 
ature =  Thermometry.  Mechanical  equiva- 
lent of  H.—  About  722  foot-pounds,  i.e.,  one 
pound  of  water  to  be  heated  1°  F.,  requires 
heat  sufficient  to  raise  772  Ibs.  one  foot 
against  gravity.  Polarization  of  H.,  v. 
Polarization. 

Heath,  (heth).  [Hath,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.  = 
Erica.  2.=Calluna  vulgaris.  Cornish  H.= 
Erica  vagans.  St.  Dabeoc's  /7.=Dabeocia. 
Moor  77.=Gypsocallis. 

Heather,  (heiuer).  [The  Scotch  word.]  Heath, 


(heths).     [Heath,  q.v.]     Plants  be- 

longing to  Ericaceae,  mostly  confined  to  the 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Heath-  worts,  (heth'wurts).   [Heath  and  Wort, 

<7.v.]=Ericace8e,  q.v. 
Heavy  spar=Barite=Barytes,  q.v.  :  a  mineral, 

chiefly  native  sulphate  of  barium. 
Heavy  spar  group  of  minerals:  includes  stron- 

tianite,  barite,  celestite,  &c. 
Hebe,  (he'be).    [Classical.]   No.  6  of  the  Minor 

Planets. 
Hecdecane,  (hek'de-kan)=Dioctyl  =  C16H26. 

v.  Octyl. 
Hecto,  (hek'to).     [Gk.  helcaton,  hundred.  ]= 

100  times:  a  prefix  used  in  Metric  system, 

q.v. 

Hectometre=100  metres=32S'OS9  feet. 
Hectogram=100  grams=3'2  ounces. 
Hectare=100  ares=2'47  acres. 
Hectolitre=100  litres=22  gallons. 
Hectocotyle,  (hek-to-kot'i-le).     [Gk.  hel-aton, 

hundred;  kotylos,  cup.]=Hectocotylus,  q.v. 
Hectocotylus,  (hek-to-kot'i-lus).  [Gk.  hekaton, 

hundred;  kotylos,  cup.]      One  of  the  arm- 

like  processes  in  the  cuttle-fish  and  nautilus, 

which  is  modified  for  the  purpose  of  repro- 

duction, and  has  numerous  suckers. 
Hedenbergite,  (hed'en-berg-it).     A  variety  of 

augite;  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  lime 

and  magnesia. 
Hedera,  (hed'er-a).     [The  Latin  name.]     A 


HEDERACE.2E 


160 


HELIOTROPISM 


plant,  the  type  of  Hederaceae.    H.  Jielix— 

tvy. 
Hederacese,  (  hed-er-5,'se-S  ).      [Hedera,  q.v.] 

Ivy,  &c.  =  Araliacese,  q.v. 
Hederic  acid,  (hed'er-ik).     [Hedera,  q.v.}    An 

acid  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Ivy. 
Hedge,  (hej).     [Hege,  the  A.-S.  word.]     H. 

/iO#=Erinaceus.      H. 


Hedgehog. 


Pi 

Iv 


formis.    H.   mustard 

=  Sisymbrium.      H, 

parsley  =  Torilis  :    a 

sub-genus  of  Caucalis. 

H.  sparrow,    v.  Spar- 

row. 
Hedraeophthalmata, 

(hed-re-of-thal'ma-ta).    [Gk.  hedraios,  sessile 

ophthalmos,  eye.  ]=Hedneopthalmia. 
Hedraeophthalmia,  (hed-re-of-thal'mi-a).   [Gk. 

hedraios,  sessile  ;  opthalmos,  eye.  ]    A  division 

of  Crustacese,  including  those  having  sessile 

eyes=Edriophthalmia,  q.v. 
Hedyotis,  (he-di-5'tis).   [Gk.  hedys,  sweet;  ous, 

ear  .]=  Ear-wort:  a  plant  belonging  to  Cin- 

chonacese. 
Hedyphane,  (he'di-fan).     [Gk.   hfdys,  sweet; 

phaino,  I  shine.]    A  mineral,  chiefly  oxide 

of  lead  and  calcium. 
Hedysarum,  (he-dis'a-mm).     [Gk.  Jiedysaron, 

sweet-smelling.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Legu- 

ruinaceae.      H.  coro7iarium=French  honey- 

suckle.    H.  gr?/ra?is=Moving  saintfoin. 
Heel,  (hel).     [The  A.-S.  word.]    The  hinder 

portion  of  the  foot. 
Height,  measurement  of.  1.  By  Trigonometry, 

q.v.     2.  By  barometer,  q.v.     3.  By  boiling 

point  of  water,    v.  Boiling. 
Heisch's  test    for    sewage   in    water.      The 

addition  of  granulated  sugar  and  exposure 

for    several    hours   to    light,    causing    the 

presence    of    a    fungus    if   there    be    any 

sewage. 
Helamys,  (hel'a-mys).    [Gk.  helios,  fawn;m.'/«, 

rat.]      A  rat-like    animal,   resembling   the 

jerboa;  also    called    Pedetes,    belonging    to 

Rodentia.     H.  cape?ms:=Jumping  hare. 
Helarctos,  (hel-ark'tos).      [Gk.   hellos,  fawn; 

arctos,  bear.]     A  variety  of  the  bear.    v. 

Ursus.     H.  Malayanus  =  Malay  bear.     H. 

euryspilws=Bornean  bear. 
Helcura,  (hel-ku'ra).  [Gk.  helho,  I  drag;  ourn, 

tail.]     A  tortoise-like  animal,  known  only 

by  fossil  tracks,     v.  Lithichnozoa. 
Helen's  (St.)  series.     [St.  Helen's,  in  the  Isle 

of  Wight.]=Osborne  series,  q.  v. 
Helenin,  (hel'e-nin)c=C16H1405:  a  crystalline 

substance  obtained  from  the    plant  Inula 

helenium. 
Heliacal,  (he-li'a-kal).     [Gk.  helial-ost,  belong- 

ing to  the  sun.]    Closely  connected  with  the 

sun;  used  of  a  star  which  is  seen  near  the 

sun. 
Helianthemum,    (  he-li-an'the-mum  ).      [Gk. 

helios,   sun;    anthemon,   flower.  ]=  Rock-rose 

=  Sun-rose:  a  plant  belonging  to  Cistacere. 
Helianthoid,   (he-li-an'thoid).       [Helianthus, 

q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]    Resembling  the  sun- 

flower.    H.  p<%pes=Zoantharia. 
Helianthus,  (he-li-an'thus).    'Gk.  helios.  sun; 


anlhos,  flower.  ]=Sun-flower;  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Asteracese. 

Helichrysum,  ( hS-lik-ri'sum ).  [Gk.  helios, 
sun;  chrysos,  gold.]  Everlasting  flower:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Asteracese. 

Helicidse,  (he-lis'i-de).  [Helix,  q.v.]  Snails: 
a  family  of  molluscous  animals  belonging  to 
Gasteropoda. 

Helicin,  (hel'i-sin).  C13H16O7:  a  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  salicin. 

Helicoidal,  (he-li-koi'dal).  [Helix,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Spiral. 

Helicoidea,  (he-li-koi'de-a).  [Helix,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  A  division  of  Foraminifera, 
including  those  whose  segments  are  in  a 
spiral  form. 

Helicoidin.(hel-i-koi'din)=(C26H34O]4)._>3lToO: 
a  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  salicin. 

Heliconii,  (he-li-ko'ni-I).  [Gk.  helios,  sun.] 
A  family  of  butterflies:  not  eaten,  by  birds 
nor  by  monkeys. 

Heliocentric,  (he-li-o-sen'trik).  [Gk.  Jiclios, 
sun;  kentron,  centre.]  Having  the  suu  as 
centre. 

Heliography,  (he-li-og'ra-fi).  [Gk.  helios,  sun; 
grapho,  I  write.]  1.  A  description  of  the 
sun.  2.= Photography. 

Heliolites,  (h«-li-6-li'tez).  [Helix,  q.v.;  Gk. 
lithos,  stone.  ]  .  Fossil  remains  of  corals, 
many  species  of  wnich  are  found  in  Devonian 
and  Silurian  rocks:  have  beautiful  cceuen- 
chyma. 

Heliomaster,  (lu'-li-o-mas'ter).  [Gk.  helios, 
sun.  ]  A  humming-bird  of  Nicaragua. 

Heliometer.  (he-li-om'e-ter).  [Gk.  helios,  sun ; 
metron,  measure.]  A  telescope  adapted  to 
the  measurement  of  small  angular  distances, 
named  from  being  used  to  me;isure  the  dia- 
meter of  the  sun. 

Heliometric  method  of  observing  transit,  v. 
Transit. 

Heliopora,  (h("-li-op'o-ra).  [Gk.  helios,  nun.] 
A  round-shaped  coral  reef  polype  of  indigo- 
blue  colour. 

Helioscope,  (he'li-os-kop).  [Gk.  helios,  sun; 
tko}  fo,  I  see.]  An  instrument  for  observing 
the  sun. 

Heliostat,  (hG'li-o-stat).  [Gk.  helios,  sun; 
statos,  fixed.]  A  mirror  used  to  reflect  sun- 
light, with  machinery  to  move  it  as  the  sun 
moves,  so  as  to  keep  the  ray  stationary. 

Heliotrope,  (he'li-6-trop).)  [Gk.  helios,  sun, 
trope,  turning.  1.  A  plant  belonging  to 
Ehretiaceau:  also  called  Turnsole=Heliotro- 
pium.  2.  A  stone  coloured  green  and  red. 
also  called  jasper  bloodstone=drops  of  jasper 
in  quartz.  3.  An  instrument  for  reflecting 
light  as  signals. 

Heliotropic,  (he-li-o-tro'pik).  [Gk.  heH&8,  sun ; 
trope,  turning.]  Bending  under  the  influence 
of  light. 

HeliotropicesB,  (  he-li-o-tro-pis'e-C ).  [Helio- 
tropium,  g.v.]=Ehretiacese,  q.v. 

Heliotropism,  (he-li-o-tro'pizm).  [Gk.  helios, 
sun;  trope,  turning.]  The  tendency  to  turn 
towards  the  sun;  positive  in  most  stems  of 
plants,  negative  in  tendrils,  root-hairs,  &c. ; 
the  higher  rays  of  light,  blue,  violet,  and  in- 
digo, cause  a  less  degree  of  growth  on  one  side. 


HELIOTROPIUM 


161 


HEMIDACTYLUS 


Heliotropium,  (he-li-o-tro'pi-um).  [Gk.  helios, 
son;  trope,  turning.]  Heliptrope=Turnsole: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Ehretiaceae. 

Helium,  (he'li-um).  [Gk.  helios,  sun.]  An 
hypothetical  elementary  substance  present 
in  the  solar  prominences. 

Helix,  (he'liks).  [L.  helix,  ivy.]  l.=Snail: 
a  molluscous  animal,  belonging  to  Helicida?, 
named  from  the  spiral  forni  of  its  shell ;  fos- 
sil remains  of  many  species  are  found  iu 
Tertiary  rocks.  H.  pomatia:  garden  snail. 
2.  A  spiral,  named  from  the  resemblance  to 
the  growth  of  ivy. 

Helladotherium,  (hel-la-dd-the'ri-um).  [Gk. 
Hellas, Greece;  therion, beast.]  An  animal,  in- 
termediate between  the  giraffe  and  deer, 
found  fossil  in  the  Miocene  rock  of  Pikermi. 

Hellebore,  (hel'le-bor).  (Helleboros,  the  Greek 
name.]  =  Helleborus  =  Bear's  foot:  a  rough 
herb  belonging  to  Ranunculaceae.  Slack  H. 
=Christraas  rose.  White  H.  =  Veratrura 
album:  a  plant  belonging  to  Melanthaceae. 
Red  //.=Cephalauthera  rubra:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Orchidaceae. 

Helleborein,  (hel-leb'o-rm).  [Helleborus,  q.v.] 
C26H44015:  a  glucoside  found  in  Helleborus. 

Helleborin,  (hel-leb'o-rin).  [Helleborus,  q.v.] 
Csfi^gOg:  a  glucoside  found  in  Helleborus. 

Helleborine,  (hel-leb'o-rin).  [Helleborus,  q.v.] 
=Epipactis:  a  plant,  with  creeping  roptstock 
and  leafy  stem,  belonging  to  Orchidaceae. 
Common  fir.=Epipactis  latifolia.  Marsh  H. 
= Epipactis  palustris.  White  H.  =Cephalan- 
thera  grandiflora.  Red  //.=Cephalanthera 
rubra. 

Helleborus,  (  hel-leb'o-rus ).  [Gk.  helein,  to 
injure;  bora,  food.J  An  herb  belonging  to 
Ranuuculaceae.  H.  nisrer=Christmas  rose. 

Helm,  (helm).  [Helma,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Rudder:  the  movable  piece  at  the  stern  of 
a  ship,  by  the  position  of  which  the  direction 
of  the  vessel  is  determined. 

Helmias,  (hel'mi-as).  [Gk.  lielmins,  worm.] 
A  sub-division  of  Annuloida,  including  En- 
tozoa  and  Treraatode  worms. 

Helminthes,  ( hel-min'thez  ).  [Gk.  Helming, 
worm.]=Acanthocepbali :  a  sub-division  of 
Vermes,  q.v.  v.  Siebold. 

Helminthia,  (hel-min'thi-a).  [Gk.  helmintttion, 
little  worm.]  =  Ox-tongue:  an  herb,  with 
milky  juice,  belonging  to  Asteracese:  named 
from  the  worm-like  form  of  the  fruit. 

Helminthiae,  (hel-min'thi-e).  [Gk.  helmins, 
worms.]  =  Entozoa:  animals  belonging  to 
Scolecida,  q.v. 

Helminthites,  (hel-min'thi-tez).  [Gk.  helmins, 
worm.]  Worm-tracks  found  in  hardened 
mud.  v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Helminthoid,  (hel'min-thoid).  [Gk.  helmins, 
worm;  eidos,  form.]  Vermiform:  having  the 
external  characters  of  worms. 

Helmintholite,  (  hel-min'tho-Ht ).  [Gk.  Hel- 
mins,  worm;  lithos,  stone.]  Fossil  remains 
of  worms. 

Helminthologists,  (hel-min-thol'o-jists).  [Hel- 
minthology,  q.v.  ]  Students  of  helminthology. 

Helminthology,  (hel-min-thol'o-ji).  [Gk.  hel- 
wlins,  worm;  logos,  discourse.]  The  know- 
ledge of  the  nature  and  habits  of  worms.  • 


Helminthozoa,  (hel-min-tho-zo'a).     [Gk.  hel- 

mins,   worm;  goon,  animal. ]r=  Scolecida:   a 

sub-division  of  Aunuloida,  including  ento- 

zoa. 
Helobiae,  (hel-5'bi-6).     [Gk.  helos,  uiarsh.]= 

Water-plantain,   &c. :    aquatic  plants  with 

but  little,  if  any,  endosperm. 
Helodus,  (hel'o-dus).    [Gk.  fie  los,  marsh ;  odous, 

tooth.]    A  fish,  known  by  fossil  remains, 

found  in  Carboniferous  rocks. 
Helonias,   (he-lo'ni-as).     [Gk.   helos,  marsh.] 

A  plant  belonging  to  Melanthaceae. 
Helosciadium,  (he-16-si-a'di-um).     [Gk.  helos, 

marsh;  skiadeion,  shade.]  =  Marsh- wort :  a 

plant  belonging  to  Apiaceae. 
Helvellaceaj,   (hel-vel-la'se-e).      [L.  Helvetia, 

fungus.]=Ascomycetes=Morels :  a  division 

of  Fungi,  q.v. 
Helvetan,  (hel've-tan).    A  mineral  belonging 

to  the  mica  group. 
Helvetius,    Map  of  the  moon  by  H. :  in  which 

the  seas,  &c.,  are  named  after  the  planets,  v. 

Moon. 

Helvin,  (hel'vin)=Tetrahedral  garnet:  a  va- 
riety of  garnet;  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of 

iron  and  manganese. 
Helwingiacese,  (hel-wing-i-a'se-e).  [Helwingia, 

the  typical  genus.]=Helwingiads  :  shrubs, 

with  flowers  on  mid-rib  of  leaf,  belonging  to 

Garryales. 
Hematein,  (he'ma-tin).    [Gk.  haima,  blood.] 

=Hematin:  the  colouring  principle  of  log- 
wood.    Haematein,  q.v. 
Hematite,  (he'ma-tit).    [Haimatites,  the  Greek 

word.]    l.=Bloodstone=Haeinatite,  q.v.    2. 

=Turgite.     Slack  #.=Psiiomelane.    Brown 

H.  =Limonite. 
Hemato-crystallin= Hsemato-cry  stallin=  Haa- 

moglobin,  q.v. 
Hemato-globulin=Haemato-globiilin=Ha5mo- 

globin,  q.v. 

Hematoidin=H8ematoidin,  q.v. 
Hematology,  (he-ma-tol'o-ji).      [Gk.  haima, 

blood;  logos,  discourse.]=Haematology:  the 

science  of  the  nature  and  composition  of 

blood. 

Hematosin=Haematin,  q.v. 
Hematoxylin=Haematoxylin,  q.v. 
Hemelytra,   (hem-i-li'tra).     [Gk.  hemi,  half; 

elytron,  sheath.]    The  wings  of  some  insects 

of  Hemiptera  which  have  one  half  hardened. 
Hemerobius,  (hem-er-o'bi-us)= Aphis-lion:  an 

insect,  belonging  to  Neuroptera,  the  larva 

of  which  is  very  voracious. 
Hemerocallideae,  (  hem-er-o-kal'li-de-e  ).    [Gk. 

hcmera,  dav;  kallos,  beauty. ]=Liliaceae,  q.v. 
Hemi,  (hem'i).    [The  Greek  word.]    A  prefix, 

meaning  half. 
Hemicentetes,  (hem-i-sen-t6'tez).   [Hemi,  q. v,] 

=Tanrec:  a  hedgehog-like  animal,  belonging 

to  Insectivora,  common  in  Madagascar. 
Hemicycle,   (hem-i-si'kl).     (Hemi,  q.v.;  Gk. 

kyklos,  circle.]    Half  circle;  also  called  semi- 
circle. 

Hemicyclic  flowers,  (hem-i-sl'klik).     [Hemi- 
cycle, g.i?.]=Acyclic  flowers:  having  parts  of 

the  flowers  arranged  in  spirals. 
Hemidactylus,  (hem-i-dak'ti-lus).   [Hemi,$.r. ; 

Gk.  daktylos,  finger.]=Warty  Gecko:  a  lizard. 
L 


HEMIDOME 


162 


HERE 


Hemidome,  (hem'i-dom).  [Hemi  and  Dome, 
q.v.]  In  mineralogy:  formed  by  the  planes 
parallel  to  the  ortho-diagonal. 

Hemihedral,  (hem-i-hu'dral).  [Hemi,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  hedra,  seat.]  Used  of  crystals  having 
but  half  the  normal  number  of  planes;  also 
generally  for  crystals  in  which  some  of  the 
faces  are  absent. 

Hemimellitic  acid  =  C9H606.  v.  Mellitio 
acid. 

Hemimetabola,  (hem-i-me-tab'o-la).  [Hemi, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  metabole,  change.]  Insects  having 
three  stages  of  metamorphosis,  with  but 
small  differences  between  them:  includes 
Hemiptera,  Orthoptera,  and  Nearoptera. 
cf.  Holometabola. 

Hemimetabolic,  (hem-i-me-tab'o-lik).  [Gk. 
hemi,  half;  mfto.bole,  change.]  Undergoing 
only  a  partial  metamorphosis. 

Hemimorphite,  (hem-i-morfit)=Smithsonite, 


i-i-op'si-a).  [Hemi,  q.v.;  Gk. 
ops,  eye.]=Hemiopia :  half  blindness,  v. 
Optic. 

Hemipinic  acid,  CxoHioOg:  a  combustible 
crystalline  substance,  obtained  by  the  com- 
bination of  opianic  acid  and  oxygen. 

Hemiptera,  (hem-ip'ter-a).  [Gk.  hemi,  half; 
pteron,  wing.]  Bugs,  lice,  cochineal  insects, 
&c.:  insects  whose  anterior  wings  are  half 
coriaceous,  v.  Insects. 

Hemispheres,  (hem'is-fSrz).  [Gk.  hemi,  half ; 
spliaira,  sphere.]  Cerebral  H.;  the  two  late- 
ral halves  in  which  the  brain  is  divided. 
Magdeburg  //..-  two  hemispherical  brass 
vessels  made  to  fit  together  air-tight.  When 
the  air  is  pumped  out  from  within,  tho 
pressure  of  the  external  air  keeps  the  two 
together. 

Hemitone,  (hem'i-ton).  [HemiandTone,  q.v.] 
An  interval  in  musio. 

Hemitrope,  (hem'i-trop).  [Hemi,  q.v.;  Gk. 
trope,  turning.]  A  half  turning. 

Hemlock,  (hem'lok).  [ffemleac,  tho  A.-S. 
iiame.]=Conium  maculatum:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Apiaceae.  Water  II. =Cicuta.  77. 
spruce  fir— Abies  Canadensis. 

Hemp,  (hemp).  [Hcenep,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
=Cannabis  sativa.  q.v. :  a  plant  the  type  of 
Cannabinaceae.  H.  aflrrim0«y=Eupatorium, 
q.v.  H.  neMe=Galeopsis,  q.v.  H.  worts= 
Cannabinacese,  q.v.  Manilla  H.  =  Musa 
textilis,  q.v. 

Hempstead  beds,  (hemp'sted).  [H.,  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight.]  Maiine  and  fresh -water  beds: 
one  of  the  British  representatives  of  Lower 
Miocene  strata. 

Hen,  (hen).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  1.  The  female 
of  Gallus  domesticus.  2.  Used  generally  for 
any  female  bird.  H.  harrier=Falco  cyaneus. 
Water  H.=Moor  77.=Gallinula  chloropus. 
H.  tt>e€d=Guinea-hen  weed,  q.v. 

Henbane,  (heri'biiu).  [Hen,  q.v.;  A.-S.  bana, 
poison.]— Hyoscyamusniger:  a  poisonous  herb 
belonging  to  Boragiuaceae. 

Hendecagon,  (hen-dek'a-gon).  [Gk.  hendeka, 
eleven ;  gonia,  angle. ]  A  figure  having  eleven 
angles;  usually  a  plane  regular  figure  having 
eleven  equal  sides,  » 


Henfrey's  classification  of  plants. 

Phanerogainia  or  flowering  plants  — 
Angiospermia  — 

Dicotyledons. 
Monocotyledons. 
Gymnospermia— 

Cryptogamia  or  flowerless  plants— 
Augiosporse. 
Gymnosporaa. 
Henle,  tubes  of.     In  the  kidney:  named  after 

the  discoverer. 
Henley's  electrometer=Quadrant  electrome- 

ter, q.v. 
Henna,  (hen'na),     [Hinna,  the  Arabic  name.  ] 

=Lawsonia  spinosa:  from  the  leaves  of  which 

a  paste  is  made,  used  for  colouring  the  finger 

nails,  &c. 
Hensloviacece,  (hen-slo-vi-ii'se-e).    [Henslovia, 

the  only  genus,  named  after  Professor  Hen- 

slow.]    East  Indian  trees  resembling  Myro- 

balans. 
Hepatic,  (he-pat'ik).     [Gk.  hepar,  liver.]    Be- 

longing to  or  connected  with  tho  liver.     //. 

artery:  which  conveys  blood  from  the  heart 

to  the  liver.     H.  vein:  conveys  blood  from 

the  liver  to  the  heart  by  way  of  tho  vend 

cava  inferior.      H.  duct:  conveys  tho  gall 

from  the  liver. 
Hepatic®,   (he-pat'i-se).     [Gk.    hepar,   liver.] 

=Liver-worts:  mosses,  the  leaves  of  which 

are  merely  plates  of  cells,    v.  Mosses. 
Hepatite,  (hep'a-tit).    A  variety  of  Earito  or 

Baryta. 
Heptagon,  (hep'ta-gon).      [Gk.  Tiepta,  seven; 

gonia,,  corner.]    A  figure  with 

seven  angles:  usually  a  regular 

plane  figure  with  soveu  equal 

sides. 
Heptane,    (hep'tan).     [Hepty- 

lene,  q.v.]    C7Hjg=Septane= 

Hoptyl    hydride  :    a    hydro- 

carbon. Heptagon. 

Heptine,  (hep'tin).     [Heptylene,  q.v.]    C7H14 

=Septine,  q.v. 
Heptyl,  (hep'til).  [Heptylic,  q.v.]  The  radicle 

of  the  heptylic  series.   //.  aZco/io/=(Enanthyl 


C7H1?. 
Heptylamine,   (hep-tira-mm).      [Heptyl  and 

Amine,  q.v.]    CrMtfN:  ammonia  in  which  ono 

equivalent  of  H  is  replaced  by  one  of  heptyl. 
Heptylene,   (hep'ti-len).     [Gk.  hepta,   seven: 

from  the  seven  equivalents  of   carbon.  ]= 

C7Hi4=Qj]nanthyleue:  a  hydrocarbon  of  tho 

define  sei'ies. 
Heptylic  acid,  (hep'ti-lik).     [Heptylene,  q.v.] 

C7Hi40o=Q3nanthylic  acid,  q.v. 
Heracleum,     (he-rak'le-uni).      [Heracleon,  a 

plant  sacred  to  Hercules  .]=  Cow  parsnip,  hog- 

weed,  &c.:  a  large  herb  belonging  toApiacese. 
Herald-moth=Gonopteryx    libatrix  :    named 

from  heralding  winter. 


Herb,  (erb).  [Herba,  the  Latin  word.]  A 
plant  of  small  size,  usually  an  annual,  v. 
Plants.  H.  JBennett=Genm,  q.v.  H.  Chris- 


topker=Acts&a.  spicata:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Rammculaceae.  H.  du  rfia6Ze=Plumbago 
scandens.  H.  (re?YirtZ=/Egopodium  podo- 
garia:  a  plant  belonging  to  Apiaceae.  //. 


HERBIVOEA 


163 


HESPERIDIN 


Paris=~Pa.Tis,  a  plant  belonging  to  Liliacese. 
fl.  -Ro6grt=Geraniuni  Robertianum. 

Herbivora,  (her-biv'o-ra).  [Herb,  q.v.  ;  L. 
voro,  I  eat.  ]= Herbivorous  animals  :  a  sub- 
division of  Mammalia;  including  all  mam- 
malian animals  which  live  exclusively  on 
vegetable  food. 

Hercules,  (herTiu-lez).  [Classical]  One  of  the 
Northern  Constellations. 

Herculis,  (her'ku-lis).  [Hercules,  q.v.]=O( 
Hercules :  used  of  stara  belonging  to  that 
constellation. 

Hercynite,  ( he/si-nit ).  [  Hercynia.  ]  A 
mineral:  chiefly  oxide  of  aluminum  and  iron. 

Herderite,  (her'der-it).  [Baron  Herder.]  A 
rare  mineral:  chiefly  phosphate  of  aluminum, 
calcium,  &c. 

Heredity,  (he-red'i-ti).  [L.  hereditas,  inheri- 
tance.] Eeversion  to  ancestral  types:  the 
law  of  reproduction  that  like  produces  like. 

Herepath's  salt.  Sulphate  of  iodoquinine: 
named  after  Dr.  Herapath. 

Hereus:  in  moon. 

Hermann's  classification  of  plants:  according 
the  nature  of  the  fruit,  v.  Botanical  systems. 

Hermanniaceoe,  (her-man-ni-a'se-e).  [Herr 
Hermann.]  Now  included  in  Byttneriaceae, 
o,v. 

Hermaphrodite,  (her-maf'ro-dit).  [Gk.  hermes, 
Mercury;  aphrodite,  Venus. j=Bisexual:  hav- 
ing the  two  sexes  united  in  one  individual. 
H.  exogens,  divided  into  polypetalous  and 
monopetalous. 

Hermaphrodites.  1.  Self-generating,  as  tape- 
worms, bryozoa,  ascidians,  &c.  2.  Mutually 
generating,  as  leeches,  slugs,  snails,  <fcc. 

Hermaphroditism,'(her-rnafro-dit-izm).  [Her- 
maphrodite, q.v.]  Union  of  sexes  in  the 
same  animal  or  plant. 

Hermetic,  (her-met'ik).  [Gk.  hermes,  Mer- 
cury: as  the"  inventor  of  chemistry.]  1.  Ke- 
lating  to  chemistry.  2.  Close,  air-tight.  H. 
barometer:  a  tube  filled  with  air  and  spirits 
of  wine. 

Hermetics,  (her-met'iks).  [Hermetic,  q.v.]= 
Alchemy:  an  old  name  for  chemistry. 

Herminium,  (her-min'i-um).  [Gk.  hermin, 
bed-post.  ]= Musk  orchis:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Orchidaceae;  named  from  the  shape  of  its 
tubers. 

Hermit,  (her'mit).  H.  cra&=Soldier  crab= 
Pagurus  Bernhardus.  H.  cra&s=Paguiida3, 
q.v.  H.  6ir-ds=:Phaethornis :  a  species  of 
humming  birds.  Little  #.=Phaethornis 
eremita:  a  small  humming  bird. 

Hernandia,  (  her-nan'di-a  ).  [  Senor  Her- 
nandez.] A  plant  with  large  leaves  and 
small  flowers;  the  type  of  Hernandiacejw. 

Hernandiaceae,  (  her-nan-di-a'se-e  ).  [Her- 
nandia, g.v.]=Thymelaceje,  q.v. 

Hernia,  (her'ni-a).  [The  Latin  word.]=Rup- 
ture,  q.v. 

Herniaria,  (her-ni-a'ri-a).  [Hernia,  a  rupture.  ] 
=Ilupture-wort:  an  herb  belonging  to  Par- 
onychiacese. 

Hernshaw,  (hern'shaw)=Heron,  q.v. 

Hero's  fountain.  An  apparatus  invented  by 
Hero  of  Alexandria,  in  which  water  is  driven 
put  of  a  fine  tube  by  the  pressure  of  air 


•upon  water,  in  which  the  lower  end  is  im- 
mersed. 

Herodotus,  (he-rod'o-tus).  [Classical.]  A 
crater  in  the  moon. 

Heron,  (her'on).  [The  French  name.]=Ardea 
cinerea:  a  wading  bird, 
belonging  to  Gralla- 
tores.  Night  H.=l*ycti~ 
corax.  H.'s  6iZi=Ero- 
dium,  q.v. 

Herons,  (  her '  onz  ). 
[Heron,<7.v.]=Ardeid£6: 
a  family  of  birds  belong- 
ing to  Grallatores. 

Herpestes,  (her-pes'tez). 
Gk.  her pestes, creeping.] 
Ichneumon,  &c. :  a  car- 
nivorous animal,  belong- 
ing to  Viverridse;  found 
in  S.  Africa  and  India 
only. 

Herpestis,  (her-pes'tis).  [Gk.  herpestes,  creep- 
ing.] A  plant  belonging  to  Scrophulariacese. 

Herpetology,  (her-pet-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  herpeton, 
reptile;  logos''  discourse.]  The  natural 
history  of  reptiles;  the  science  of  their 
nature  and  habits. 

Herpetotomist,  (her-pe-tot'o-mist).  [Herpeto- 
tomy,  q.v.]  A  student  of  the  anatomy  of 
reptiles. 

Herpetichnus,  (her-pe-tik'nus).  [Gk.  herpe- 
ton, reptile;  ichnos,  track.]  A  reptile,  known 
only  by  fossil  traces  of  footsteps  in  Trias 
rocks. 

Herpetetomy,(her-pet-ot'6-mi).  [Gk.  herpeton, 
reptile;  tome,  section.]  Anatomy  of  reptiles; 
a  branch  of  Zootomy. 

Herring,  (her'ring).  [Hcering,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Clupea  harengus:  a  fish,  the  type  of  Clu- 
peidaa. 

Herrings,  (her'ringz).  [Herring,  5.v.]=Clu- 
peidae:  a  family  of  fishes  belonging  to  Mala- 
copteri. 

Herschel,  (hei/shel).  1.  A  crater  in  the  moon, 
17  miles  in  diameter.  2.=Geprgium  Sidus 
=Uranus:  named  after  its  discoverer,  Sir 
John  Herschel. 

Herschelian,  (her-sheli-an).  [Sir  John  Her- 
schel.] H.  rays:  the  non-luminous  rays  be- 
yond the  red  end  of  the  spectrum.  H.  telescope: 
a  reflecting  telescope,  in  which  the  image  is 
formed  by  reflection  to  an  eye-piece  at  one 
side. 

Herschelite,  (her'she-lit).  [Sir  John  Herschel.] 
A  translucent  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated 
silicate  of  aluminum,  natrium,  kalium, 
calcium,  &c. 

Hesperia,  (hes-pe'ri-a).  [Classical.]  No.  63 
of  the  Minor  Planets,  q.v. 

Hesperidae,  (hes-perl-de).  [Gk.  hesperos, 
evening.]  1.  A  family  of  butterflies,  also 
called  Skippers,  of  small  size  and  rapid 
motion.  2.  =Citrus,  &c. :  a  family  of  plants 
belonging  to  Aurantiaceee. 

Hesperidene,  (hes-per'i-den).  [Hesperidse,  2, 
Q.v.]=:Terene  of  orange  oil. 

Eesperidin,  (hes-perf-din).  [Hesperidse,  q.v.] 
A  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  peel 
of  orange,  lemon,  &c. 


HESFEEIS 


164 


HETEROSCII 


Hesperis,  ( hes'per-is ).     [The  Greek  name.] = 

Dame's  violet:  an  herb,  with  showy  flowers, 

belonging  to  Brassicaceae. 
Hesperornis,  (hes-per-or'nis).     [Gk.  hesperos, 

evening:  ornis,   bird.]    A   wading  bird,   of 

which  fossil  remains  are  found  in  Cretaceous 

rocks. 
Hesselbach's  triangle,    A  triangular  space  in 

the  wall  of  the  abdomen:  named  after  the 

discoverer. 
Hessenbergite,  (hes'sen-ber-glt).     [Herr  Hes- 

senberg.]     A  transparent   mineral,  chiefly 

silicates. 
Hessian  fly,   (hes'shi-an).      [Hessian.]=Ceci- 

domyia:  an  insect  belonging  to  Diptera. 
Hessite,   (hes'sit).     A  grey  mineral,   chiefly 

tellurium  and   silver;   also  called  Telluric 

silver. 
Hessonite,  (hes'so-nit)  =  Cinnamon  stone:  a 

variety  of  garnet. 
Hestia,  (hes'ti-a).     [Classical.]    No.  46  of  the 

Minor  Planets. 
Hetairism,  (  het-a'i-rizm ).     [Gk.  hetaireia, 

fellowship. ] =Communal  marriage. 
Heterangium,   (  het-er-an'ji-u.n ).       A    fern, 

known  by  fossil  stem. 
Hetero,  (het'er-o).     [Gk.    heteros,  different.] 

A  prefix,  implying  difference. 
Heterobranchia,  (het-er-6-brang'ki-a)  [Hetero, 

q.v.;  Gk.  brangchion,  gill.]= Ascidians,  <fec. : 

a  division  of  acephalous  mollusca.     Used  by 

De  Blainville  for  a  sub-division  of  Acepha- 

lophora:  and  by  Leuckart  for  a  division  of 

Gastei'opoda;  also  by  Lamarck  for  a  division 

of  Crustacece. 
Heterocercal,  (het-er-o-serTcal).    [Hetero,  q.  v. ; 

Gk.  kerkos,  tail.]   With  unsymmetrical  tails, 

having  the  vertebral  column  continued  into 

the  larger  of  two  unequal  lobes;  rare  now; 

universal  in  fossil  fishes  of  primary  rocks. 

cf.  Homocercal. 
Heterocercy,  (het-er-o-ser'st).      [Hetero,  q.v. 

Gk.  kerkos,  tail.]     Inequality  in  the  lobes  of 

the  tail.    cf.  Homocercy, 


Heterocercal  talL 

Heterocline,  ( het'er-6-klm ).  [A  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  manganese. 

Heteroclite,  (het'er-6-klit).  [Hetero,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
klinein,  to  bend.]  Anomalous:  used  by 
Cuvier  for  the  structure  of  sloths  and  other 
animals,  departing  from  the  primitive  type. 

Heterodon,  (het'er-o-don).  [Hetero,  q.v.;  Gk. 
odous,  tooth.]  1.  A  serpent  belonging  to 
Coluber.  H.  nigricans=Blaick  pig-nosed  ser- 
pent. 2.  A  plant  belonging  to  Bruniacese. 

Heterodonts,  (het'er-6-dontz).  [Hetero,  q.v.; 
Gk.  odous.  tooth.  ]=Diphyodonts,  q.v. 

Hetercecism,  (het'er-e-sizm).  [Hetero,  q.v.; 
Gk.  oikos,  house.]  Different  stages  of  deve- 
lopment in  species,  used  especially  of  fungi. 

Heterogangliate,  (het-er-o-gang'gli-at).    [He. 


tero,  q.v,;  Gk.  ganglion,  kind.]  Having  the 
ganglia  of  the  nervous  system  unsymmetri- 
cally  arranged. 

Heterogangliata,  (het-er-o-gang'li-at-a).  [He- 
tero, q.v.;  Gk.  ganglion,  tumor.]  Owen's 
term  for  the  Mollusca  of  Cuvier. 

Heterogeneous,  (het-er-o-je'ne-us).  [Hetero, 
q.v.;  Gk.  gennao,  I  produce.]  Differing  in 
kind.  v.  Heterogenesis. 

Heterogenesis,  (  het-er-o-jen'e-sis  ).  [Hetero 
and  Genesis,  q.v.]  =  Xenogenesis :  an  allo- 
tropic  modification  of  existing  living  matter, 
so  that  the  offspring  is  unlike  the  parent^ 
Agamogenesis  interrupted  by  garuogenesis, 
being  occasionally  varied  by  sexual  genesis= 
Cyclical  recurrence  of  the  same  form.  Also 
xised  for  spontaneous  generation. 

Heterogenetic,  (het-er-6-jen-et'ik).  [Hetero- 
genesis, 9.v.]=Heterogeneous,  q.v. 

Heterogenite,  (het-er-6'j en-it).  A  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  oxide  of  cobalt. 

Heterologous,  (het-er-ol'o-gus).  [Hetero,  q.  v. ; 
Gk.  logos,  discourse.]  Constructed  on  a  dif- 
ferent plan;  not  having  the  same  distribution 
of  parts  or  organs,  cf.  Homologous. 

Heteromera,  (het-er-om'er-a).  [Hetero,  q.r.; 
Gk.  mera,  thigh-bones.]  A  primary  di  vision  of 
beetles,  named  from  an  apparent  difference  in 
the  number  of  joints  in  the  tarsi  of  the  first 
and  second  pairs  of  legs. 

Heteromorpha,  (  het-er-o-mor'fa ).  [Hetero, 
q.v.;  Gk.  morphe,  form.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants 
belonging  to  Apiaceae.  2.  Insects,  of  which 
the  larvae  are  worm-like  and  soft,  and  the 
offspring  have  no  resemblance  to  the  parents. 
3.  De  Blainville's  term  for  sponges,  infusoria, 
and  coral  polyps. 

Heteromorphite,  (het-er-5-morf  it). »,  [Hetero, 
q.v.;  morphe,  for m.]= Feather  ore:  a  mineral, 
chiefly  antimoniate  of  lead. 

Heteronemeae,  (  het-er-on-em'e-6  ).  [Hetero, 
q.v.;  Gk.  nema,  thread.]  Ferns  and  mosses: 
used  by  Fries  for  Acrogens.  ^  v.  Fries'  classi- 
fication. • 

Heteronemeous,  (het-er-on-em'e-us).  .  Bart- 
ling's  term  for  mosses.  ^.  v.  Bartling's  classi- 
fication. ,  — - •  • 

Heteropathy,  (het-er-op'a-thi).  [Hetero,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  pathos,  suffering.]  vr.  Medical  science. 
cf.  Homoeopathy. 

Heterophagi,  (het-er-of a-ji).7  •  [Gk. '  heteros, 
different;  phago,  I  eat.]  Used  for  birds  who 
feed  their  young,  as  distinguished  from  those 
whose  young  are  able  to  feed  themselves. 

Heteropoda,  (het-er-op'o-da).  [Hetero,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  pous,  foot.]  l.=Nucleobranchiata:  a 
group  of  animals,  belonging  to  Gasteropoda, 
divided  into  Firolidce  and  Atlanlidce;  found 
fossil  from  lowest  Silurian  rocks  until  now. 
2.  De  Blainville's  term  for  Eutomostraca, 
Squilla,  and  Epizoa. 

Heteroptera,(het-er-op'ter-a).  [Hetero,<?.r.  ;Gk. 
pteron,  wing.]  A  sub-division  of  Hemiptera, 
having  the  anterior  wings  half  of  membrane, 
half  chitinous;  divided  into  Aurocorisa  and 
Hydrocorisa.  cf.  Homoptera. 

Heterorgana,  (het-er*or/gana).  [Hetero,  q.v.; 
Gk.  organon,  organ. ]=Vascular  plants,  q.v. 

HeteroBcii,  (het-er«oa'si-i),    [Hetero,  q.v.;  Gk. 


HEXACTINELLID.E 


165 


HIPPOBOSCA 


skia,  shadow.]  Persons  living  north  or  south 
of  the  tropics,  so  that  the  shadow  from  the 
sun  is  always  on  the  same  side. 

HexactinellidEB,  ( heks-ak-tin-el'i-dS  ).  [Gk. 
hex,  six;  aktis,  ray.]  A  name  used  by 
Schmidt  for  the  family  of  siliceous  sponges, 
of  which  Porifera  vitrea  is  the  type,  found 
at  the  bottom  of  N.  Atlantic. 

Hexads,  (heks'adz).  [Gk.  hex,  six.]=Hex- 
atomic  elements,  equivalent  to  6  atoms  of  hy- 
drogen: includes  molybdenum,  tungsten,  <fec. 

Hexagon,  (heks'a-gon).     [Gk.  hex,  six;  gonia, 
angle.  ]    A  plane  figure  formed 
fay  six  sides;  properly,  a  regu- 
lar plane  figure  formed  by  six 
equal  sides. 

Hexagynia,  (heks-a-jin'i-a). 
[Gk.  hex,  six;  gym,  woman.] 
A  sub-division  in  the  Linnean 
classification  of  plants,  q.v.  Hexagon. 

Hexahedron,  (heks-a-he'dron).  [Gk.  hex,  six; 
hedra,  base.]=Cube:  a  solid  figure  formed  by 
six  equal  and  similar  sides. 

Hexandria,  (heks-an'dri-a).  [Gk.  hex,  six; 
aner,man.]  A  sub-division  in  the  Linnean 
classification  of  plants,  q.v. 

Hexane,  (heks'an).  [Gk.  hex,  six.]  C6Hi4= 
Sextane:  a  hydrocarbon,  named  from  having 
six  equivalents  of  carbon,  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Hexapoda,  (heks-ap'o-da).  [Gk.  hex,  six;  pous, 
foot.  ]  De  Blainville's  term  for  insects,  which 
have  six  feet. 

Hexapodous,  (heks-ap'o-dus).  [Hexapoda,  q.v.] 
Having  six  feet. 

Hexapodichnus,  ( heks-a-po-dik'nua ).  [Gk. 
hex,  six;  pous,  foot;  ichnos,  track.]  An  in- 
vertebrate animal,  probably  crustacean, 
known  only  by  its  fossil  track,  v.  Lithich- 
nozoa. 

Hexaprotodon,  (heks-a-pro'to-don).  [Gk.  hex, 
six;  protos,  first  or  front;  odous,  tooth.]  A 
pachydermatous  quadruped,  known  by  fossil 
remains:  has  six  front  teeth. 

Hexine,  (heks'in).  [Hexane,  q.v.]  CeHio= 
Sextine=Hexoylene.  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Hexyl,  (heks'il).  [Hexane,  q.v.;  Gk.  hyle, 
material.]— (C6Hj3)2=Capro}7l:  an  aromatic 
oily  liquid;  a  hydrocarbon  radicle.  //.  a  Icohol 
r-C6H140.  H.  fydridc=C6H14. 

Hexylene,  (heks'i-len).  [Hexyl,  Q.v.]=Cap- 
roylene,  q.-v.=C^l<i:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon 
of  the  olefine  series,  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Hiarree.  [The  native  name.]  The  narcotic 
roots  of  a  Guiana  shrub,  which  when  thrown 
into  water  stupify  any  fish  that  are  therein. 

Hiatus  Fallopii,  (hi-a'tus  fal-lo'pi-i).     [The 
Latin  name.]    A  groove  in  the  temporal 
bone.     Named  after  Signor  Fallopius. 
Hibiscus,  (hi-bisTcus).     [Hibiskos,  the  Greek 
name.]    Marsh  mallow:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Malvaceae.      H.  rosa-chinensis=Chiiid.  rose. 
H.  abelmoschus=A.l>elniosch\i3,  q.v. 
Hibou,  (e-bo).     [The  French  name.]    An  owl: 
a  bird  belonging  to  Strigidae.  | 
Hiccoughing.     Convulsive  inspiration  caused 
by  spasmodic  contractions  of  the  diaphragm. 
Hickory,  (hik'o-ri)  =  Carya  =  Juglans  alba= 
White  walnut:  an  American  tree  belonging 
to  Juglandaceze. 


Hielmite,  ( hT-el'mit ).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
stanno-tantalate  of  iron,  uranium,  and 
yttrium. 

Hieracium,  (hl-er-a'si-um).  [Gk.  hierax,  a 
hawk.  ]= Hawk  weed:  an  herb,  with  milky 
juice  and  yellow  flowers,  belonging  to 
Asteracese.  H.  aurantiaceum  =  Golden 
mouse-ear. 

Hiero's  Fountain= Hero's  fountain,  q.v. 

Hierochloe,  (hi-ro-klo'e).  [Gk.  hieros,  sacred; 
chloa,  grass.]=Holy  grass:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Graminaceae. 

Hierofalco,  (hl-er-o-fal'ko).  [Gk.  hieros,  sacred; 
Falco,  g.t?.]=Gerfalcon,  q.v. 

Hieroglyphic  (  hl-er-o-glif ik  ).  [Gk.  hieros, 
sacred;  glyphe,  carving.]  Sculptuie-writing: 
any  system  of  representation  by  carved  figures. 

Highgate  resin=Copalite,  q.v. 

Highmore's  cave=Antrum  of  Higbmore:  a 
cavity  in  the  upper  maxillary  bone,  named 
after  the  discoverer. 

Highton's  battery,  (hl'ton).  [Mr.  Highton.J 
A  galvanic  battery,  consisting  of  zinc  in 
sulphuric  acid,  common  salt,  or  caustic 
potash,  and  carbon  in  peroxide  of  manga- 
nese. 

Hill,(hil).  [The  A. -S.  word.]  H.  an*=Horse 
ant=Wood  ant=Formica  rufa :  named  from 
the  shape  of  the  nest.  H.  ^ine=Pinus 
sinensis,  of  China.  H.  fox=C&ms  Hirna- 
laicus  of  India. 

Hilobates.     [The  Latin  name.]=Gibbon,  q.v. 

Hilton's  muscle,  In  the  larynx,  named  after 
the  discoverer. 

Hilum,  (hi'lum).  [The  Latin  word.]  The 
scar  of  the  attachment  of  the  seed  to  the 
placenta.  Generally,  any  small  aperture  or 
depression. 

Hilus,  (hi'lus).  [The  Latin  word.]  The  con- 
cave side  of  the  kidney.  Generally,  any  small 
concavity. 

Himalayan,  (him-a-la'an).  [Himalaya  Moun- 
tains.] H.  creeper=Certlna,  Himalaya.  H. 
/oa;=Canis  Himalaicus.  H.  partridge=Te- 
traogallus  Himalayensis.  H.  ra&6i£=Chinese 
rabbit=Albino  rabbit. 

Himantopus,  (hi-man'to-pus)=Longshanks:  a 
wading  bird. 

Hindoo,  (hin'do)= Hindu:  relating  to  Hindo- 
stan. 

Hinnites,  (hin'nlts).  Fossil  shells,  found  in 
Crag. 

Hinny,  (hin'ni).  [Hinnus,  the  Latin  word.] 
Offspring  of  stallion  and  female  ass. 

Hip,  (hip).  [Hype,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.  The 
joint  of  the  leg  and  trunk.  2.  The  ridge  of 
a  roof  formed  by  two  sloping  sides. 

Hipparin,  (  hip'pa-rin  ).  [  Hippuric,  q.v.  ] 
CsHgNOa:  a  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  hippuric  acid. 

Hipparion,  (hip-pa'ri-on).  [Gk.  hippos,  horse. ] 
A  horse-like  animal,  known  by  fossil  remains 
in  Pliocene  rocks;  intermediate  between  the 
horse  and  tapir. 

Hipparchus,  (hip-parTius).     In  moon,  q.v. 

Hippariffan,   (  hip-par'a-fin  ).     [.ffippario  and 
Paraffin.]   C8H7NO:  a  crystalline  substance, 
obtained  from  hippuric  acid. 
Hippobosca,  ( hip-po-bos'ka ).     [Gk.    hippos. 


HIPPOBOSCIDJE 


166 


HISTOLOGY 


horse;  bosko,  I  feed.]=Forest-fly=Horse-fly: 
the  type  of  Hippoboscidae,  q.v. 

Hippoboscidae,  (hip-po-bos'i-dc).  [Hippoboaca, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  family  of  insects, 
belonging  to  Diptera,  living  on  horses,  sheep, 
and  other  quadrupeds,  and  on  birds. 

Hippocampal,  (hip-po-kam'pal).  [Hippocam- 
pus, q.v.]  H.  commissure,  in.  brain;  in  rep- 
tiles, at  its  lowest  stage. 

Hippocampidae,  (hip-po-kam'pi-de).  [Hippo- 
campus, 3.1;.]= Sea-horses:  fishes,  belonging 
to  Syngnathidae,  having  a  marsupial  pouch, 
for  the  eggs,  in  males  only,  and  loug  flexible 
prehensile  tails:  named  from  the  resemblance 
t<>  a  horse's  head. 

Hippocampus,  (hip-pd-kam'pus).  [Gk.  hippos, 
horse;  kamptos,  bent.]  1.=  Horse-fish  :  a 
small  fish,  the  type  of  Hippocampidae,  q.v. 
2.  A  white  eminence  in  the  brain.  H. 
major:  a  projection  of  the  posterior  cornu 
of  the  cerebrum,  continuous  with  the  corpus 
callosum.  H.  minor:  a  projection  of  the 
descending  cornu  of  the  cerebrum,  con- 
tinuous with  the  corpus  callosum. 

Hippocastaneae,  (hip-p6-kas-ta'ne-e).  [Hippo- 
castaueum,  <?.v.]=Sapindace{e,  q.v. 

Hippooastaneum,  (hip-po-kas-ta'ne-um).  [Gk. 
hippos,  horse.]  =  Horse-chestnut=Aesculua 
hippocastanum,  q.v. 

Hippocrateaceae,  (  hip-po-krat-e-a'se-e  ). 
Hippocrates.]=Hippocrateads:  shrubs,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  polypetalous  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Rhamnales. 

Hippocrepian,  (hip-po-kre'pi-an).  [Gk.  hippos, 
horse;  krepis,  shoe.]  Horse-shoe  shaped. 
H.  potyzoa  =  Those  having  a  horse-shoe 
shaped  lophophore=Phylactola9mata. 

Hippocrepis,  (hip-p6-kr5'pis).  [Gk.  hippos,  a 
horse;  krepis,  a  shoe .]= Horse-shoe  vetch:  an 
herb,  with  yellow  flowers,  belonging  to  Ley  u- 
minacese,  named  from  form  of  legume. 

Hippoglossus,  (hip-po-glos'susX  [Gk.  hippos, 
horse;  glossa,  tongue.]  =  Halibut  =  Pleuro- 
nectes  hippoglossus:  a  large  flounder-like 
fish. 

Hippomane,  (hip-po-ma'ne).  A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Euphorbiaceaj.  H.  mancinella.= 
Manchineel  tree. 

Hippophae,  (hip-pofa-e).  [Gk.  hippos,  horse; 
phao,  I  shine.]=Sea  buckthorn:  a  silvery 
shrub,  belonging  to  Elseagnacese. 

Hippopodium,  (hip-po-po'di-um).  [Gk.  hippos, 
horse;  pous,  foot.]  A  large  heavy  shell,  found 
in  Lower  Lias  rocks. 

Hippopotamidae,  (hip-po-pot-am'i-de).  [Hip- 
popotamus, q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  family 
of  animals,  of  which  Hippopotamus  ia  the 
only  genus. 

Hippopotamus,  (hip-pd-pot'a-mus).  [Gk.  hip- 
pos, horse;  pota- 
mios,  of  a  river.] 
A  hoofed  pachy- 
dermatous quad- 
ruped Jiving  near 
rivers,  having  ob- 
tuse truncated 
foreteeth.  Fossil 
in  Pliocene.  Hippopotamus. 

Hippotherium,  (hip-po-the'ri-urn).    [Gk.  hip- 


pos, horse;  therion,  beast.]  A  horse-like 
animal,  known  by  fossil  remains  found  in 
Miocene  rocks. 

Hippotomy,  (hip-po-pot'o-mi).  [Gk.  hippos, 
horse  ;  tome,  section. ]= Anatomy  of  horses. 
v.  Zootomy. 

Hippurates,  (hip-pu'rats).  [Hippuric,  q.v.} 
Compounds  of  hippuric  acid  with  bases: 
hippuric  acid  in  which  one  equivalent  of 
hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one  of  a  base. 

Hippuric  acid,  (hip-pu'rik).  [Gk,  hippos, 
horse;  ouron,  urine]  =C9H9NO3=Benzoyl 
glycocine;  a  crystalline  acid  substance  found 
in  the  urine  of  horses,  cows,  &c. 

HippurideaB,  (hip-pu-rid'e-6).  [Hippuvis,  q.v.; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.J=Hippurids=Haloragace3a, 
q.v. 

Hippuris,  (hip-pu'ris).  [Gk.  hippos,  horse; 
oura,  tail.]=Mare's  tail:  an  aquatic  herb, 
with  small  flowers,  belonging  to  Haloragacese. 

Hippurite,  (hip-pu'rit),  [Hippuris,  q.v.} 
Lamellibrauchiata,  peculiar  to  Upper  Cro- 
taceans. 

Hippurite,  H.  limestone:  belongs  to  Upper 
Cretaceous  formation;  distinguished  by  the 
presence  of  Hippurites  and  other  Rudistes. 

Hippurites,  (hip-pQ'ri-t5z).  [Hippuris,  q.v.] 
1.  Marsh  plants,  known  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  Lias  rocks.  2.  A  mollusc  belonging 
to  Lamellibranchiata  fossil  in  Cretaceous 
rocks  only. 

Hircic  acid,  (her'sik).  [Hircus,  q.v.]  An  acid 
obtained  from  goat's  fat. 

Hircin,  (her'sin).  [Hircus,  q.v.]  A  principle 
found  in  goat's  fat. 

Hircite,  (her'slt).  [Hircus,  q.v.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  an  amorphous  acid  hydrocarbon, 
named  from  its  odour. 

Hircus,  (herlcus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Capra 
hircus=Goat,  5.1*. 

Hirudinea,  (hi-ru-din'e-a).  [L.  Hirudo,  leech.] 
=Leeches:  aquatic,  vermiform  animals,  be- 
longing to  Annelida,  also  called  Di&cop/iora 
and  Suctoria. 

Hirundinidae,  (hi-run-din'i-de).  [Hinindo, 
q.v.]  A  family  of  birds,  belonging  to  Insea- 
aores. 

Hirundo,  (hi-rnn'do).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Swallow:  a  swiftly-flying,  migratory,  insecti- 
vorous bird,  having  a  sharp  pointed  beak 
and  long  wings;  found  in  watery  places;  be- 
longs to  Passeres.  H.  nestica^Swallow.  H. 
ur6ica=Martin. 

Hisingerite,  ( his-in'jer-It ).  [  Hisinger,  a 
Swedish  chemist.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated 
silicate  of  iron,  very  hygroscopic. 

Hislopite,  (his'lo-pit).  A  compound  of  calcite 
and  glauconite,  also  called  green  limestone. 

Histioderma,  (his-ti-6-der'ma).  [Gk.  histiont 
sail ;  derma,  skin.]  Small  annelidoid  bur- 
rows in  Schistose  rocks. 

Histionotus,  (hia-ti-o-no'tus).  [Gk.  histion, 
sail;  notos,  back.]  A  fresh-water  fish,  known 
by  fossil  remain*,  found  in  Pleistocene  rocks. 

Histiophorus,  (his-ti-ofo-rus).  [Gk.  histion, 
sail;  phero,  I  bear.]  A  sword-fish, 

Histological,  (his-to-loj'i-kal).  [Histology,5.v.} 
Referring  to  or  connected  with  histology. 

Histology,    (his-tol'6-ji).     [Gk.    histos,    web; 


HITCHCOCZITE 


167 


HOLOSTEI 


logos,  discourse.]  The  anatomy  of  the 
ultimate  structure  of  the  tissues  of  the  body; 
resulting  from  the  application  of  the  micro- 
scope to  anatomy. 

Hitchcockite,  (hich'kok-It).  [Mr.  Hitchcock.] 
=Plumbogummite :  a  mineral,  chiefly  hy- 
drated  aluminate  of  lead. 
Hive,  (hiv).  [Hyfe,  the  A.-S.  word.]  H.  bee 
=Apis  mellinca:  an  insect,  belonging  to 
Hymenoptera.  H.  beetle=Cleius  apiarius: 
the  larva  is  parasitic  on  bees.  See  H.:  1.  of 
Hive-bee:  in  hexagonal  prisms;  2.  of  Humble- 
bee:  old  cocoons,  with  added  tubes  or  cells; 
3.  of  Melipona  domestica,  of  Mexico,  of 
truncated  spherical  cells. 
Hoarfrost,  (hor).  [A.-S.  Mr,  white. ]= Frozen 
dew. 

Hoazin,  (ho-a'zin)=Opisthocomu8  criatatus:  a 
bird  belonging  to  Cracidae. 
Hobby,    (hobTbi).     [Hobereau,    the    French 
word.]=Falco  subbuteo:  a  bird  belonging  to 
Falconidse. 

Eodograph,  (hod'o-graf).  [Gk.  hodos,  road; 
grapho,  I  write.]  A  construction  for  showing 
the  velocity  and  acceleration  of  the  motion  of 
a  particle.  The  H.  of  the  motion  of  a  planet 
is  a  circle. 

Hoernesite,  (ho-er'ne-sit).     [Dr.  Hoernes.]     A 
white  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  arsenate  of 
magnesium. 
Hoevelite=Sylvite. 
Heaven's  classification  of  animals. 

Infusories. 

Poly  ps= Polypi. 

Sea-nettles. 

Echinoderms=Echinodermata. 

Intestinal  worms=Entozoa. 

Wheel-animalcuies=iRotatoria. 

Kinged-worms=Annulata. 

Insects=Insecta. 

Arachnids=Arachnoidea. 

Crustaceans=Crustacea. 

Tunicates. 

Bivalves=Conchifera. 

Molluscs =Mollusca. 

Fishes. 

Reptiles. 

Birds. 

Mammalia. 

Hog,  (hog).  [Ihcch,  the  Celtic  'word.]=Sns: 
an  omnivorous  quadruped,  the  type  of  Suidze, 
q,v.  Ground  .ff.=Orycteropus  capensis.  H. 
cteer=Hyelaphus  porcinus ;  also=Cervus 
porcinus.  H.  gr«m-<ree=Moronobea  coccinea. 
H.  meat='Roots  of  Boerhaavia  decumbens. 
H.  plum=Fruit  of  Spondias,  H.  iceed= 
Boerhaavia;  also=Heracleum.  H.'sfennel=. 
Peucedanum. 

Hogging-strain:  in  shipbuilding;  tends  to 
break  a  ship  in  half  across  the  deck,  when 
the  centre  is  not  strong  enough  to  support 
the  weight  of  the  ends.  cf.  Sagging. 
Hogshead,  (hogzlied).  [G.  okshoofd,  ox-head.] 
A  large  cask. 

IL  o/win6=63  gallons  )  more  Qr  legg  obsolete 
H.  ofbeer=5i  „  f 

Holconoti,  (hol-ko-no'ti).  [Gk.  Tiolkos,  furrow; 
notos,  back.]  Fishes  having  marsupial 
pouches. 


Holcus,  (hol'kus).  [Gk.  helko,  I  extract.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Graminaceae.  H.  mollis 
=Soft  grass.  H.  saccharatus  =  Cane.  H. 


Holibut,  (hol'i-but)=Pleuronectes  hippogloa- 
su8=Hippoglossus  vulgaris= Halibut,  q.v. 

Holland,  (hol'land).  A  variety  of  linen,  q.v., 
named  from  being  first  made  in  Holland. 

Hollands,  (hol'landz)=Geneva:  a  corn  spirit, 
named  from  being  made  in  Holland. 

Hollow,  (hollo).  [Hoi,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Not 
solid :  excavated.  H. -horned  ruminants : 
oxen,  sheep,  goats,  antelopes,  &c. 

Holly,  (hol'li).  [Holeyn,  the  A.-S.  name.]: 
Ilex  aquifolium  :  a 
plant  belonging  to 
Aquifoliaceae.  Sea  H. 
=Eryngium  mariti- 
mum. 

Holly-bush  sandstone. 
Hocks  at  Malvern : 
corresponding  to  Lin- 
gula  Flags. 

Holly-hock,  (holli-hokX 
[Ilolihoc,  the  A.-S. 
name.]= Althea  rosea, 
q.V,  Holly. 

Holly-worts,  (holli-wurtz).  [Holly  and  Wort, 
g.v.]=Aquifoliace8e,  q.v. 

Holocentrum,  (hol-o-sen'trum).  [Gk.  holot, 
whole;  kentron,  spine.]  A  fish  belonging  to 
PercidJB. 

Holocephali,  (hol-5-sef  a-li).  [Gk.  liolos, whole; 
kephale,  head.]  A  sub-division  of  fishes, 
formed  by  Siebold,  including  chimsera,  q.v., 
and  several  fossil  forms;  also  used  as— Elus- 
mobranchii. 

Holohedral,  (hol-o-he'dral).  [Gk.  Jiolos,  whole; 
hedra,  base.]  Whole-sided  crystals:  having 
the  greatest  possible  degree  of  symmetry. 

Holometabola,  ( hol-6-me-tab'o-la ).  [  Gk. 
holos,  whole;  metabole,  change.]  Beetles, 
butterflies,  moths,  &c.:  insects  with  three 
greatly  differing  stages  of  metamorphosis: 
1.  vermiform  larva;  2.  dormant  pupa;  3. 
perfect  insect,  v.  Insect-life. 

Holometabolic,  (hol-6-me-tab'o-lik).  [Holo- 
metabola, q.v.]  Undergoing  complete  meta- 
morphosis. 

Holophotal,  (hol-of  o-tal).  [Gk.  holos,  whole; 
phos,  light.]  v.  Pharology. 

Holpptychidae,  (hol-op-tik'i-dg).  [Holopty- 
chius,q.v.]  A  family  of  fishes  belonging  to 
Ganoidei,  known  by  fossil  remains. 


Holoptychiua. 

Holoptychius,    (hol-op-tik'i-us).  ~  [Gk.  holos, 
whole ;   ptyche,  wrinkle.]     A    fish,    known 
chiefly  by  scales,  fossil  remains  of  which  are 
d  in  Old  Red  Sandstone. 


foun 
Holostei, 


(hol-os'te-i).      [Gk.    holos,    whole; 


HOLOSTETTM 


168 


aOMOLOGTTES 


osteon,  bone.]  Used  by  Siebold  for  a  Bub- 
division  of  fishes. 

Holosteum,  (hol-os'te-um).  [Gk.  holes,  all  ; 
osteon,  bone.]  Ghickweed:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Caryophyllacese. 

Holoatomata,  (hol-os-tom'a-ta).  [Gk.  holos, 
whole;  stoma,  mouth. ]=Phytophagous  Gas- 
teropoda: which  have  the  aperture  entire; 
numerous  in  Palaeozoic  rocks,  tf.  Siphon- 
ostomata. 

Holostomatoua,  (hol-os-tom'a-tus).  [Holosto- 
mata,  q.v.]  Having  the  aperture  entire. 

Holothuria,  ( hol-o-thd'ri-a  ).  [Holothourimi, 
the  Greek  name.]=:3ea-cucumber:  a  division 
of  Echinodermata. 

Holothuriadea  =  Holothuridea,  q.v. 

Holothuroidea,  (hol-6-tho-roid'e-a).  [Holo- 
thutia,  q,v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]— Holothuriadaa 
=Sea-slug8,  &c.:  the  most  highly  organised 
division  of  Echinodermata;  with  vermiform 
bodies. 

Holothuridas,  (hol-o-th3'ri-dS).  [Holothuria, 
q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.] = Sea  cucumbers:  have 
soft  and  leathery  vermiform  bodies;  with 
suckers,  but  no  spines;  are  intermediate  be- 
tween the  globular  echinus  and  anuulose 
fistularia. 

Holtenia,  (hol-te'ni-a).  [M.  Holten,  Faroe 
Isls.]  A  vitreoTis  sponge,  discovered  in  1868. 
H.  Carpenteri=Sea-nest :  a  silicious  nest- 
shaped  sponge  found  at  the  bottom  of  N. 
Atlantic. 

Holtz's  electrical  machine.  For  the  collection 
of  electricity  on  a  large  scale  by  means  of 
induction. 

Holy,  (ho'li).    H.  0ra*s=Hierochloe. 

Homaliacese,  (hom-al-i-a'se-e).  [Gk.  homolnx, 
regular.]=Homaliads:  shrubs  and  trees,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers,  belonging 
to  Cactalea. 

Homalodontotherium,  (hom-a-16-don-to-the"- 
ri-um).  [Gk.  homalos,  regular;  odous,  tooth; 
tkerion,  beast.]  H.  Cunninghami:  a  mam- 
malian animal,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
(teeth  and  fragments  of  bone),  found  in 
Patagonia;  connects  Perissodactyles  with 
Nesodon. 

Homalonotus,  (hom-a-lo-no'tus).  [Gk.  homalos, 
regular;  notes,  back.]  A  trilobite,  found  in 
Silurian  and  Devonian  rocks:  having  the 
division  into  three  lobes  very  slightly  marked, 

Homaloptera,  (hom-a-lop'ter-a).  [Gk.  homalos, 
regular;  pteron,  wing.]  A  name  suggested 
for  Thoracooephala.  , 

Homarus,  (ho'ma-rus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Lobster:  a  crustacean  .animal.  •*. 

Homberg's  phosphorus.     Chloride  of  calcium. ; 

Hominidse,  (ho-min'i-de).  [Homo,  q.v.;  GK. 
eidos,  form.]  A  family  of  Anthropoidea  of 
which  Homo  (=Man)  is  the  only  genus. 

Homo,  (ho'mo).  [Gk.  homos,  like.]  *  A  prefix 
implying  likeness  or  equality. 

Homo,  (ho'mo).  [The  Latin  name.j=Man= 
Human  beings:  diurnal  animals,  belonging 
to  Primates,  erect,  with  naked  body;  a  family 
of  Mammalia  having  but  one  genus  and  one 
species.  H.  sapiens=y?hite  men. -  //.  Afer 
=Dark. 

Homo  diluvii  testis,  (ho'mo  di-iu'vi-I  tes'tis). 


[Latin.]  The  name  given  to  the  fossil  skele- 
ton of  a  large  salamander  found  in  Miocene 
rocks,  on  the  supposition  that  it  was  a  human 
skeleton. 

Homocercal,   (ho-mo-serTcal).      [Gk.  homos, 
equal;  kerkos,  tail.]    Equally  lobed  fish-tails, 


Homocercal  tall. 

rare  in  fossil  fishes  of  primary  strata,  almost 
universal  now.  cf.  Heterocercal. 

Homocercy,  (ho-mo-ser'si).  [Homocercal,  q.v.] 
Equality  in  the  lobes  of  the  tail:  used  especi- 
ally of  fishes,  cf.  Heterocercy. 

Homoeopathy,  (hom-e-op'a-thi).  [Gk.  homoios, 
similar;  pathos,  feeling.]  The  system  of 
medical  treatment  which  is  based  on  the 
theory  that  is  opposed  to  Allopathy,  v.  Medi- 
cal Science. 

Homogangliata,  ( ho-mo-gang-li-a'ta ).  [Gk. 
homos,  similar;  ganglion,  nervous  centre.]= 
Articulata  of  Cuvier  =  Annulosa :  animals 
composed  of  a  succession  of  rings  or  somites 
formed  by  the  outer  integument,  and  having 
symmetrically  arranged  ganglionic  centres: 
includes  Crustacea,  insects,  worms,  &c. 

Homogeneous,  (ho-mo-je'ue-us).  [Gk.  homos, 
like;  genos,  kind.]  Of  one  kind  only.  //. 
light:  light  of  one  colour  only,  as  red,  yellow, 
bine,  &c. 

Homogenesis,  (ho-mS-jen'e-sis).  [Gk.  homos, 
like;  gennao,  I  produce. ]=Gamogenesis:  re- 
production in  which  parent  and  offspring  ara 
alike,  v.  Genesis.  Each  germ  produces  but 
one  individual;  always  uniaxial;  Tiniversal 
with  vertebrata;  in  plants  the  exception. 

Homogenetic,  (ho-mo-je-net'ik).  [Homogene- 
sis, q.v.]  Connected  with,  or  relating  to, 
Homogenesis. 

Homogenies,  (h5-mo-jen'i-Sz).  [Gk.  homos, 
like;  genos,  kind.)  Suggested  as  in  somo 
cases  preferable  to  Homologies. 

Homogens,  (ho'mo-jenz).  [Gk.  homos,  like; 
genos,  kind.]  1.  Suggested  by  Lindley  for 
birth -worts,  nepenths,  &c.,  which  have  only 
one  zone  of  wood,  however  old.  2.  Used  by 
Lindley  as=:Exogens. 

Hpmoiozoio  belt,  (h5-moi-o-zo'ik).  [Hommos, 
like;  zoc,  life.]  Used  by  Forbes  to  express  a 

*  beltof  similar  climate,  which  extends  through 
many  degrees  of  longitude  bat  few  of  latitude. 

Homological,  (ho-mo-loj'i-kal).      [Homology, 

I  q.v.]  Following  the  organ,  not  its  function, 
through  all  its  modification  in  different  or- 
ganic structures. 

Homologous,  (ho-moro-gus).    [Homology,  q.  v .] 
Having  the  same  name.     v.  Homology. 
Homologues,  (ho'mp-logz).      [Homology,  q. v.] 
Parts  or   organs  in  one  organic  structure 
I  answering  to  others  in  another  structure,  so 
i  that  the  same  name  may  be  applied  to  both: 
'  applied  to  the  same  parts  or  organs  under 
every  variety  of  function. 


HOMOLOGY 


169 


HORARY 


Homology,  (ho-mol'o-ji).  [Gk.  homologia, 
agreement.]  =  Correspondence :  agreement 
in  origin  sometimes  accompanied  with  dif- 
ference of  development.  Ex. :  the  arms  of  a 
man,  the  wing  of  a  bird,  and  the  fore-leg  of 
a  quadruped  are  homologous,  cf.  Analogues. 

Homomorpha,  (  ho-mo-morf a  ),  [Gk.  homos, 
same;  morphe,  shape.]  Hemiptera,  Homop- 
tera,  Orthoptera,  &c.:  insects  in  which  the 
larva  resembles  the  imago,  but  has  no  wings: 
are  active  throughout  life. 

Homomorphism,  ( ho  -  mo  -  morf'izm  ).  [Gk. 
homos,  same;  morphe,  form.]  Resemblance 
in  external  characters  in  animals,  or  plants, 
belonging  to  different  families:  usually  found 
in  places  far  apart,  v.  Mimicry. 

Homonemeae,  (ho-mo-nem'e-e).  Fries's  term 
for  Algae  and  Fungi. 

Homoptera,  (h5-mop'ter-a).  [Ok.  homos,  same; 
pteron,  wing.]=Plant  suckers :  a  primary 
division  of  insects;  insects  having  both  pairs 
of  wings  alike,  cf.  Heteroptera.  Fossil  re- 
mains of  H.  are  found  in  Purbeck  and  Lias 
rocks. 

Homorgana,  (  ho-mor'ga-na  ).  [Gk.  homos, 
same;  oryo,non,  organs. ]=Schultz's  term  for 
cellular  plants. 

Homotaxis,  (ho-mo-taks'is).  [Gk.  homos,  same: 
taxis,  arrangement.]  Suggested  by  Huxley 
as  a  geologic  term  equivalent  to  Homology 
in  Biology.  Similarity  of  arrangement  with- 
oiit  contemporaneousness. 

Homotypes,  (ho'mo-tips).  [Gk.  homos,  same; 
Type.]  Repetition  of  the  same  part,  as  in 
Vertebrae. 

Hones,  (honz)= Oilstones;  used  for  sharpening 
cutting  tools. 

Honesty,  (on'es-ti).  A  plant  belonging  to 
Brassicacese. 

Hone-wort  =  Sison  amomum;  also  =  Trinia: 
plants  belonging  to  Apiaceae. 

Honey,  (hun'i).  [Hunig,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
semi-fluid  sweet  substance  elaborated  by 
bees  from  the  fluids  found  in  the  nectaries 
of  flowers  H.  &earers=Mellifera=Bees.  H. 
buzzard=~Falco  apivorus.  H.  comb;  1.  The 
cells  of  wax  formed 
by  hive  bees;  2.  Of 
sheep's  stomach:  a 
email  pouch ;  called 
also  reticulum.  H. 
comb  moth=Galle- 
riacerella.  H.  eat' 
m=Melliphagid8e: 
Australian  birds, 
such  as  wattle  bird, 
pell  bird,  &c., which 
feed  on  honey  and  insects;  also  used  for 
other  honey-eating  birds.  H.  guide=Indi- 
cator :  a  bird  belonging  to  Cuculidae.  H. 
mot/i=Achroia  grisella.  H.  Zoc'ws«=Gledits- 
chia triacantha.  H.  ratel= Viverra  mellivora. 
H.  s£o7ie=Mellite.  //.  swc£m=Nectarinidae: 
a  division  of  Tenuirostres,  q.v.  H.-suckle=: 
Woodbine  =Lonicera  periclymenum=:Capri- 
folium  perfoliatum.  FlyH.-suckle^lionicGra. 
xylosteum.  French  H.-suckle  —  Hedysarum 
coronarium.  H.  sugar,  v.  Sugar.  H.  tea: 
infusions  of  several  plants  found  at  the  Cape 


Honey-comb. 


of  Good  Hope  are  so  called.  H.  ware=* 
Alaria  esculenta:  a  sea  weed. 

Hood-cap=Hooded  seal=Phoca  cristata. 

Hooded.  H.  c/m«erer=Amphelis  cucullata. 
H.  c?'otc=Corvus  cornix.  H.  seal  =  Phocd 
cristata.  H.  snake  =  Cobra  di  capella:  A 
venomous  snake. 

Hoof,  (h5f).  [H6f,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A  modi- 
fied nail,  enclosing  the  whole  of  the  last  joint 
of  the  digit,  as  in  hoofed  beasts.  H.  fungus 
=0nygenei,  belongs  to  Ascomycetes. 

Hoofed  beasts=Ungulata,  q.v.  Horses,  oxen, 
&c. 

Hooke's  joint.  [Dr.  Hooke,  the  inventor.] 
A  method  of  connection  in  machinery,  al- 
lowing of  motion  in  almost  any  direction; 
especially  intended  for  shafts  whose  axes 
intersect  each  other.  H.  gearing:  screw- 
gearing,  by  means  of  two  wheels  having  the 
crests  of  the  teeth  oblique  to  the  axis. 

Hooker's  classification  of  plants,  v.  Ben- 
tham  and  Hooker's  classification. 

Hooper  swan=Cygnus  ferus. 

Hoop-shaver =Anthidium  manicatorni:  a  bird 
which  burrows  in  trees.  H.  6ee=Eucera:  a 
burrowing  bee. 

Hoopoes,  (ho'poz).  [Imitation  of  its 
Upupidte:  birds 
with  barred  plum- 
age, and  the  sexes 
alike:  build  nest  in 
hollow  tree. 

Hop,  (hop).  [Hop- 
pan,  the  A.-S. 
name.]=Humulus: 
a  twining  plant, 
belonging  to  Can- 
nabinaceae,  the  seed 
vessels  of  which  are 
used  in  beer  brew- 
ing. H.  blight  =  Hoopoe. 
Perisporiacei:  belongs  to  Ascomycetes.  H. 
trefoil=Trefolmm  procumbens. 

Hopeite,  (ho'pit).  [Professor  Hope.]  A  trans- 
lucent mineral,  chiefly  phosphoric  acid  and 
zincic  oxide. 

Hoplichnus,  (hop-lik'nus).  [Gk.  hople,  hoof; 
ichnos,  track.]  A  frog-like  animal,  known 
only  by  its  fossil  track,  v.  Lithichnozotu 
H.  eg«M3=Chelichnus  gigas. 

Hoppers.  l.=Turnip  fleas:  beetles.  2.  Cer- 
copidse:  a  family  of  Hemiptera.  Grass  11.=. 
Gryllidse. 

Hops  =  The  seed  vessels  of 
Humulus  lupulus.  v.  Hop. 
Bitter  principle  of  H.  = 
Lupulite. 

Horaninow's  classification  of 
organic  beings,  made  1834: — 
Man. 
Animals. 
Phytozoa. 
Vegetables. 

H's.  classification  of  plants:— 
Sperm  ophorse = Dicotyledons. 
Coccophorso— Monocotyledons.        Hop. 
Pseudospermae^Gymiiosperm+Rhizanths. 
Sporophorse=Acotyledons. 

Horary,  (h5'ra-ri).    [L.  hora,  hour.  ] =Hourly. 


HORDEACE.E 


170 


HOITND 


Hordeaceae,  (hor-de-a'se-e).  [Hordeum,  q.v.] 
"Wheat,  rye,  barley,  &c.:  a  family  of  plants 
belonging  to  Graminaceae. 

Hordein,  (hor'din).  [Hordeum,  q.v.]  An 
alkaloid  principle  found  in  barley. 

Hordeum,  (hor'de-um).  [The  Latin  name.] 
= Barley,  q.v.:  a  variety  of  corn,  used  for 
conversion  to  malt,  belonging  to  Grami- 
naceso: 

Horehound,  (horliownd).  A  plant  belonging 
to  Labiate).  Black  #.=Ballota.  White  H. 
Marrubium. 

Horizon,  (ho-rl'zon).  [Gk.  lioros,  limit.] 
Artificial  H.:  a  sheet  of  mercury,  or  other 
reflecting  plane  surface:  used  in  astronomical 
observations.  Rational  H.:  a  great  circle  of 
the  heavens  parallel  to  the  sensible  H.,  but 
passing  through  the  centre  of  the  earth. 
Sensible  H.  =  Visible  H.:  the  line  in  which 
the  sky  and  earth  seem  to  meet. 

Horizontal,  ( hor-i-zon'tal ).  [Horizon,  q.v.  ] 
Parallel  with  the  horizon,  level,  cf.  Vertical . 

Horn,  (horn).  [The  A. -S.  word.]  =. Keratin:  a 
tough,  translucent,  thickened  variety  of 
epidermis,  of  which  hollow  horns,  nails, 
whalebone,  tortoise-shell,  feathers,  hairs, 
and  scales  are  examples.  H.  6eam=Carpinus 
betulus.  H.  bill,  v.  HornbilL  H.  bil'*, 
v.  Hornbills.  H.-blende,  v.  Hornblende.  H. 
6ttf7=Stag  beetle=Lucanus  cervus.  H.  eel= 
Ammodytes  tobianus.  H.  y&/t=Belone  vul- 
garis.  H.  lead  —  Phosgenite.  H.  poppy  — 
Glaucium.  H.  quicksilver  —  Calomel.  II. 
silver  =  Kerargy rite.  //.  wort = Ceratophy  1- 
lum.  H.  wor£s=Coj«tophyllaceae. 

Hornan=£  Pegasi. 

Hornbill=Buceros,  q.v.:  an  African  building 
bird. 

Hornbills=rBucerids3=.  Large 
crow-like  birds, with  enor- 
mous coloured  bill.   Both 
sexes  alike;   nest  in  hoi- 
low  trees. 

Horns.  1.  Hollow  II.  =  ," 
Bony  extensions  attached 
to  the  frontal  bone  of  all 
ruminant  animals,  ex- 
cept camels  and  musk 
deer ;  found  in  all  males, 
in  females  only  occasion- 
ally. 2.  Bony  H. = Ant- 
lers: usually  branched, 
and  shed  annually.  Pro- 
bably the  result  of  an  excess  of  nourish- 
ment ;  larger  in  cold,  and  smaller  in  warm 
countries. 

Hornblende,  (hornljlend).  [Horn  and  Blende, 
§.v.]=Amphibole:  found  in  syenite,  basalt, 
porphyry,  and  other  rocks:  a  silicate  and 
aluminate  of  magnesium,  calcium,  and  iron. 
H.  group  of  minerals:  includes  amphibole, 
pyroxene,  asbestos,  augite,  &c.  H.  schist: 
one  of  the  metamorphic  rocks. 

Horned,  (hornd).  [Horn,  q.v.]  Having  horns. 
H.  Ao,<7=Babiroussa,  q.v.  H.  tar£=AIauda 
penicillata.  H.  pheasant =Ceriornis  Blythii. 
H.  pond-weed  =  Zannichellia.  H.  poppy= 
Glaucium.  H.  ray  =  Cephaloptera  giorna; 
belongs  to  Batides.  H.  tragopan=Tragop&n 


HornbilL 


satyrus.  II.  vipers  Aourthophia  cerastinus= 
Cerastes:  a  viperine  snake  of  Africa. 

Hornet,  (hor'net).  [Hyrnet,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Vespa  crabro,  a  social  wasp,  feeds  on  in- 
sects. H.  6ee«e=iQuedius  fulgidus.  //.  Jly 
=Asilus.  H.  moth,  v.  Sphingidje. 

Hornitos,  (hor'ni-tos).  [The  Spanish  word.] 
A  variety  of  mudspring. 

Hornsilve'r.  A  variety  of  kerate,  q.v.  Chiefly 
chloride  of  8ilver=Cerargyrite. 

Hornstone.  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  iron, 
aluminum,  magnesium,  <fec. 

Horn-wort=Ceratophyllum,  q.v. 

Horn-worts=:Ceratophyllacea3,  q.v. 

Horny-matter=Keratin=Horn,  q.v. 

Horograph,  (ho'ro-graf).  [L.  hora,  hour;  gra- 
pho,  I  write.]  Any  instrument  for  marking 
the  time. 

Horologium,  ( hor-o-lo'ji-um  ).  [The  Latin 
word .]= The  CJ oc k :  a  Southern  Constellation. 

Horology,  (hor-ol'6-ji).  [Gk.  hora,  hour;  logos, 
discourse.]  1.  The  science  of  the  measure- 
ment of  time.  2.  The  art  of  constructing 
chronometers  and  time-measurers  generally. 

Horrox,  (hoi'roks).  [Mr.  Horrox,  1639.]  In 
moon,  q.v. 

Horse,  (hors).  [Ilors,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Equus  caballus :  an  animal  belonging  to 
Equidze,  all  varieties  of  which  are  probably 
derived  from  one  species:  can  endure  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  of  cold,  but  not  of  humi- 
dity. In  the  humid  region  between  Bengal 
and  Japan  no  full-sized  horse  is  known,  v. 
Ungulata.  Fossil  H.,  :  Anchitherium, 
Equus,  Hipparion,  Hippotherium.  Little  H. 
=Equuleus,  q.v.  Sea  II .  =  Trichechus  ros- 
marus.  //.  ant r=Formica  rufa,  named  from 
its  large  size.  H.  chestnut=Msculua  hippo- 
castanum.  //.  chestnut  of  America=^Escu- 
lus  ohiotensis.  //.  /s/i=Hippocampus,  q.v. 
H.  ^y=Tabanus;  also=Hippobosca  equina. 
//.  latitMdes=Calm-belt  of  Cancer,  between 
30°  and  35°  N.  latitude.  H.  poioer:  now  de- 
scribes size  only  of  steam  engines.  Properly 
=33 "000  Ibs.  raised  one  foot  against  gravity 
in  one  minute,  v.  Horse-power.  //.  radish 
=Hyperanthera  moringa ;  also=Cochlearia 
armoracia  =  Armoracia.  H.  tail;  1.  =  Equi- 
Bctuni,  q.v.;  2.=Hippuris.  H.  tails=K<i\u- 
setacefe,  q.v.  H.  stingers  =  Dragon  flies= 
Libellulae. 

Horse-flesh  ore.  A  variety  of  Erubescite,  an 
ore  of  copper. 

Horse-power.  In  Britain  =  550  Ibs.  raised 
one  foot  per  second ;  in  France  =  75  kilo- 
grammes raised  one  metre  in  a  second.  The 
two  are  nearly  equal. 

Horse-shoe.  H.  bat  =  Vespertilio  ferrum- 
equinum.  //.  crab  =  Limulus  Moluccanus. 
H.  magnet=A.  magnet  shaped  like  a  horse- 
shoe, so  that  the  poles  are  brought  close  to- 
gether. H.  ve«cfe=Hippocrepis. 

Hotsprings.  v.  Geysers. 

Hottentots,  (hot'n-tots).    A  S.  African  people. 

Hottonia,  (hot-to'ni-a).  [P.  Hotton,  a  Dutch 
botanist.]  =  Water  violet:  a  floating  herb, 
belonging  to  Primulacesc. 

Houlds worth's  pyrometer,     v.  Pyrometer. 

Hound,  (hownd).     [Uund,  the  A.-S.  name.] 


HOUND'S-TONGUE 


171 


HUNTER'S  SCREW 


A  dog  used  for  hunting,  as  stag-hound,  fox- 
hound, deer-hound,  &c. 
Hound's-tongue=Cynoglossum,  q.v. 
Hour,  (our).    [Heure,  the  French  word.]    -^ 
of  a  mean  solar  day:  divided  in  to  60  minutes. 
v.  Time.    H.  angle:  the  angular  distance  of 
a  given  star,  &c.,  from  the  meridian :  may  be 
expressed  in  hours,  minutes,  &c.     H .  circle : 
a  portion  of  the  apparatus  belonging  to  an 
equatorial    telescope,  which   indicates    the 
right  ascension  of  any  given  object. 
House,  (hous).     [Efts,  the  A.-S.  word.]    H. 
fa'es:=Musca.    H.  f/ec&o^Lacerto  gecko.    H. 
leek  =  Sempervivum  tectorum.     H.  leeks= 
Crassulaceas,  q.v.     H.  lizard  =  Chichack,  a 
Borneon  lizard.   H.  mariin=Chelidon  urbica. 
H.  sp«rrow=Pyrgita  domestica  =Passer  do- 
mesticus. 
House  builder  moth  =  Oiketicus  Sandersii : 

builds  a  pensile  nest. 
Hoyite,  (ho'vit).     [Mr.  Hove.]    A  soft  friable 

mineral,  chiefly  bicarbonate  of  lead. 
Howitzer,  (how'it-zer).      [Haubitze,  the  Ger- 
man word.]      A 
gun  used  for  the 
discharge  of  shells 
of  large   size  at 
short  ranges. 
Howlers  =  Howl- 
ing-monkeys, q.v. 
Howling-monkeys 
=Mycetes  :    slow,  Howitzer, 

clumsy,  arboreal  animals,  with  long  prehen- 
sile tails;  belong  to  Cebidje,  q.v. ;  correspond 
to  the  baboons  of  the  Old  World. 
Howlite,  (how'lit).  A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated 

borate  of  lime. 

Hows,  (howz).    A  Yorkshire  term  for  tximuli. 
Howson's  barometer.     A  column  of  mercury 
in  a  glass  tube,  with  central  glass  tube:  a 
modified  and  very  sensitive  form  of  the  com- 
mon barometer. 
Hoy,   (hoy).      [lieu,  the  French  word.]     A 

small  coasting  vessel. 
Huascolite,    ( ho-as'ko-lit).      [Huasco.]      A 

mineral,  chiefly  sulphide  of  lead  and  zinc. 
Hubnerite,  (hub'ner-it).      A  mineral,  chiefly 
tungstate  of  manganese. 
Hue,  (hu).  [Hui,  the  A.-S.  word.]    Gradation 
of  colour,     cf.  Tint. 

Huggins.    [Dr.  Huggins.]    H.'s  granules,    v. 
Granules. 

Hugoniaceae,  (hu-go-ni-a'se-e).  [Hugonia,  typ. 
gen.]=0xalidace8e,  q.v. 

Huguier's  canal.  In  the  temporal  bone,  for 
the  passage  of  the  chorda  tympani  nerve  to 
pass  through;  named  after  the  discoverer. 
Human,  (hu'man).  [Humanus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Relating  to  mankind.  H.  ear :  can 
distinguish  sounds  caused  by  vibrations  of 
between  12  and  38,000  per  second;  and  so  has 
a  range  of  about  11  octaves,  v.  Sound.  H. 
voice:  produced  by  the  action  of  the  vocal 
chords,  q.v.  H.  species:  the  varieties  of 
men.  v.  Man.  H.  remains:  found  in  caves 
of  Post  Pliocene  rocks;  usually  iu  limestone 
districts. 

Humble-bees,  (hum'bl).     [Ger.  hummel,  hum- 
ming.]=Bombus:  wild  social  bees;    insects 


belonging    to    Hymenoptera ;    also    called 
Dumble-bees. 
Humboldtilite,  (hum-bold'ti-lit).    [Humboldt; 

Gk.  lithos,  stone.]=Melilite,  q.v. 
Humboldtine,    (hum'bold-tin).     A    mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  oxalate  of  iron. 
Humboldtite,    (hum'bold-tit).      [Huraboldt.] 
=Datalite:  a   mineral,    chiefly   oxalate   of 
lime. 

Humerus,  (hu'me-rus).      [The   Latin  word.] 
The  bone  of  the  upper  arm,  in  vertebrate 
animals;  not  developed  in  fishes. 
Humio  acid,  (hu'mik).  [L.  humus,  the  earth.] 
=C2oH12O6:  one  of  the  constituents  of  the 
mould  of  decaying  wood. 
Humidity,  (hu-mid'i-ti).   [L.  humidus,  moist.] 
Saturation  with  moisture,  so  that  part  of  it 
is  deposited  on  bodies  which  come  in  con  tact. 
Humiriacese,    (hd-nu-ri-a'se-e).       [From    the 
native  name  in  Guiana.  ]=Humiriads:  tropi- 
cal balsamic  trees  and  shrubs  with  leathery 
leaves,  belonging  to  Ericales. 
Humite,  (hu'mlt).    [Humus,  q.v.]    A  trans- 
lucent vitreous  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of 
iron  and  magnesium. 

Humming-birds,  (hum'ming).  [Named  from 
the  noise  they  make.] 
=  Trochilidae,  q.v.: 
birds  belonging  to 
Insessores,  of  which 
there  are  several 
genera  ;  Phsethornis, 
Oreotrochilus,  Gry- 
pus,  Thalurania,  &c. 
Humming-  bird  moth 
=Macroglossa  Stella-  Humming-bird, 
tarurn,  resembles  humming-bird. 

Humopinic  acid=Humopicacid:  an  amorphous 
acid  substance  obtained  from  narcotine. 

Humorum=Mare  Humorum:  one  of  the  plains 
on  the  surface  of  the  moon,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  a  sea. 

Humours,  (htt'morz).  [L.  humor,  moisture.] 
Watery  liquids  within  the  eye,  which  keep 
it  in  shape.  Aqueous  H.  fills  the  cornea  of 
the  eye.  Vitreous  H.  fills  the  sclerotic  of 
the  eye. 

Humulua,  (hu'mu-lus).  [L.  humus,  rich  soil.] 
=Hop:  a  twining  herb,  belonging  to  Caniia- 
binaceae. 

Humus,  (hu'mus).  [L.  humus,  the  earth.]= 
Ulmus=Ulmin  =  Gein  :  a  dark  colouring 
matter  in  leaves ;  the  mould  of  decaying 
wood. 

Hundred.  H.  fo#s=Scolopendra:  a  centipede. 
Il.-u-eiyht,  112  Ibs.  v.  Weights. 

Hungarian,  (hung-ga'ri-an)=Magyar  :  a  Euro- 
pean people.  H.  balsam,  from  Pinus  pumilio. 
H.  wi?ie-oi{=CEnanthic  ether. 

Hunter's  classification  of  animals :— Mam- 
malia and  birds:  having  a  heart  with  four 
cavities.  Eeptilia  and  Amphibia:  having  a 
heart  with  three  cavities.  Fishes  and  Mol- 
luscs (pars.):  having  a  heart  with  two  cavities. 
Articulated  animals:  having  a  heart  with 
one  cavity.  Med.usse,  having  the  heart  and 
stomach  identical. 

Hunter's  screw.  A  form  of  the  differential 
screw,  q.v. 


HTTNTER 


172 


HYDANTOIC  ACID 


Hunter's  theory  of  life:  that  it  is  the  cause 

and  not  the  consequence  of  organization. 
Hunterite,    ( hun't§r-it).      [Mr.    Hunter.  ]= 

Cimplite:  a  mineral 
Hunting-cog.     An  odd  tooth  in  a  train  of 

wheelwork.    v.  Wheel-train. 
Hura,  (ho'ra).     A  plant  belonging  to  Euphor- 

biacea?.    H.  crepitcms=Sa.n<l  box  tree:  has 

poisonous  seeds. 
Huronian  rocks,  (ha-ro'ni-an).  [Lake  Huron.] 

A  group  of  primary  rocks;  chiefly  quartzite; 

of  great,  thickness ;  above  Laurentian,  and 

below  Cambrian  rocks. 

Hurria=Hurriah=Coluber  hurriah:  a  snake. 
Hurricane,  (hur'ri-kan).     [Modification    of  a 

Caribbean  word.]    A  violent  wind,  moving 

at  from  30  to  120  miles  per  hour. 
Button's  theory:  that  present  existing  causes 

have  produced  all  geological  phenomena. 
Huttonians  =  Vulcanists  =  Plutonists :  geolo- 
gists holding  Button's  theory. 
Huxley's  classification   of  animals.     A  mor- 
phological arrangement,  dependent  on  the 

general  structure. 

Vertebrata. 

Mollusca.  Annnlosa. 

Molluscoida.  Annuloida, 

Cosleuterata.  Infusoria. 

Protozoa. 

Huxley's  classification  of  Primates  :— 
AnthropidserrMan. 
8imiad8e=Monkeys. 
Lemurida3= Lemurs. 
Huxley's  classification  of  Birds:— 
Saururae. 
Ratitfo. 
Carinataa. 
Hyacinth,    ( hi'a-sinth  ).      [Hyacinthus,'  the 

Latin  name.]  1.  A  mineral, 

chiefly  silicate  of  zirconium. 

2.    A   plant  =  Hyacinthus. 

Wild    H.  =  Scilla    nutans. 

Grape   /f.=Muscari    como- 

sum.    Starch   Z/.=Muscari 

racemosum . 
Hyacinthin»,      (hl-a-sin'thi- 

ne).       [  Hyacinth,    q.v.  ]= 

Liliacese,  q.v. 
Hyacinthus,    (hi-a-sin'thus). 

[The    Latin    name.]=Hya- 

cinth:  a  plant  belonging  to 

Liliacese.       H.      nutans=. 

Harebell. 
Hyades,   (hl'a-dez).     [The  Latin  name.]     A 

group  of  stars  surrounding  Aldebaran.    v. 

Star  clusters. 
Hyaena,  (hi-e'na).     [The  Latin  name.]=Canis 

hyaena:  a  carni- 
vorous    animal, 

remarkable      for 

its  ferocity,  pro- 
bably an  aberrant 

form  of  Viverra  : 

has  four  toes  only 

on     each      foot  ; 

found  chiefly  in 

S.  Africa  and  S. 

Asia.     Cave  H.=  Hysena. 

H.  spelaeus  or  spelaea.     Fossil  H.  found  in 


Hyacinth. 


Miocene  rocks.  Spotted  H.  =  H.  crocata. 
Hunting  H.  =  H.  rfogr=Lycaon  pictus.  H. 
viMosa=Strand-wolf. 

Hyaenic     acid,     (hi-e'nik).      [Hyaena,     q.v.] 

nd 


o:  a  buttery  musky  substance,  fou 
in  the  anal  glands  of  the  hyaena. 

Hyaenictis,  (hi-e-nic'tis).  [Hyscna,  q.v.]  An 
animal,  intermediate  between  the  hyaena  and 
civet,  known  only  by  fossil  remains  found  in 
the  Miocene  of  Pikermi. 

Hyaenina,  (hi-e'ni-na).  [Hysena.  ]=Hyaenida>: 
a  family  of  carnivorous  animals,  of  which 
the  hyaena  is  the  type. 

Hysenodon,  (hi-e'no-don).  [Hyrena,  q.v.  •  Gk. 
odous,  tooth.]  A  carnivorous  animal,  re- 
sembling the  hysena,  known  only  by  fossil 
remains  found  in  Upper  Eocene  rocks. 

Hyaline,  (hi'a-lin).  [Gk.  hyalos,  glass.]  Vitre- 
ous: resembling  glass.  H.  quartz=.Rock- 
crystal.  H.  shells=  Vitreous  shells. 

Hyalite,  (hi'a-lit).  [Gk.  hyalos,  glass;  lithos, 
stone.  ]=Muller's  glass:  a  variety  of  opal. 

Hyaloid  membrane,  (hi'a-loid).  [Gk.  hyalos, 
glass  ;  eidos,  form.]  In  the  human  eye:  a 
delicate  transparent  membrane  investing  the 
vitreous  body. 

Hyalonema,  (hl-a-lon'e-ma).  [Gk.  hj/alo*, 
glass.]  H.  lusitanicum:  probably  a  siliceous 
sponge;  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  Atlantic; 
also  called  glass-plant  and  glass-rope,  ft. 
Sieboldii:  a  sponge,  the  stem  of  which  is 
called  flint-rope.  i 

Hyalonemadae,  (hi-al-on-em'a-dC).  [Gk.  hjialns, 
glass.]=Glass  Zoophytes  :  adivisionof  .spon- 
gida,  q.v.  •  considered  to  be  siliceous  sponges; 
also  considered  as  belonging  to  Actinozoa. 

Hyalophane,  (hi'al-o-fan).  [Gk.  hyalos,  glass; 
phaino,  I  appear.]  A  mineral  of  the  Felspar 
group. 

Hyalosiderite,  (hl-al-o-sid'er-It).  [Gk.  Jiyalos, 
glass;  sideros,  iron.]=Chrysolite,  q.v. 

Hybernation,  (hi-ber-na'shun).  [L.  hiberna, 
winter  dwelling.]  Lying  dormant  during 
winter. 

Hybodontes,  (hi-bo-don'tez).  [Gk.  hj/boi, 
curved;  odous,  tooth.]  Fishes,  somewhat 
resembling  the  shark,  known  by  fossil  teeth 
and  other  remains,  found  chiefly  in  Mezozoic 
rocks. 

Hybodus,  (hl'bo-dus).  [Gk.  hybos,  curved; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  placoid  fish,  resembling 
the  shark,  many  species  of  which  are  known, 
but  only  by  fossil  teeth  and  spines,  found  in 
the  Lias  and  Trias. 

Hybrid,  (hi'brid).  [Hibrida,  the  Latin  name.] 
A  plant  or  animal,  the  offspring  of  parents 
of  different  species:  as  the  mule.  Sometimes 
expressed  by  the  two  names,  that  of  the 
male  parent  being  first. 

Hybridism,  (hi'brid-izm).  [Hybrid,  q.v.]  Has 
its  zero  of  fertility  between  different  families; 
and  its  maximum  of  fertility  often  between 
different  species  of  the  same  genus. 

Hybridization,  (hi-brid-i-za'shun).  [Hybrid, 
q.v.]  Fertilization  of  one  individual  by  an- 
other of  a  different  species. 

Hydantoic  acid,  (hi-dan-to'ik).  1.  C^NnO.,: 
a  crystalline  substance;  also  called  Glycoluric 
acid.  2.  Also  formerly=Allautoic  acid. 


HYDANTOIN 


173 


HYDRIDES 


Hydantoin,  (hi-dan-to'in)=C3H4N202:  a  crys- 
talline substance;  also  called  Glycolyl-urea, 
obtained  from  uric  acid. 

Hydatid,  (hi'da-tid).  [Gk.  hydatis,  vesicle.] 
—Bladder  worm :  the  cystic  form  of  the 
larva  in  tape  worms. 

Hydnei,  (hid'ne-i).  [Gk.  hydnon,  truffle.] = 
Spine-bearing  fungi:  belonging  to  Hyrueno- 
mycetes;  having  the  hymenium  spread  over 
the  surface  of  spines,  &c. 

Hydnocarpus,  (hid-no-kar'pos).  [Gk.  hydnon, 
tuber:  karpos,  fruit.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Flacourtiacese.  H.  inebrians  =  An  Indian 
tree:  fruit  used  to  poison  fish. 

Hydnoreae,  (hid'nor-e-e)=Cytinaceae,  q.v. 

Hydnum,  (hid'num).  [Gk.  hydnon,  truffle.] 
A  fungus.  H.  repandrum=.T3.edge}iog  mush- 
room. 

Hydra,  (hi'dra).  [L.  hydra,  water  serpent.]= 
1.  The  Snake:  also  called  Serpens  Aquations, 
a  widely  extending  constellation  in  the 
southern  heavens:  the  chief  star  of  which  is 
Alphard.  2.  Fresh- water  polyp;  the  type  of 
Hydrozoa ;  about  J  inch  long,  with  long 
slender  tentacles,  reproduced  by  buds,  which 
soon  drop  off.  A  perfect  hydra  grows  from 
any  fragment.  H.  tubes= Generative  system 
of  some  hydrozoa:  a  trumpet-shaped  body, 
with  mouth  and  tentacles,  which  breaks  up 
into  Ephyrse,  which,  in  turn,  reproduce 
hydra  tubes=The  second  stage  of  Rhizos- 
tomidscr=Trophosome  of  R.=Fixed  R. 

Hydra-  (hi'dra).  [Gk.  hydor,  water.]  A  pre- 
fix, implying  water  or  hydrogen  as  a  con- 
stituent. 

Hydra  sounding  machine:  used  in  the  Porcu- 
pine expedition  of  1869,  named  from  being 
•first  used  in  the  ship  Hydra. 

Hydrachnidae,  (hi-drak'ni-de).  [Hydra  and 
Arachnida,g.i;.]= Water  mites:  small  animals, 
belonging  to  Acarina;  parasitic  on  aquatic 
insects. 

Hydracids,  (hi-dras'idz).  [Hydra  and  Acid.] 
Acids  in  which  hydrogen  is  an  essential 
element,  as  hydrochloric  acid;  mostly  gaseous. 
Formerly  used  when  oxygen  was  regarded 
as  the  more  usual  constituent  of  acids.  Now 
all  acids  are  regarded  as  hydracids. 

Hydradephaga,  (hi-dra-defa-ga).  [Hydra,  q.v.; 
Gk.  phago,  I  devour.]  Predacious  aquatic 
beetles,  belonging  to  Coleoptera. 

Hydras,  (hi'dre).  [Hydra,  q.v.]  =  Plural  of 
Hydra:  a  sub-division  of  Hydrozoa,  said  to 
be  named  from  the  fact  that  a  perfect  animal 
will  grow  from  any  portion  of  one. 

Hydrales,  (hi-dralez).     [Hydra,  q.v.]  Aquatic 

Slants,   with  unisexual  flowers,  forming  a 
ivision  of  Endogens. 

Hydramides,     (hi'dra-midz).       [Hydra     and 

Amide,  q.v.]    Ammonia  and  aromatic  acids. 

Hydramyle,  (hi'dra-mil).     [Hydra  and  Amyl, 

§.i;.]=C5Hio=Hydride  of  Amyl:  a  fluid,  the 

vapour  of  which  is  an  anaesthetic. 

Hydrangea,  (hi-dran'ge-a).  [Gk.  hydor,  water; 

aggos,  vessel.]  A  plant,  the  type  of  Hydran- 


igeaceae,  (hi-dran-je-a'se-e).  [Hydran- 
gea, q.v.]  =  Hydrangeads  :  shrubs,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  large  flowers,  belonging 


to  Saxifragales.  Named  from  growing  in 
moist  places. 

Hydrargo,  (hi-drar'go).  [Hydrargyrum.]  A 
prefix  implying  the  presence  of  mercury. 

Hydrargyrum,  (hi-drar'ji-rum).  [Gk.  hydor, 
liquid;  argyron,  silver.]  Hg"  =  Mercury:  a 
metallic  element,  liquid  between  660°  and  — 
38°  F. ;  lustrous,  and  not  readily  oxidisable; 
much  used  in  the  arts. 

Hydrate,  (hi'drat).  [Gk.  hydor,  water.]  H. 
of  ammonium— Ammonia.  H.  of  carbon: 
compounds  containing  carbon  with  hydrogen 
and  oxygen  in  the  proportions  contained  in 
water.  H.  of  i)'on=Limonite  =  Prismatic 
iron-ore = Brown  oxide  of  iron.  H.  ofpotas- 
«iur;i=Caustic  potash. 

Hydrated,  (hi-dra'ted).  [Hydrate,  q.v.]  Com- 
bined with  water  so  as  to  form  a  hydrate. 

Hydrates,  (hi'drats).  [Hydra,  q.v.]  Com- 
binations of  substances  with  water,  in 
definite  proportions  and  with  great  affinity. 

Hydraulic,  ( hl-draw'lik ).  H.  pressure:  the 
pressure  of  water  ;  capable  of  being  applied 
with  great  force  and  delicate  manipulation. 
H.  press:  an  apparatus  for  the  application  of 
great  power  by 
means  of  water ; 
also  called  Bramah 
press.  H.  hme:  har- 
dens under  water. 
H.  ram ;  a  ram 
acted  upon  by  hy- 
draulic pressure. 
H.  tourniquet:  an 
instrument  for  cau- 
sing the  rotation  of 
a  tube,  having  bent 
ends,  from  which 
water  is  allowed  to 
flow  ;  also  called 
Barker's  mill,  q.v.  Hydraulic  press. 

Hydraulics,  (hi-draw'liks).  The  application 
of  the  laws  of  hydrostatics  to  the  use  of  water 
as  a  motive  power,  or  to  the  raising  of 
water. 

Hydric,  (hi'drik).  [Hydrogen,  q.v.]  A  gene- 
ral prefix  for  salts,  in  which  hydrogen  acts 
as  a  metal,  v.  Hydrogen.  H.  bromate= 
Bromic  acid=HBrO3.  H.  bromide=Hydro~ 
bromic  acid=HBr.  H.  chlorate=Ch\oric 
acid=HC!O3.  H.  cMon'de=Hydrochloric 
acid=HCL  H,  cyanide=Hydrocyanic  acid 
=HCy.  H.  dioxide=H.ydroxyl=H2O<2.  H. 
./h(oride=Hydrofluoric  acid=HF.  U.  iodate 
=Iodic  acid=HIO3.  H.  iodide=HydriodiG 
acid=HI.  H.  mtrate=Nitric  acid=HNO3. 
H.  perbromc.te  =  Perbromic  acid  =  HBiO,i. 
H.  perchlorate  —  Perchloric  acid  =  HCKV 
H.  peroxide=HydroxyI= HoC^. 

Hydrida,  (hi'dri-da).  [Hydra,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form. ]=Gymnochroa— Hydra,  q.v. 

Hydride,  (hi'dri-de).  [Hydras,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  A  family  of  venomous  sea-snakes. 
•v.  Ophidia. 

Hydrides,  (hi'dridz).  [Hydra,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  hydrogen  with  another  element. 
I/,  of  eaproyl=Hexyl.  H.  of  hydrogen= 
H2=Di-hydrogen.  H.  of  cenanthyl=Heptyl. 
JL.  of  methyl  —  Marsh  gas;  causes  death  by 


HYDRIFORMIA 


174 


HYDROGEN 


negation  of  breathing.  H.  of  phenyl= 
Benzene,  q.v. 

Hydrifonnia,  (hi-dri-for'mi-a).  A  sub-division 
of  Polyps,  by  Hceven. 

Hydriodic  acid,  (hi-dri-od'ik).  [Hydrogen  and 
Jodie.  ]  =  HI  =  Hydric  iodide:  a  colourless 
fuming  gas. 

Hydrindic  acid,  (hi-drin'dik).  [Hydro  and 
/ndic.]=DioxindoL  Derived  from  indigo. 

Hydrindin,  (hl-drin'din).  [Hydro  and  Indin.] 
v.  Indin. 

Hydro- (hl'dro).  [Abb.  of  hydrogen,  3. ».]  A 
prefix  to  the  name  of  an  acid  that  contains 
no  oxygen :  as  hydrochloric  acid,  hydrosul- 
phuric  acid,  &c.,  and  used  generally  to  im- 
ply the  presence  of  hydrogen  as  an  important 
constituent. 

Hydrobenzamide,  0ii-dro-ben'za-mld).  [Hydro 
andBenzamide.]  CaiHigNg:  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance; ammonia  and  oil  of  bitter  almonds. 

Hydrobromic  acid,  (hf-dro-bro'mik).  [Hydro 
and  Bromic,  q.v.]  =  HB=Hydric  bromide= 
A  powerfully-acid  gas,  resembling  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Hydrocarbons,  (h\-dr6-kar-bonz).  [Hydro  and 
Carbon,  q.v.]  Compounds  of  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  which  belong  to  the  inflammable 
group  of  minerals:  include  naphtha,  petro- 
leum, asphalte,  maltha,  copalite,  <fcc.,  marsh 
gas,  olefiant  gas,  cetylene,  <fcc.  //.,  when 
oxdisied,  form  acids,  alcohols,  <tc.  //.  are 
arranged  in  groups,  according  to  number 
of  equivalents  of  C.  and  H.  as  follows:— 

1st  Series,  CnH2n+2=Paraffins,  q.v. 

2nd     „      CnH2n=Olefines,  q.v. 

3rd     „      CnH2n-3=Acetylene  series. 

4th     ,,     C&H2n-4=Quintone,terpenes,&c. 

6«h     „      CnH2n-6= Aromatic  hydrocarbons 
=Coal  tar  series=Benzol  series. 

6th     ,,     CnH2n-8=Pheuylene,CinnameueJ 
&c. 

7th     „      CnH2n-io=-Cholesterene,  <fcc. 

8th     „      CnH2n-i2=Naphthalene.  &c. 

9th     ,,      CnH2n-i6=StilDen«»  &c. 
llth     „      CnH2n.18=Ant.hracene,  &c. 
12th     „     CnH2Q-24=Chrysene,  &a 

The  1st  Series  have  been  named  methane, 
quartane,  quintane,  «bc. ;  2nd,  methene, 

Suartene,  quintene,  &c. ;  3rd,  quartine,  quin- 
ne,  &c. ;  4th,  quartone,  quintone,  &c.;  5th, 

quartune,  quintune,  <fcc.,  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o, 

u,  expressing  the  series  in  order. 
Hydrocaryes=:Haloragaces8,  q.v. 
Hydrocaulus,  (hl-dro-kaw'lus).      [Hydro;  L. 

caulus,  stem.]     The  maiu  portion  of  the 

ccenasarc  of  hydrozoa. 
Hydrocephalus,  (hl-dr5-sef  a-lus).    A  trilobite 

found  in  Cambrian  rocks  of  Bohemia. 
Hydrocereae— Balsaminaceae,  q.v. 
Hydrochserus,  (hl-dro-ke'rus).  An  animal  be- 
longing to  Rodentia.    H.  capybara=C&py- 

bara  of  S.  America. 
Hydrocharidacese,  (hi-dro-kar-i-da'se-e).   [Hy- 

drocharis,  q.v.]    Hydrocharads:  fresh  water 

plants,  with  flowers  in  scathes,  belonging  to 

Hydrales. 
Hydrocharis,   (M-drok'a-ris).      [Hydro,  q.v.', 

Gk.  charts,   grace.]  =  Frog-bit:   a  floating 


herb,  the  type  of  Hydrocharidaceae.  H.  mor- 
8ttsra»irc=Lesser  Water  Lily. 

Hydrochlorates,  (  hi-dro-klo'ratz  ).  [Hydro 
and  Chlorate,  q.v.]  Compounds  01  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  bases=Chlorides. 

Hydrochloric  acid,  (  hi-dro-klo'rik  ).  [Hydro 
and  Chloric,  q.v.]  =  HC1  =  Muriatic  acid= 
hydric  chloride:  a  pungent  colourless  incom- 
bustible  gas,  with  intensely  acid  properties: 
in  solution,  much  used  as  a  solvent. 

Hydrocomenic  acid.  CgHsOs!  a  yellow  liquid. 

Hydrocorisae,  (hi-dro-kor'i-ze).  [Hydro,  q.v.; 
Gk.  koris,  bug.  ]=  Water  bugs:  insecta  be- 
longing to  Heteroptera. 

Hydrocotyle,  (  hi-dro-kot'i-le  ).  [Gk.Jiydor, 
water;  Kotyle,  cup.]  =  Wliite  rot  =  Penny- 
wort :  a  small  herb  belonging  to  Apiaceae; 
also  called  Sheeprot. 

Hydrocyanic  acid,  (hi-dro-sl'a-nik).  [Hydro 
and  Cyanic,  q.v.]  Prussia  acid  =  Hydrio 
cyanide  =  formionitrile  =  HCN  =  HCy  :  a 
colourless,  very  volatile  inflammable  liquid, 
obtainable  from  the  leaves  and  fruit  of  tho 
peach,  laurel,  bitter  almonds,  &c. 

Hydrocysts,  (hi'dro-sists).  [Hydra,  q.v.;  Gk. 
kystis,  bladder.  ]=Feelers:  processes  found  in 
some  hydrozoa. 

Hydrodolomite,  (  hl-dro-dol'o-mlt  ).  [Hydro 
and  Dolomite,  q.v.]  A  mineral  of  the  calcita 

Hydrodynamics,  (hl-dro-dl-nam'iks).  [Hydro 
and  Dynamics,  q.v.]  The  science  of  the 
motions  of  liquid  bodies. 

HydroBcium,  (  hi-dre'si-um  ).  [Hydra,  q.v.; 
Gk.  oikos,  house.]  A  cavity  in  hydrozoa, 
into  which  the  ccenpsarc  can  be  retracted. 

Hydroelectric  machine,  for  generating  elec- 
tricity by  the  friction  of  steam  escaping 
through  narrow  openings. 


a  crystalline  compound  of  ferricyanogen  and 
hydrogen. 

Hydrofluoric  acid,  (hi-dro-flu'5-rik).  [Hydro 
and  Fluoric,  5.r.]=HF=Hydric  fluoride:  a 
transparent  volatile  fuming  liquid,  which  dis- 
solves most  of  the  metals,  and  etches  glass.  | 

Hydrofluosilicic  acid,  (  hi-dr6-fl»-o-si-lis'ik  ). 
[Hydro,  Fluo,  and  Silicic,  g.v.J^Silicofluorio 
acid,  q.v. 

Hydrogen,  (hfdro-gen).  [Q^,  hydvr,  water; 
gennao,  to  produce.]=H';  also  called  inflam- 
mable air  :  a  colourless,  inodorous,  tasteless 
gas;  the  lightest  of  all  known  bodies;  which 
burns  in  contact  with  oxygen  and  forms 
water;  the  standard  for  comparison  of  atomic 
volume  and  weight  of  other  gases  :  hypo- 
thetically  the  first  of  the  marsh-gas  series. 
v  .Hydric.  H.  acetate=Acetic  acid.  H.  ben- 
zoate  =  Benzoic  acid.  H.  borate  =  Boracic 
acid.  H.  carbolate=Ca.Tbolic  acid.  //.  chlo- 
rute=Hydrochloric  acid.  H.  cyanide=  Hy- 
drocyanic acid.  H.  dioxide=Hydroxyl.  H. 
gallate  =  G&UiG  acid.  H.  phenate=PheniG 
acid.  H.  pfiosphate=Phosphor:iG  acid.  H. 
sulphate  =  Sulphuric  acid.  H.  sulphide=z 
Hydrosulphuric  acid.  H.  sulphite  =  Sul- 
phurous acid.  H.  far<r«ie=:Tartaric  acid.  < 

Hydrogen  theory  of  boiler  explosions;  that 
the  contained  water  is  decomposed  by  con* 


HYDROGEN 


175 


HYDROZOA 


tact  with  hot  iron  into  hydrogen  and  oxygen, 
and  that  the  hydrogen  explodes. 
Hydrogen  type=Hydrochloric  type:  the  type 
of  chemical  combination,  of  which  the  for- 
mation of  hydrochloric  acid  is  an  example: 
includes  all  the  metals,  aldehydes,  ketones, 
and  hydrocarbons. 

Hydrogenium,  (hi-dro-jen'i-um).  [Hydrogen, 
q.v.  •  Gk.  gennao,  I  produce.]  The  hypo- 
thetical metal  of  which  hydrogen  is  supposed 
to  be  the  vapour. 

Hydrographical,  (hi-dro-grafi-kal).  [Hydro, 
q.v.;  Gk.  grapho,  I  write.]  Connected  with, 
or  relating  to,  hydrography. 
Hydrography,  (hl-drog'ra-fi).  [Hydro,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  grapho,  I  write.]  The  measurement  and 
description  of  large  bodies  of  water,  as  the 
sea,  rivers,  lakes,  &c. 

Hydroid,  (hi'droid).  [Hydra,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Connected  with,  or  resembling  hy- 
drae.  H.  Zoophytes:  those  which  secrete 
coral=Hydroida:  the  early  form  of  medusas 
and  jelly-fishes. 

Hydroida,  ( hi-droi'da ).      [Hydra,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  A  primary  division  of  Hydrozoa, 
mostly  compound,  and  usually  fixed  to  some 
foreign  body,  usually  in  a  horny  sheath. , 
Hydrokinetics.    v.  Kinetics. 
HydroleaceaB=HydrophyllacesB,  q.  v. 
Hydroleic  acid,   (hi-drol'e-ik).      [Hydro  and 

Oleic,  q.v.}    v.  Oleic  acid. 
Hydrolite,  (  hi'dro-lit ).      [Hydro,  q.v.;  Gk. 
lithos,  stone.]    A  mineral;  also  called  Gme- 
linite,  q.v. 

Hydromagnesite,  (hi-dro-mag'ne-sit).  [Hydro 
and  Magnesium,  q.v.]  A  mineral,  belonging 
to  the  calcite  group. 

Hydromellonic  acid  (hi-dr5-mel-lon'ik).  [Hy- 
dro and  Mellon,  q.  v.^HsCgN^:  a  substance 
compounded  of  hydrogen  and  mellon. 
Hydrometer,  ( hi-drom'e-ter ).  [Hydro  and 
Meter,  q.v.]  An  instrument  to  determine 
specific  gravity  by  the  measurement  of  the 
weight  of  a  volume  of  water  equal  to  the 
volume  of  the  given  su  bstance. 
Hydrometrica,  (  hi-dro-met'ri-ka  ).  [Hydro, 
g.v.]=Funaria  hydrometrica=Cord  moss,  an 
Urn-moss. 

Eydrometridae,  (  hi-dro-met'ri-dC  ).  [Hydro 
and  Meter,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos,  for m.]= Water 
gnats ;  a  family  of  insects,  belonging  to  He- 
teroptera. 

Hydropeltidese,  (hl-dro-pel-tid'e-S).  [Hydro, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  pelte,  shield.]  =  Hydropeltuliuese, 
q.v. 

HydropeltidineiB,  (hi-dro-pel-ti-din'e-5).  [Hy- 
dro, q.v.:  Gk.  pelte,  shield.]=Water-shields: 
aquatic  plants,  with  solitary  flowers=Cabom- 
bacese,  q.v. 

Hydrophane,  (hi'dro-fan).     [Hydro,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
phaino,  I  appear.]    A  variety  of  opal,  which 
becomes  ti-anslucent  in  water. 
Hydrophidae,  (hi-drofi-de).     [Hydrophis,  the 
typical  genus.  ]=  Water  snakes :  a  family  of 
venomous  serpents,     v.  Ophidia. 
Hydrophora,  (hi-drof'o-ra).     [Hydra,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
phoreo,  I  bear.]    A  primary  division  of  Hy- 
drozoa; have  numerous  tentacles;  form,  by 
budding,  free  swimming  zoids, 


Hydrophyllacese,  (hi-dro-fil-la'se-e).  [Hydro- 
phyllum,  q.v.]  =  Hydrophyls  :  American 
plants,  with  rough  leaves  and  gay  flowers, 
forming  a  division  of  Cortusales. 

Hydrophyllum,  (hi-dr5-fil'lum).  [Hydro,  q. v. ; 
Gk.  phyllon,  leaf.]=Water-leaf :  a  plant  the 
type  of  Hydrophyllacese. 

Hydrophyta,  (hi-drof'i-ta).  [Hydro,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
'phytos,  plant.]=Algales,  q.v. 

Hydropiper,  (hi-dro'pi-per).  [Hydro  and  Piper, 
g.v.]=Elatine  hydropiper= Water-pepper :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Elatinacese. 

Hydropiperoin,  (hi-dro-pip'er-oin).  [Hydro- 
piper,  q.v.}=C\$Li±QQ\  a  substance  obtained 
from  Hydropiper. 

Hydropotassic,  (hl-drS-po-tas'ik).  [Hydro  and 
Potassic,  q.v.}  H.  salts:  hydrated  salts  of 

_potas8ium. 

Hydroquinone,  (hl-drS-kwi-non').  [Hydro  and 
Quinine,  $.v.]=Arctuvin,  q.v. 

Hydrorhiza,  (hi-dro-ri'za).  [Hydra,  q.v.;  Gk. 
rkiza,  root.]  The  adhering  base  of  a  Hydro- 
zoon. 

Hydrosaurus,  (hi-dro-saw'ms).  [Hydro  and 
Sauria,  q. v.]— Lace-lizard:  an  animal  belong- 
ing to  Iguanidffi. 

Hydroselenic,  (hi-dr5-s5-len'ik).  [Hydro  and 
Selenium,  q.v.]  v.  Selenic. 

Hydrosoma,  (hi-dro-so'ma).  [Hydra,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
soma,  body.]  The  entire  body  of  a  hydro- 
zoon,  whether  simple,  as  in  Hydra,  or  com- 
pound, as  in  Sertularia. 

Hydrostatics,  (hl-dro-stat'iks).  [Hydro  and 
Statics,  q.v.]  The  science  of  forces  that  are 
in  equilibrium  in  liquids.  H.  arch:  an  arch 
adapted  to  support  the  pressure  of  a  body  of 
water.  H.  balance:  an  instrument  to  deter- 
mine the  specific  gravity  of  a  solid  body  or 
of  a  liquid.  H.  paradox,  v.  Paradox. 

Hydrosulphates,  (hl-dro-sulf  ats).  [Hydro  and 
Sulphates,  q.v.]  Compounds  of  hydrosul- 
phuric  acid  with  bases. 

Hydrosulphocyanic  acid=HCyS:  a  compound 
of  hydrogen,  sulphur,  and  cyanogen:  an 
odorous,  oily,  poisonous  liquid. 

Hydrosulphuric  acid,  (hi-dro-sul-fu'rik).  [Hy- 
dro and  Sulphuric,  Q.v.]=H2S=Dihydric= 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen :  a  colourless,  poison- 
ous gas,  with  strong  disagreeable  odour 

Hydrotheca,  (hi-dro-the'ka).  [Hydra,  q.v.: 
Gk.thcka,  case.]  Little  cup-like  expansions, 
in  compound  hydrozoa,  into  which  polypitea 
fit. 

Hydrothermal,  (hi-dro-ther'mal).  [Hydro  and 
Thermal,  q.v.]  Relating  to  the  action  of 
heated  water. 

Hydrotic  acid,  (hI-drot'ik)=Sudoric  acid. 

Hydrous,  (hi'drus).  [Hydra,  q.v.]  An  insect 
belonging  to  Hydrophilidsa.  //.  piceus= 
Black  water-beetle. 

Hydroxyl,  (hi-droks'il).  [Hydro  and  Oxygen, 
g.v.]:=H2O2=Peroxide  of  hydrogen =Hydrio 
dioxide:  "a  colourless  bleaching  liquid  easily 
decomposed. 

Hydroxylamine,  (  hl-droks-il'a-mm  ).  [Hy- 
droxyl and  Amine,  g.v.]=NHzO:  a  volatile 
base,  known  only  in  solution. 

Hydrozoa,  (hl-drO-zo'a).  [Hydra,  q.v.;  Gk. 
20cm,  animal.]  Jelly-fishes,  sea-firs,  &c. : 


HYDROZOON 


176 


HYOPOTAMTTS 


Aquatic  animals,  forming  a  division  of  Coe- 
lenterata,  resembling  the  hydra,  and  con- 
sisting of  layers  of  cellular  tissue,  enclosing 
a  digestive  cavity,  the  mouth  of  which  is 
usually  surrounded  by  tentacles;  mostly 
marine.  Compound  /7.=Corallines.  Classifi- 
cation of  H.  by  Huxley:  Hydrophora,  Sipho- 
nophora,  Discophora,  Trachymedusae. 

Hydrozoon,  (hi-dro-zo'on).  [Hydro  and  Zoon, 
q.v.]  An  individual  of  Hydrozoa,  q.v. 

Hydrurets,  (hi-dro'rets).  [Hydrogen,  q.v.]= 
Hydrides,  q.v. 

Hydrus,  (hl'dnis).  [The  Latin  word.]  l.rs 
Water-serpent:  a  constellation.  2.  A  serpent 
with  maxillary  teeth  and  poison  fangs. 

Hygeia,  (hij-e'a).  [Classical.]  No.  10  of  the 
Minor  Planets. 

Hygre,  (hi'gr).     [Gk.  hygros,  wet.]  :=  Bore,  q.v. 

Hygrometer,  ( hi-grom'e-ter ).  [Gk.  hygros, 
wet;  Meter,  q.v.]  An  instrument  used  for 
hygrometry.  Chemical  H.:  some  substance, 
guch  as  calcic  chloride,  which  absorbs  mois- 
ture. Daniell's  H.:  two  glass  bulbs,  one 
containing  ether,  which  is  cooled  by  eva- 
poration until  dew  is  deposited  on  the  out- 
side. Observatory  H.:  two  bits  of  wood  glued 
together,  which  move  to  or  fro  according 
as  the  dampness  increases  or  diminishes. 
Jiegnault'i  H.  resembles  Daniell's  H.,  but 
of  silver. 

Hygrometric,  (hi-gr5-met'rik).  [Hygrometer, 
q.v.]  4 

Hygrometry,  (hi-grom'e-tri).  [Hygrometer, 
q.v.]  The  measurement  of  the  amount  ot 
aqueous  vapour  in  the  air,  either  by  absorb- 
ing the  moisture  from  a  given  quantity  of 
air,  by  finding  the  point  at  which  dew  is  de- 
posited, or  by  a  psychrometer. 

Hygroscope,  (hi'gros-kop).  [Gk.  hygroi,  wet; 
skopeo,  1  show.]  An  instrument  for  show- 
ing the  increase  or  decrease  of  moisture  in 
the  air. 

Hyk=Cepheus:  one  of  the  northern  constel- 
lations. 

Hyla,  (hi'la).  [Gk.  hyla,  forest. ]= Tree-frog: 
an  animal,  belonging  to  Anoura,  found  in 
S.  America  and  Australia;  not  known  in  S. 
Africa  or  India;  can  climb  trees  by  means  of 
suckers  on  toes.  II.  ar6orea=Rana  arborea 
= Tree-frog. 

Hylaeosaurus,  (hT-le-o-saw'rus).  [Gk.  hyla, 
forest ;  saurus,  lizard.]  =  Forest-lizard  :  a 
reptile,  known  by  fossil  remains  found  in 
Wealden  rocks,  belongs  to  Deinosauria.  q.v. 

Hylerpeton,  (h i-ler'pe-ton).  [Gk.  hyla,  forest; 
herpeton,  reptile.]  A  land  animal  of  the  coal 
period,  probably  a  reptile  somewhat  adapted 
to  an  aquatic  life,  known  only  by  some  bones 
of  the  head  and  a  few  other  bones. 

Hylobates,  (hl-lob'a-tez).  [Gk.  hylobates,  wood- 
walker.]=Gibbon:  an  arboreal  monkey  be- 
longing to  Catarhina.  II.  agilis:  a  gibbon 
able  to  sing  an  octave  of  half  notes. 

Hylodes,  (hl'lo-dez).  [Hyla,  q.v.]  A  tree- 
frog,  an  American  variety  of  which  lays  its 
eggs  singly  in  axils  of  leaves  of  trees. 

Hylonomus,  (hi-lon'o-mus).  [Gk.  hyla,  forest; 
nomos,  dwelling.]  A  small  reptile,  5  or  6 
inches  long,  found  in  coal  of  Nova  Scotia. 


Hylorana,   (hi-lor-a'na).     [Gk.   hyla,  forest; 

rana,  frog.]    H.  jerboa:  the  thinnest  of  all 

frogs  and  toads. 
Hylotoma,   (hl-lot'o-ma).     [Gk.   hyla,  forest; 

tomeos,  cutter.]  An  insect  belonging  to 
Hymenoptera.  H.  ro«£=Rose  saw-fly. 

Hymen,  (hi'men).  [Gk.  hymen,  membrane.] 
A  fold  of  mucous  membrane  closing  the 
entrance  to  the  vagina. 

Hymensea,  (hl-men-e'a).  A  tree,  belonging  to 
Leguminaceae,  from  some  species  of  which 
copal  is  obtained. 

Hymenia,  (hl-men'i-a).  Plural  of  Hymenium, 
q.v. 

Hymenium.  (hT-men'i-um).  [Gk.  hymen,  mem- 
brane.]  The  fruit  bearing  surface  of  fungi, 
as  on  the  under  side  of  a  mushroom;  usually 
somewhat  membraneous. 

Hymenocaris,  (hl-men-ok'a-ris).  [Gk.  hymen, 
membrane;  karis,  shrimp.]  A  phyllopod 
crustacean  animal,  found  only  in  Lingula 
flags. 

Hymenomycetes,  (hl-men-o-ml-se'tez).  [Gk. 
hymen,  membrane;  mykes,  mushroom.]  = 
Toadstools,  mushrooms,  &c.:  plants,  forming 
a  primary  division  of  Fungales,  having  the 
jujivlinm  in  the  ground;  the  receptacle  is 
the  visible  part. 

Hymenophore,  (hl'men-o-for).  [Gk.  hymen 
membrane;  phoreo,  I  bear.]  The  combined 
stem  and  pileus,  as  in  mushrooms. 

Hymenophyllacece,  (hl-men-o-fil-la'se-e).  [II y- 
menophyllum,  q.v.]  A  family  of  ferns,  q.v. 

Hymenophyllum,  ( hI-meu-6-fil'lum  ).  [Gk. 
hymen,  membrane;  phyllon,  leaf.]=Filmy- 
fern:  a  plant,  the  type  of  Hyraenophyllacece, 
named  from  its  pellucid  fronds. 

Hymenoptera,  (hl-men-op'ter-a).  [Gk.  hymen, 
membrane;  pteron,  wing.]  Bees,  ants,  &e. : 
insects  with  four  membraneous  wings;  very 
numerous,  and  mostly  small;  mandibles  and 
maxillae  for  mastication;  complete  metamor- 
phosis females  have  a  sting;  includes  3000 
species. 

Hyocholeic  acid,  (hl-o-kol'Ik).  [Gk.  hys,  pig; 
chole,  bile.]  C^H^NC^S:  an  acid,  contain- 
ing sulphur,  obtained  from  pig's  bile. 

Hyocholic  acid,  (hT-o-kol'ik).  [Gk.  hys,  pig; 
chole.  bile.]  C^H^NOj:  an  acid  obtained 
from  pigs'  bile. 

Hyodyslysin,  (hI-6-dislis-in).  [Gk.  hys,  pig; 
Dyslysin,  q.v.]  CsdR^O^ :  a  resinous  sub- 
stance derived  from  hyocholic  acid. 

Hyoglossal,  (hi-6-glos'sal).  [Hyoid  and  Glos- 
sal.] //.  membrane:  connects  tongue  and 
hyoid  bone.  H.  muscle:  connects  tongue 
and  hyoid  bone. 

Hyoid,  (lii'oid).  [The  Greek  letter  f,  eidox, 
form.]=Lingual  bone:  a  bone,  supporting  tho 
tongue,  which  in  man  has  somewhat  the 
shape  of  the  letter  U. 

Hyoidean,  (hi-oid'e-an).  [Hyoid,  q.v.]  H. 
arch ;  in  the  skull.  H.  nerve ;  a  division  of 
the  glossopharyngeal  nerve. 

Hyopotamus,  (hl-o-pot'a-mus).  [Gk.  hys,  hog; 
potamus,  river.  ]= Ancodus=Cyglognathus= 
Bothriodon=:Anthrocotherium  :  a  hog-like 
animal  with  four  digits  on  each  limb,  known 
by  fossil  remains,  teeth,  in  Lower  Miocene. 


HYOSCINE 


177 


HYPOGENE 


Hyoscine,  (hi'6-sin).  [Gk.  hys,  pig.]    CeH13N  : 

an  amine  obtained  from  hyoscyamine ;  an 

oily  liquid. 
Hyoscyamine.  (hl-os-sl'a-mln).   [Hyoscyamus, 

q.v.]    An  alkaline  principle  obtained  from 

the  plant  Hyoscyamus. 
Hyoscyamus,  (hi  -os-si'a-mus).     [Gk.  &ys,hog; 

kyamos,     bean.]  =  Henbane  :    a    poisonous 

herb,  belonging  to  Solauacese. 
Hypapophyses,  (hl-pa-pofi-ses).  [Hypo.under; 

Apophysis,  q.v.]    Ventral  processes  from  the 

body  of  the  vertebrae,     v.  Skeleton. 
Hypaxial,  (hl-paks'i-al).      [Gk.  hypos,  under; 

Axis,   q.v.]    Processes  below  the  centre  of 

the  vertebral  column. 
Hyper,  (hl'per).    [The  Greek  word.]    A  prefix 

implying  above  or  excess. 
Hyperaesthesia,  ( hf-per-ez-thg'si-a  ).     [Hyper, 

q.v.;  aisthesis,  feeling".]  Excessive  sensibility; 

induced  by  chloral  hydrate,  &c. 
Hyperanthera,  (hl-per-au'ther-a).   [Hyper  and 

Anther,  q.v.]    A  sub-genus  of  Muringa,  q.v. 

H.  moringa :  horse-radish  tree. 
Hyperapophyses,  (hl-per-a-pofi-se'z).     [Hyper 

and  Apophysis,  q.v.]    Processes  in  the  verte- 
brae, extending  from  one  vertebra  to  the 

next;  not  found  in  man. 
Hyperbola,  (hi-pei/bol-a).     [Hyper,  q. v.:  Gk 

ballo,  I  throw.]  One  of  the  conic 

sections:  a  curve  in  which  the 

distance  of  any  point    from  a 

given  point  called  the  focus  is 

greater,  in  a  given  ratio,  than 

its  distance  from  a  given  line 

called  the  directrix. 
Hyperboloid,      (  hl-perTio-loid  ). 

[Hyperbola,    q.v.  ;     Gk.     eidos, 

form.]    A  solid  figure  formed  by 

the  revolution  round  its  axis  of   Hyperbola. 

an  hyberbola. 
Hypericacese,  (hl-per-i-ka'se-e).     [Hypericum, 

<?.v.]=Tutsans:  resinous  plants,  belonging  to 

Guttiferales. 
Hypericum,  (hl-per'i-kum).    [Hyperikon,  the 

Greek  name.]=St.  John's  Wort:  a  plant,  the 

type   of  Hypericacese.      H.    androscemum= 

Tutsan. 
Hyperion,  (hT-pe'ri-on).     [Classical.]    One  of 

the  satellites  of  Saturn. 
Hyperodapedon,  (hi-per-o-dapVdon).  [Hyper, 

q.v. ;  Gk.  odous,  tooth;  dapedon,  pavement.] 

A  land  reptile-like    animal,  having   many 

palatal  teeth,  remains  of  which  are  found  in 

Upper  Trias  and  Upper  Elgin  Standstone. 
Hyperodon,      (  hl-per'o-don  )  =  Bottle-nosed 

whale,  &c.     v.  Hyperoodon. 
Hyperoodon,  (hl-per-6'o-don).    [Gk.  hyperoa, 

palate;   odous,  too th.]= Bottle-nosed  whale 

=Balsena  rostrata.    v.  Whale. 
Hypersthene,    (hi'pers-then).      [Hyper,  q.v.; 

sthenos,  strength.]     A  variety  of  pyroxene; 

resembling  hornblende  ;  a  mineral,  chiefly 

composed  of  silicates  of  iron  and  magnesia. 

H.  rock:    contains  labradorite  and  hyper- 

sthene. 

Hypertrophied,  (hT-per'tro-fid).     [Hyper,  q.v.; 

trophy  food.]    Overgrown:  enlarged  unduly 

from  excess  of  food. 
Hyperuric  acid,    v.  Uric  acid. 


Hyphae,  (hi'fe).  [Gk.  hypha,  web.]  Cells  in 
fungi  and  lichens:  growing  apically;  having 
no  chlorophyll. 

Hyphaene,  (h!-fen).  [Hyphaino,  to  entwine.] 
^Gingerbread  tree,  doom-palm:  a  tree  be- 
longing to  Palmacese. 

Hyphepus,  (hl'fe-pus).  [Gk.  hypha,  web; 
pans,  foot.]  An  extinct  lizard. 

Hyphomycetes,  (hl-fo-ml-se'tez).  [Gk.  hypha, 
web;  mykes,  mushroom,  ]=Moulds:  a  primary 
division  of  Fungales,  chiefly  filamentous, 
with  sj)ores  at  the  extremities,  v.  Botry  tacese. 

Hypnotic,  (hlp-not'ik).  [Gk.  hypnos,  sleep.] 
Inducing  sleep:  soporific. 

Hypo,  (hi'po).  [Gk.  hypo,  under,  below.]  A 
prefix,  implying  a  less  degree,  inferior  posi- 
tion, or  smaller  quantity. 

Hypoblast,  (hi'po-blast).  [Gk.  hypo,  under; 
btastos,  sprout.]  The  inner  layer  of  the  cells 
of  blastoderm. 

Hypobranchials,  (hl-po-brang'ki-alz).  [Hypo 
and  Branchial,  q.v.]  The  lower  portion  of 
the  branchial  arches,  or  supports  of  the  gills 
in  fishes. 

Hypobromous  acid,  (hi-po-bro'mus).  [Hypo 
and  Bromine,  q.v.]=HBrO:  an  unstable  acid. 

Hypochaeris,  (hl-po-kg'ris).  [Hypo,  q.v.;  Gk. 
dhoiras,  pig.]=Cat's  ear:  an  herb,  belonging 
to  Asteraceae. 

Hypochloric  acid,  (hi-po-klo'rik.)  [Hypo  and 
Chloric,  q.v.]  ClOa=Peroxide  of  chlorine. 

Hypochlorites,  (hl-po-kl5'rits).  [Hypo  and 
Chlorite,  q.v.]  Compounds  of  hypochlorous 
acid  with  bases. 

Hypochlorous  acid,  (hl-po-klo'rus).  [Hypo 
and  Chlorous,  g.v.]=HClp=Hydric  hypo- 
chlorite:  a  pale  yellow  liquid  of  acrid  taste. 

Hypochondriac,  (hi-po-kon'dri-ak).  [Gk.  hypo, 
under;  chondros,  cartilage.]  The  region  of 
the  abdomen  on  each  side  of,  and  below  the 
stomach. 

Hypochthon,  (hi-pok'thon)=Proteus,  q.v. 

Hypoclinea,  (hi-po-kli'ne-a).  An  ant,  the 
young  of  which  is  preyed  on  by  Ecitou,  q.v. 

Hypocotyledones,  (hl-po-kot-i-le'donz).  [Hypo 
and  Cotyledon,  q.i?.]=:Hypovitellians :  Van 
Beneden's  term  for  Vertebrata. 

Hypocrateriform,(hi-po-kra'ter-i-form).  [Hypo 
and  Crater,  q.v.]=Salyer-shaped. 

Hypocycloid,  (hl-po-si'kloid).  [Hypo  and 
Cycloid,  q.v.]  The  curve  traced  by  a  point 
in  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  when  rolling 
upon  the  concave  arc  of  another  circle. 

Hypodermiae,  (hl-po-der'mi-e).  [Hypo  and 
Derma,  q.v.]  v.  Fungi,  Bach's  classification  of. 

Hypogaei,  (  hi-po-je'i ).  Subterranean  puff- 
ball  fungi,  belonging  to  Gasteromycetes. 

Hypogallic  acid,  (hi-po-gal'lik).  [Hypo  and 
Gallic,  q.v.]  C7H6O4.  v.  Gallic  acid. 

Hypogastric,  ( hi-po-gas'trik  ).  [Hypo  and 
Gastric,  q.v.]  Under  the  stomach.  H.  plexus: 
a  union  of  sympathetic  nerves  in  the  pelvis. 
Hypogeic  acid,  (hi-po-je'ik).  [Hypo  and 
Geic,  q.v.]  An  acid  obtained  from  the  oil  of 
ground-nut. 

Hypogene  rocks,  (hi'po-jen).  [Gk.  hypo, 
under;  ginomai,  born.]  Granite,  gneiss,  &c., 
rocks,  formed  below  the  surface :  also  called 
primary,  primitive,  and  crystalline:  divided 


HYPOGLOSSAL 


178 


ICE 


into  plutonic  roc/.-.s  ami  crystalline  schists: 
never  above  fossiliferous  or  volcanic  rocks. 

Hypoglossal  (hi-po-glos'sal).  [Hypo  and  Glos- 
sal, q.v.]  Below  the  tongue.  H.  nerve=The 
ninth  nerve:  serving  the  tongue  and  larynx. 

Hypogynous,  (hi-poj'i-nus).  [Gk.  hypo,  under; 
tjyne,  female.]  Used  of  flowers,  when  the 
receptacle  is  raised  above  the  stamen,  and 
the  stamens  are  quite  free. 

Hyponitric  acid,  (hi-po-nftrik).  [Hypo  and 
Nitric,  3.i>.]=N2O4=:Nitric  peroxide. 

Hyponome,  (hl-pon'o-me).  [Gk,  hyponomous, 
underground.]  An  animal  belonging  to 
Echinodermata:  found  in  Australia,  and  re- 
presenting the  otherwise  extinct  Cystoidea. 

Hypophosphorous  acid .  PH3O2=Hydrie  hy- 
pophosphite:  a  syrupy  liquid. 

Hypophysis,  (hi-pofi-sis).  [Gk.  hypo,  below; 
phi/sos,  growth.]  A  cell  which  afterwards 
becomes  the  root,  as  in  Angiosperms. 

Hypostome,  (hi'pos-tdm).  [Gk.  hypo,  under; 
stom.fi,  mouth.]  =  Lip-plate  =  Labrum:  the 
plate  in  front  of  mouth,  as  in  trilobites. 

Hyposulphuric  acid,  (hl-po-sul-fu'rik).  (Hypo 
and  Sulphuric,  q.v.]  •=.  H2S2O6  =  Dithionic 
acid=Dihydricdithionate:  v.  Sulphuric  acid. 

Hyposulphurous  acid,  (hi-po-sul-fu'riis).  [Hypo 
and  Sulphurous,  q.v.]  I^SoO-^Dithionous 
acid.  v.  Sulphuric  acid. 

Hypotamidae,  (  hi-pot-am'i-de ).  An  extinct 
family  of  Ungulates. 

Hypothecium,  (hi-po-the'si-tim).  [Gk.  hypn, 
under;  theke,  cell]  The  mass  of  fibres  be- 
low the  sub-hymenial  layer  of  some  lichens. 

Hypothenuse,  (hi-pot'5-nus).     [Gk.  hypo,  be- 
low;   teinein,    to    stretch.] 
The  side  of  a  right  angled 
triangle  which  is  opposite 
to  the  right  angle. 

Hypothesis,  (hi-poth'S-sis). 
[The  Greek  word. ^Suppo- 
sition: an  assumption,  made 
as  the  basis  of  a  discussion. 

Hypotrochoid,  ( hi-po-trok'- 
oid).  [Gk.  kypo,  under;  AK  Hypotenuse. 


trochos,  wheel.]  The  curve  traced  by  a  point 
in  a  circle,  but  not  in  the  circumference,  as 
it  rolls  on  the  concave  arc  of  another  circle. 
cf.  Hypocycloid. 

Hypovitellians,  (  hi-po-vi-tel'li-anz  )  —  Hypo- 
cotyledones,  q.v. 

Hypoxanthine,  (Iri-poks-an'thin)  =  C5H4N40. 
v.  Xanthine. 

Hypoxidacese,  (hi-poks-i-da'se-e).  [Hypoxis, 
the  typical  genus.]=Hypoxids:  tropical  her- 
baceous plants,  with  tuberous  roots  and 
linear  leaves,  belonging  to  Narcissales. 

Hypoxyla,  (  hl-poks-i'la ).  [Gk.  hypo,  less; 
xyle,  wood.]  A  name  suggested  for  tha 
fungi  that  resemble  lichens. 

Hypsilophodon,  (hip-si-lof'o-don).  [Gk.  hyp- 
sos,  height;  lophos,  hill :  odous,  tooth.]  An 
animal  belonging  to  Diuosaurus,  but  re- 
sembling the  Iguauodon. 

Hypsiprymnus,  (hip-si-prim'nus).  [Gk.  hyp- 
sos,  height;  pri/mnos,  extremity.]  Kanga- 
roo-rat: a  small  nocturnal  kangaroo-like 
animal. 

Hypsodon,  (hip'so-don).  [Gk.  hypos,  height; 
odous.  tooth.]  A  fish,  known  by  fossil  re- 
mains in  Chalk  and  London  clay  rocks. 

Hypsometer,  ( hip-som'e-ter ).  [Gk.  tiypog, 
height;  Meter,  q.v.]  An  instrument  for  tha 
measurement  of  heights  by  hypsoraetry. 

Hypsometry,  ( hip-som'e-tri ).  [Gk.  hypsox, 
height;  Meter,  q.v.]  The  measurement  of 
heights,  by  the  determination  of  the  boiling 
point  of  water,  or  by  other  means. 

Hyracoidea,  ( hl-ra-koi'de-a ).  [Gk.  Jiyrax, 
shrew;  eidos,  form.]  =  Hyrax:  small  grega- 
rious animals,  forming  a  primary  division  of 
Mammalia. 

Hyracotherium,  (hl-ra-ko-tlu/ri-um).  [Hyrax, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  therion,  beast.]  A  hog-like  animal, 
known  by  fossil  remains  found  in  Lower 
Eocene,  and  London  clay. 

Hyrax,  (hi'raks).     [The  Greek  name.]=Day- 
man :    a  small  tail-less  herbivorous  quad- 
ruped, the  type  of  Hyracoidea.    H. 
I    =Cape  badger. 


I. 


lanthe,  (i-an'the).      [Classical.]     No.  9S  of 

the  Minor  Planets. 

lapetus.  (I-ap'e-tus).     [Classical.]    A  star, 
latric,    (i-at'rik).      [Gk.    iatnkos,    healing.] 

Relating  to  medicine,  or  medical  men. 
latro-chemist,  (i-a-tro-kem'ist).     [latric,  q.v.] 

A  physician  who  is  also  a  chemist. 
Iberis,  (i-be'ris).     [Iberia,  in  Spain. ]=Candy 

tuft:  an  herb  belonging  to  Brassicacese. 
Iberite,  (i'ber-it).     1.  A  mineral:  a  variety  of 

lolite.     2=Gigantolite. 
Iberian,  (i-be'ri-an).    [Iberia,  in  Spain.]    7. 

floral  region :  characterised  by  humidity  and 

evergreen  plants. 
Ibex,    (i'beks).      [The    Latin  name.]=Capra 

ibex:  an  animal  of  the  goat  kind;  found  in 

the  Alps  and  other  mountainous  parts  of 

Europe. 


Ibis,  (I'bis).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  bird,  re- 
markable for  beauti- 
fulcolours  and  long 
bill,  found  in  warm 
countries  ;  belongs 
to  Grallatores.  /. 
religiosa  :  sacred 
Ibis.  v.  Tantalinae. 

Ibla,  (ib'la).  Small 
crustacean  animal, 
belonging  to  Cir- 
rhopoda;  the  mala 
is  an  internal  para- 
site on  female. 

Ice,  (is).  (Is,  the 
A.-S.  word.]=Fro- 
zen  water:  a  mine- 
ral, which  crystallises  in  hexagonal  stellate 


ICELAND 


179 


IGUANA 


forms,  v.  Water.  7.  agrg=Glacial  epoch. 
Iceberg:  pieces  of  ice,  sometimes  miles  in 
length,  floating  about  in  Polar  seas;  broken 
off  glaciers  when  these  reach  deep  water;  v. 
Berg.  /.  blink=Glajcier.  1.  plant=M.e$em- 
bry  anthem  urn  crystallinum. 

Iceland,  (Island).  /.  spar :  a  crystalline 
variety  of  calcite;  causes  double  refraction 
of  light;  named  from  having  been  found  in 
Iceland.  /.  moss=Cetraria  islandica,  from 
which  Lichenin  is  obtained. 

Ichneumon,  (ik-nu'mon).      [Gk.    ichneumon, 
tracker.]  =  Viverra 
icb  :z=Herpestes  ich: 
a  small  carnivorous 
mammalian  animal, ' 
somewhat     resem-  '• 
bling    the     civet  ;  Ichneumon, 

named  from  its  habit  of  following  the  croco- 
dile, &c.  7./ies=Ichneumonid8e:  insects  be- 
longing to  Hymenoptera,  including  several 
genera;  larvae  parasitic  on  other  insects. 

Ichnites,  (ik-ni'tez).  [Gk.  ichnos,  footstep.] 
Fossil  traces  of  footmarks,  v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Ichnocarpos,  (ik-no-kar'pos).  [Gk.  ichnos, 
trace;  karpos,  fruit.]  A  plant,  belonging  to 
Apocynaceas. 

Ichnolithology,(ik-no-lith-oro-ji).  [Gk.  iclinos, 
track;  logos,  discourse. ]= Ich nology:  science 
of  fossil  footmarks,  v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Ichth'in,  (ik'thin).  [Gk.  ichthys,  fish.]  A 
nitrogenous  constituent  of  fish-eggs. 

Ichthyocolla,  (ik-thi-o-kol'la).  [Gk.  ichthys, 
fish  ;  kolla,  glue.]=Fish  glue  =  Isinglass, 

iSTthyodorulites,  (ik-thi-5-dor'o-lIts).  [Gk. 
ichthys,  fish;  dory,  spear;  lithos,  etone.J 
L/arge  bony  fin-spines,  found  fossil  in  the 
Lias. 

Ichthyolites,  (ik'thi-o-lits).  [Gk.  ichthys,  fish; 
lithos,  stone.]=Fossil  fishes:  fossil  remains 
of  fishes. 

Ichthyology,  (ik-thi-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  ichthys,  fish.] 
Natural  history  of  fishes,  v.  Zoology. 

Ichthyomorpha,(ik-thi-6-mor/fa).  [Gk.  ichthys, 
fish;  morphe,  shape.  ]=Urodela,  q.v.  Newts, 
&c:  amphibious  animals;  also  called  tailed- 
amphibia. 

Ichthyophis,  (ik'thi-o-fis).  [Gk.  ichthys,  fish; 
ophis,  serpent.]  A  fish,  belonging  to  Gym- 
nophiona;  named  from  its  snake-like  form. 

Ichthyophthalmite,  (ik-thi-of-thal'mit).  [Gk. 
ichthys,  fish;  ophthalmos,  eye.]=Aix)phyllite, 
q.v. 

Ichthyophthira,  (ik-thi-of-thi'ra).  [Gk.ichthys, 
fish  ;  phtheir,  louse.]=Epizoa:  small  crus- 
taceans, the  adult  forms  of  which  are  found 
parasitic  on  fishes;  probably  belong  to  Cope- 
poda;  a  sub-division  of  Crustacea. 

Ichthyopsida,  (ik-thi-op'si-da).  [Gk.  ichthys, 
fish;  opsis,  appearance.]  A  primary  division 
-  '  '  '  and 


amnion  nor  allantois.    v.  Vertebrata. 
Ichthyopterygia,   (ik-thi-op-ter-ij'i-a).      [Gk. 

ichthys,  fish;  pteryx,  wing.]=Ichthyosauria, 

q.v.     v.  Enaliosauria. 
Ichthyornidae,  (ik-thi-or'ni-de).    [Ichthyornis, 


q.v.}  Fossil  birds,  of  which  Ichthyornis  is 
the  type. 

Ichthyornis,  (ik-thi-or'nis).  [Gk.  ichthys, 
fish;  ornis,  bird.]  A  bird  having  teeth, 
known  by  fossil  remains;  found  in  Upper 
Cretaceous  rocks  of  Kansas,  in  1872, 

Ichthyornithes=IchthyorniiUe,  q.v. 

Ichthyosauria,  (ik-thi-6-saw'ri-a).  [Ichthyo- 
saurus, q.v.]=z 
Fish-lizards :  ex- 
tinct aquatic  and  [ 
carnivorous  rep- 
tiles, several 
species  of  which  Ichthyosauria. 

are  known  by  fossil  remains,  found  in  Second- 
ary strata,  especiaily  in  Lias;  with  limbs 
developed  into  paddles. 

Ichthyosaurus,  (  ik-thi-o-saw'rus  ).  [  Gk. 
ichthys,  fish;  sauros,  lizard.]  A  large  marine 
reptile,  known  only  by  fossil  vertebrae  and 
other  bones,  found  in  Oolite  rocks. 

Ichthyotomy,  (ik-thi-ot'o-mi).  [Gk.  ichthys, 
fish ;  tome,  section.]  Anatomy  of  fishes,  v. 
Zootomy. 

Icica,  (i'si-ka).  A  resinous  plant,  belonging 
to  Amyridaceao. 

Icicane,  (i'si-kan).  [Icica,  q.v.}  A  resin,  ob- 
tained from  Icica. 

Icosahedron,  (I-ko-sa-he'dron).  [Gk.  eikosi, 
twenty;  hedra,  base.]  A  regular  solid  figure, 
having  twenty  faces. 

Icosandria,  (  I-kos-an'dri-a  ).  [  Gk.  eikosi, 
twenty;  aner,  man.]  Plants  having  twenty 
or  more  stamens,  v.  Linnean  classification. 

Ideoelectrics,  (id-e-5-el-ek'triks).  Substances 
such  as  sulphur,  amber,  &c. ,  which  can  be 
electrified  by  friction.  (Obsolete.) 

Ideographic,  ( id-e-6-graf'ik ).  [  Gk.  idea, 
figure  ;  grapho,  I  write.]  Hieroglyphic 
writing:  writing  by  means  of  descriptive 
symbols. 

Idocrase,  (id'o-kras).  [Gk.  eidos,  form;  krasis, 
rnixture.]=Vesuviamte :  a  mineral  of  the 
garnet  group;  a  silicate  of  alumina,  lime, 
and  iron,  crystallising  in  pyramids. 

Idothea,  (i-doth'e-a)=Box-slater:  a  crustacean 
animal  belonging  to  Isopoda. 

Idrialite,  (id'ri-a-lit).  [Idria.]  A  combustible 
mineral;  an  impure  variety  of  cinnabar, 
named  from  being  found  in  the  mines  of 
Idria. 

Igasurine,  (ig-a-su'rin).  An  alkaloid  principle 
found  in  Nux-vomica;  probably =Brucine. 

Iglite,  (iglit)=Arragonite,  q.v. 

Ignatia,  (ig-na'shi-a).  A  plant  belonging  to 
Loganiacese.  /.  amara:  St.  Ignatius's 
beans. 

Igneous,  (ig'ne-us).  [L.  ignis,  fire.]  Pro- 
duced by  fire:  related  to,  or  connected  with, 
the  action  of  fire.  7.  rocis=Fused  rocks: 
granite,  syenite,  trap,  basalt,  trachyte,  lavas, 
and  volcanic  rocks. 

Ignis  fatuus,  (ig'nis  fat'G-us).  [The  Latin 
name.]  A  meteor,  seen  in  marshy  districts: 
possibly  ignited  phosphoretted  hydrogen. 

Ignition,  (ig-nish'un).  [L.  ignis,  fire.]  Ren- 
dering a  solid  luminous  by  the  application 
of  heat. 

Iguana,  (ig-wa'na).    [The  Spanish  name.]= 


IGUANID-E 


180 


INCLINATION 


Lacerta :   an  herbivorous  reptile  found  in 
America,    v.  Iguanidae. 

Iguanidae,   (ig-wan'i-du).     [Iguana,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.J    A  family  of  herbivorous  rep- 
tiles, found  in  warm  countries.     Neio  World 
7.=Pleurodonta.    Old  World  7.=Acrodonta. 
Iguanodon,    (ig-wan'6-don).       [Iguana,    q.v.; 
Gk.    odous,  tooth.]      A    large  herbivorous 
reptile,   found    in    Wealden,    belonging   to 
Dinosauria,  which  appears  to  have  walked 
on  the  hind  legs.    v.  Dinosauria. 
Ileo-caecal,  (il-e-6-s5'kal).     [Ileum,  q.v.;  Gk. 
koilia,  belly.]    /.  valve;  at  the  junction  of 
the  small  and  large  intestines. 
Ileo-colic,  (il-e-6-kol'ik).     [Ileum  and  Colon, 
q.v.]     Connected  with,  or  relating  to,  the 
i  leu  in  and  colon. 

Heum,  (i'le-um).    [Gk.  eilein,  to  twist.]    The 
portion  of  the  small  intestines  which  com- 
municates with  the  larger  intestine. 
Hex,  (i'leks).      [The  Latin    name.]=Holly : 
a  tree,  with  pointed  leaves,  belonging  to 
Aquifoliacese.     Quercus  7.=Evergreen  oak. 
Hfracombe  group=Middle  Devonian  :  rocks 

belonging  to  Devonian  formation,  q.v. 
Hiac,  (il'i-ac).  [Ilium,  q.v.}  I.  artery,  sup- 
plying blood  to  pelvis  and  lower  limbs.  7. 
fossa,:  a  depression  on  the  inner  surface  of 
the  ilium.  I.  veins:  bring  blood  from  the 
pelvis  and  lower  limbs. 

Ilicic  acid,   (i'lis-ik).     [Ilex,  q.v.]    An    acid 
obtained  from  the  holly. 
Hicineae,  (i-lis-in'e-e).     [Ilex,  «2.v.]=Aquifoli- 
aceae,  q.v. 

Ilium,  (il'i-um).     [The  Latin  name.]    A  por- 
tion of  the  os  innominatum:  named  from 
supporting  the  ilia,  or  flanks. 
Ulecebraceae,  (il-les-e-bra/se-e).     [Illecebrum, 
<?.D.]=Knotworts :    herbs  with  very    small 
flowers,  belonging  to  Silenales. 
Illecebrum,    (il-les'e-brum).       [L.    illicio,    I 
allur e.]= Rush- grass = Knot-grass  :    a   small 
herb,  with  small  white  flower,  belonging  to 
Illecebraceaj. 

Uliciese^Magnoliaceae,  q.v. 
Illicium,  (il-lis'i-um).     [L.  illicio,  I  allnre.]= 
Aniseed  tree:  a  plant  belonging  to  Winter- 
aceae. 

Illigeraceae=Combretacea3,  q.v. 
Ilmenic  acid,   (il'men-ik).     [Ilmenite,   q.v.] 

Probably  impure  niobic  acid. 
Ilmenite,  (il-men-it).    [Ilmen  Mountains.]    A 
mineral,  chiefly  titanate  of  iron.     l=Menac- 
canite.     2=Mengite. 

Ilmenium,  (il-me'ni-um).  [Ilmenite,  q. v.]  An 
hypothetical  metal  supposed  to  have  been 
the  base  of  ilmenic  acid. 
Bvaite,  (il'vit).  [The  Latin  name  of  Elba.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  iron,  calcium, 
&c. 

Image.  Virtual  I:  the  apparent  image  seen 
behind  a  mirror.  Heal  I:  that  formed  in 
front  of  a  mirror  where  the  reflected  rays 
converge.  Multiple  Is. :  formed  by  reflection 
and  re-reflection  in  two  mirrors,  as  in 
kaleidoscope.  Accidental  Is.:  seen  after  a 
bright  object  has  been  for  some  time  looked 
at;  they  are  of  the  same  form  as  the  object 
and  have  the  complementary  colours. 


Imago,  (i-ma'go).     [The  Latin  word.]     The 
perfect  insect,     v.  Insect. 
Imasatic  acid=Isamic  acid. 
Imasatin,  (i-ma'sa-tin).    [Isatin,  q.v.]    CigHn 
NsOs:  a  substance  obtained  from  action  of 
ammonia  on  isatin. 
Imbricated,  (im-bri-ka'ted).     [L.  imbrex,  tile.] 

Folded  over  at  the  edges;  overlapping. 
Imides,  (imldz).     [Amide,  q.v.]    Compounds 
intermediate  between  amides  and  nitriles= 
Amidated  acids  from  which  the  elements  of 
water  have   been  removed;   monamides  in 
which  two  of  the  hydrogen  atoms  are  re- 
placed by  dyad  radicles. 
Imide  bases=Imidogen  bases,  q.v. 
Imidogen,   (im-id'6-jen).      [Imide,  q.v.;    Gk. 
gennao,   I   produce.  ]=HN= Ammonia -H2: 
an  hypothetical  compound  existing  in  imides. 
7.  6«ses=Secondary  monamines:  ammonia  in 
which  two  equivalents  of  hydrogen  have  been 

replaced  by  hydrocarbons,     v.  Organic  bases. 
Imitative  minerals.    Globular,  mammillary, 

botryoidal,  &c.     v.  Minerals. 
Immersion,  (im-mer'shun).      [L.  immergo,  I 

dip  into.]    The  disappearance  of  an  eclipsed 

body. 
Impatiens,  (im-pa'si-enz).     [The  Latin  name.] 

Balsam:  an  herb  belonging  to  Balsaminacejw. 

7.  noli-me-tangere=Yellovf  balsam. 
Imperforata,   (im-per-fo-ra'ta).      [L.  in,  not; 

perforo,  I  pierce.]    A  division  of  Foramini- 

fera,  including  all  those  having  no  apertures 

in  the  walls  of  the  shell. 
Imperial.     I.  gallon:  277J  cubic  inches;  the 

volume  of  10  Ibs.  of  distilled  water.     7.  yard : 

30  inches,  the  standard  of  length  in  Britain. 

v.  Standards. 
Implacentata,  (im-pla-sen-ta'ta).     [L/in.,  not; 

Placenta,  3.v.]=Implacentalia:  Owen's  term 

for  Marsupialia  and  Monotremata,  in  which 

the  placenta  is  not  developed,   v.  Mammalia. 
Inachus,  (in'a-kus).    [Classical.]    7.  Kcempferi: 

the  largest  crustacean  known,  covers  more 

than  20  square  feet  of  ground,  belongs  to 

Decapod*. 
Inactive  bodies.       Those  that  do  not  affect 

polarised  light,  nor  cause  chemical  action. 
Inarticulata,  (in-ar-tik-u-la'ta).      [L.  in,  not; 

articulus,  joint.]     A  sub-division  of  Brachio- 

poda  in  which  the  mantle  is  in  two  separata 

lobes. 
Incandescent,  (in-kan-des'sent).     [L.  incf»n- 

desco,   I   glow.]     Glowing:  luminous  from 

heat. 

Incendiary  projectiles.     Carcass,  ball,  smoke- 
ball,  &c.r   projectiles  which  inflame  when 

discharged;  intended  to  set  fire  to  houses,  &c. 
Inch,   (insh).     [Ince,   the  A.-S.   word.]      uV 

of  a  yard,  q.v. 
Incineration,  (in'sin-er-a'shun).     [L.  incinero, 

I  burn  to  ashes.]    To  drive  off  by  heat  all 

volatile  and  combustible  constituents  of  a 

substance;  to  reduce  to  ashes. 
Incisor,  (in-si'zor).    [L.  incido,  I  cut.]   I.-teeth, 

cutting-teeth:  the  front  teeth,  with  sharp 

chisel-like  edges,     v.  Teeth. 
Inclination,  (in-kli-na'shun).      [L.  inclino,  I 

beiid.]=Dip=Magnetio  inclination,  q.v.    I. 


INCLINED 


181 


INDYLE 


compass:  used    to   measure    the    magnetic 

inclination  at  any  given  place. 
Inclined,  (in-klind').      /.  plane:  a  gradual 

ascent,     v.    Mechanical  powers.     /.  strata* 

those  that  lie  at  an  angle  with  the  horizon. 
Incompletae,    (  in-kom-ple'te  ).      [The    Latin 

word.  ]  =  Apetalse,   q.v.:    a    sub-division    of 

Dicotyledons    ill    Fries'a    classification    of 

plants. 
Incus,  (in'kus).     [L.  incvj,  anvil.]     One  of 

the  bones  in  the  tympanic  cavity  of  the 

ear. 
Indecidua,  (in-de-sid'u-a).  [L.  in,  not;  deciduus, 

falling.]    A  primary  division  of  placenta! 

mammalia,   including  Edentata,  Ungulata, 

Cetacea,  &c.,  in  which  the  placenta  is  inde- 

ciduous.     v.  Placenta. 
Indehiscent,   (  in-de-his'sent  ).     [L.  in,  not: 

dekisco,  I  gape.]    Not  opening;  used  of  fruits 

such  as  the  nut  and  berry. 
Indeterminate,  (in-de-ter'min-at).    [L.  in,  not; 

determine,  I  limit.]    Uncertain:  not  capable 

of  exact  definition. 
Index,  (in'deks).      [The  Latin  word.]     1.  A 

pointer.       2.  The  number  showing  to  what 

power  any  given  number  is  to  be  raised. 

2_ 

Ex.  In  m3,  3  is  the  index  ;  in  a?,  *  is  the 
index.  /.  finger=  Fore-finger.  /.  of  refrac- 
tion. v.  Refraction. 

Indian,  (in'di-an).  [India.]  7.  badger=~Uvsna 
Indicus.  /.  6a9/=Laurus  Indica.  /.  berries=z 
Cocculus  Indicus.  /.  &£we:=Nymphseacyanea. 
/.  &/-ead=Lycoperdon  cervinura.  /.  camphor 
=Dryobalanops  camphora.  /.  cedar=Cedrus 
deodara.  L  copa£=Vateria  Indica.  /.  corn 
=Maize=Zea  mays:  culti- 
vated by  native  Indians  of 
America.  /.  cress—  Tropaeo- 
lum.  7.  cwcww&er=Medeola 
Virginica.  7.  d«<e=Tama- 
rindus  Indica.  7.  ./?gr=Opun- 
tia.  7.  ^s=Cactaceae.  7. 
Jire=A.  compound  of  nitre, 
realgar,  and  sulphur.  7. 
7iazct/iora:=Raphioler>is.  7. 
7ienij9=Cannabis  Indica.  7. 
ink=A.  pigment,  probably 
compounded  of  gelatin  and 
camphor.  7.  lace-tree=lja,- 

tta  lintearia.  7.  lotus=  Indian-corn. 
ymphsea  lotus.  7.  madder=Hedyotis.  7. 
millet  =  Sorghum  vulgare.  7.  mulberry= 
Morinda  and  Morus  Indica.  7.  ox  =  Boa 
Indicus.  7.  rubber=  Caoutchouc.  7.  salt= 
Saccharum  officinale,  7.  serpents:  change 
skin  several  times  each  year.  7.  shot  = 
Canna  Indica.  7.  soop=Sapindus  saponaria. 
7.  fo6accoi=Cannabis  Indica.  7.  tortoise= 
Testudo  Indica,  7.  yeZiow=Euxanthate  of 
magnesium. 
Indianite,  (in'di-a-mt).  An  Indian  variety 

of  Anorthite,  q.v. 

Indican,  (in'di-kan).     [Indigo,  q.v.]    A  yellow 
liquid  found  in  indigo,  urine,  blood,  &c., 
Indices,  (in'di-sez).     Plural  of  Index,  q.v. 
Indiction,   (  in-dik'shun  ).      [L.   indictio,  de- 
claration. ]    A  period  of  time=15  years.     1st. 
I.  commenced  first  day  of  313  A.D. 


get 
Ny 


Indicolite,  (in-di-kolit).  A  blue  variety  of 
Tourmaline,  q.v. 

Indigenous,  ( in-dij'e-nus ).  [Indigena,  the 
Latin  word.]  Native:  original  inhabitants 
or  products  of  any  given  district. 

Indigo,  ( in'di-go).  [  The  French  word.  ]  = 
CsHsNO:  a  blue  dye-stuff  obtained  from 
various  plants,  and  especially  from  Indi- 
gofera.  Blue  7.  =  Indigotin,  q.v.  =  Indyl. 
White  7.=Indigogen,  q.v.  I.  copper  =.Cov el- 
lite. 

Indigofera,  (in-di-gofer-a).    [Indigo,  q.v.:  L. 

fero,  I  bear.]    A  plant  belonging  to  Fabacese. 

Indigogen,  (in-di-go'jeu).  [Indigo,  q.v.:  Gk. 
gennao,  I  produce.]  CgHgNO^: White  indigo 
=Indyl  hydride=Deoxidised  indigo. 

Indigotic  acid,  (in-di-go'tik).  [Indigo,  q.v.]= 
Nitro-salicylic  acid,  q.v. 

Indigotin,  (in-di-go'tiu).  [Indigo,  Q.w.]=Blue 
indigo= Indyl,  contains  the  colouring  matter 
of  indigo. 

Indin,  (in'din).  [Indigo,  q.  u.]=Ci6H10N202= 
Ino  =  Di-Indyl:  a  rose-coloured  substance 
obtained  from  isatin.  v.  Indyl.  Hydrindin; 
obtained  from  action  of  potash  on  Indin. 

Indirubin,  ( in-di-ru'bin  ).  [Indigo,  q.v.;  L. 
ruber,  red.]  Probably=Indigo  red:  a  pig- 
ment. 

Indium,  (in'di-um).  [Indigo,  g.v.]=In=A 
white,  malleable,  easily-fused  metal  found 
in  zinc-blende,  named  from  the  indigo  por- 
tion of  its  spectrum,  in  which  are  distinc- 
tive lines. 

Individual.  1.  The  total  result  of  the  de- 
velopment of  a  single  ovum.  2.  Any  centre 
or  axis  capable  of  independently  adjusting 
its  inner  and  outer  relations.  3.  Each  aphis, 
each  polype,  each  bud  of  a  plant,  whether 
detached  or  fixed. 

Indrismae,  (in-dris'i-ne).  A  division  of  Le- 
muroidea,  named  ^froru  Indris,  the  typical 
genus. 

Induced,  (in-dusd').  [L.  induco,  I  lead  in.] 
Caused  by  induction,  q.v.  I.  current:  excited 
by  the  presence  of  a  primary  current.  7. 
magnetism:  produced  in  soft  iron  when  a 
magnet  is  held  near,  or  a  wire,  through 
which  a  current  is  passing,  is  coiled  round  it. 

Induction,  (in-duk'shun).  [fnductio,  the  Latin 
word.]  The  influence  of  an  electrified  body 
on  another  body,  not  electrified,  placed  near, 
but  not  in  contact,  probably  by  the  polar- 
ization of  the  intervening  medium. 

Inductorium,  (in-duk-to'ri-um)^RuhmkorfTs 
coil,  q.v. 

Indus,  An  unimportant  southern  constel- 
lation. 

Indusial,  (in-du'si-al).  The  fossilised  remains 
of  indusia.  7.  limestone;  possibly  of  fossil 
caddis-worms. 

Indusium,  (in-dtt'si-um).  Any  small  covering, 
such  as  for  the  stigma  of  a  plant,  the  wing 
of  an  insect,  &c. 

Indyl,  (in'dil).  [Indigo,  q.v.;  Gk.  liylt, 
material.]  =  In  =  Indigotin  =  Blue  indigo: 
C8H5NO:  the  radicle  of  the  indigo  series. 
7.  hydride  =  White  indigo.  7.  hydrate  = 
Isathyd.  7.  oxide=Isa.tin.  Di  7.=Indin. 

Indyle=Indigo-blue=Indyl,  q.v. 


INEDUCABILIA 


182 


INSECTA 


Ineducabilia,  (in-ed-u-ka-bil'i-a).  A  primary 
division  of  Vertebrata.  o.  Bonaparte  s  classi- 
fication. 

Inertia,  (in-er'shi-a).  [The  Latin  word.]=The 
property  of  matter  to  move  or  remain  at 
rest  according  as  it  is  acted  on  by  external 
forces,  which  it  has  no  innate  power  to 
oppose. 

Infection,  (in-fek'shun).     [L.  inficio,  I  taint.] 

Communication  of  disease,  without  contact, 

through  the  medium  of  the  air,  distinct  from 

contagion,  which  is  caused  by  contact, 

Inferior  Oolite.    A  bed  of  calcareous  stone  and 

shales;  the  lowest  bed  of  the  Oolite,  q.v. 
Inferobranchiata,   (in-fer-o-brang-ki-a'ta).    A 
sub-division  of  Gasteropoda,  named  from  the 
inferior  position  of  the  branchias. 
Infiltration,  (in-fil-tru'shiin).     One  method  of 
fossil  formation:  in  which  the  pores  of  an 
organic  body  are    gradually  filled  by  car- 
bonate of  lime,  or  some  other  mineral,  so 
that  the  form  and  character  is  preserved. 
Inflammable  minerals  :— Sulphur,  Coal,  Naph- 
tha, Petroleum,  Asphalt,  Graphite,  Diamond, 
&c.     y.  Minerals. 

Inflection,  (in-ttek'shun).  [L.  inflecto,  I  bend.] 
Bending,  as  of  a  ray  of  light,  sound,  heat, 
&c. 

Inflorescence,  (in-flo-res'sens).  [L.  floresco,  I 
begin  to  flower.]  The  manner  of  arrange- 
ment of  the  flowers  of  plants.  Classification, 
off.— 

Spike- 
Catkin. 
Spadix. 
Baceine — 

Corymb. 

Panicle. 

Head  or  Capitulum— 

Umbel. 
Cyme. 

Infundibuluin,  (in-fun-dib'ii-lum).  [The  Latin 
word.]  Funnel:  any  funnel-like  process, 
such  as  the  channel  by  which  the  mollusca 
discharge  water  from  their  branchial  cham- 
bers. /.  of  brain:  a  small  process  of  the  gray 
matter  of  the  brain.  /.  of  ethmoid:  a  canal. 
/.  of  ear:  the  termination  of  the  cochlea. 
/.  of  heart:  a  conical  prolongation  from 
which  the  pulmonary  artery  proceeds. 
Infusoria,  ( in-f  u-so'ri-a  ).  .[L.  infusum,  in- 
fusion. ]  A  division  of  Protozoa:  microscopic 
animals,  usually  found  in  vegetable  infusions, 
of  which  Paramoecium  is  the  type;  also  con- 
sidered to  be  a  primary  division  of  the  ani- 
tuul  kingdom,  chiefly  because  of  the  peculiar 
nature  of  their  reproductive  organs;  have 
homogenous  gelatinous  diaphanous  bodies, 
and  swim  by  means  of  cilia.  Classification 
of  I.  by  Ehi'enberg — 

Polygastrica — 
Astoma. 
Stomatoda. 
Rhizopoda. 
Rotifera. 

Ingesta,  (in-jes'ta).    [L.  ingero,  1  carry  in.] 
A  collective  term  for  all  that  enters;  used 
as— Food. 
Ingrassias,  (in-gras'si-as).  [Signor  L,  an  Italian 


physician.]  Processes  of  7.=Lesser  wings  of 
sphenoid. 

Inguen,(ing'gwen).  [The  Latin name.]=Groin: 
the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 

Inguinal,  (ing'gwin-al).  [Inguen,  q.v.]  Con- 
nected with  or  related  to  the  groin.  /.  canal 
^Spermatic  canal. 

Inheritance,  (  in-herl-tans  )  =  Transmission 
from  parent  to  child.  Abridged  L :  the  imper- 
fect succession  of  developments  which  take 
place  in  the  embryos  of  higher  animals;  in 
which  some  stages  appear  to  be  omitted. 
Amphigonous  I.:  dual  transmission;  in- 
heritance of  qualities  from  both  parents. 
Homochronous  I.  =Conternporaneous  trans- 
mission :  shown  by  the  stages  of  development 
occurring  in  the  offspring  at  the  like  times 
as  in  the  parent.  Homotopic  I.:  shown  by 
the  development  of  similar  features  and 
peculiarities  of  person  in  offspring  as  in 
parent. 

Ink,  Indian  T.=CJiina  L:  made  from  a  black 
liquid  obtained  from  the  Loligo;  also  a  com- 
pound of  camphor  and  gelatin.  Printer's  I.: 
a  compound  of  finely  divided  carbon  and 
oil.  Sympathetic  I.:  visible  only  when  dried 
1>y  heat,  otherwise  invisible  from  absorbed 
moisture. 

Innervation,  (in-ner-vii'shun).  [Nerve,  q.v.] 
The  function  of  the  nervous  system,  q.v. 

Innominate,  (in-nom'i-nat).  [L.  innominatum, 
unnamed.]  /.  artery:  goes  from  aorta  to 
right  side  of  head  and  right  arm;  divides 
into  carotid  and  subclavian  arteries.  /. 
&<me=Haunch  bone:  in  lower  animals,  throe 
distinct  bones,  ilium,  pubis,  and  ischium. 
/.  vein:  formed  by  the  union  of  the  jugular 
and  subclavian  veins.  The  two  I.  veins 
continue  to  form  the  superior  vena-cava. 

Inoceramus,  (i-no-ser'a-mus).  [Gk.  is,  fibre; 
keramos,  tile.]  A  bivalve  mollusc,  many 
species  of  which  are  found  in  Cretaceous 
rocks. 

Inoculation,  (in-ok-u-la'shun).  [L.  inoculo,  I 
graft.]  1.  Used  generally  for  any  method 
of  grafting  by  the  insertion  of  buds.  2.  A 
method  of  mitigating  the  danger  of  small- 
pox by  inducing  a  mild  form  of  it:  super- 
ceded  by  Vaccination,  q.v. 

Inophvta,  (in-ofi-ta).  [Gk.  is,  fibre;  phytos, 
planted. ]=Thread  plants,  lichens,  and  fungi; 
a  sub-division  of  Tnallopnytes,  q.v. 

Inosic  acid,  (i-no'sik).  [Gk.  is,  fibre.  ]= 
CgHgNoOg:  an  acid  obtained  from  flesh;  ob- 
tained in  preparing  creatine. 

Inosin,  (i-no'sin).  [Gk.  is,  nmscle.]=C6H]oO<} 
2H.2O=Inosite=Muscle  sugar:  a  crystalline- 
substance  obtained  from  muscle. 

Insalivation,  (in-sal-i-va/shun).  [Saliva,  q.v.] 
The  action  of  the  salivary  fluid  on  food. 

Insect,  (in'sekt).  [Insectum,  the  Latin  name.] 
An  animal  with  a  head,  mouth,  eyes,  and 
usually  wings,  six  legs,  and  the  body  in 
segments,  more  or  less  consolidated,  with 
a  hard  integument;  belonging  to  Arthrc- 
poda. 

Insecta,  (in-sek'ta).  [The  Latin  name.  ]= 
Hexapoda,  Insects:  a  division  of  Annulosa. 
v.  Insect. 


INSECTS 


183 


INtTLA 


Insects,  classifications  of  :— 

1.  According  to  the  wings — 

Hymenoptera. 

Coleoptera. 

Orthoptera. 

Neurpptera. 

Hemiptera. 

Homoptera. 

Lepidoptera. 

Diptera. 

2.  Chewing  Insects=;Mandibulata — 

Biting  Insects — 

Neuroptera. 

Orthoptera. 

Coleoptera. 
Licking  Insects— 

Hymenoptera. 

Sucking  Insects=Haustellata — 
Pricking  Insects— 

Hemiptera. 

Diptera. 
Sipping  Insects— 

Lepidoptera. 

3.  According  to  the  degree  of  metamorphosis — 

Heteromorpha— 

Hymenoptera. 

Coleoptera. 

Diptera. 

Lepidoptera. 

Neuroptera  (pars). 
Homomorpha — 

Orthoptera. 

Hemiptera. 

Neuroptera  (pars). 
Insect-bedSi '  Found  in  Lias  strata,  containing 

remains  of  insects,  small  fish,  &c.  . 
Insect  life,  stages  of,     1.   Egg:  first  stage. 
2.  Larva:  vermiform,  with  or  without  legs: 
locomotive  and  voracious.   3.  Pupa=Nymph: 
quiescent,  often  enclosed  in  cocoon  or  other 
covering.     4.  Imago:  perfect  insect. 
Insectivora,   (in-sek-tiv'6-ra).     [L.   insectum, 
insect;  voro,  I  eat.]     Insect  eating  animals= 
Hedgehogs,  shrews,  moles,  &c.:  a  division  of 
Mammalia* 

Insessores.  (in-ses-so'rez).  [L.  insideo,  I  sit 
upon.]=Perching  birds=Passeres;  a  primary 
division  of  birds,  v.  Vigors.  Birds  living 
in  pairs,  building  nests  in  trees,  having 
slender  legs  and  flexible  toes.  Sub-division 
ofl.: 

Fissorostres. 

Dentirostres. 

Conirostres. 

Scan  sores. 

Teriuirostres. 

Instinct,  (in'stinkt).  [Instinctus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Definitions  of  L  1.  "The  perfor- 
mance of  complex  acts  absolutely  without 
previously  acquired  knowledge."  2.  "Dis- 
position operating  without  the  aid  of  in- 
struction or  experience."  3.  "A  mental 
power  totally  independent  of  organization." 
4.  "Habits  acquired  by  adaptation,  and 
transmitted  through  many  generations." 
Insula  Lesbos.  A  peak  in  the  moon. 
Insulators  of  electricity,  Substances  that  do 
not  conduct  electricity:  glass,  sulphur,  shellac, 
&c. 


Intaglio,  (in-tal'yo).  [The  Italian  word.]  A 
medal,  coin,  &c.,  in  which  the  figures  are 
hollowed  out.  cf.  Cameo. 

Integer,  (iu'te-jer).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
whole  number,  cf.  Fraction. 

Integral,  (in'te-gral).  [Integer,  q.v.]  Whole: 
entire.  /.  calculus:  a  method  of  performing 
the  sxunmation  of  an  infinite  series  of  indefi- 
nitely small  terms. 

Integration,  (in-te-gra'shun).  The  process  of 
the  integral  calculus. 

Integument,  (in-teg'u-ment).  [Inteftwientiim, 
the  Latin  word.]  Used  generally  for  any 
covering;  specially  for  the  skin. 

Intensity,  (in-teu'si-ti)=Tension.  T.  \flight= 
Brightness:  depends  on  the  quantity  of  light 
that  falls  on  a  given  space.  /.  of  a  sound= 
Loudness:  depends  on  the  extent  of  the 
vibrations  producing  it,  being  more  intense 
as  the  vibration  increases  in  extent. 

Intercalary,  ( in-ter'kal-a-ri ).  [  Tntercalarix, 
the  Latin  word.]  Interposed.  /.  day:  the  29th 
February;  a  day  interposed  in  the  calendar 
every  fourth  year.  v.  Leap  year. 

Intercostal,  (in-ter-kos'tal).  [L.  inter,  between; 
costa,  rib.]  /.  muscles:  the  muscles  of  the 
ribs:  by  the  action  of  which  the  chest  ia 
expanded  and  contracted  during  inspiration 
and  respiration. 

Interference,  (in-ter-fe'rens).  /.  of  light;  the 
crossing  of  two  rays  of  light,  which  proditcea 
darkness.  Sound:  the  crossing  of  two  rays 
of  sound.  Spectrum:  produced  by  using  a 
grating  instead  of  a  prism,  v.  Spectrum. 

Intermaxillary,(in-ter-mak-sil'la-ri).  [L.  inter, 
between;  Maxillary,  q.v.]  =  Prscmaxillary : 
bones  between  and  in  front  of  the  maxillte 
in  Vertebratae,  in  which  the  upper  incisor 
teeth  are  inserted. 

Interosseous  artery;  in  the  arm,  between  the 
radicle  and  ulnar  arteries. 

Intervals,  (in'ter-valz).  In  music:  the  ratio 
of  the  vibrations  required  to  produce  two 
given  notes  is  the  interval  between  them. 

Intervertebral  foramina.  Openings  between 
the  vertebrae  through  which  the  spinal 
nerves  pass  off. 

Intestinal,  (in-tes'ti-nal).  [Intestines,  q.v.] 
I.  animals:  Oken's  term  for  Invertebrata. 
/.  canal  =  Intestines,  q.v.  L  juice=&uccns 
entericus:  an  alkaline  secreted  by  the  in- 
testines. 

Intestines,  (in-tes'tinz).  [L.  intestinus,  in- 
ternal.] A  long  tube  reaching  from  the 
stomach  to  the  rectum,  in  man  much  con- 
voluted divided  into  small  intestines  and 
large  intestines. 

Intestine  animals.    Oken's  term  for  Polyps. 
Intrados,  (in-tra'dos).  [The  French  word.]  The 
inner  curve  of  an  arch  or  vault,  cf.  Extrados. 
Intumescence,  (in-tu-mes'ens).    [L.  intumesco, 

I  swell.]    Swelling:  expansion. 
Intussusception,    ( in-tu-sus-sep'shun  ).      [L. 
intus,  within;  suscipio,  I  take.]    Receiving 
inwardly:  absorption. 

Inula,  (in'u-la).  [The  Latin  name.]  An  herb 
belonging  to  Asteraceee.  /.  helenium:  Ele- 
campane. /.  conyza  =  Ploiighman's  spike- 
nard. /.  crithmoides= Golden  samphire. 


INTTLIN 


184 


IRON 


Inulin,  (in'u-lin).  [Inula,  q.v.]  1.  A  substance 
closely  resembling  starch  and  sugar,  found 
in  cell  sap.  2.  A  volatile  oil  from  Inula 
helenium. 

Inundation  mud=Loess,  q.v. 

Inuus,  (in'u-us).  [The  Latin  name.]  =  Maca- 
cus:  a  monkey,  found  in  India,  Africa,  and 
at  Gibraltar.  The  Barbary  ape  and  Indian 
monkey  belong  to  Macacus. 

Inverse,  (in-vers').  [Inversus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Reversed.  7.  proportion,  v.  Ratio. 
1.  ratio,  v.  Ratio. 

Inversion,  (in-ver'shun).  [Inverse,  q.v.]  Re- 
versal. 1.  In  mathematics :  the  reversal  of 
an  operation.  2.  In  music:  the  change  made 
by  raising  or  lowering  one  of  two  given  notes 
an  octave. 

Invertebrate.  [L.  in,  not;  Vertebrata,  Q.v.] 
Animals  having  no  backbone  or  spinal 
column,  and,  usually,  a  body  of  but  one  tube. 
Classifications  of  I. — 

1.  Mollusca.  Annuloida. 
Annulosa.  Coelenterata. 

Protozoa. 

2.  By  Huxley— 
Mollusca.  Annulosa. 
Mollnscoida.        Annuloida. 
Coelenterata.       Infusoria. 

Protozoa. 

Palaeozoic  L  can  now  be  classed  under  exist- 
ing divisions;  but  when  existing  were  pro- 
bably not  so  distinctly  separated  as  their 
modern  representatives.  /.  Lit/tichnozoa,  v. 
Lithichnozoa. 

Inverted.  /.  sugar:  an  uncrystallisable 
variety  of  sugar,  named  from  causing  left- 
handed  rotation  of  polarised  light.  v. 
Polarization. 

Involucrum,  ( in-vo-lu'krum  ).  [The  Latin 
word.]  A  whorl  of  bracts,  surrounding  a 
group  of  flowers. 

Involute,  (in'vo-lut).  [L.  in,,  into;  volvo,  I 
roll.]  The  curve  described  by  the  end  of  a 
string  which  is  unwound  from  the  circum- 
ference of  a  curve  and  kept  stretched,  c/. 
Evolute.  /.  teeth:  teeth  having  the  form  of 
involutes  to  the  surface  on  which  they  are 
placed.  /.  of  a  circle:  when  the  curve  from 
which  the  string  is  unwound  is  a  circle. 

Involution,  (in-vo-lu'shun).  [Involutio,  the 
Latin  word.]  The  formation  of  the  powers 
of  any  number  by  its  multiplication  the  re- 
quired number  of  times,  c/.  Evolution. 

lo,  (i'6).  [Classical.]  1.  No.  85  of  the  Minor 
Planets.  2.  One  of  the  satellites  of  Jupiter. 

lodamides,  (i-od'a-midz).  [Iodine  and  Amide, 
c.t>.]=Iodammoniums:  compounds  of  iodine 
and  ammonia,  mostly  explosive. 

lodammonium,  ( i-od-a-Eao'ni-um  )  =  NH3I= 
Iodide  of  ammonium. 

lodates,  (i'6-dats).  [lodic,  q.v.]  Compounds 
of  iodic  acid  and  a  base. 

lodic  acid,  (i-od'ik).  [Iodine,  g.-».]-=HIO3= 
Hydric  iodate:  an  acid  compound  of  hydro- 
gen, iodine,  and  oxygen.  Per  7.=HIO4. 

Iodides,  (i'6-di-dz).  [Iodine,  q.v.]  Compounds 
of  iodine  and  other  elements,  all  solids. 
/.  of  nitrogen=A.n  explosive  compound. 

Iodine,  (i'o-din).     [Gk.  iodes,  violet.]=F:  a 


volatile,  solid,  elementary  substance,  ob- 
tained from  sea-weeds,  sponges,  &c. ;  one  of 
the  Halogens,  q.v. 

lodoform,  (i-od'o-form).  [Iodine  and  Formyl, 
Q.v.]=CHl3:  a  solid  compound  of  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  iodine,  analogous  to  chloro- 
form, q.v. 

lodyrite,  (i-od'i-rlt).  [Iodine,  q.v.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  iodine  and  silver,  found  in  soft,  trans- 
lucent plates. 

lolite,  (i'o-lit).  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of 
aluminum,  iron,  and  magnesium.  Hydrous 
7.=Fahlunite. 

lones,  (i'onz).  [Gk.  ion,  going.]  The  sub- 
stances resulting  from  decomposition  by 
Electrolysis,  v.  Anione  and  Katione. 

Ionic,  (i-o'nik).     [Ionia,  in  Greece.]     One  of 
the  orders  of  Grecian  t== 
architecture,  q.v. 

Ipecacuanha,  (ip-e-kak- 
u-an'a).  [The  Brazilian 
name.]  An  emetic  drug, 
obtained  from  the  root 
of  Cephaelis  ip.  7.  of 
Guiana=Root  of  Boer- 
havia  decumbeiis.  7. 
of  Venezuela  =  Root  of 
Sarcostemma  glaucum. 
Wild  f.=Asclepius  cu- 


Irene,  (i-re'ne).    [Classi-  1° 

cal.]    No.  14  of  the  Minor  Planets. 

Iridaceae,  ( i-ri-da'se-e ).  [Iris,  q.v.]  =  Irids! 
herbaceous  plants,  with  beautiful  distichous 
flowers,  belonging  to  Narcissales. 

Iridescence,  (1-ri-des'sens).  [Iris,  q.v.]  Dis- 
play of  variety  of  colours,  from  refraction  or 
diffraction. 

Iridium,  (i-rid'i-um)  [L.  iris,  rainbow,  q.v.] 
=Ir"':  one  of  the  noble  metals:  a  very  hard, 
white,  brittle  metal,  usually  found  with 
platinum,  named  from  the  varying  colours 
of  its  oxides.  Native  7. =Iridosmine. 

Iridosmine,  <  i-ri-dos'min  ).  [Iridium  and 
Osmium,  q.v.]  An  alloy  of  osmium  and 
iridium,  found  in  abundance  in  California. 

Iris,  (i'ris).  [The  Latin  word.]  1.  A  fibrous 
membrane  in  the  eye,  covering  the  front  of 
the  crystalline  lens,  excepting  a  circular 
space  in  the  centre  through  which  the  light 
passes,  the  amount  being  varied  by  the  dila- 
tion or  contraction  of  the  iris.  2.  v.  Rain- 
bow. 3.  A  plant,  the  type  of  Iridaceae,  3.17. 

Irish.  7.  rfeer=Cervus  megaceros.  7.  moss= 
Chondrus  crisp  us. 

Irite,  (1'rit).  A  variety  of  Chromite,  probably 
a  compound  of  Chromite  and  other  minerals. 

Iron,  (i-ern).  [Iren,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Fe""= 
Ferrum :  the  most  abundant  metal :  a  hard, 
grey,  tenacious  metal,  fusible  only  at  a  very 
high  temperature,  which  is  of  universal  use, 
and,  if  very  finely  divided,  burns  in  contact 
with  the  air:  the  most  magnetic  of  all  known 
substances.  7.  afoim=Halotrichite.  7.  chryso- 
We=Fayalite  7..#cMZe=Anumberofpiecesof 
iron  wire,  of  different  lengths,  fixed  atone  end, 
by  the  vibration  of  which  notes  are  produced. 
7.  like  metals:  magnetic  metals,  such  as  iron, 
cobalt,  nickel,  &c.,  which  decompose  water 


IROQUOIS 


185 


ITCH-MITE 


when  red-hot.  I.  group  of  minerals  includes 
magnetite,  hematite,  limonite,  gcethite.chaly- 
bite,  pyrites,  marcasite,  mispickel,  and  vivia- 
nite :  usually  hard  and  heavy,  and  often 
magnetic.  /.  pyrites  =  FeSa= Bisulphide  of 
iron:  a  common  ore  of  iron.  7.  wood,  name 
given  to  many  different  trees  having  hard 
timber,  and  especially  to  Inga-xylocarpa :  a 
tree  of  Guiana,  with  small  leaves,  white 
flowers,  and  very  heavy  durable  timber. 
Passive  7,  not  acted  on  by  acids.  Telluric 
7,  native  iron  containing  tellurium. 

Iroquois.    A  N.  American  race. 

Irradiation,  (ir-ra-di-a'shun).  [L.  irradio,  I 
shine  forth.]  The  irregular  extension  of  the 
image  of  any  object,  by  means  of  which  it 
seems  increased  in  size. 

Irregular  animals :  Burmeister's  term  for 
Infusoria. 

Isabnormals,  ( i-sab-nor'malz ).  [Gk.  isos, 
equal;  ab,  from;  Normal,  q.v.]  Deviations 
from  mean  temperature. 

Isamic  acid,  (i'sa-mik).  [Isatin  and  Ammonia, 
§.v.]=Ci6Hi3N3O4 ;  a  crystalline  substance 
obtained  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  isatin. 

Isamide,  (I'sa-mid).  [Isatin  and  Ammonia, 
?.v.]=Amasatin,  q.v. 

Isatane,  (!'sa-tan).  [Isatin,  q. v.]=CszB.2Q^4P6 
=Hydrated  indigotin. 

Isathyd,  (i'sa-tld).  [Isatin  Jiydrogeniaed.]= 
Indyl  hydrate=C16Hi2N2O4:  a  grey  crystal- 
line substance  obtained  from  isatin. 

Isatic  acid,  (i-sa'tik).  [Isatis,  2.u.]=:HoInO2 
=CgH7N03=Hydrated  isatin. 

Isatin,  (i'sa-tin).  [Isatis,  g.v.]  =  C8H5N02: 
oxidised  blue  indigo:  a  blue  dye;  also  ob- 
tained from  isatis. 

Isatis,  (i-sa'tis).  [The  Greek  name.lrrWoad: 
a  tall  herb  with  yellow  flower,  belonging  to 
Brassicacege,  from  which  the  blue  dye  isatin 
is  obtained. 

Ischium,  (is'ki-um).  [Ischion,  the  Greek 
word.]  The  lower  portion  of  the  thigh  bone 
socket:  forming  the  lowest  part  of  the  os 
innominatum  bone. 

Ischyodus,  (is-kl'o-dus),  [Gk.  iscliys,  strength; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  fish,  several  fossil  species 
of  which  are  known. 

Ischypterus,  (  is-kip'ter-us ).  [Gk.  ischys, 
strength;  pteron,  fin.]  Fossil  remains  of  fish 
found  in  New  Red  Sandstone  of  America,  the 
fins  of  which  were  large  and  strong. 

Isethionic  acid,  (I-se-thl'on-ik).  [Gk.  isos, 
equal;  Ethionic,  g.v.]=C2H6S04=Hydrated 
ethionic  acid. 

Isinglass,  (I'zin-glas).  [Hausenblase,  the  Ger- 
man name.]  =  Fish-glue:  a  white  translu- 
cent gelatinous  substance  made  from  Indian 
fishes,  and  the  swim-bladder  of  sturgeon. 
v.  Gelatin. 

Island  of  Keil.  A  triangular  prominence  in 
brain. 

Isis,  (1'sis).  [Classical.]  No.  42  of  the  Minor 
Planets. 

Iso,  (l-so).  [Gk.  isos,  equal.]  A  prefix,  im- 
plying equality. 

Isochimenal  lines,  (I-so-kI'me-nal).  [Gk.  isos, 
equal;  cheimon,  winter.]  Lines  of  equal 
winter  temperature. 


Isochromatic,  (T-so-kro-mat'ik).  [Gk.  isos, 
equal;  Chromatic,  q.v.]  Of  the  same  colour. 

Isochronic,  ( i-sok'ron-ik ).  [Gk.  isos.  equal; 
chronos,  time.]  Occurring  at  regular  inter- 
vals of  time. 

Isochronous,  (T-sok'ro-nus).  [Gk.  isos,  equal: 
chronos,  time.]  =  Isochronic,  q.v.  I.  pendu- 
lums, vibrating  regularly  together. 

Isochinal,  ( i-so-kli'nal ).  [Gk.  isos,  equal; 
klinein,  to  bend.]  Having  the  same  inclina- 
tion or  dip.  v.  Dip. 

Isocryme,  (i's6-krlm).  [Gk.  isos,  equal;  Tcry- 
mos,  cold.]  Cold  water  Jine  =  68°  F.  mean 
temperature:  the  cold  limit  of  coral  making 
polyps. 

Isocyanuric  acid,  (I-so-sI-a-nu'rik).  [Iso  and 
Cyanuric,  o;.i7.]=Fulminuric  acid,  q.v. 

Isoetis,  (i-so-e'tis).  [Gk.  isos,  equal;  etos, 
year.]  An  aquatic  stemless  plant,  belonging 
to  Lycopodiaceee. 

Isogonic  lines,  (i-s5-gon'ik).  [Gk.  isos,  equal ; 
yonia,  angle.  ]  Lines  passing  through  all  the 
places  at  which  the  magnetic  declination  is 
the  same. 

Isomerism,  (I-som'er-izm).  [Gk.  isos,  equal; 
meros,  part.]  Compounds  identical  in  com- 
position, but  different  in  properties. 

Isomorphism,  (  i-so-morf 'izm ).  f  Gk.  isos, 
equal;  morphe ,  form.  ]  The  crystallization  of 
different  substances  in  the  same  form :  gene- 
rally, resemblance  in  form. 

Isonandra,  (i-so-nan'dra).  [Gk.  isos,  equal; 
aner,  man.  ]  A  plant  belonging  to  Sapotacese : 
named  from  the  character  of  the  stamens. 
7.  putta:  Gutta-percha  tree. 

Isopoda,  (i-sop'o-da).  [Gk.  isos,  equal;  pous, 
foot. ]= Wood-lice:  crustacean  animals,  form- 
ing a  sub-division  of  Edriophthalmata. 

Isoprene,  (i'so-prenJ^CgHg:  a  volatile  hydro- 
carbon ,  obtained  from  India-rubber. 

Isopropyl.    v.  Propyl, 

Isopyre,  (I'so-pir).  [Gk.  isos,  equal;  pyr,  fire.] 
A  mineral:  chiefly  silicate  of  iron,  calcium, 
and  aluminum. 

Isosceles,  (i-sos'se-lez).  [Gk.  isos,  equal;  akelos, 
leg.]    7.  triangle :  one  having 
two  sides  equal. 

Isoseismal,  (i-so-sTs'mal).  [Gk. 
isos,  equal ;  seismos,  earth- 
quake.] Lines  of  equal  dis- 
turbance, v.  Seismology. 

Isotartaric.     v.  Tartaric. 

Isotheral   lines,   (i-soth'e-ral). 
[Gk.  isos,  equal ;  thews,  sum-      isosceles, 
mer.]     Lines  of   equal   summer   tempera- 
ture. 

Isothermal  lines,  (i-so-ther'mal).  [Gk.  isos, 
equal;  thermos,  heat.]  Lines  of  equal  annual 
average  temperature. 

Isotropic,  (i-so-trop'ik).  [  Gk.  isos,  equal; 
trope,  turning.]=Amorphous,  q.v. 

Isthmus,  (ist'mus).  [The  Latin  word.]  7.  of 
Fauces:  space  between  arches  of  the  palate. 

Itaconic  acid,  (!-ta-kon'ik).  [Aconitic,  q.v.} 
A  crystalline  acid  substance,  obtained  from 
aconitic  acid=C5HgO4. 

Italian  May = Spiraea  hypericifolia. 

Itch-mite :  a  microscopical  animal,  belonging 
to  Acaridse. 


ITE 


186 


JEFFERSONITE 


Ite,  (it).  1.  A  termination  in  Mineralogy, 
implying  a  quality,  probably  an  abbreviation 
of  Lithos,  q.v.  2.  A  termination  in  chemistry. 
v.  Nomenclature  in  Tables. 

Ivory,  (i'vo-ri).  [L.  ebur,  ivory.]  l.'Generally 
=Dentine:  one  of  the  constitutents  of  teeth, 
q.v.  2.  Specially  the  tusks  of  the  elephant, 
narwhal,  &c.  Vegetable  /.=!.  nut:  seeds  of 
Phytelephas,  q.v.  L  6toc/fc=Animal  char- 
coal 

Ivy,  (i'vi).     [Ijig,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Hedera: 


A  climbing  evergreen  epiphytic  plant  belong- 
ing to  Araliaceae.  Grass  /.=Campanularia 
iutegra.  Ground  I.  =Nepeta. 

Ivy- worts= Araliaceae,  q.v. 

Ixiolite,  (iks'i-6-lit).     A  variety  of  tantalite. 

Ixolite.  (iks'6-lit).  [Gk.  ixos,  bird-lime;  lithos, 
etpne.]  A  hydrocarbon,  belonging  to  the 
Fichtellite  group  of  minerals,  named  from 
being  gluey  when  warmed. 

Izar=£  Bootis :  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Bootes. 


J. 


Jacamar.  (jak'a-mar).  [The  French  name.] 
=Galbula:  a  bird  belonging  to  Halcyonidae. 

Jacchus,  (jakrfus).      [Iacchus.]=Ouistitis:  an 
American  monkey;  also 
called  squirrel-monkey.; 
v.  Hapale. 

Jacinth,  (ja'sinth).  [The 
French  word.]  A  va- 
riety of  the  hyacinth. 

Jack,  (jak).  l.=Esox 
lucius:  a  fish.  2.  Screw- 
jack,  q.v.  J.  ass,  v.  Jack- 
ass. J.  daw>=Corvus 
monedula.  J.  fruit= 
Of  Artocarpus  integri- 
folia:  resembles  bread- 
fruit. /.  by  the  hedge 
=Sisymbrium  alliaria.  Jacchus. 

J.  «)ii/>«=Scolopax  gallinula.  Black  J.— 
Sulphide  of  zinc.  v.  Blende. 

Jackass,  The  male  of  the  ass.  Laughing  J. 
=  Feathered  J.=  Dacelo  gigantea:  a  New 
Zealand  bird. 

Jacob's  ladder.  1.  =  Polemonium  coeru- 
leum.  2.= An  endless  chain  of  lifts  foi 
raising  materials.  J.  stones:  a  local  name 
for  some  of  the  Caradoc  sandstones,  which 
have  so  many  fossils  as  to  be  practically 
limestone. 

Jacobi,  (ya-koTn).     Unit  of  /.,  v.  Resistance. 

Jacquard  apparatus,  (jak'iird).  [M.  Jacquard, 
the  inventor.]  An  endless  chain,  consisting 
of  a  series  of  variously  perforated  cards,  by 
the  action  of  which  the  movements  of  a 
loom  are  controlled,  so  as  to  produce  a 
pattern  in  the  woven  fabric. 

Jade,  (jad).  [The  French  name.]=Nephrite, 
q.v. 

Jaguar,  (jag'tt-ar).     [Jagoara,  the  Brazilian 
name.]=Felisonca: 
a  panther-like  ani- 
mal; also  called  the 
American  tiger. 

Jaina  =  Ati  =  Calo- 
phyllum  inophyll-; 
um:  a  tree  of  the  S.  ^ 
Sea  Islands. 

Jalap,    (jal'ap).  Jaguar. 

[Xalapa,  the  Mexican  name.]  A  purgative 
obtained  from  the  root  of  Convolvulus 
Schiedanus. 

Jalapic   acid,    (ja-lap'ik).     [Jalap,    q.v.} 
onic  acid,  q.v. 


Jalpaite,  (j  al'pa-it).    A  variety  of  silver  glance. 

Jamesonite,  (jam'so-nit).  [Prof.  Jameson.] 
A  mineral  of  the  antimony  group,  chiefly 
sulphide  of  lead  and  antimony,  easily 
fusible,  crystallising  in  rhombs.  Feather- 
ore  is  a  fibrous  variety  of  Jamesonite. 

Janipha,  (yan-i'fa).  [Janipaba,  the  Brazilian 
name.]  =  Manihot:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Euphorbiaceae. 

Janssen  slide,  (yans'sen).  [Prof.  Janssen.] 
For  taking  a  series  of  photographs  of  a 
moving  object  in  rapid  succession. 

Japim=Cassicus  icteronotus:  a  magpie-like 
bird  of  Brazil. 

Japonic  acid,i(ja-pon'ik).  CiaHjoOg:  obtained 
from  catechin;  one  of  the  tanuic  acids,  q.v. 

Jar,  (JU.T).  [Ar-  jarrah,  ewer.]  Ley  den.  J.:  a 
glass  jar,  partially  covered  with  tin-foil,  used 
for  the  collection  of  electricity.  Luminous 
J.:  a  Ley  den  jar  of  which  the  metal  coating 
is  in  detached  portions,  so  that  the  sparks 
of  electricity  pass  from  one  to  another. 

Jararaca=Craspedocephalus  atrox:  a  poison- 
ous snake  of  Brazil. 

Jargionite.    A  variety  of  galena. 

Jargon,  (jar'gon).^  Zircon,  q.v. 

Jasione,  (ja-srd-ne)=Sheep's-bit:  a  plant  be* 
longing  to  Campanulacese. 

Jasminacese,  (jas-mi-na'se-e).  [Jasminum, 
«?.v.]=Jasmin-worts:  shrubs  belonging  to 
Echiales. 

Jasminum,  (jas'mi-num).  [Gk.  ia,  violet; 
osme,  smell.]  Jasmine:  a  twining  shrub,  the 
type  of  Jasminaceae. 

Jasper,  (jas'per).  [laspis,  the  Greek  name.] 
An  opaque  variety  of  native  silica,  coloured 
by  iron,  &c.  /.  bloodstone— Heliotrope,  <?.v. 

Javelin  snake = Cape  Pintado=Auguis  mela- 

Jatropha,  (jat'ro-fa).  [Gk.  iama,  cure,  trop7ief 
food.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Euphorbiaceae; 
also  called  Physic-nut.  /.  mawi/tot=Tapioca 
plant. 

Java-cock=Gallus  ferruginous. 

Jaws,  (jawz).=Mandibles:  organs  of  masti- 
cation; in  vertebrate  animals,  always  in 
the  head;  in  invertebrate  animals,  often  in 
specially  modified  limbs.  Foot  /.=Maxilli- 
pedes,  q.v. 

Jay,  (Ja)-  [Geai,  the  French name.]=Garrulus: 
a  bird  belonging  to  Corvidae. 

Jeffersonite,  (jeffer-son-it).  [Mr.  Jefierson.] 
A  variety  of  augite. 


JEJUNUM 


187 


JffNIPER 


Jejunum,  (je-ju'uum).     [L.  jejunus,  empty.] 

A  portion  of  the  small  intestines. 
Jelly,  (jel'li).     [Gelte,  the  French  word.]    A 

eemi-transparent  gelatinous  variety  of  food. 

Animal  J.,  v.  Gelatine  and  Isinglass.  Vege- 
table J.;  obtained  from  fruits,  such  as  the 

currant,   and    from     various    mosses    and 

lichens.    /. ./?s/tes=:Hydrozoa,  q.v.    J.  lichens 

=Collemaceae. 
Jerboa,  (jer-b5'a).  [Terboa,  the  Arab.  name.]= 

Dipus=Mus  sagitta: 

a  small  animal    be- 
longing to  Kodentia, 

remarkable    for    the 

length    of    its    hind 

legs ;      also      called 

Jum  ping-mouse. 
Jer- falcon,  (jer-faw'-  Jerboa- 

kon).     [Hierofalco,  <?.v.]=Gyr-falcon=Falco 

islandicus.    v.  Ger-falcon. 
Jericho,  Rose  of=Anastatica  hierocliuntina: 

a  plant,  belonging  to  Brassicaceae,  found  in 

Syria  and  Egypt. 

Jersey  tea=Ceonothus  Americanus:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Rhamnacese. 

Jerusalem  artichoke.  [It.  girasole,  sunflower.] 
=Helianthua  tuberosus:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Asteracese. 

Jervic  acid=Ci4HioOio+2H2O:  a  white  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from  the  root  of 
Hellebore. 

Jessamine=Jasminum,  q.v.  Cape  /.  —  Gar- 
denia, q.v. 

Jet,  (jet).  [Jayet,  the  French  word.]  A 
lustrous  brittle  mineral,  probably  a  variety 
of  coal;  a  variety  of  lignite. 

Jewels,  (jo'elz).  [Joyau,  the  French  \vord.]= 
Precious  stones=Gems,  q.v. 

Jewellery = Jewelry:  gems  set  in  gold  or  silver 
for  ornaments. 

Jicara,  (yik'a-ra).  A  tree  as  large  as  an  apple 
tree,  with  orange-like  fruits  growing  on  the 
trunk. 

Job's  tears=Coix  lachryma:  a  plant,  belong- 
ing to  Graminacese,  named  from  the  shape 
of  its  fruits. 

Johanna,  (jo-han'na).  No.  127  of  the  Minor 
Planets. 

Johannite,  (jo-han'™*)-  [Prof.  John.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  sulphate  of  uranium. 

Joinery,  (join'er-i).  1.  A  general  term  for 
the  wood -work  to  buildings,  such  as  doors, 
window-frames,  &c.  2.  The  art  of  making 
such  structures  of  wood. 

Joint-firs=Gnetace8e,  q.v. 

Joints,  (joints).  1.  Natural  fissures  in 
rocks.  2.  Connections  between  the  various 
bones  or  cartilages  of  the  body.  Perfect 
J.:  when  two  smooth  surfaces  move  on 
each  other.  Imperfect  J.:  when  the  con- 
nection is  by  ligaments.  Hinge  J.:  in. 
which  motion  is  in  one  plane  only,  as 
the  elbow.  Pivot  J.'.  in  which  one  bone 
turns  upon  the  other  as  a  centre,  as  in 
the  neck.  Ball  and  socket  J.:  in  which  one 
bone  moves  within  the  other,  as  the  shoulder. 
Shackle  J. :  in  which  two  rings  of  bone  are 
connected,  as  in  the  spine  bones  of  some 


Jolly  boat,     [Yawl,  q.v.]     A  clincher  -  built 

boat.     v.  Yawl. 
Jollyte,  (jol'llt).    A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate 

of  magnesium,  iron,  and  aluminum. 
Joloffs.     AJI  African  people. 
Jugal,  (joo'gaJ).     [L.  jugum,  yoke.]    A  bone 

of  the  face  of  lower  animals,  corresponding 

to  the  human  cheek  bone. 
Juglandaceae,(jug-lan-da'se-e).    [Juglans,  q.v.] 

=Juglands:  trees,  sometimes  resinous,  be- 
longing to  Quernales. 
Juglandin,  (jooglan-din).    [Juglans,  q.v.]    An 

alkaloid  obtained  from  walnut  juice. 
Juglans,  (joo'glanz).      [Jovis,  Jove's;  glans, 

acorn.]      A    plant    belonging    to    Juglan- 

dacese.     /.  rc£ria=Walnut  tree.    /.  alba= 

Hickory. 
Jugular,  (joo'gu-lar).     [L,  jugulum,  collar 

bone.J    Belonging  to  the   neck.     /.   vein: 

the  vein  bringing  the  blood  back  from  the 

head  and  neck  to  the  heart.    /.  fishes:  those 

having  the  posterior  limbs  are  much  more 
forward  than  normally.  Ex.  cod. 

Juice,  (jus).  [F.  jus,  broth.]  A  general  term 
for  the  fluid  portion  of  any  animal  or  vege- 
table substance.  Gastric  J. :  in  the  stomach, 
v.  Gastric.  Intestinal  /.=Succua  entericus. 
v.  Intestinal. 

Julia.     No.  89  of  the  Minor  Planets. 

Julian,  (joo'li-an).  [Julius  Caesar.]  J.  calen- 
dar; as  arranged  by  Julius  Csesar,  in  which 
the  year  began  with  March,  and  when  the 
intercalary  day  in  leap  year  was  first  intro- 
duced. J.  «poc/i=46  B.C.  the  date  of  the 
Julian  Calendar.  /.  period  =  7980  years, 
being  19x28xl5=7980=the  common  mea- 
sure of  the  Lunar  Cycle,  Solar  Cycle,  and 
Indiction.  /.  year='365  days  6  hours. 

Julianite,  (joo'li-a-mt).  [Juliane  mine.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  a  mixture  of  copper,  sulphur, 
arsenic,  &c. 

Julidae,  (j66'li-de)=Millipedes:  a  sxib-division 
of  Myriapoda,  q.v. 

Jumper,  A  mining  tool :  a  steel -pointed 
chisel. 

Jumping,  /.  owgrs=:Halticocoridse,  q.v.  J. 
Aa7'e=Pedetes  capensis=Helamys  capensis. 
/.  johnny=J.  fish=Ciose-eyed  gudgeon.  /. 
mowse=Meriones  Hudsouicus.  J.  spider= 
Attus. 

Juncaoeae,  (jun-ka'se-e).  [Juncus,  q.v.  ]= 
Rushes:  herbs  with  thin  stem  and  brown  or 
green  flowers,  belonging  to  Juncales. 

Juncaginaceae,  (jun-ka-jin-a'se-e).  [Juncus, 
q. v.}—. Arrow-grasses:  rush-like  plants  be- 
longing to  Alismales. 

Juncales,  (jun-ka'lez).  [Juncus,  q.v.]  Plants 
belonging  to  hypogynous  endogens,  of  which 
juncacese  are  the  type.  v.  Lindley. 

Juncus.  (j  un'kus).  [Jungo,  to  j  oin.  ] =Rush :  an 
herb  the  type  of  Juncacese. 

Jungermanniaceae,  ( jun  - ger - man-ni-a'se-e ). 
[Louis  Jungermann.]=Scale  mosses  :  small 
moss-like  creeping  plants  belonging  to  Mus- 
cales. 

Jungle  sheep=Kemas  hylocrinus:  an  Indian 
goat-like  animal. 

Juniper,  (joo'ni-per).  Juniperus:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Pinacese. 


JUNO 


188 


KEELSON 


Juno,(ju'no).  [Classical.]  No.  3  of  the  Minor 
Planets. 

Jupiter,  (ju'pi-ter).  [Classical.]  The  largest 
of  the  planets,  having  four  moons;  diameter, 
85,000  miles;  distance  from  sun,  478  millions 
of  miles;  year  equal  twelve  of  ours;  has  two 
belts  or  streaks  of  darkness  across  its  face. 
J.'s  satellites:  lo,  Europa,  Ganymede,  Cal- 
listo.  /.'s^ower=Dianthus. 

Jurassic,  (joo-ras'sik).  [Jura  Mo«ntains.]= 
=Oolite  and  Lias  formations:  a  sub-division 
of  the  secondary  strata,  composed  of  suc- 
cessive beds  of  clay,  sandstone,  and  lime- 
stone. 


Jurinite— Brookite. 

Jussieu's    classification    of    plants,    chiefly 
according  to  germination  and  petals : — 
Acotyledones. 
Monocotyledones. 
Dicotyledones. 
Apetalae. 
Monopetalae. 
Polypetalse. 
Diclines. 

Jute,  (joot),  The  fibre  of  a  plant  belonging 
to  Corchorus,  used  for  coarse  cloths,  cordage, 
&c. 


K. 


Kadsura  (kad-su'ra).    A  plant,  found  in  Japan, 

which  is  the  type  of  Schizandraceae. 
Kadsurads.     [Kadsura,  2.v.]=Schizandracese, 

Kafirs,  (kafferz).  S.  African  people.  K .  bread: 
made  from  pith  of  Encephalartos  caffer. 

Kainozoic,  (ka-n5-zo'ik).  [Gk.  kainos,  recent; 
zoon,  animal.]=Cainozoic=Tertiary,  q.v. 

Kakodyl,  (kak'6-dil).  [Gk.  kakos,  bad;  odme, 
emell.]  =  As(CH3)2  =  Kd=Arseniodirnethyl 
=Cacodyl:  a  heavy  poisonous  fuming  liquid, 
which  takes  fire  in  contact  with  air,  and 
combines  with  oxygen,  chlorine,  &c.,  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  simple  metal.  K.  oxide= 
Kd2O=Alkarsin=Cadet's  fuming  liquid  :  a 
colourless,  foetid,  poisonous  fluid,  which  in- 
flames in  contact  with  oxygen. 

Kale,  (kal).  [Kaicl,tbe  A.-S.  name.]=Crambe, 

Kaleidoscope,  (ka-li'do-skop).  [Gk.  kalos, 
beautiful;  eidos,  form;  skopeo,  I  show.]  An 
optical  instrument,  by  which  a  pattern, 
formed  by  the  accidental  grouping  of  a 
number  of  small  pieces  of  coloured  glass,  is 
reflected  so  as  to  appear  six-fold.  The  group- 
ing can  be  varied  at  will,  so  that  an  endless 
succession  of  patterns  can  be  obtained. 

Kalendar,  (kal'en-dar).  [L.  calendar,  first 
days  of  the  months.]  The  arrangement  of 
the  days  and  months  of  the  year.  v.  Year. 
Gregorian  K.:  arranged  by  Pope  Gregory 
XIII.,  1582,  when  ten  days  were  omitted  as 
a  correction  of  the  Julian  K.  Adopted  in 
Britain  in  1752.  v.  Old  style.  Julian  K.: 
arranged  by  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  46,  the  base 
of  the  present  calendar. 

Kali,  (ka'li).  [Qali,  the  Arabic  name.]  The 
ashes  of  the  glass-plant  or  Salicornia.  v. 
Alkali. 

Kalinite,  (kal'i-nit).  [Kali,  q.v.]=A.]um:  a 
mineral,  composed  of  sulphate  of  potash  and 
alumina. 

Kalium,  (ka'li-um).    [Kali.]=Potassium,  q.v. 

Kalmia,  (kal'mi-a).  '[P.  Kalm  of  Sweden.  J= 
American  Laurel^  Calico-bush:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Ericaceae. 

Kames,  (kamz).  [Scotch.]  Mounds  and  ridges 
of  land,  crossing  and  recrossing  each  other. 


Kangaroo. 


Kampelite,  (kam'pe-lit).    A  variety  of  mime- 

tite,  q.v.,  containing  phosphate  of  lead. 
Kanakas.     An  Oceanic  race. 
Kangaroo,  (kang'ga-r6)=Macropus:  an  herbi- 

vorous animal,  be-  .A 

longing  to  Marsupi- 

alia,  found  in  Aus- 

tralia.    K.   bear= 

Phascolarctos    cin- 

ereus.     K.  grass= 

Anthisteria      Aus- 

tralis.       K.     rat= 

Macropus     minor. 

yree^.=Dendrola- 

gus.       Jf/iite    K.= 

Albino,  very  rare. 
Kangaroos,      (kang 

ga-roz)  =  Macropo- 

didae:  a  su  b-division  of  Marsupialia,  q.v. 
Kaolin,    (ka'o-lin).      [Kaoling,    the    Chinese 

name.]=Kaolinite=Porcelain   clay=China  : 

chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina,  a  mine- 

ral substance,  belonging  to  the  serpentine 

group,  used  in  making  the  best  kind  of  pottery. 
Kathetometer,  (kath-e-tom'e-ter).   [Gk.  kathe- 

tos,  vertical  height;  Meter,  q.v.]    An  instru- 

ment for  measurement  of  small  differences  of 

height;  as  in  the  barometric  column,  &c. 
Kathode,  (kath'od).    [Gk.  kata,  down;  hodos, 

road.]     The  negative  pole,  or  electrode,  of  a 

galvanic  battery. 
Katione,  (kat-i-5'ne).     [Gk.  kata,  down;  ion, 

going.]     The  electro-positive  elements  of  a 

chemical  compound,  which,  during  electro- 

lysis, go  to  the  kathode  or  negative  pole  of 

the  battery,    c/.  Anione. 
Kayu  puteh  oil^Ca- 

jeput,  q.v. 
Keel,   (kel).      [Ceol, 

the    A.-S.     word.] 

The  central  lowest 

portion  of  a  ship, 

extending        from 

stem  to  stern.  False 

K.  :    a  covering  to 

the  main  keel,  in-  «.  Keelson. 

tended  as  a  protection. 
Keelson,   (kel'son).     [Keel,   q.v.]     A  timber 


189 


XING 


corresponding  to  the  keel,  within  the  ship  : 

serving  to  keep  the  ends  of  the  floor-timbers 

down  to  the  keel. 
Keeper=  Armature  :  a  piece  of  soft  iron  used 

to  connect  the  two  poles  of  a  magnet,  when 

not  in  use;  and  so  to  prevent  the  dissipation 

of  its  magnetic  force. 
Kelloway  rock,  (kel'5-wa).     [K.  in  Wiltshire.] 

A  bed  of  arenaceous  limestone,  belonging  to 

Middle  Oolite,     v.  Oolite. 
Kelp,  (kelp).     [Kilpe,  the  old  English  word.] 

Ashes  from  sea-weeds,  &c.,  which  are  burnt 

to  obtain  the  contained  iodine. 
Kent's  cavern,  near  Torquay,  in  Devonshire, 

in  which  many  fossil  remains  of  mammalia 

have  been  found. 
Kepler's  Laws.     1.  The  orbit  of  each  planet 

is  an  ellipse,  having  the  sun  at  one  of  its 

foci.    2.  The  radius  vector  of  a  planet  de- 
scribes equal  areas  in  equal  times.     3.  The 

square  of  the  time  of  revolution  and  the 

cube  of  the  mean  distance  have  the  same 

ratio  for  every  planet. 
Kerargyrite,  (ker-aVji-rlt).    [Gk.  keras,  horn; 

argyron,  silver.]=Horn-silver:  a  variety  of 

Kerate,  q.v. 
Kerate,    (ker'at).      [Gk.     keras,     horn.]     A 

mineral,  chiefly  chloride  of  silver:  one  of  the 

silver  group  of  minerals. 
Keratin ,  (ker'a-tin).  [Gk.  leer  as,  horn.  ] = Horn : 

substance  of  horns,  nails,  feathers,  hair,  &c. 
Keratode,  (ker'a-tod).  [Gk.  keras,  horn ;  eidos, 

form.]    A  horn-like  substance,  forming  the 

skeleton  of  horny  sponges. 
Keratophora,    (ker-a-tof'o-ra).       [Gk.    keras, 

horn;  phoreo,  I  bear.]    Aristotle's  term  for 

Ruminant  animals. 
Keratophyta,  (ker-a-tof'i-ta).  [Gk.  Iceras,  horn; 

phyton,  stem.]=Horny  polyps:  a  sub-division 

of  Anthozoa. 
Keratosa,   (ker-a-to'sa).      [Gk.    Iceras,  horn.] 

Horny  sponges:  a  sub-division  of  sponges,  in 

which  there  is  a  skeleton  of  horny  fibres. 
Kermes-grains,  (ker'mez).  [The  Arabic  name.] 

The  dried  bodies  of  Coccus  ilicis,  from  which 

a  red  dye  is  obtained. 
Kermesite,  (ker'me-sit).    [Kermes,  g.v.]=Red- 

antimony:  an  ore  of  antimony,  chiefly  the 

sulphide,  named  from  its  red  colour. 
Kerosene,  (ker'o-sen).     [Gk.  keros,  wax.]    A 

liquid  hydrocarbon:  an  American  earth-oil, 

used  for  lighting. 
Kestrel,   (kes'trel).     [Cresserelle,  the   French 

name.]=Tinnunculus  alaudarius^Falco  tin: 

a  bird  belonging  to  Falconidae. 
Ketones,  (ke'tonz).  [Acetone,  q.v.]— Acetones. 
Kette=Deka-metre,  q.v. 
Keuper,  (ku'per).  [G.  kupfer,  copper.] =Upper 

Trias:  beds  of  great  thickness  in  England; 

also  called  New  Red  Sandstone. 
Key,  (ke).  [Cceg,  the 

A.-S.   word.]    LA—; 

wedge.     2.  A  small 

lever.  3.=Scale,g.v. 

K.   note:  the  chief 

note  of  musical  com- 
position.   K.  stone: 

the    chief,    central 

ptone  of  an  arch.  Key-stone. 


Keys,  (kez).  [Key,  q.v.]= Scales,  q.v. :  natural 
successions  of  musical  sounds.  K.  of  A= 
.Eolian  K.  K.  of  £=Hypophrygian  K.  K. 

of  C^Ionian  K.    K.  of  J)=Dorian  K.    K. 

of  #=Phrygian  K.     K.   of  .FsLvdian  K. 

K.  o/£r=Mixolydian  K. 
Khamsin,  (kam'sin).     [Arab,  khamsin,  fifty.] 

—Simoom:  a  hot,  dry  wind  of  Africa  and 

West  Asia;  named  from  usually  lasting  about 

50  days. 
Khonds,  (kondz).    An  Asiatic  people:  living 

in  Orissa. 
Kidney,  (kid'ni).     Two  glands,  consisting  of 

many  tubes,  which  remove  water  and  urea 

from  the  blood,  forming  a  portion  of  the 

excretory  system.    K.  iron-ore',  abotryoidal 

form  of  red  haematite.    K.  vetch=A.nthyttis. 

K.  6eo'rt=Phaseolus  vulgaris. 
Killas,  (kil'las).      [The  Cornish  word.]    1.= 

Clay  slate:  a  schistose  rock.    2.  The  Cornish 

name  for  all  sedimentary,  cleavable  rocks. 
Kilo,  (kil'6).    [Gk.  chilioi,  one  thousand.]    A 

prefix  implying  one  thousand. 
Kilogram,  (kil'6-gram).     [Kilo  and  Gramme, 

5.v.]=Kilogramme=2'2  lbs.=1000  grammes 

= weight  of  one  litre  of  water  at  its  greatest 

density;  a  unit  of   weight  in   the  Metric 

system. 
Kilolitre,  (kil-6-le'tr).     [Kilo  and  Litre,  q.v.] 

=1000  litres=264  gallons. 
Kilometre,  (kil-o-me'tr).      [Kilo  and  Metre, 

g.v.]=1000  metres= 39370 79  inches:  about 

.|  of  a  mile. 
Kimmeridge  clay.    A  bituminous  bed  of  shale 

in  Upper  Oolite,  containing  many  marine 

fossils  but  few  plants. 
Kinates=Quinates,  q.v. 
Kinematics,  (kin-e-mat'iks).  [Gk.  kinema, 

motion.]     The  geometrical  science  of  motion 

in  the  abstract,  considered  purely  as  motion, 

without  reference  to  its  cause. 
Kinetic,  (kin-et'ik).      [Kinetikos,  the  Greek 

word.]     Relating  to  motion.     K.   enenjy=. 

Energy  of  motion=Vis  viva.     K.  stability: 

continuance  in  a  given  path.      K.  unit=. 

Absolute  unit;  v.  Unit. 
Kinetics,  (kin-et'iks).     [Kinetic,  g.v.]=Kine- 

matics.   Hydro-k.:  the  science  of  motion  in  a 

fluid  medium. 
King.     K.  Charles's  oafc=Robur  Caroli,  q.v. 

K.  cra6=Limulus.     K.  crow^Dicrourus:  a 

pugnacious,   glossy  black  bird.       K.  fish= 

Lampris  guttatus.    K.  Jisher=Alcedo,  q.v. '. 


Kingfisher.  a.  King-post 

a  perching  bird.  K.  post  =  The  upright 
centre  beam  of  a  compound  girder.  K. 
vi*Kwre=Yultur  papa. 


KINIC 


190 


LABYEINTH 


Kinic=Quinic,  q.v. 

Kinit,  (kin'it).  [Gk.  kinesis,  motion.]  Pro- 
posed by  Everett  as"  the  unit  of  force, 
relatively  to  the  foot,  pound,  and  second. 

Kinkajou,  (  kin'ka-ju)  =  Potto  =  Cercoleptes 
caudi volvulus:  a  bear-like  animal. 

Kmone=Quinone,  q.v. 

Kinonic=Quinonic,  Q.V. 

Kino  tree,  (kl'no).  l.=Pterocarpii3  marsu- 
pium  tree.  2.  A  gum-resi  n  obtained  from  it. 

Kirchoff,  (kir'khof).  [Prof.  K.]  K.'s  lines'. 
the  absorption  lines  in  the  spectrum,  q.v. 

Kitchen-middens,    v.  Danish  K. 

Kite,  (kit).  [Cyta,  the  A.-S.  name.]  1.= 
Rhombus:  a  fish.  2.  =  Milvus:  a  bird. 
Brazilian  K.:  Falco  Brasiliensis. 

Kiwi  or  Kivi,  (ki'vl).  [The  New  Zealand 
name.]=Apteryx,  q.v. 

Klinometer,  (klin-om'g-ter).  [Gk.  klinein,  to 
bend;  Meter,  q.v.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  inclination  of  strata,  <fec. 

Kloof  wind.  A  N.W.  wind  at  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

Klumene,  (kl5'mOn)= Acetylene,  q.v. 

Knapweed,  (nap'wCd)=Centaurea :  an  herb 
belonging  to  Asteraceee. 

Knautia,  (naw'she-a).  A  sub-division  of 
Scabiosa. 

Knawel,  (naw'el)=Scleranthus:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Paronychiacese. 

Knee,  (ue).  [Kneo,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Genou: 
a  general  term  for  any  bend,  either  in  an 
organic  body  or  an  artificial  structure. 

Knight  head.  The  timber  next  to  the  stem 
of  a  ship. 

Knight's  wheel.  For  botanical  experiments 
to  show  the  method  of  the  growth  of  plants: 
plants  are  held  in  different  positions  on  the 
circumference  of  a  wheel,  so  that  their  man- 
ner of  growth  may  be  noted. 

Knot,  (not).  [Cnot,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.= 
6082  ft.=A  nautical  mile=l  geographical 
mile+802  ft.=-51T5-  of  a  degree  of  latitude. 
2.  A  division  of  the  log  line,  q.v.  3.  =Trin ga 


canutus:  a  bird  belonging  to  Scolopacidse. 
K.  grrassrrPolygonum  avicularia.  K.  worts= 
IllecebracepR. 

Knuckle  line.  In  the  plan  of  a  ship;  showing 
the  angle  of  the  stern. 

Koala=Phascolarctos  fuscus= Kangaroo  bear: 
has  teeth  like  kangaroo,  viscera  like  wombat. 
Kocab=/3  Ursas  Minoris:  a  star  in  the  con- 
stellation Ursa  Minor. 

Kolliker's  classification  of  animals  according 
to  nature  of  embryo  and  mode  of  growth 
(1844). 

Vertebrata. 
Articulata. 

Gasteropoda  and  Acephala. 
Limax. 
Cephalopoda. 
Radiata. 
Acalephs. 
Polypi. 
Worms. 

Koodoo,  (k66'd66)  =  Strepsiceros  Kudu:  an 
antelope  of  S.  Africa. 

Koulan.   (ko'lan)— Asinus  Onager:  the  wild 
ass  of  Persia. 
Koumiss,  (ko'mis).  [Kumys,  the  Russian  word.] 

A  spirit  prepared  from  fermented  milk. 
Kreasote,  (krc'a-sot).  [Gk.  kreas,  flesh;  soter, 
preserver.]  =  CiaHjgOo:  a  highly-refractive 
oily  liquid,  which  burns  when  heated,  and 
which  preserves  animal  substances  from 
decay =Creosote. 

Kreatine,  (kre'a-tln).  [Gk.  Tcreas,  flesh.]  A 
crystallinesubstance  found  in  flesh,  blood,  &e. 
Kresylic  acid,  (kre-sil'ik)=C7H8O=Kresol= 

Methyl-phenol. 

Kryolite,  (kri'o-lit).  [Gk.  Teryos,  frost;  lithos, 
stone.]  Nearly  pure  soda,  found  only  in 
Greenland=:Cryolite. 

Kupfer-nickel.    [The  German  name.]=Nicco- 
lite,  q.v. :  a  mineral  of  the  nickel  group. 
Kyanite=Cyanite,  q.v. 

Kyanol,  (ki'a-nol).  [Gk.  Jcyanos,  blue.]  = 
Auiliae,  g.».=Phenylaffline. 


L. 


L=Logarithm,  q.v. 

Labrador  series,  (lab'ra-dor).  [Labrador.]= 
Upper  Laurenti an  rocks,  q.v. 

Labradorite.  (lab'ra-dor-it).  [Labrador,  where 
found.]=Lime-soda  felspar:  a  mineral  of  the 
felspar  group  of  minerals  found  in  hypers- 
thene  rock,  chiefly  oxide  of  silver,  aluminum, 
and  calcium.  L.  &orn&tende=Hypersthene. 

Labia,  (la'bi-a).  [L.  labium,  lip.]  An  insect 
belonging  to  Forficulidse.  L.  minor= Little 
Earwig. 

Labiatse,  ( lab-i-a'te ).  [L.  labium,  lip.]  = 
Lamiacese,  q.v. 

Labidura,  (lab-i-du'ra).  [Gk.  labis,  pincers; 
oura,  tail.]=Labidoura:  an  insect,  belonging 
to  Forficulidse,  resembling  the  earwig,  but 
larger.  L,  gigantea— Great  earwig. 

labium,  (la'bi-um).    [L.  labium,  lip.]     The 


lower  lip  in  Articulata,  formed  by  the  union 

of  the  hinder  pair  of  maxilla;. 
Labrax,  (lab'raks).     [L.  labrum,  lip.]    A  fish 

belonging  to  Labridae.     L.  lupus=Essse>. 
Labridae,  (lab'ri-de).     [Labrax,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 

form.]  =  Wrasses,  &c.:  fishes  belonging  to 

Acauthopteri. 
Labrum.  (la'brum).     [L.  labrum,  lip.]     Tho 

upper  lip  in  Articulata;  also  used  for  the 

outer  lip  generally. 
Labrus,  (la'brus).     [The  Latin  name.]    A  fish 

the   type  of   Labridse.      L.  maculatus—L. 

bergylta=~B&l]a.n  wrasse. 
Laburnum,  (la-be r'num).    [The  Latin  name.] 

=Cytisus  .laburnum:  a  tree  belonging  to 

Leguminacere.     Alpine  Z.=Cytisus  alpinus. 
Labyrinth,   (lab'i-rinth).      [Labyrinthos,   the 

Greek  word.{=Maze:  a  complex  passage.    L. 


IABYRINTHIC 


191 


UEVOGYRATION 


of  ear:  communicates  with  the  brain  by  the 
auditory  nerves. 

Labyrinthic  teeth,  (lab-i-rin'thik).  [Laby- 
rinth, q.v.]  Having  many  radiating  vertical 
grooves. 

Labyrinthodon,  (lab-i-rin'tho-don).  [Gk. 
labyrinthos,  labyrinth;  odous,  tooth.]  A 
large  animal,  belonging  to  Amphibia,  re- 
mains of  which  are  found  in  Upper  Trias: 
previously  named  Mastodonsaurus  and 
Phytpsaurus.  The  type  of  Labyrinthodonta. 

Labyrinthodonta,  ( lab  -  i  -  ri  n  -  tho  -  don '  ta ). 
[Labyrinthodon,  q.v,]  Extinct  amphibious 
animals,  with  weak  limbs,  long  tails,  and 
labyrinthic  teeth,  q.v.,  known  by  footprints 
in  Coal  Measures. 

Labyrinthulsa,  (lab-i-rin'thu-le).  [Labyrinth, 
<7.v.]=Tram-weavers:  a  sub-division  of  Pro- 
tista, q.v. 

Lac,  (lak).  [Lak,  the  Persian  word.]  1.  A 
resin  obtained  from  fig  and  other  trees, 
caused  by  the  insect  Coccus  laccse  piercing 
the  branches  to  deposit  its  eggs :  occurs  in 
forms  of  shell-lac,  seed-lac,  and  stick-lac  ; 
the  chief  constituent  of  sealing-wax  and 
of  lacquer.  2.  A  hundred-thousand,  used 
chiefly  of  rupees.  L.  dye':  obtained  from  a 
species  of  the  Coccus  insect,  used  as  a  red  dye. 

Xace,  (las).  [L.  laqueus,  noose].  A  woven 
fabric  of  thread,  silk,  gold  or  silver  wire, 
&c.  L.  ^Kes=Insects  belonging  to  Neurop- 
tera.  L.  bark  =  Inner  bark  of  Lagetta 
lintearia.  L.  winged  JZies=Hemerobius,  be- 
longing to  Neuroptera.  L.  ZtzarcJ=Hydro- 
saurus:  a  Bornean  lizard  about  6  feet  long. 
Indian  L.  tree=Lagetta  lintearia. 

Lacerta,  (la-ser'ta).  [The  Latin  name.]  1. 
Lizard:  a  reptile  belonging  to  Lacertitia. 
2.  The  Lizard:  a  small  northern  constellation 
of  small  stars,  formed  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  L.  agilis=Sa.nd  lizard.  L.  croco- 
dilus=Crocodile,  q.v.  L.  gecko=Gecko,  q.v. 
L.  ^/Hcana=Chaineleon,  q.v.  L.  gigantea 
r=Geosaurus.  g.v. 

Lacertilia,  ( la-ser-til'i-a ).  [Lacerta,  q.v.~\= 
Lizards,  chameleon,  &c. '.  a  sub-division  of 
Reptilia,  of  which  the  males  are  usually 
larger  than  the  females. 

Lachesis,  (lak'e-sis).  [Classical.]  No.  120  of 
the  Minor  Planets^  discovered  in  1872. 

Lachrymal,  (lak'ri-mal).  [L.  lacrima,  tear.] 
L.  6ones=Ungual  bones,  q.v.  L.  gland:  in 
the  eye,  secreting  a  watery  fluid  between 
the  eyeball  and  the  eyelid,  which  fluid  is 
carried  away  by  the  lachrymal  duct:  not 
found  in  fishes  and  cetaceans.  L.  nerve :  a 
sub-division  of  the  ophthalmic  branch  of  the 
fifth  nerve,  v.  Nerves.  L.  sinws=Suborbi- 
tal  sinus:  a  large  cutaneous  follicle  beneath 
the  eye,  open  externally,  but  closed  within. 
Especially  developed  in  antelopes. 

Lacistemacese,  (la  -  sis  -  te  -  m  a'se  -  e)=Laciste- 
mads:  trees  and  shrubs,  with  apetalous 
axillary  flowers,  belonging  to  Violales. 

Lacquer,  (lak'er).  [F.  laque,  lac.]  A  solution 
of  shell-lac  in  alcohol. 

Lacquering,  ( lak'er-ing ).  [Lacquer,  q.v.  ] 
Covering  with  a  compound  of  lac,  turpen- 
tine, and  alcohol. 


Lactamic  acid,  (lak'ta-mik).  [Lactamide,  q.v.] 
CgH^NOs:  a  compound  of  lactic  anhydride 
and  ammonia.  Alanin,  q.v. 

Lactamide,  (lak'ta-mid).  [Lactio  and  Amide, 
q.v.]  =  CgH7N02 :  a  compound  of  lactic 
anhydride  and  ammonia. 

Lactation,  (lac-ta'shun).  [L.  lac,  milk.]  The 
act  or  period  of  giving  milk  in  Mammalian 
animals. 

Lactates,  (lak'tats).  [Lactic,  q. v.]  Compounds 
of  lactic  acid  with  bases. 

Lacteals,  (lak'te-alz).  [L.  lac,  milk.]:=  Lym- 
phatic capillaries  of  the  small  intestines, 
which  convey  the  milky  chyle  to  the  thoracic 
duct,  found  only  in  vertebrate  animals,  v. 
Lymphatic  system. 

Lacteal  animals,  (lak'te-al).  [L.  lac,  milk.] 
Oken's  term  for  Acalephse. 

Lactic,  (lak'tic).  [L.  lac,  milk,]  L.  acid= 
CgHgOs:  found  in  sour  milk;  a  syrupy  acid 
liquid,  belonging  to  the  glycolic  series  of 
acids.  L.  anhydride  =  C3H402 :  obtained 
from  lactic  acid.  L.  /mjienta£i<m=Fermen- 
tation  resulting  in  lactic  acid,  as  in  the 
conversion  of  sugar  of  milk  and  grape 
sugar  into  lactic  acid.  L.  series  of  acids=; 
CnEkjnOs:  a  series,  of  which  lactic  acid  is 
the  type. 

Lactide,  (lak'tid).  [Lactic,  9.v.]=C3H403 
=Lactic  anhydride :  a  white  crystalline  sub- 
stance, obtained  from  lactic  acid. 

Lactin,  (lak'tin).  [L.  lac,  milk.]=Sugar  of 
milk=Lactose,  q.v. 

Lactometer,  (lak-tom'e-ter).  [L.  lac,  milk; 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  quality  of  milk  by  means 
of  its  density. 

Lactone,  (lak'ton).  [L.  lac,  milk.]=3C5H802: 
a  volatile  liquid  obtained  during  the  dis- 
tillation of  lactic  acid. 

Lactose,  (lak'tos).  [L.  lac,  milk.]=Ci2H22On 
H20=Sugar  of  milk:  a  crystalline  variety  of 
sugar  obtained  from  milk. 

Lactous,  (lak'tus).  [L.  lac,  milk.]  L.fermen- 
taiion=Lactic  fermentation,  q.v. 

Lactuca,  (lak-tu'ka).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Lettuce:  an  herb,  with  milky  juice,  belong- 
ing to  Asteraceee. 

Lactyl,  (lak'til).  [L.  lac,  milk.]=C3H4O:  the 
radicle  of  the  lactic  series. 

Lacustrine,  (la-kus'trln).  [L.  locus,  lake.] 
Belonging  to  a  lake.  L.  formations:  formed 
at  the  bottom  of  lakes. 

Lady,  L.  6ird=Coccinella,  q.v.  L.'s  mantle 
=Alchemilla,  q.v.  L.'s  slipper  =  Cypri- 
pedium:  a  plant  belonging  to  Orchidacepe. 
L.'s  sm0cfc=Cardainine  pratensis :  an  herb 
belonging  to  Brassicaceae.  L.'s  tresses=. 
Spiranthes  autumnalis.  L.  fish=Silla.go 
domina.  L.  /ern=Aspidium  filix-foemina. 

Lsemodipoda,  (le-mo-dip'o-da).  [Gk.  laimos, 
throat;  dis,  twice;  pous,  foot.]  Crustacean 
animals,  with  two  legs  under  the  throat, 
belonging  to  Edriophthalmia. 

Lsevo,  (le'vo).  [L.  Icevus,  on  the  left.]  Left, 
handed. 

Laevogyration,  (IS-vo-ji-ra'shun).  [  L.  Icevo^ 
loft;  gyrus,  circle.]  =  Polarization  to  the. 
left  hand. 


L.EVULOSANE 


192 


LAMPYBIDJE 


Lsevulosane,  (le'vu-16-sau).  [Laevulose,  q.v.] 
=CgHj0O5:  an  amorphous  substance  obtained 
from  Lsevulose  by  heating  it  so  as  to  remove 
the  contained  water. 

Laevulose,  (le'vu-los).  [L.  Icevus,  left-handed.  ] 
=  CgHigOg  =  Leevoglucose  :  an  amorphous 
variety  of  sugar  found  in  fruit,  named  from 
causing  left-handed  rotation  of  polarised 
light. 

Lagenaria,  (la-je-na'ri-a).  [L.  lagena,  a 
bottle.]  =  Bottle  -  gourd  :  a  plant,  often 
poisonous,  belonging  to  Cucurbitacea*. 

Lagetta,  (la-jet'ta).  [L.  laqueus,  noose.]= 
Daphne  lagetta=Lace  bark  tree:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Thymelaceae. 

Lagomys,  (lag'o-mis).  [Gk.  lagos,  hare;  mys, 
mouse.]  A  small  quadruped,  belonging  to 
Rodentia;  also  called  Rut-hare.  L.  pusillu* 
=Lepus  p. = Calling  hare. 

Lagoons,  (la-gonz').  [It.  laguna,  marsh.]  A 
shallow  lake  or  pond,  especially  if  near  the 
sea. 

Lagopus,  (lag'o-pus).  [Gk.  lagos,  hare;  pout, 
foot.]=Snow  partridge:  a  bird  belonging  to 
Tetraonidae.  L.  mutu«=Ptarmigan. 

Lagostomus,  (lag-os'to-mua).  [Gk.  lagos,  hare; 
stoma,  mouth.)  =  Bizcacha  :  a  rabbit-like 
animal,  belonging  to  Rodentia=Vizcacha  of 
America ,  east  of  the  Andes,  cf.  Lagotis. 

Lagothrix,  (lag'o-thriks).  [Gk.  lagos,  hare; 
thrix,  hair.j=Ga8trimargus,  q.v. 

Lagotis,  (lag'6-tis).  [Gk.  lagos,  hare.] = Viz- 
cacha  of  America,  west  of  the  Andes  :  a 
rabbit-like  animal,  cf.  Lagostomus. 

Lagunculapes,  (iag-un-cula-pes).  [L.  lagun- 
cula,  small  flask;  pex,  foot.]  A  frog-like 
animal;  known  only  by  its  fossil  track,  v. 
Lithicbnozoa. 

Lagurua,  (lag-u'rus).  [Gk.  lagos,  a  hare;  and 
ov.ra,  a  tail.  ]= Hare's  tail  grass:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Graminacete. 

Lake,  (lak).  [Lacus,  the  Latin  word.)  1.  A 
large  pond:  a  body  of  water  surrounded  by 
land.  2.  A  compound  of  colouring  matters 
with  metallic  oxides:  used  as  a  pigment. 

Lake  dwellings.  Remains  of  dwellings, 
usually  built  on  piles,  on  the  borders  of 
lakes ;  some  contain  stone  implements  and 
bones  of  wild  deer  and  wild  oxen;  others 
contain  bronze  implements,  and  bones  of 
domestic  animals. 

Lamarck's  classification  of  animals:  based  ou 
degi'ees  of  sensibility: — 
Apathetic  animals:  polyps,  tunicata,  infu- 
soria, &c. 
Sensitive  animals:  insects,  Crustacea,   mol- 

lusca,  &c. 

Intelligent  animals:  fishes,  reptiles,   birds, 
mammals. 

Lamarckism,(lam'ark-izm).  [Lamarck,  French 
naturalist.]  The  theory  of  the  common  de- 
scent of  all  species  of  animals  and  plants 
from  the  simplest  common  original  form. 

Lamb's.  L.  ?ettuce=Valerianella  olitoria.  L. 
succory =Arnoseris,  q.v. 

Lambdoidal  suture,  (lam-doi'dal).  [Gk.  letter 
A,  lambda;  eidos,  form.]  A  joint  in  the  skull, 
at  the  back,  connecting  the  parietal  and 
occipital  bones  ;  in  the  gorilla  it  is  very 


large;  the  horns  of  ruminant  animals  are 
extensions  of  this. 

Lamellar,  (laiu-el'lar).  [L.  lamella,  plate.] 
Occurring  in  laminae  or  plates. 

Lamellibranchiata,  (lam-el-li-brang-ki-u'ta). 
[L.  lamella,  plate;  Gk.  bragchia,  gill.]= 
Mussels,  &c.  :  ordinary  bivalve  molluscs, 
with  a  heart,  gills,  and  foot,  but  no  head; 
have  no  odontophore;  named  from  lamella* 
of  gills;  also  called  Phyllobranchia ;  are 
divided  into  Monomyaria  and  Dimyaria,  q.v. 

Lameliicornes,  (lam-el-H-kor'nez).  [L.  lamelln, 
plate;  cornu,  horn.]  A  sub-division  of  Coleop- 
t«.T:i.  named  from  the  flat  fan-like  antennas: 
includes  stag-beetles,  cock-chafers,  &c. 

Lamellirostres,(lam-ei-li-ros'tr£z).  [L.  lamella, 
plate  ;  rostrum,  beak.]=Ducks,  geese,  <fcc.: 
aquatic  birds,  with  flat  beaks,  belonging  to 
Natatores. 

Lamiaceae,  (lam-i-a'se-5).  [Lamium,  q.v.]= 
Labiates:  herbs,  mostly  aromatic,  connecting 
Echiales  and  Bignales;  include  sage,  thyme, 
mint,  rosemary,  &c. 

Lamina,  (lum'i-nu).  [The  Latin  word. ]= Blade: 
any  flat  portion,  such  as  of  a  bone  or  a  leaf. 

Laminaria,  (lain-in-a'ri-a).  [Named  from  its 
flat  fronds.]  An  edible  sea-weed,  belonging 
to  Fucaceoe. 

Laminarian  zone,  (lam-in-a-ri'an).  [Lami- 
naria, q.v.]  From  low- water  mark  to  a 
depth  of  about  15  fathoms:  specially  marked 
by  tangles  and  scarlet  sea-weeds ;  animals 
abundant  both  in  number  and 


usually  brightly  coloured. 
Lamiodontes,    (iam-i-o-don'tez)=Glossopetra: 

a  general  term  for  fossil  teeth. 
Lamium,  (la'mi-um).      [The  Latin  name.]  = 

Dead  nettle:  an  herb  belonging  to  Lamiao  ;(-. 
Lamna,  (lum'na).     [Proper  name.]    A  fish  be- 
longing to  Squalidse.    L.  cornu6ica=Beau- 

maris  shark. 
Lamp-bhick.      Amorphous  carbon:  obtained 

from  hydrocarbons  by  combustion  so  as  to 

burn  off  the  hydrogen. 
Lamp,  Safety.     A  lamp  surrounded  by  fiiio 

wire  gauze,  which  absorbs  the 

heat:  used  in  coal  mines. 
Lamp  shell=Terebratula:  a  mar- 
ine mollusc-like  animal,  belong- 
ing to  Brachiopoda;  named  from 

its  shape. 
Lamp-shells  =  Terehratulre  :     a 

family  of  mollusc-like  animals 

belonging  to  Brachiopoda. 
Lampadite=Wad,  q.v. 
Lam  pic  acid=Aldehydic  acid:— 

C^gOs.    A  compound  of  silver 

and  aldehyde. 
Lampris,  (lam'pris).  A  fish  belong-    B»fety-iamp. 

ing  to  Scomberidai.     L»  guttatus—l\.it\g-l}ah. 
Lamprey,  (lam'pri).     [Lamproie,  the  French 

name.]=Lampern=:Petromyzon  marinus:  an 

eel-like  fish  with  circular  sucker-like  mouth. 
Lampromorpha,     (lam-pro-mor'fa)  =  Shining 

cuckoo:  a  bird  found  in  Africa,  India,  and 

New  Holland. 
Lampyra,  (lam-pi'ra).     [Lampyris,  the  Latin 

name.] :=  Fire-fly,     v.  Lampyris. 
Lampyridae,  (lam-pi'ri-de).    [Lampyris,  q.v.] 


LAMPYBIS 


193 


LARVA 


A  family  of  beetles:  some  phosphorescent, 
all  distasteful  to  birds  and  mammalia;  much 
mimicked,  v.  Mimicry. 

Lampyris,  (lam-pi'ris).  [The  Latin  name.] 
An  insect:  the  type  of  Lampyridse.  L.  nocti- 
luca=Glow-vrorm. 

Lancaster  gun,  (lan'kas-ter).  [Mr<  Lancaster.] 
With  spiral  elliptic  bore,  for  the  discharge  of 
hard  metal  projectiles,  v.  Gun. 

Lancelot,  (lans'let).  [Lanceolatus,  the  Latin 
name.  ]  =  Pharyngobranchii  =  Amphioxus 
lanceolatus:  a  little  worm-like,  transparent 
fish,  2  in.  long,  with  pulsating  vessels;instead 
of  a  heart:  without  either  cranium  or  brains, 
with  no  limbs,  and  colourless  blood  cor- 
puscles. 

Lanceolate,  (lan'se-o-lat).  [Lanceolatus,  the 
Latin  word.]  Spear-shaped. 

Lancet  fish=Acanthurus,  q.v. 

Land.  L.  &M<7S=Geocorisa,  q.v.  L.  cra&= 
Gecarcinus,  q.v.  L.  rail  =  Corn  crake  = 
Crex  prateu8is=Rallus,  q.v.  L.  tortoise,  v. 
Tortoise. 

Landes,  (langdz).  [The  French  word.  ]=Heaths: 
the  French  term  for  uncultivated  fertile  land. 

Lands.  The  spaces  between  the  grooves  of  a 
rifled  gun. 

Landenian,  (lan-den'i-an).  Strata  belonging 
to  Lower  Eocene,  found  in  Belgium. 

Lane's  electrometer.  [Mr.  Lane.]  A 'small 
Leyden  jar,  the  charge  of  which  ig  taken  as 
the  unit. 

Langley.     Granules  ofL.,  v.  Granules. 

Langreen's  map  of  the  moon  :  in  which  the 
craters,  &c.,  are  named  after  celebrated 
philosophers,  v.  Moon. 

Language,  (langVzij).  [L.  lingua,  tongue.] 
Science  o/.L.=Glottology. 

Languages,  (lang'wfi-jez).      [Language,  q.v.] 
Classification  of  L.  by  Max  Muller. 
Aryan. 
Semitic. 
Ural-Altaic. 
Ind-Chinese. 
Dravidian. 
Malay-Polynesian. 
Kafir. 
Polysynthetic  (American). 

Laniadse,  (lan'i-a-de).  [Lanius,  g.v.]= Shrikes: 
birds  connecting  Accipitres  and  Passeres,  q.v. 

Laniary  teeth,  (lan'i-a-ri).  [L.  lanio,  I  tear 
in  pieces.  ]=Canine  teeth,  v.  Teeth. 

Lanius,  (lan'i-us).  [L.  lanius,  butcher.]= 
Shrike=;Butcher  bird:  an  insectivorous  bird, 
belonging  to  Dentirostes. 

Lantanuric  acid.  [Allantpin  and  Uric,  q.v.] 
=03114^03:  an  acid  deliquescent  substance 
obtained  from  uric  acid;  probablyr=Allan- 
turic  acid,  q.v. 

Lantern.  l/.JfyrzFulgora:  an  insect  belonging 
to  Hemiptera.  L.  of  Aristotle:  a  pyramid 
formed  by  the  five  jaws  of  a  star  fish;  the  sur- 
faces serve  as  grindstones  for  food.  Magic  L. : 
an  optical  apparatus,  by  which  small  images 
are  magnified  and  shown  upon  a  screen. 

Lanthanum,  (lan-thii'num).  [Gk.  lanthano, 
I  hide.]=La:  a  rare  substance;  one  of  the 
earth-metals;  named  from  long  being  corn- 
founded  with  cerium. 


Lanugo,  (la-nu'go).  [The  Latin  word.]  Fine 
woolly  hair  with  which  the  human  foetus  is 
covered  during  the  sixth  month;  also  used 
for  the  down  of  fruits,  &c. 

Lapidary,  (lap'i-da-ri).  [L.  lapidarius,  relat- 
ing to  stone.]  One  who  cuts  and  polishes 
stones:  a  stone  worker  who  uses  only  precious 
stones. 

Lapidification,  (lap-i-dif-i-ka'shun).  [L.  lapis, 
stone;  facio,  I  make.]  The  formation  of 
solid  rock  under  water. 

Lapilli,  (la-pil'li).  [L.  lapillus,  a  small  stone.] 
Porous,  stony  concretions  thrown  out  from 
volcanoes:  not  applied  to  lava. 

Lapis  lazuU,(]ap'is-laz'u-li)=Ultra-marine,5.i>. 

Lapis  ollaris^Potstone,  q.v. 

Laplace's  theorem.  That  the  earth  was  once 
a  fiery  fluid  globe. 

Lappa,  (lap'pa).    A  plant  belonging  to  Aster- 


Lapps^Laplanders :   nomadic  and  dwarfish 

inhabitants  of  the  N. 

coast  of  Scandinavia. 
Lapsana,      ( lap-sa'na  ). 

[The    Latin    name.]  r=. 

Nipple-wort  =  Swine's 

cress:  a  plant  belonging 

to  Asteracese. 
Lapwing,      (  lap'wing  ).  ] 

[Lepe-winc,    the    A.-S.f 

name.]  =  Vanellus  :     a 

bird  belonging  to  Cha-  Lapwing. 

radriadise;  also  called  Plover. 
Larch,   (larch).     [Celt,   lar,  resin.]=Larix= 

Abies  larix:  a  tree 

belonging  to   Pin- 

aceaj. 
Lard,  (lard).     [Lar- 

dum,    the     Latin 

word.]      Soft   pig- 
fat  :   composed   of 

stearine  andoleine. 


Larch. 


q.v. 

LardizabalaceoR,  (lar- 
di-zab-a-la'se-e). 
[Senor  Lardizabala 
of  Spain.]=Lardi-  \ 
zabalads :  twining 
shrubs,  often  with 
fragrant  flowers, 
belonging  to  Menispermales. 

Laridae,  (lar'i-de).  [Larus,  q.v.]=rGulls,  terns, 
&c.:  a  family  of  sea-birds  belonging  to  Nata- 
tores. 

Lark,  (lark).    [Laverock,  the  O.E.  name.]= 
Alanda:    a  sing- 
ing bird,  belong- 
ing to  Fringillidae7 

Larkspur,  (lark- 
sper)  =  Delphi- 
nium:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Ran- 
unculaceae. 

Larus,  ( lar '  us  ). 
[The  Latin  name.  ] 
= Gull:  a  sea-bird 
with  long  wings, 
the  type  of  Laridae. 

Larva.     Singular  of  Larvae,  q.v. 


LAEVJE 


LAWS  OF  MOTION 


Larvae,  (lar've).  [L.  larva,  mask.]  Cater- 
pillars: the  early  stage  of  insects,  which  con- 
ceals the  perfect  form;  the  first  stage  after 
the  egg;  v.  Insects.  Erttciform  i.=Cam- 
podea-form  =  Vermiform.  Leptiform  L.= 
Lindia-form=.Hexapodous. 

laryngeal,  (la-rinj'e-al).  [Larynx,  q.v.]  Be- 
longing to  the  larynx. 

Larynx,  (lartngks).  [Larygx,  the  Greek 
word.]  The  upper  portion  of  the  windpipe, 
which  opens  into  the  mouth;  by  means  of 
which  vocal  sounds  are  produced. 

Lasso-cells,  (las'so).  [Lazo,  the  Spanish  word.  ] 
=Cnidae=Nettring  cells=Thread-capsule8 : 
minute  extensile  weapons,  not  retractile,  of 
Actiniae. 

Latent,  (la'tent).  [L.  lateo,  I  am  hidden.] 
Hidden:  not  perceptible  by  the  senses.  L. 
heat:  that  which  is  not  perceptible  by  the 
senses,  and  does  not  affect  the  thermometer. 
L.  heat  of  steam  and  other  vapours:  that 
heat  which  is  used  in  the  conversion  of  a 
liquid  into  a  vapour,  without  being  measur- 
able by  the  thermometer;  v.  Steam.  L. 
heat  of  water:  which  is  used  to  convert  ice 
into  water =79  •4°C=143°F. 

Lateral  ventricle.  A  cavity  in  the  centre  of 
the  cerebral  hemispheres  of  the  brain. 

Laterite,  (lat'er-it).  [L.  later,  brick.]  A  red- 
coloured  rock,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina  and 
oxide  of  iron. 

Lath,  (lath).  [W.  llath,  a  rod.]  A  narrow 
thin  strip  of  wood. 

Latham,  (la'tham).    [Dr.  R.  G.  Latham.] 
L.'s  classification  of  mankind — 
Mongolian.  Indian. 

Turanian.  Oceanic. 

Caucasian.  American. 

European.  African. 

L.'s  classification  of  birds— (by  J.  Latham.) 

Land  birds—  Water  birds — 

Rapaces.  Grallae. 

Pies.  Pinnatipedea. 

Passerine.  Palmipedes. 
Columbinee. 
Gallinse. 
Struthiones. 

Lathrsea,  (lath-re'a).  [Gk.  lathraios,  hidden.] 
=Tooth-wort:  a  plant,  parasitic  on  roots  of 
trees,  &c.,  belonging  to  Orobanohacese. 
Lathyrus,  (lath'i-rus).  [Lathyros,  the  Greek 
name. ]= Everlasting  pea:  an  herb  belonging 
to  Leguminacese. 

Latitude,  (lat'i-tud),  [Latitudo,  the  Latin 
word.]  Distance  measured  on  the  surface  oi 
the  globe  north  or  south  of  the  equator. 
of  a  star= Angular  distance  from  the  ecliptic. 
Degree  o/Z/.=60  nautical  miles=:60  knots= 
69i  statute  miles. 

Latrielle,  (lat-ri-el').     [M.  Latrielle.] 
L.'s  classification  of  birds — 
Terrestrial —  Aquatic — 

Rapaces.  Grallae. 

Passeres.  Palmipedes, 

Grimpeura. 
Passerigalll, 
Gallinaces. 

(kt'fa),   [ft  Wtf«,  lath-work.] 


terlaced  bars  of  wood  or  metal,  used  for 
windows,  doors,  blinds,  &c. 
Jatus  rectum,  (la'tus  rek'tum).  [The  Latin 
words.  ]  The  ordinate  of  a  conic  section ,  which 
is  drawn  through  the  focus,  v.  Ordinate. 
Laudanum,  (law'da-num).  [Ladanum,  the 
Latin  word.]=Tinctureof  opium:  acompound 
of  opium  and  alcohol,  used  as  a  narcotic. 
Laughing.  L.  crow  =  Cinclosoma  erythro- 
cephalus:  a  bird  belonging  to  Merulidae.  L. 
gr«s=Nitrous  oxide=Protoxide  of  nitrogen : 
which,  when  inspired,  produces  a  peculiar 
kind  of  intoxication.  L.  jackass=L.  king- 
fisher=Da.celo  gigantea:  a  bird  of  New  Zea- 
land. L.  2ftrMs7i=Trochaloptera  phceniceum. 
Launa,  (law'na).  A  tree  of  Guiana,  with 
lemon-like  fruit,  the  juice  of  which  is  used 
as  a  dye. 

Lauraceae,   ( law-ra'se-e  ).      [Laurus,  Q,V.]  = 
Laurels:  trees,  with  apetalous  flowers  and 
fragrant  leaves,  belonging  to  Daphnales. 
Laurel,  (law'rel).     [Laurus,  the  Latin  name.] 

=Sweet  Bay:  an  evergreen  tree  belonging  to 
Lauracese.  American  I/.=Kalmia.  L.  cherry 

=Cerasus. 

Laurentia,  ( law-ren'shi-a  ).     An  edible  sea- 
weed belonging  to  Algae. 
Laurentian,  (law-ren'shi-an).     [St.  Lawrence 

River.  ]    Crystalline  rocks  of  great  thickn  ess, 

the  oldest  known  rocks,  which  contain  very 

few   fossils,  and    belong   to    the    Primary 

division  of  formations. 
Laurie  acid,  (law/rik)=Ci2H240o:  obtained 

from  cocoa-nut  oil. 

Laurin,  (law'rin).      [Laurus,  q.v.]     An  alka- 
loid principle  found  in  the  laurel. 
Laurus,  (law'rus).     [The   Latin   name.]= 

An  evergreen  tree:  the  type  of  Lauraoete. 

L.  no6iii«=Sweet  bay.     L.  chloroxylon= 

Greenheart,  q.v. 
Laurustine,   (law'rus-tin)=: Viburnum  tinus  : 

a  plant  belonging  to  Caprifoliaceaa. 
Lauryl,  (law'ril).     [Laurus,  9.1?.]    The  radicle 

of  lauric  acid. 
Laurylene,  (law'ri-len).      [Laurus,  q.v.]     A 

hydrocarbon  obtained  from  naphtha. 
Lava,  (la'va).    [L.  lava,  I  bathe.]    Used  for 

any  molten  matter  flowing  from  volcanoes: 

properly  limited  to  such  as  has  reached  the 

surface,     v.  Trap. 
Lavandula,  (la-van'du-la).    [The  Latin  name,] 

An  aromatic  plant  belonging  to  Lamiacese. 

L.   vera  =  Lavender.    L.   latifolia  =  Spike 

lavender. 
Lavatera,  (lav-a-te'ra).  [M,  Lavater  of  S witzer- 

land.]=Tree  mallow:  a  plant  belonging  to 

Malvaceae. 
Lavender,  (lav-en-der).      [Lavandula,  q.v.]= 

Lavandula,  q. v,    Sea  l/.=Statice. 
Lawn,  (lawn).     [L.  linum,  flax.]     A  woven 

fabric  made  of  fine  linen. 
Laws  of  motion,     1.  A  body  if  at  rest  will 

continue  so;  or,  if  moving,  will  continue  to 

move  in  a  straight  line  with  uniform  velocity, 

until  acted  on  by  some  external  force.    2. 

Every  force  acting  on   a    body  affects  its 

motion  equally,  whether  it  act  singly  or  in 

combination  with  others,     3,  Actio»  and  re* 

action  are  equal  and  opposite, 


LAWSONIA 


195 


LEMMING 


Lawsonia,  (law-so'ni-a).  [Mr.  W.  Lawson.]= 
Henna,  q.v. :  a  plant  belonging  to  Lythracese. 

Laying  off.     The  art  of  planning  a  ship's  hull. 

Lazulite,  (laz'u-llt).  [Lazulum,  the  Latin 
word.  ]=Voraulite  :  a  mineral,  chiefly  phos- 
phate of  aluminum,  coloured  blue  by  phos- 
phate of  iron;  also  called  Azurite,  Blue-spar, 
&c. 

Lead,  (led).  [The  A.-S.  word. ]= Plumbum = 
Pb":  a  soft,  bluish-white,  malleable  metal, 
much  used  in  building  and  in  making  type- 
metal,  glass,  &c.  L.  glance= Galena,  q.v.: 
the  common  ore  of  lead.  L.  group  of 
minerals:  includes  galena,  cerussite,  pyro- 
morphite,  and  mimetite,  all  soft  and  heavy. 
L.  line:  a  line  used  to  measure  the  depth  of 
the  sea,  rivers,  &c.  v.  Sounding  lead.  L. 

plant,  of  Mexico=Amorpha  canescens.  L. 
tree:  a  tree-like  deposit  of  metallic  lead 
when  a  piece  of  zinc  is  placed  in  a  solution 
of  acetate  of  lead;  also  called  Arbor  Saturni. 
L.  «>07'i=Plunibago.  q.v.  L.  worts=Plum- 
baginacese,  q.v.  Black  i.=Graphite,  q.v. 
Red  L.  =  Minium,  q.v.  Sounding  L.,  v. 
Sounding-lead.  White  L.=. Cerussite:  car- 
bonate of  lead. 

Leaf,  (lef).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  An  expansion 
of  the  stem  of  a  plant. 
Sessile  L.:  having  no  stalk. 
Water  L.  =  Hydrophyllum, 
q.v.  L.  6ai=Vespertilio  sori- 
cinus— Glossophaga.  L.  but- 
ier%=Kallinia.  L.  carrying 
cm£=CEcodoma  cephalotes:  an 
ant  of  Brazil,  which  uses  leaves 
to  grow  fungi  on,  which  it 
uses  for  food.  L.  insect= 
Mormobyce  phyllodes.  L. 
insects=M.&niid$B :  belonging 
to  Orthoptera ;  resemble  leaves 
of  trees,  v.  Mimicry.  L.  &cftens=Panne- 
liaceae. 

Leaflike=:Foliaceous,  q.v. 

League,  (leg).  [W.  Llech=.a  stone.]=3  miles: 
a  measure  of  length.  Sea  Zr.=3  nautical 
miles=nearly  3£  miles. 

Leap-year = Bissextile,  q.v. 

Least  common  multiple.  The  smallest  number 
which  can  be  divided,  without  there  being  a 
remainder,  by  any  given  numbers  is  the 
least  common  multiple  of  those  numbers. 
Ex.:  12  is  the  least  common  multiple  of  2. 
3,  4,  and  6. 

Leather,  (leTH'er).  [Ledher,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
A  permanent  modification  of  the  hides  of 
animals,  resulting  from  the  union  of  the 
contained  gelatin  with  the  tannic  acid  in 
which  they  are  steeped.  L.  cloth:  a  cloth 
made  to  resemble  leather  in  appearance. 
L.  jackets:  the  New  Zealand  name  for  file 
fishes.  L.  wood=Dirca,  palustris:  has  tough, 
leathery  bark.  Chamois  L.:  soft  leather 
prepared  from  the  skin  of  the  Chamois  goat. 
Enamelled  L.'.  coated  with  varnish,  but 
capable  of  being  bent  without  cracking. 
Japanned  L. :  coated  with  varnish  so  as  to 
have  a  surface  as  smooth  as  glass.  Morocco 
L.:  the  tanned  skin  of  the  Barbary  goat. 
Russia  £.:  dyed  with  aromatic  dye,  ami  not 


subject  to  injury  from  damp  or  insects. 
Vegetable  L.:  linen  covered  with  a  coating 
of  Indian -rubber.  Wash  L.:  a  soft,  rough, 
kind  of  leather,  usually  prepared  from  sheep- 
skin. 

Leaven,  (lev'n).  [Levain,  the  French  word.] 
Dough  that  has  commenced  to  ferment; 
used  instead  of  yeast. 

Leaves,  (levz).  [Leaf,  q.v.}  In  Botany:  ex- 
pansions of  the  stem;  usually  consist  of  a 
blade  and  stalk,  v.  Goethe. 

Leay.    v.  M'Leay. 

Lecanora,  ( le-ka-no'ra  )=Cudbear,  &c.:  an 
Alpine  lichen,  from  which  a  dye  is  procured. 
L.  Taj-torax=Cudbear. 

Lecanoric  acid,  (le-ka-no'rik).  [Lecanora,  q.v.] 
=Orsellic  acid=C8H8O4:  a  white  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  Lecanora. 

Lecanorine,  (lek-a-no'rln).  [Lecanora,  q.v.] 
A  colouring  matter  found  in  the  lichen 
Lecanora  and  othersir:Lecanoric  acid. 

LecythidacesB,  (le-sith-i-du'se-e).  [Gk.  leky- 
thos,  vase.]=Lecyths:  large  tropical  trees, 
with  large  showy  flowers,  belonging  to 
Myrtales,  some  immensely  high,  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  vase. 

Leda,  (le'da).  [Classical.]  A  small  marine 
bivalve  shell  found  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Ledum,  (le'dum).  A  plant  belonging  to 
Ericacere.  L.  spalustre:  used  in  the  tanning 
of  Russian  leather. 

Leech,  (lech).  [Losce,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Annelida  suctoria=Hirudo  medioinalis.  v. 
Leeches. 

Leeches,  (le'chez),  [Leech,  q.v.]  Fresh-water, 
aquatic,  hermaphrodite,  vermiform  animals, 
belonging  to  Hirudinea,  q.v. 

Lee- way.  The  difference  between  the  intended 
and  real  courses  of  a  ship. 

Leek,  (lek).  [Leac,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Allium, 
q.  v.  Sand  L.  =  Allium  scorodopasum.  Wi  Id 
i.=AJlium  ampeloprasum. 

Legume,  (le-gum').  [The  Latin  name.]=Pod: 
a  dry  carpel,  opening  along  the  sides  and  at 
one  end,  and  having  a  placenta  on  one  side. 
Ex.:  Pea.  cf.  Follicle. 

Legumin,  (le-gu'min).  [Legume,  q.v.]  C8H14 
^Og:  an  albuminoid  substance  found  in 
seeds  of  Leguminacese;  also  called  vegetable 
casein. 

Leguminous  plants,  (le-gii'min-us).  [Legume, 
q.v.]— Fabaceae,  q.v.  =Leguminacese=Legu- 
minosse:  a  very  numerous  and  varied  group  of 
plants  forming  a  sub-division  of  Dicotyledons. 

Leidenfrost's  phenomenon=:Spheroidal  con- 
dition, q.v. 

Leiodon,  (ll'6-don).     [Gk.  leios,  smooth ;  odous, 
tooth.]    An  animal  known  only  by  fossil 
remains,  belonging  to  La- 
certilia.  A  ,», 

Lemma,   (lem'ma).      [The    \l|\W 
Greek  word.]      A  preli-     *»•! 


minary  proposition  in  a 
course  of  reasoning. 
Lemming,    ( lem'ming  )  =  ,, 
Mus  lemmus=Myodes  lem-" 
mus  =  Lapland  Marmot: 
a  small  rat -like  animal          Lemming, 
belonging  to  if  uridse;  als,o  called  Georychus. 


LEMNA 


196 


LEPIDOMELANE 


Lemna,  (lem'na).=Duck-weed:  a  plant,  con- 

sisting of  fronds,  bearing  flowers  011  the  edge, 

the  type  of  Leninaceae. 
Lemnaceae,   (  lem-na'se-e  ).      [Lemna,  q.v.]= 

Lemnads  =  Duckweeds  =  Pistiacese:  small 

fronds,  with  very  few  flowers,  common  in 

stagnant  waters,    belonging    to    Fluviales, 

the  lowest  known  form  of  phanerogamous 

plant-life. 
Lemniscate,   (  lem'ni-skat  ).      [  Lemniscus,   a 

ribbon  or  bow.]    A  curve,  in  the  form  of  the 

figures. 
Lemon,  (lem'on).    [Limon,  the  Spanish  name.  ] 

=Citrus    limonum:  a  plant,   belonging  to 

Aurantiaceae,  the  fruit  of  which  is  edible. 

L.  grass.    Andropogon  citratum. 
Lemon,    oil    of^CioHioC^:    obtained    from 

lemons  and  oranges. 
Lemons,  salt  of=Fotassic  binoxalate. 
Lemur,  (le'mur).      [L.   Lemur,  ghost.]      A 

small     nocturnal    animal,    resembling   the 

ape,  found    in    Madagascar,    belonging   to 

Quadrumana. 
Lemuridae,  (l6-mu'ri-d2).     [Lemur,  q.v.;  Gk. 

eidos,  form.]    A  sub-division  of  Primates, 

q.v.:    animals  belonging    to    Quadrumana, 

chiefly  found  in  Madagascar,  which  connect 

Marsupiata  and  Simiadao. 
Lemurina,  (le-mu'ri-ne).      [Lemur,  q.v.]     A 

sub-division    of   Lemuridae,  including  the 

lemur,  hapalemur,  &c. 
Lemuroidea,  (le-mu-roi'de-a).      [Lemur,  q.v.  ; 

Gk.  eidos,  form.]    A  family  of  animals,  be- 

longing to  Quadrumana,  of  which  the  lemur 

is  the  type. 
Length,  measures  of.     Klafter=2'074  English 

yards;  Metre=r0936  English  yards;  Toise= 

2-1313  English  yards;  Yard=3  ft.  =36  inches. 

v.  Tables. 

Lenguas.     A  people  of  S.  America. 
Lens,  (lenz).      [L.  lens,  lentil.]     Singular  of 

Lenses,  q.v.:  the  name  is  given  from  the 

shape.     Achromatic  L.:   in  which  two  or 

more  lenses  are  arranged  so  as  to  prevent 

tihe  image    being   coloured    at   the    edges. 

Crystalline   L.    of    eye:    transparent    and 

doubly-convex;  between   the   aqueous  and 

vitreous  humours. 
Lenses,  (lenz'ez).    [Lens, 

q.v.]     Transparent  bo- 

dies, usually  glass,  with 

regular  curved  surfaces, 

so  that  rays  of  light  are 

made    to    converge    or 

diverge    when    passing 

through. 
Lentibulariaceae,  (len-ti- 

bu-la-ri-a'se-e)=Butter- 

worts:  aquatic  or  marsh 

herbs,  with  monopeta- 

lous  flowers,  belonging 


[len- 

title,  the  .trench  name.]  concave;  d,  pJano-cou- 
=Ervum  lens:  a  plant  cave;  e,  meniscus;  /, 
belonging  to  Fabacefe.  c^avo-convex. 
Leo,  (le'6).  [The  Latin  name.]  1.  The  Lion: 
the  fifth  constellation  of  the  Zodiac,  con- 
taining the  stars  Eegulus  and  Deneb.  2. 


Leo. 


Leo  Minor:  a  small 
constellation,  be- 
tween Leo  and 
Ursa  Major,  for- 
med in  the  seven- 
teenth century. 
3.  The  fifth  sign 
of  the  Zodiac, 
•which  now  con- 
tains the  constel- 
lation Cancer. 

Leonis,  (le-6'nis).  [Leo.  q.v.]  Belonging  to 
the  lion,  a  Leonis=Regulus=Cor  Leonis: 
the  chief  star  in  the  constellation  Leo.  t 
Leonis=Denebola=The  Lion's  tail 

Leontodon,  (le-on'tS-don).  [Gk.  leon,  lion; 
odous,  tooth.]  =  Hawkbit:  an  herb,  with 
milky  juice,  belonging  to  Asteraceae. 

Leonurus,  (ie-6-nu'rus).  [Gk.  leon,  lion ;  oura, 
tail.]=Mother-wort:  an  herb,  with  small 
flowers,  belonging  to  Labiatae. 

Leopard,  (lep'ard).  [Leopardus,  the  Latin 
name.]  =  Felis  leo- 
pardus:  a  tiger-like 
animal,  belonging 
to  Felidae,  usually 
spotted,  but  some- 
times black.  L. " 
bane  =  Doronicum  * 
and  Arnica:  herbs 
belonging  to  Aste- 
racero.  Leopard. 

Lepadidae,  (lep-ad'i-de).  [Gk.  lepas,  limpet, 
eidos,  form.]=Lepades:  fossil,  pedunculattsd 
cirripedia,  found  from  Jurassic  to  recent 
rocks;  also  called  Barnacles. 

Lepas,  (lep'as).  [Gk.  lepas,  limpet.]=redun- 
culated  cirripede=Barnacle,  q.v. 

Lepchas.     An  Asiatic  people. 

Lepides,  (lep'i-dez).  [Gk.  lepis,  scale.]  Small 
scales  on  plants,  &c. 

Lepidine,  (lep'i-din)=CioH9N:  a  base,  belong- 
ing to  the  Quinoline  series,  obtained  from 
coal  tar. 

Lepidium,  (lep-id'i-um).  [Gk.  lepis,  a  scale.] 
=Cress:  an  herb,  with  small  white  flowers, 
belonging  to  Brassicaceae. 

Lepidodendra,  (lep-i-do-den'dra).  [Gk.  lepis, 
scale;  dendron,  tree.]  Coal-plants,  belonging 
to  Lycopodiacese,  of  which  very  many 
remains  are  found  in  coal.  Spores  of  L. 
=Flemingites. 

Lepidodendron,  Singular  of  Lepidodendra, 
q.v. 

lepidoganoid,  (lep-i-do-gan'oid).  [Gk.  lepis, 
scale;  ganos,  splendour.]  Ganoid  fislies, 
covered  wioh  scales,  and  having  a  bony 
skeleton.  L.  fishes  are  a  sub-division  of 
Ganoidei,  q.v. 

Lepidogaster,  (lep-i-do-gas'ter).  [Gk.  lepis, 
scale;  gaster,  belly.]=Sucker:  a  small  fish 
belonging  to  Acanthopteri. 

Lepidokromite.     A  variety  of  Gothite,  q.v. 

Lepidolite,  (lep-id'6-lit).  [Gk.  lepis,  scale; 
lithos,  stone.]=Lithia  mica:  a  mineral  of 
the  mica  group;  a  silicate  of  alumina,  lithia, 
<fec.,  found  in  pearly  scales  or  plates. 

Lepidomelane,  (lep-i-dom'e-lan).  [Gk.  lepis, 
scale;  melas,  black.]  =  Iroii-lithia-mica:  a 


LEPIDOPTERA 


197 


LEVULOSE 


mineral  of  the  mica  group;  a  silicate  of  iron, 
&c. ,  crystallising  in  hexagonal  scales. 
Lepidoptera,  (lep-i-dop'ter-a).  [Gk.  lepis,  scale; 
pteron,  wing.]  Butterflies  and  moths:  a 
primary  division  of  insects,  belonging  to 
Haustellata,  q.v.,  have  four  ample  wings, 
of  beautiful  patterns,  covered  with  scales, 
"  Born  as  worms,  become  crustaceans,  and 
finally  insects." 

Lepidopus,  (lep-id'o-pus).  A  large  mackerel- 
like  fish. 

Lepidosiren,  ( lep-i-do-sl'ren ).  [Gk.  lepis, 
scale;  seiren,  siren.]  A  fish  covered  with 
scales,  but  otherwise  resembling  the  siren; 
it  has  simple  filamentary  limbs,  and  con- 
nects fishes  and  reptiles,  v.  Mud-fishes. 
Lepidosteus,  (lep-i-dos'te-us).  [Gk.  lepis,  scale: 
osteon,  bone.]=Bony-Pike:  a  fish  the  type  of 
Lepidoganodei. 

Lepidostrobus,  (lep-i-dos'tro-bus).  [Gk.  lepis, 
scale;  strobilas,  cone.]  Large  fossil  cones  of 
Lycopods,  found  in  great  numbers  in  coal 
beds. 

Lepidota,  (lep-i-do'ta).  [Gk.  lepidotos,  scaly.] 
=.Dipnoi,  q.v.,  so  named  when  considered  as 
a  reptile. 

Lepidote,  (lep'i-dot).     [Gk.  Lepidotos,  scaly.] 
Covered  with  lepides  or  scurf. 
Lepidotus,   ( lep-i-do'tus  ).      [Gk.    lepidotos, 
scaly.]    A  ganoid  fish,  complete  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  Lias  rocks. 
Leporidae,  (lep-or'i-de).     [L.  lepus,  hare;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]    Hares  and  rabbits:  animals 
belonging  to  Rodentia. 

Leptidse,  (lep'ti-de).  [Gk.  leptos,  slender; 
eidos,  form.]  Harvest-ticks:  small  animals 
belonging  to  Acari,  q.v. 
Leptocardii,  ( lep-to-karUi-i ).  [Gk.  leptos, 
slender;  kardia,  heart.]  A  sub-division  of 
fishes,  formed  by  Siebold,  including  the 
lancelet,  having  tubular  hearts=Pharyn- 
gobranchii. 

Leptocephalus,  (lep-to-sefal-us).  [Gk.  leptos, 
slender;  kephale,  head.]  An  eel  with  a 
small  head  and  tape-like  body. 
Leptodactylus,  (lep-to-dak'ti-lus).  [Gk.  leptos.. 
slender;  daktylos,  toe.]  Narrow  toed  birds, 
known  only  by  their  footmarks,  v.  Lithi 
chnozoa. 

Leptoglossae,  (lep-to-glos'se )."  [Gk.  leptos 
slender;  glossa,  tongue.]=Slender-tonguec 
lizards,  v.  Lizards. 

Leptolepis,  (lep-tol'e-pis).   [Gk.  leptos,  slender 
lepis,  scale.]     A  ganoid  fish,  known  only  bj 
fossil  scales,  found  in  the  Lias. 
Leptophina,  (lep-tof  i-na).     A  serpent  belong 

ing  to  Colubridae. 

Leptosomatum,  (lep-to-so'ma-tum).  [Gk.  leptos 
slender;  sonia,  body.]  v.  Nematoidea. 
Lepus,  (lep'us).  [The  Latin  name.]  1.  Th 
Hare:  a  small  southern  constellation.  2 
Hare,  q.v.  L.  Magellanicus=l$la.ck.  rabbi 
of  Falkland  I. 

Lesbos,  (les-bos).  v.  Insula. 
Leslie,  (lez'li).  [Sir  J.  Leslie.]  L.'s  cethrio 
scope:  an  instrument  intended  to  measur 
the  degree  of  radiation  of  the  earth.  L 
differential  thermometer,  v.  Thermometer 
L.  cube:  a  cubical  vessel  of  tin  having  th 


sides  coated  with  various  substances,  so  that 
the  radiating  and  absorbing  powers  of  these 
substances  for  heat  can  be  compared.    L. 
photometer:  v.  Photometer. 
Lethal  actions.     [Lethalis,  the  Latin  word.] 
Those  causing  death. 
Letter-lichens=Graphidacege,  q.v. 
Lettuce,  (let'tis).     [Lactuca,  the  Latin  name.  ] 
=Lactuca:  an  herb  belonging  to  Asteraceae. 
Leucaniline,    ( lu-kan'MIn ).      [Gk.    leukos, 
white;    Aniline,   q.v.]     Ci0H2iN3:    a   base 
obtained  from  rosaniline. 
Leucic  acid,  (lu'sik).     [Gk.  leukos,  white. ]= 
CgHjoOs:  a  crystalline  acid  substance  ob- 
tained from  Leucine. 

Leucine,  (lu'sin).  [Gk.  leukos,  white.]=C6Hi3 
NO2  =  Leucinide  +  Water  =  Amido-caproic 
acid:  a  white  crystalline  substance,  found  in 
putrefying  cheese. 

Leuciscus,  t(lu-sis'kus).    Roach,  dace,  &c.:  a 
fish  belonging  to  Cyprinidse. 
Leucite,  (lu'sit).      [Gk.    leukos,  white.]     A 
mineral  substance,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina 
and  potash,  crystallising  in  cubes. 
Leuckart's  classification  of  animals:— 
Ccelenterata. 
Echinodermata. 
Vermes, 
Arthropoda. 
Mollusca. 
Vertebrata. 

Leukhsemic  (lu-khe'mik).     [Gk.  leukos,  white; 
haima,  blood.  ]    Relating  to  white  blood;  i.  e. , 
blood  having  only  white  corpuscles. 
Leukol,  (lu'kol).    [Gk.  leukos,  white.]=C9H7N 

=Quinoline,  q.v. 

Leukon,  (lu'kon).  [Gk.  leukos,  white.]=Sis 
H4C>5:  a  white  powder=Hydrated  oxide  of 
silicon. 

Leucyl,  (lu'sil).  [Gk.  leukos,  white;  hyle, 
material.  J=C6HioO:  the  radicle  of  the  leucic 
series. 

Levee,  (lev'e).  An.  American  term  for  an 
embankment. 

Level.  1.  A  plane  surface,  2.  An  instru- 
ment for  surveying.  Spirit  L.:  a  glass  tube 
nearly  filled  with  spirit;  when  it  is  horizontal 
the  bubble  of  air  is  at  the  centre  of  the  top. 
Water  L. ;  a  tube  with  two  short  rectangular 
terminations,  containing  water,  which  stands 
at  the  same  height  in  each  when  the  instru- 
ment is  horizontal  and  the  ends  vertical.  Sea 
L. :  from  which  the  height  of  land  is  mea- 
sured. 

Lever,  (le'ver).  [L.  leva,  I  raise.]  Any  rod 
or  bar,  having  some 
one  fixed  point, 
called  the  fulcrum, 
by  means  of  which 
force  can  be  trans-' 
ferred ;  and  by, 

means     of     which 

three    parallel  Lever, 

forces  balance  each  other. 
Levigation,  (lev-i-ga'shun).    [L.  levigo,  I  grind 

to  powder.]     Pulverisation  to  a  tine  degree. 
Levitation,   (lev-i-ta/shun).     [L.  levis,  light.] 
The  converse  of  gravitation. 
Levulose,  (le'vu-16s)=Lsevulose,  q.v. 


LEYDEN 


108 


IIGNONE 


Leyden  jar,  (li'den).  [Leyden  in  Holland.] 
A  glass  jar  coated  partly,  both  outside  and 
inside,  with  tin-foil;  when  electrified  it  can 
be  discharged  by  connecting  the  coatings, 
when  a  shock  or  spark  is  given.  L.  battery: 
a  number  of  such  jars  connected  by  wires. 

Lias,  (li'as).  Beds  of  limestone,  marl,  and 
clay,  mostly  of  marine  formation,  remarkable 
for  fossil  remains  of  large  lizard-like  animals ; 
a  sub-division  of  Jurassic,  q.  v.  v.  Secondary 
formations.  Sometimes  called  Gryphite 
limestone. 

Liassic,  (H-as'sik).  [Lias,  q.v.]  Belonging 
or  related  to  the  Lias,  q.v. 

Libavius,  liquor  of=  Bichloride  of  tin. 

Libellula,  (lib-el'lu-la).  [L.  libellus,  little 
book.]  Dragon-fly:  an  insect  belonging  to 
Libellulidse,  q.  v. ;  also  called  horse-stinger. 

Libellulidffl,  (lib-el-lull-de).  [Libellula,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  cidos,  form.]=Dragon-flies:  carnivorous 
insects,  forming  a  division  of  Neuroptera, 
brillantly  coloured;  males  usually  larger 
than  females. 

Liber,  (li'ber).  [The  Latin  word.]  The  inner 
bark  of  fine  woody  fibres;  also  called  Endo- 
phlseum. 

Liberatrix,  (li-ber-a'triks).  [The  Latin  name. ] 
No  125  of  the  Minor  Planets. 

Libra,  (li'bra).  [The  Latin  name.]=Balance: 
a  constellation  of 
the  Zodiac.  2.  The 
7th  sign  of  the 
Zodiac,  now  con- 
tains the  constel- 
lation Virgo. 

Libration,  (11-bra'- 
shun).  [L.  libra, 
balance.  ]  =  Evec  - 
tion:  an  apparent  Libra, 

displacement  of  any  heavenly  body,  owing 
to  its  motion. 

Lice,  (lis).  Wingless  insects,  belonging  to 
Hemiptera;  also  considered  as  belonging  to 
Aptera.  Wood  L. = Isopoda. 

Lichanotus=Indri:  an  animal  belonging  to 
Lemuroidea:  found  in  Madagascar. 

Lichen,  (li'ken).  [The  Latin  name.]  v. 
Lichenales. 

Lichenales,  ( li-ke-na'lez  ).  [Lichen,  q.v.] 
Perennial  flowerless  plants  of  cellular 
tissue,  multiplied  by  spores,  found  on  the 
surface  of  rocks,  trees,  &c.,  growing  only  in 
light;  combining  the  vegetation  of  Algales 
with  the  fruit  of  Fungales,  forming  a 
division  of  Thallogens,  q.v. 

Lichenic,  (li-ken'ik).  [Lichen,  q.v.]  Relating 
to  Lichens.  L.  acid=Fumaric  acid,  q.v. 

Lichenin,  (li'ke-nin).  [Lichen,  q.v.]  C6H10O6: 
a  substance  obtained  from  Iceland  moss. 

Lichens,  (ll'kenzj).  [Lichen,  q.v.]  Plants 
belonging  to  Lichenales,  q.v.  Cudbear  L. 
=Lecanora  tartarea.  Dog  L.  =  Peltidea 
canina.  Jelly  .L.  =Collemaceae.  Letter  L.= 
Graphidaceae.  Lung-wort  Z/.=Sticta  pul- 
monaria.  Rockhair  /y.=Alectoria  jubata. 
Stone  Zr.=Parmelia  parietina.  Tripe  de 
Roche  L.  =;Gyrophora=Lecanora  esculenta. 
Written  I/.=Opegrapha  scripta. 

Lichens,    Colouring  matters,   &c.,  obtained 


from:  Archil,  Erythrin,  Evernic  acid,  Gyro- 
phoric  acid,  Lecanoric  acid,  Litmus,  Orcin, 
&c. 

Lichtenberg's  figures.  A  mixture  of  sulphur 
and  red  lead  becomes  electrified  (the  sulphur 
negatively,  the  red  lead  positively)  if  such  a 
mixture  be  spread  over  a  cake  of  resin  on 
which  lines  have  been  traced  by  a  positively 
electrified  substance,  and  other  lines  by  a 
negatively  electrified  one,  and  figures  are 
formed  by  the  separation  of  the  sulphur  and 
red  lead. 

Licking  insects=Hymenoptera.    v.  Insects. 

Lieberkuhn,  glands  of,  In  the  walls  of  the 
intestines. 

Liebig,  (le'big).  [Prof.  Liebig.]  L.'s  classifi- 
cation— 1.  Of  crops:  according  to  the  alkaline, 
flinty,  or  lime-like  character  of  their  ashes. 
2.  Of  foods:  according  to  their  support  of 
nutrition  or  respiration.  L.'s  condenser:  a 
retort  in  the  head  of  which  water  is  boiled, 
while  the  neck  is  kept  cool  by  a  stream  of 
cold  water.  L.'s  theory  of  fermentation. 
v.  Fermentation. 

Ligament,  (ligVment).  [Ligamentum,  the 
Latin  word.]  Bauds  of  fibrous  tissue  con- 
necting bones,  &c.  cf.  Tendon. 

Light,  (lit).  [Lyht,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
variety  of  molecular  motion;  a  form  of 
energy;  of  which  our  eyes  only  can  take 
cognizance,  and  which  gives  us  the  per- 
ception of  form  and  colour.  Sources  of  L. ; 
the  sun,  stars,  chemical  combination,  elec- 
tricity, &c.  Homogeneous  L.=Monochro- 
matic  L. = Light  of  one  colour  only.  Electric 
L.,  v.  Electric.  Chemical  action  of  L.= 
Actinism,  v.  Photography.  Diffraction  of 
L.,  v.  Diffraction.  Dispersion  of  L.,  v. 
Spectrum.  Measurement  o/l/.=Photometry. 
Polarisation  of  L.,  v.  Polarisation.  L.  mill 
=Radiometer,  q.v. 

Light-balls.  Projectiles,  filled  with  combus- 
tibles that  burn  with  a  bright  flame  for 
several  minutes:  used  in  warfare  to  see  by. 

Lightning,  (lit'ning).  [Light,  q.v.]  A  dis- 
charge of  atmospheric  electricity.  L.  bridge: 
a  short  interval  between  two  wires,  which  a 
current  of  great  tension  will  cross  and  so 
pass  away  from  delicate  apparatus.  L.  con- 
ductor: a  metallic  rod  or  band,  fixed  to  a 
ship,  house,  &c.,  and  projecting  above  the 
highest  part,  intended  to  carry  off  lightning 
harmlessly  by  conducting  it  to  the  ground. 
L.  spectrum:  the  spectrum  of  a  flash  of 
lightning.  L.  tubes= Fulgurites,  q.v. 

Lights.  Artificial  L.:  obtained  by  burning 
coal-gas,  candles,  oil,  &c.,  v.  Drummond  L. 
and  Electric  L.  Dead  L.,  v.  Dead  light. 
Northern  L.,  v.  Aurora  borealis.  Southern 
L.,  v.  Aurora  australis. 

Lignin,  (lig'nin).  [L.  lignum,  wood.]  1.= 
Cellulose:  one  of  the  constituents  of  wood. 
2.  A  compound  substance  encrusting  the 
cellulose  framework  of  plant  tissues. 

Lignite,  (lig'nit).  lL.'lignum,  wood.]=Brown 
coal:  coal  retaining  its  woody  structure= 
Forest  bed. 

Lignone,  (lig'non)=Xylite:  a  volatile  liquid 
obtained  from  wood  spirit. 


LIGNUM 


199 


LINE 


Lignum  vitae,  (lig'num  vi'te).  [The  Latin 
name.]  The  hard  and  heavy  wood  of 
Guaiacum,  q.v. 

Ligula,  (lig'u-la).  [L.  ligula,  a  tongue  or 
projection.]  Used  of  any  small  strap-like 
process  in  animals  or  plants. 

Ligulate,  (lig'u-lat).     Strap-like. 

Ligusticum,  ( lig-us'ti-kum  ).  [  Liguria.  ]= 
Lovage:  an  herb  belonging  to  Apiaceae. 

ligustrum,  (]ig-ust'rum).  [The  Latin  name.] 
= Privet:  a  shrub  belonging  to  Oleaceae. 

lilac,  (li'lak).  [Pers.  lilag,  flower.]  1.= 
Syringa:  a  plant  belonging  to  Oleaceaa.  2. 
=Melia  azedarach  of  Madeira=White  cedar 
of  New  Zealand. 

Liliaceae,  (lil-i-a'se-e).  [Lily,  5.v.]=Lily-worts: 
lily,  onion,  yam,  &c.;  plants,  with  narrow 
leaves  and  large  showy  flowers,  belonging  to 
Liliales. 

Liliales,  ( lil-i-a'lez  ).  [Lily,  q.v.  ]  Gaily- 
flowered  plants,  hypogynous  and  bisexual, 
forming  a  division  of  Endogens. 

Lilium,  (lil'i-um).  [Lilium,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Lily:  an  herb,  the  type  of  Liliaceae,  q.v. 

lily,  ( lil'i  ).  [  Celt,  li,  whiteness.  ]  = 
Lilium,  q.v.  L.  beetle=Crio- 
ceris.  L.  eacrinite,  v.  Encrinites. 
ie>ii-if.=Narcissus.  Tiger  L. 
=Lilium  monodelphum.  Lily 
of  the  valley  =  Convallaria. 
Purple  ii?7/=Martagon.  Lesser 
water  i.=Hydrocharis  morsus- 
ranse. 

Lima,  (h'ma).  A  very  locomotive  Lily, 
mollusc,  with  crimson  mantle,  found  in 
Phillipine  Islands,  at  bottom  of  water.  L. 
6eds=Lower  Lias  rocks. 

limacidse,  (li-ma'si-de).  [Limax,  g.'».]=Slugs: 
molluscous  animals  belonging  to  Gasterpoda. 

Limse,  (li'me).  [Plural  of  Lima,  q.v.]  Found 
in  Oolite  rocks.  L.  grandis,  formerly  Pla- 
giostoma  grandis,  found  in  Lower  Lias. 

Limax,  (li'maks).  [The  Latin  name.]=Slug= 
Garden-snail,  v.  Limacidse. 

Limb,  (lim).  [Limbus,  the  Latin  word.] 
Edge;  branch;  as  branch  of  a  tree,  arm  or 
leg  of  an  animal,  fin,  wing,  <fec.;  in  astronomy 
=Edge  of  a  circular  body,  as  of  the  sun, 
moon,  &c. 

Limbs.  In  Vertebrata:  never  more  than  four; 
in  Invertebrata:  more  varied  as  to  number 
and  modification.  Pectoral  L. :  corresponding 
to  arms;  related  to  the  breast.  Pelvic  L.: 
corresponding  to  legs;  related  to  the  pelvis. 
Thoracic  L.:  related  to  the  throat. 

Limber,  (lim'ber).  The  fore  part  of  a  travelling 
gun-carriage. 

Lime,  (lim).  [L.  limus, 
elirne.]    1.  A  mineral 
=Oxide  of  calcium= 
CaO:  much  used  as  a 
manure,  and  as  a  con- 
stituent  of  mortar. 
Hydraulic    L.     con- 
tains silica  or    clay,  Limber, 
and  hardens  under  water.     Poor  L.:  im- 
pure   L.    which  slakes   slowly.      Pure  L. 
=Rich  L.=Fat  L.=Quick  L.:  white  and 
infusible,  and    slakes   rapidly.     Slaked  L. 


=Calcic  hydrate  of  lime:  plastic  and  used 

as    mortar,      2.  =  Tilia  = 

Linden:    a   tree  belonging 

to    Tiliaceae.       3.  =  Citrus 

limetta:    a  tree  belonging 

to  Aurantiaceae.     Oil  of  L. 

=From  Citrus  limetta.    L. 

light  =  Drummond    light. 

Chloride  of  2/.=Bleaching 

powder. 

Limestone,  varieties  of:  ala- 
baster, chalk,  majolica, 
marl,  pisolite,  &c.:  when 
hard  enough  to  be  polished  Lime. 

=  Marble.    Gryphite  J/.=Lias.     Galena  L. 
= Upper  Magnesian  L. 

Limestones  =  Calcareous  rocks:  varieties  of 
carbonate  of  lime. 

Limicolae,  (lim-i-k6'le)=Mud-worms:  animals 
belonging  to  Annelida. 

Limonin,  (lim'6-nin).  [Lemon,  q.v.]  The 
bitter  principle  of  lemons,  oranges,  &c. 

Limonite,  (H'mo-nit).  [Gk.  leimo,  meadow.] 
=Brown-hsematite:  one  of  the  iron  group 
of  minerals,  amorphous,  chiefly  peroxide  of 
iron,  found  in  bogs  and  marshes;  alao  called 
hydrate  of  iron. 

Limosa,  (li-mo'-sa).  [L.  limosus,  muddy. ]= 
God  wit:  a  bird,  belonging  to  Grallatores, 
found  on  the  sea-shore;  the  female  is  larger 
and  more  lightly  coloured  than  the  male. 

Limosella,  (lim-6-sel'la).  [L.  limus,  mud.]= 
Mud-wort :  a  small  aquatic  herb  belonging  to 
Scrophulariaceae. 

Limpet,  (lim'pet).  [Lepas,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Patella:  a  molluscous  animal  belonging  to 
Gasteropoda.  Fresh-water  L.  =  Aucylus. 

Limulus,  (lim'u-lus).  [L.  limulus,  sideways.] 
King  crab:  an  animal  belonging  to  Crustaceae. 
L.  moluccanus:  3  ft.  long,  1^  ft.  wide=Horse- 
shoe  crab. 

Linacese,  ( li-na'se-e ).  [Linum,  §. v.]=r Flax- 
worts:  herbs  and  shrubs  with  fugitive 
flowers  and  strong  fibres,  belonging  to 
Geraniales. 

Linaria,  (lin-a'ri-a).  [Linum,  q.v.]  l.=Toad- 
flax:  a  plant  belonging  to  Scrophulariaceae. 
L.  spuria=~M.a.le  fluellin.  2.  A  bird  belong- 
ing to  Fringillidae.  v.  Linnet.  L.  montaria 
=Twite=Mountain  linnet. 

Linden,  (lin'den).  [Lind,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Tilia,  q.v. 

Linden-blooms=Tiliacea3,  q.v. 

Lindley's  arrangement  of  plants,     In  classes 
arranged  according  to  characters  of  nutrition; 
and  sub-divisions  arranged  according  to  cha- 
racter of  reproduction. 
Flowerless  plants —       Flowering  plants-* 
Thallogens—  Rhizogens. 

Algales.  •  Endogens. 

Lichenales.  Dictyogens. 

Fungales.  Gymnogens. 

Acrogens —  Exogens — 

Muscales.    '  Diclinous. 

Lycopodales.  Hypogynoua 

Filicales.  Perigynous. 

Epigynous. 

Line.  Extension  in  one  direction  only:  of 
which  the  length  only  is  considered.  Aclinic 


LINE.E 


200 


LIQUORICE 


L.:  the  imaginary  line  passing  through  all 
the  points  on  the  earth's  surface  at  which 
the  dipping  needle  is  horizontal  Agonic 
L.:  a  line  connecting  the  points  where  the 
geographical  and  magnetic  meridians  coin- 
cide. Equinoctial  L.  coincides  with  equator: 
where  the  plane  of  the  equinoctial  cuts  the 
earth.  Gunter's  L.  on  Slide  rule.  Isoclinic 
L.:  aline  passing  through  all  the  points  where 
the  dipping  needle  makes  the  same  angle. 
Isodynamic  L.:  a  line  passing  through  all 
the  points  at  which  the  magnetic  attraction 
is  the  same.  Isogonic  L.:  a  line  passing 
through  the  points  where  the  angle  of  a 
declination  compass  is  the  same.  L.  of  col 
limation=iiine  of  sight,  v.  Collimation. 
Lineae,  (li-ne'e).  [Linum,  q.v.]  =  Linacea), 

Linen,  (lin'en).    [L.  linum,  flax.]     A  woven 

fabric  made  of  flax. 
Lines,  (linz).     [Line,  q.v.]    Kirchhoff's  L.= 

L.  of  spectrum,    v.  Spectrum. 
Ling,  (ling).      [1.  A.-S.  lang,  long.     2.  The 

Icelandic      word.] 

l.=Lota  molva:  a 

fish,  resembling  the 

cod,   belonging    to 

Gadidae.       2.= 

Heath,  q.v. 
Lingual,  (ling'u-al).  Ling. 

[L.  lingua,  tongue.]    Relating  to  the  tongue. 
Lingula,  (ling'u-la).  [L.  lingula,  little  tongue.] 

A  brachiopod,  with  a  horny  bivalve  shell 

and  long  fleshy  peduncle.    L.  flags;  a  thick 

bed  of  flagstones  and    slates,  belonging  to 

Cambrian  rocks. 
Lingulella=Lingula,  q.v. 
Linnsea,  (lin-ne'a).     [Linnaeus.]     A  slender 

evergreen  shrub,  belonging  to  Caprifoliaceae. 
Linnaean  nomenclature = Binary  nomencla- 
ture: in  which  each  animal  or  plant  has  a 

double  name;  the  first  the  generic  name  or 

name  of  the  genus;  the  second  the  specific 

name  or  name  of  the  species. 
LinnoBus's    arrangement.     1.  Of  plants,   ac- 
cording to  the  organs  of  reproduction,  the 

stamens,  and  pistils: — 

Phanerogamia:  divided  into  23  classes. 
Cryptogamia:  one  class  only. 

2.  Of  Animals:— 

Mammalia  and  Birds:  with  warm  red 

blood  and  double  heart. 
Reptiles  and  Fishes:  with  cold  red  blood 

and  single  heart. 
Insects  and  Worms  (including  all  known 

invertebrata). 
Linne,  (lin'ne).     [Linnaeus.]    1.  A  crater  in 

the  moon  1 0  miles  in  diameter,    v.  Moon. 
Linnet,  (lin'net).     [Linot,  the  French  name.] 

— Linota:  a  song  bird 

belonging  to  Fringil- 

lidse. 
Linoleic,    (lin-olik). 

[Linseed   and    Oleic. 


q.v 

Pa 


.paveroleic  acid:  an  Linnet 

oily  substance  found  in  linseed  oil,  &c. 
Linolein,  (lin-6'lin).     [Linseed  and  Olein.]    A 
variety  of  olein,  obtained  from  linseed  oil. 


Linosyris,  (lin-o-si'ris)=Goldielocks:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Asteraceae. 
Linoxyn,  (lin-oks'in).     [Linoleic  and  Oxygen.] 
A  compound  of  Imoleic  acid  and  oxygen. 
Linseed  oil,  (lin'sed).    A  fixed  oil  from  seeds 
of  Linum;  the  type  of  drying  oils.     v.  Oils. 
Lint,  (lint).      [A.-S.   linei,  flax.]     The  soft 
woolly  part  of  linen,  separated  and  used  as 
a  dressing  for  wounds. 

Lintel,  (lin'tel).  [Linteau,  the  French  word.] 
A  small  bressumer,  as  across  a  window  or 
doorway 

Linum,  (li'num).     [The  Latin  name.]=:Flax: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Linaceae,  the  fibres  of 
which  are  used  to  make  linen. 
Lion,  (li'on).     [Leo,  the  Latin  name.]— Felis: 
a  polygamous  ani- 
mal  belonging    to     ^ 
Felidae,  q.v.   Mane- 
less   L.=-Camel 
tiger.         L.    ant= 
Myrmecleon  forrni- 
carius. 

Lionnesse,  ( 1 1 -  on  - 
nes').  Land,  now 
under  the  sea,  said 
to  have  once  con- 
nected Cornwall 
and  the  Scilly  Isls. 

Liparis,  (li'pa-ris).  [Gk.  liparos,  glossy.]  1. 
An  herb  belonging  to  Orchidaceae.  L.  Loe- 
*e?u=Fen  orchis.  2.=Sea  snail:  a  fish  be- 
longing to  Discoboli;  v.  Sucking  Fishes. 
3.  An  insect.  L.  dispar=Oipsy  moth. 
Liparite,  (ll'pa-rit)= Fluor-spar. 
Lip,  (lip).  [Lippa,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Gene- 
rally the  edge  or  border;  specially  the  edge 
of  the  mouth.  L.  plate=Hypo&tome.  Hare 
L.:  one  still  in  two  pieces,  which  have  not 
yet  been  joined 

Lipic  acid,  (lip'ik).  [Gk.  lipos,  fat.]=C5H8O5: 

obtained  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  olein. 

Lipuris,  (lip'u-ris)=Phascolarctos:  an  animal 

belonging  to  Marsupialia.       L.   cinereus= 

Koala. 

Liquation,  (llk-wa'shun).  [L.  liquo,  I  melt.] 
The  melting  of  the  more  fusible  metal  of  an 
alloy,  so  as  to  remove  it. 
Liquefaction,  (lik-we-fak'shun).  [L.  liquidus, 
liquid;  facio,  I  make.]  Melting  or  dissolving. 
Liquid,  (lik'wid).  [Liquidus,  the  Latin  word.  ] 
=Fluid:  intermediate  between  the  solid  and 
aeriform  conditions.  Fixed  L.,  one  which 
cannot  be  boiled  without  being  chemically 
decomposed.  Spheroidal  condition  of  L.,  v. 
Spheroidal  state.  Volatile  L.,  one  which 
evaporates  before  being  decomposed  by  heat. 
L.  veins:  really  a  series  of  drops. 
Liquidambars,  (lik-wid-am'barz).  [Liquid  and 
Amber,  2.v.]=Altingiaceae:  large  trees,  be- 
longing to  Amentales,  yielding  various  bal- 
sams or  gums. 

Liquor.  L.  potasses:  a  solution  of  potassic 
hydrate  in  water.  L.  sanguinis:  the  fluid 
portion  of  blood,  consisting  of  serum  and 
fibrin. 

Liquorice,  (lik'er-is).  [ Glycyrrhiza,  q.v.]— 
Glycyrrhiza  glabra:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Fabaceae.  Wild  L.=Ononis  arvensis. 


LIRIODENDRON 


201 


LIZAEB 


liriodendron,  (lir-i-5-den'dron).  [Gk.  leirion, 
lily ;  dendron,  tree.]  American  poplar= 
Canoe-wood=White-wood= Virginian  poplar: 
a  large  tree  belonging  to  Magnoliacese.  L. 
tulipifera=.~ViTgima,n  tulip. 

Lissencephala,  (lis-sen-sefa-la).  [Gk.  lissos, 
smooth;  eykephalos,  brain.  ]  =  Insectivora; 
cheiroptera,  &c. :  Owen's  term  for  a  division 
of  Mammalia  having  a  smooth  brain.  Fossil 
remains  found  in  Secondary  rocks. 

Listera,  (lis-te'ra).  [Dr.  Lister.]  A  plant  be- 
longing to  Orchidacese.  L.  nidus-avis=~Bii-d's 
nest  orchis.  L.  ewata=Tway-blade. 

Literal  equation.  One  in  which  the  co-efficients 
are  letters. 

Litharge,  (lith'arj).  [Lithargyrus,  the  Latin 
narne.]= Plumbic  oxide=PbO.  Red  £.="  L. 
of  gold."  Yellow  L.="  L.  of  silver,"  named 
from  their  colours. 

Lithia,  (lith'i-a).  [Gk.  lilhos,  stone.]=L2O= 
Oxide  of  lithium:  one  of  the  alkaline  earths, 
q.v.;  corrodes  platinum. 

Lithic,  (lith'ik).  [Gk.  lithos,  stone.]  Belong- 
ing to  stone.  L.  acid=Uric  acid,  q.v. 

Lithichnozoa,  ( lith-ik-no-zo'a ).  [Gk.  lithos, 
stone;  ichnos,  track;  zoon,  animal.]  Track- 
discovered  animals,  known  only  by  the  fos- 
silised tracks,  such  as  foot-marks,  tail-marks, 
fin-marks,  &c.  Hitchcock's  classification  of 
L.: 

Marsupialia. 

Cunoid=Doglike. 

Ornithoid=Birdlike. 

Loricoid,  with  bony  scales. 
Pachydactylous=Thick-toed  birds. 
Leptodactylous= Narrow-toed  birds. 
Batrachians. 
Lizards. 
Chelonians. 
Fishes. 
Crustaceans. 
Myriapods. 
Insects. 
Annelidans. 

Lithium,  (lith'i-um).  [Lithia,  g.v.]=L'=:One 
of  the  alkali  metals  :  a  white  soft  metal,  the 
lightest  solid  body  known,  with  great  affinity 
for  oxygen;  the  salts  of  lithium  corrode  pla- 
tinum. It  gives  red  lines  in  spectrum,  and 
is  found  in  many  minerals  and  plants,  mete- 
oric stones,  springs,  tea,  coffee,  &c. 

Lithofellic  acid,  (lith-6-fel'lik).  [Gk.  lithos, 
stone;  L.  fel,  gall.]  An  acid  obtained  from 
gall  stones,  bezoar  stones,  &c. 

Lithographus,  (lith-og'ra-fus).  [Gk.  lithos, 
stone;  grapho,  I  write.]  A  crustacean  ani- 
mal known  only  by  its  fossil  track,  v.  Lithi- 
chnozoa. 

Lithography,  ( lith-og'ra-fi  ).  [  Gk.  lithos, 
stone;  graphe,  writing.]  A  method  of  print- 
ing from  stone,  on  which  lines  are  engraved. 
Chromo  L.,  in  which  the  printing  is  in 
colour,  a  separate  stone  being  used  for  each 
colour. 

Lithomarge,  (lith'o-marj).  [Gk.  lithos,  stone ; 
L.  marga,  marl.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate 
of  aluminum  and  oxide  of  iron ;  a  hard  variety 
of  kaolin,  q.v. 


Lithophytes,  (lith'o-fits).    [Gk.  lithos,  stone; 
phyton,  plant.]    Stone- 
plants  :  coral  which  has 
a  tree-like  appearance. 

Lithos,  (lith'os).  [The 
Greek  word.]  Used  as 
a  prefix  implying  stone. 

Lithospermum,  (li-thos- 
per'mum).  [Gk.  lithos, 
stone;  sperma,  seed.]= 
Gromwell:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Boraginacese. 

Lithotomy,  (lith-ot'6-mi). 
[Gk.  lithos,  stone;  tome,  section.]  A  surgical 
operation,  having  for  its  object  the  removal 
of  calculi,  or  stony  accretions,  from  the 
bladder. 

Litmic,  (lit'mic).  [Litmus,  q.v.]  One  of  the 
constituents  of  litmus. 

Litmus,  (lit'mus).  [Lachmuss,  the  German 
word.]  A  blue  dye :  obtained  from  Kocella 
tinctoria  and  other  lichens.  L.  papers;  strips 
of  paper  coloured  with  litmus,  which  ai-e 
reddened  if  acted  on  by  acids :  used  as  tests 
of  the  presence  of  acids. 

Litoricola.  [L.  litus,  shore ;  colo,  I  inhabit.] 
A  new  genus  of  Eocene  Crustacea. 

Litre,  (le'tr).  [The  French  word.]  Unit  of 
measure  of  capacity=(decimetre)3=Kaune  of 
Germany=:Cubic  decimetre=l|  pints  nearly. 
Deci-L.=^  L.=6^  cubic  inches.  Deka- 
L.=.IQ  litres  =2-2  gallons,  fleet o-L.  =  1 00 
litres=22  gallons. 

Littoral  zone,  (lit'to-ral).  [L.  littus,  shore.] 
Between  high  and  low  water  marks :  has 
abundance  of  sea-weeds,  and  many  indi- 
viduals, but  few  species,  of  animals. 

Littorella,  (lit-to-rel'la).  [L.  littus,  shore.]= 
Shore-weed:  an  aquatic  herb,  belonging  to 
Plantaginaceaj,  named  from  growing  on 
shores. 

Littorina,  (lit-to-ri'na).  [L.  littus,  shore.]  A 
molluscous  animal,  belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 
L.  ii^orea=Periwinkle. 

Liver,  (liv'er).  [Lifer,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A 
large  gland  or  secreting  organ  which  separates 
bile  from  the  blood,  and  also  makes  glycogen 
from  it.  L.  sugar=Glncose.  L.  of  antimony 
=Oxysulphide  of  antimony:  a  compound  of 
oxygen,  sulphur,  and  antimony.  L.  of  sul- 
phur: a  compound  of  sulphur  and  potassium. 
L.  fluke  —  Distoma  hepaticum,  belongs  to 
Scolecida.  L.  ^eor£=Mal•chantiapolymorpha: 
a  moss.  L.  ivorts  =  Hepaticse,  q.v.  =Mar- 
chantiaceae. 

Lixiviation,  (lix-iv-i-a'shun).  [L.  lix,  ashes.] 
The  removal,  by  the  action  of  water,  of  the 
soluble  portions  of  any  compound,  especially 
the  extraction  of  alkaline  salts  from  wood 
ashes. 

Lizard,  (liz'ard).     [Lacerta,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Lacerta:  and  other  .;(|| 
genera    belonging  to 
Lacertilia,  q.v.    Eyed 
Z/.:=Lacerta  ocellata. 
Grass  Z/.=Tachysau- 
rus  Japonicus.    Green 
L.=  Lacerta   viridis.  Lizard. 

Flying  2/.=Draco  volans.     Forest  I/.=Hy- 


LIZARDS 


202 


LONDON 


laeosaurus,  q.v.  .FriMeeZ.L.=Chlamydosaurus. 

House  Z/.=Chickack,  of  Borneo.    Lace  L.— 

Hydrosaurus,  q.v.    Sand  _Z/.=Lacerta  agilis. 

Scaly  L.  =Zootoca  vivipara. 
Lizards,  (liz'ardz).     [Lizard,  g.v.]=Lacertilia, 

q.v.     v.  Lithichnozoa.     v.  Ichthyosauria. 
Lizaric  acid,  (liz'ar-ik).= Alizarin,  q.v. 
Llama,  (la'ma).     [The  Peruvian  name.  ]= 

Auchenia     glama : 

an    animal    analo- 
gous to  the  camel,  ^4:" 

but  found  only  in  g^fg 

S.  Africa:  belongs 

to  Ruminantia. 
Llanberis  slates, 

(lan-ber'is).       [L. 

near    Caernarvon.] 

Thick  beds  of  slaty 

rock,  belonging  tof 

Longmynd    group, 

Llandeilo  flags,  (Ian-  Llama. 

d5lo).  [L.  in  Caermarthenshire.]  Beds  of 
carbonaceous  slate,  belonging  to  Lower  Silu- 
rian strata. 

Llandovery  formation,  (lan-do've-ri).  [L.  in 
Caermarthenshire.]  The  lowest  division  of 
Upper  Silurian  rocks,  connecting  them  with 
Lower  Silurian. 

Loach,  (loch).  [The  French  name.]=Loche 
=Cobitis  barbatula:  a  small  river  fish,  be- 
longing to  Cyprinidae. 

Loadstone,  (lod'ston).  [A.-S.  lad,  leading; 
Stone,  3.v.]=FeO,  FegOs— Magnetic  iron  ore: 
a  variety  of  iron  ore  which  has  magnetic  pro- 
perties. 

Loam,  (16m).  [Lam,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Loess: 
a  compound  of  sand  and  clay,  being  the  fine 
sediment  of  inundations;  the  material  of 
which  bricks  are  made. 

Loasaceae,  (16-a-sa'se-e).  [Loasa,  the  typical 
genus.  ]=Loasads:  American  herbs,  belong- 
ing to  Cactales. 

Lob,  (lob).  [W.  llob,  unwieldy.]  L.  worm— 
Dew-worm=Earth-worm,  q.v. 

Lobelia,  (lo-be'li-a).  [Herr  Lobel.]  An  herb, 
somewhat  resembling  tobacco,  belonging  to 
Lobeliacese.  L.  in/Za£a=Indian  tobacco. 

Lobeliaceae,  (lo-be-li-a'se-e.)  [Lobelia,  q.v.]= 
Lobeliads:  milky  herbs  and  shrubs,  mostly 
poisonous,  belonging  to  Campanales. 

Lobel's  catchfly=Silene  armeria,  q.v. 

Lobster,  (lob'ster).  [Loppest re,  the  A.  -S.  name.  ] 
=Homarus  :  a  cms-  _ 
tacean  animal  belong-  f^ 
ing  to  Decapoda,  q.v. 
v.       Podophthalmia. 
L.'s    horns  =  Anten- 
naria  antennina. 

Lobule,  (lob'ul).  [The 
French  word.]  A  small 
lobe  or  projecting  di-  Lobster, 

vision.  L.  of  ear:  the  soft  pendulous  portion 
of  the  external  ear,  nearly  peculiar  to  man: 
in  gorillas  only  rudimentary. 

Loche.    v.  Loach. 

Lochia,  (15-ki'a).  [Gk.  locheia,  birth.]  The 
discharge  accompanying  child-birth,  v.  Pla- 
centa. 


Loci,  (16'si).   [Locus,  q.v.]  The  plural  of  locus, 

q.v. 
Locus,  (loTms).     [The  Latin  word.]=Place: 

used  in  mathematics  to  express  the  position 

of  a  moving  point  or  line. 
Locust,  (loltust).    [Locusta,  the  Latin  name.] 

=Locusta=Gryllus  mi- 

gratorius:  an  insect  be- 
longing to  Orthoptera, 

which  has  auditory  or- 
gans in  the  joints  of  the 

leg.    Honey  l/.=Gledit- 

schia  triacantha.  L.  in- 

secf =Clitus  pictus,  feeds  Locust. 

on  locust  tree.  L.  <7-ee=Hymenaea=Eobinia 

pseudacacia,  of  Guiana. 
Lode,  (15d).    [A.-S.  lad,  a  course.]    A  mineral 

vein. 
Lodestone,  (lod'ston). = Natural  magnet=Mag- 

netic  oxide  of  iron,  which  possesses  magnetism 

in  a  feeble  degree,    v.  Loadstone. 
Loess,  (16'es).  [The  German  word  .]= Loam,  q.v. 
Log,  (log).     [D.  log,  heavy.]    A  heavy  piece 

of  wood  used  to  measure 

the    rate    of    a   ship's 

motion.     L.   line:  the! 

line   attached    to  _ 

log.    The  length  of  this  ep=** 

line  which  is  run 


in  a  given  interval  of  I 
time  shows  the  rate  of 
motion.    L.  8hip=.Tuog. 
2.      Abbreviation       of 
Logarithm,  q.v. 

Logan,  (Jo'gan).  [Corruption  of  logging  or 
osci  Hating.  ]=Rocking-stone:  a  stone  which 
has  been  weather-worn,  so  as  to  be  balanced 
on  one  point  and  easily  moved  to  and  fro. 

Loganiacese,  (lo-gan-i-a'se-e).  [Mr.  Logan. ]= 
Logan  iads :  plants,  mostly  tropical,  and 
usually  poisonous,  belonging  to  Gentianales. 

Logarithm,  (log'a-rithm).  [Gk.  logos,  ratio; 
arithmos,  number.]  The  logarithm  of  a 
number  is  the  index  of  the  power  to  which 
a  given  base  must  be  raised  to  equal  that 
number.  Ex.:  3*  =  81;  here  4  is  the  log- 
arithm of  81  to  the  base  3.  Napier's  L. 
calculated  to  a  base  E  =  2718+  Brigg's 
L.  calculated  with  10  as  a  base. 

Logwood,  (los'wod).  [Log  and  Wood,  q.v.]=i 
Wood  of  Hsematoxylon  campeachianum: 
much  used  as  a  red  dye-stuff. 

Loiseleuria,  (loi-ze-lu'ri-a).  [M.  Loiseleur.] 
A  plant  belonging  to  Ericaceae.  L.  procum- 
6en.s=Azalea. 

Loligo,  (16-li'go).  [The  Latin  name.]=Squid: 
Calamary;  an  animal  resembling  the  cuttle- 
fish, belonging  to  the  Decapoda  division  of 
Cephalopoda. 

Lolium,  (16'li-um).  [The  Latin  name.]=Rye- 
grass:  a  plant  belonging  to  Graminacese. 
L.  temulentum=Daj:iie},  q.v. 

Lomaria,  (lo-ma'ri-a).  [Gk.  loma,  border.]= 
Hard  Fern:  a  plant  belonging  to  Filices, 
named  from  the  spores  being  on  the  edge. 

London.  L.  clay :  a  tenacious  brown  clay,  be- 
longing to  Lower  Eocene  rocks,  and  containing 
fossilised  traces  of  Mammalia.  L.  pride=Sa.xi- 
fraga  umbrosa.  L.  roctei^Sisymbrium  irio. 


LONG 


203 


LOWER  CRETACEOUS 


long.  [Longus,  the  Latin  word.]  L.  armed 
ape=Gibbon,  q.v.  L.  eared  6af=Plecotus 
auritiis. 

longevity,  (lon-jeVi-ti).  [L.  longus,  long; 
cevum,  life-time.]  Long  duration  of  life: 
greatest  in  animals  of  low  grade;  generally 
greater  in  invertebrate  than  in  vertebrate 
animals. 

Longheaded  =  Dolichocephalic:  having  the 
length  of  the  head  more  than  £  of  the 
breadth,  cf.  Brachycephalic. 

IiOngicornes,  ( lon-ji-kor'nez ).  [L.  longus, 
Ion ;  cornu,  horn.  ]  A  sub-division  of  Coleop- 
tera:  beetles  with  long  antennae. 

Longipennatse,  (lon-ji-pen-na'te).  [L.  longtts, 
long;  penna,  wing.]=Longipennes:  a  sub- 
division of  Natatores  or  swimming  birds, 
having  large  and  strong  wings:  includes  the 
albatross,  gull,  &c. 

Longirostres,  (lon-ji-ros'trez).  [L.  longus, 
long;  rostrum,  beak.]  A  sub-division  of 
Grallatpres  or  wading  birds,  having  long 
beaks:  includes  the  snipe,  woodcock,  &c. 

Longitude,  (lon'ji-tud).  [L.  longus,  long.] 
The  distance  east  or  west  of  the  meridian 
of  Greenwich,  or  of  some  other  standard 
meridian,  measured  in  degrees. 

Longitudinal  type  of  animals.  Von  Baer's 
term  for  Articulata. 

Longmynd  group,  (long'mind).  [L.  hills  in 
Shropshire.  ]=Bangor  group:  the  lowest  sub- 
division of  Cambrian  rocks,  in  which  fossils 
are  rare. 

Longomontanus,  (lon-go-mon-ta'nus).  [L.  a 
Swedish  philosopher.]  A  plain  in  the  moon, 
80  miles  in  diameter,  enclosed  by  mountains 
some  2  miles  high. 

Longshanks,  (long/shankz)=Himantopus;  the 
long-legged  plover. 

Longsight— Presbytism:  an  affection  of  the 
eye,  owing  to  which  only  objects  at  a  long 
distance  make  a  distinct  image  on  the 
retina. 

Longsighted=:Presbyoptic.    v.  Longsight. 

Lonicera,  ( lon-i-se'ra ).  [Herr  Lonicer.]= 
Honeysuckle=Woodbine:  a  fragrant  shrub 
belonging  to  Caprifoliaceae.  L.  caprifolium 
=Goats-leaf.  L.  penclymenum= Woodbine. 
L.  xylosteum=¥ly  honeysuckle. 

Loon,  (lon)=Colymbis  gracialis :  a  bird  be- 
longing to  Natatores;  also  called  Northern 
Diver. 

Loophidse,  (  lo-of'i-de  ).  [  Lophius,  q.v.  ]== 
Anglers:  a  family  of  fishes  belonging  to 
Acanthopteri. 

Loose  -  strife  =  Lysimachia  aad  Lythrum, 
q.v. 

loose-strifes=Lythrace£e,  q.v. 

Xophiadse,  (16'fi-a-de)=Loophida3,  q.v. 

Xophiodon,  (lo-fi'o-don).  [Gk.  lophos,  crest; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  Mammalian  animal,  known 
only  by  fossil  remains:  somewhat  resembles 
the  rhinoceros. 

Xophiomys,  (lo-fi'o-mis).  [Gk.  loplws,  ridge; 
mys,  mouse.]  A  small  animal,  belonging  to 
Rodentia,  found  in  Africa. 

Lophius,  (15'fi-us)= Angler:  a  fish  belonging 
to  Acanthopteri.  L.  piscatorius=Fi&hiug 
frog. 


Lophobranchii,  (16-fo-brang'ki-i).    [Gk.  lophos, 

tuft;  Branchiae,  q.v.]  A  sub-division  of  fishes, 

v.  Siebold,  named  from  their  bunches  of  gills. 
Lophophore,   (16'fo-for).      [Gk.    lophos,   crest; 

phero,   I  bear.]    The  oral  disc  of  animals 

belonging  to  Polyzoa. 
Lophornis,   (lo-for'nis).      [Gk.    lophos,  crest; 

ornis,  bird.]    The  most  beautiful  humming- 
bird. 
Lophortyx,  (15-for'tiks).      [Gk.   lophos,  tuft; 

Ortyx,  g.v.]=Tufted  quail:  a  variety  of  the 

Quail,  q.v. 
Lophyropoda,   (lo-fi-rop'o-da).     One  of  Hoe- 

vens  sub-divisions  of  Crustaceans,  including 

water-fleas,  &c. 
Loranthaceae,   (lor-an-tha'se-e).      [Loranthus, 

5.i;.]=Loranths:   evergreen  parasitic  shrubs 

with  apetalous  flowers  and  succulent  fruit, 

belonging  to  Asarales. 
Loranthus,  (lor-an'thus).     [L.  lorum,  thong; 

Gk.  anthos,  flower.]    An  evergreen  parasitic 

shrub,  resembling  the  mistletoe,  belongs  to 

Loranthaceae. 
Lords   and   Ladies  =  Arum   maculatum.     v. 

Arum. 

Loricata,  (lor-i-ka'ta).  [L.  loricata,  breast- 
plate.] A  division  of  reptiles,  including  all 

those  that  have   bony  plates,  such  as  the 

crocodile,  tortoise,  &c. 
Loricoid,  (lor^i-koid).     [Loricata;  Gk.   eidos, 

form.]    Having  a  covering  of  bony  plates. 

v.  Marsupial  lithichnozoa. 
Loris,  (16'ris)=l.  Lazy  Monkey:  a  lemur-like 

animal,    found    in 

Hindostan.       Sloio 

i.=Bengal     Sloth. 

2.  A  New  Zealand 

bird. 
Lory,  (16'ri).     [Luri, 

E.    Indian   name.] 

=Lorius:  a  parrot- 

like    bird,  remark- 

able  for  the  beauty 

of  its  plumage.  Loris. 

Loss=Loess.    v.  Loam. 
Lota,  (15'ta)=Ling:  a  cod-like  fish,  belonging 

to  Gadidse. 
Lotus,   (16'tus).      [The  Latin  name.]=Bird's 

foot  trefoil:  a  plant 

belonging  to  Legu-; 

miuacese.      Indian  \ 

L.  =  Nymphseal 

lotus. 

Loudness  =  Ampli- 
tude,  q.v.;    also  rj 

Intensity.  Lotus. 

Louse,  (lous).     [Lus,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Pedi- 

culus:  a  small  insect  belonging  to  Aptera. 
Plant  L.  —  Aphis.  L.  wort  =  Pedicularis 
sylvestris. 

Lovage=Ligusticum:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Apiaeese. 

Love-apple=Solanum  lycopersicum. 

Love-apples=Tomatoes,  q.v. 

Love-bird=Agapornis:  a  parrpt-like  bird  be- 
longing to  Psittacidaj. 

Lower  Cretaceous=Neocomian=Lower  Green- 
sand:  rocks  belonging  to  the  secondary  group 
of  strata. 


LOXIA 


204 


LYCOFODIACEJE 


Loxia,  (loks'i-a).  [Gk.  loxos,  oblique.] =Cross- 
bill.  v.  Loxiadae. 

Loxiadse,  (loks'i-a-de).  [Loxia,  q.  v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form .  ] = Cross-bills :  perching  birds,  belong  ing 
to  Conirostres,  distinguished  by  the  curved 
mandibles  crossing  each  other,  v.  Cross-bill. 

Loxodont,  (loks'o-dont).  [Gk.  loxos,  oblique; 
odous,  tooth.] = African  elephant=Elephas 
Africanus:  named  from  the  structure  of  its 
teeth. 

Loxodromic,  ( loks-o-drom'ik ).  [Gk.  loxos, 
oblique ;  dromos,  course.]  Oblique :  especially 
used  of  sailing.  L.  curve:  one  making  a 
constant  angle  with  all  the  meridians  crossed 
by  it. 

Lubber-line,  A  vertical  black  line  inside  the 
box  of  a  ship's  compass  which  indicates  to 
the  steersman  the  position  of  the  bow  of  the 
ship. 

Lucanus,  (lu-ka'nus)— Stag-beetle:  an  insect 
belonging  to  Coleoptera. 

Lucernaria,  ( lu-ser-na'ri-a  ).  [  L.  lucerna, 
lamp.]  Animals,  belonging  to  Hydrozoa, 
named  from  their  shape. 

Lucifer,  (lu'si-fer).  [L.  lutifer,  light-bearing.] 
L.  match:  a  piece  of  wood' tipped  with  phos- 
phorus and  some  compound  containing 
oxygen.  When  rubbed  quickly  on  a  rough 
surface  the  heat  inflames  the  phosphorus 
which  burns  in  the  oxygen  set  free. 

Ludlow  formation.  [L.  in  Shropshire.]  The 
uppermost  sub-division  of  Silurian  strata: 
the  oldest  in  which  fossil  remains  of  fishes 
are  found. 

Lucerne=Medicago  sativa,  q.v. 

Lug-worm=Arenicola:  an  animal  belonging 
to  Annelida. 

Lugger,  (lug'er).    A  ship  having  a  square- 
cut    sail    called    a 
lug-sail. 

Luidia,  (lu-id'i-a).  A 
star  -  fish,  which 
sheds  its  arms 
at  will;  connects 
Asteriadso  and  Op- 
hiuridse.  v.  Aste- 
roidea. 

Lumbrici,  (lum-brl'- 
si).  [Lumbricus, 
$.i;.]=Earthworms: 
animals,  belonging 
to  Annelida,  which 
perforate  the  earth. 

Lumbricus,  (lum-briTtus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Earthworm.  v.  Lumbrici. 

Lump-fish=Cyclopterns  lumpus:  a  fish  having 
a  short  thick  body;  also  called  Lump-sucker: 
belongs  to  Discoboli. 

Lunar,  (lu'nar).  [L.  luna,  moon.]  L. distance: 
distance  of  moon  from  a  given  star.  L.  heat: 
excessively  small.  L.  caustic:  fused  nitrate 
of  silver.  L.  month:  lunation,  q. v.  L.  cycle 
=Metonic  cycle=19  years,  in  which  civil  and 
astronomical  times  coincide.  L.  hornet  = 
Sphinx  crabrouiformis.  L.  evection.  v. 
Libration. 

Lunation,  (lu-na'shun).  [L.  luna,  moon.]—. 
Lunar  monthi=Synodic  period:  the  time  in 
which  the  moon  travels  round  the  earth 


and  returns  to  the  same  position  relatively 
to  the  earth  and  sun=29  days  12  hours 
44  minutes  2  seconds. 

Lunare,  (lu-na're).  [L.  lunaris,  moon-like.] 
One  of  the  bones  of  the  wrist. 

Lunette,  (lu-nef).  [The  French  word.]  A 
general  term  for  a  moon-shaped  body,  used 
especially  of  an  outwork  in  a  fortification 
and  for  a  semi-circular  window. 

Lungs,  (lungz).  [Lunge,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
Two  organs  of  respiration,  in  which  the 
blood  is  purified  by  the  addition  of  oxygen 
and  removal  of  carbonic  acid,  water,  "<fco. : 
found  in  all  vertebrate  animals  except  fishes. 
L.-of-the-oak=Sticta.  pulmonaceee:  a  lichen. 

Lung- wort  =.  Pulmonaria,  q.v.  L.  licken= 
iSticta. 

Lupi,  (lu'pT).  [Lupus,  q.  v.]  Gen.  of  Lupus,  q.v. 

Lupinus,  (lo-pi'nus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Lupin:  a  plant  belonging  to  Leguminacene. 

Lupulin,  (lo'pu-lin).  [L.  lupulus,  hop.]  The 
bitter  principle  of  the  hop,  Humulus  lupulus. 

Lupulus,  (16'pu-lus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Hop:  a  twining  plant  belonging  to  Canna- 
binacese,  the  seed-vessels  of  which  are  used 
in  brewing. 

Lupus,  (lu'pus).  [The  Latin  name.]  l.=The 
Wolf:  one  of  the  southern  constellations. 
2.=Wolf,  q.v.'.  an  animal  belonging  to 
Garni  vora.  v.  Canis. 

Luteolin,  (lo'te-6-lin).  The  colouring  matter 
of  Reseda  luteola,  used  as  a  yellow  dye. 

Lutes,  (lutz).  [L.  lutum,  mud.]  Substances, 
such  as  clay,  used  for  making  air-tight  joints 
in  chemical  apparatus. 

Lutidine,  (16'ti-din)=C7H9N:  a  base  belonging 
to  the  Pyridine  series,  q.v. 

Lutra,  (16'tra).  [The  Latin  name.]=Otter:  a 
weasel-like  animal,  with  webbed  feet,  be- 
longing to  Carnivora. 

Luzula,  (16'zu-la)=.  Wood-rush:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Juncacese. 

Lycaon,  (11-ka'on).  [Gk.  lylcos,  wolf.]  L. 
pictws=Hunting  dog  of  S.  Africa:  a  hysena- 
like  animal. 

Lycaenide,  (li-se'ni-de).  A  family  of  butter- 
flies. 

Lychnis,  (lik'n is).  [Gk.  bjchnos,  lamp.]  1.= 
Campion:  an  herb  belonging  to  Caryophyl- 
lacese.  2.  A  variety  of  sapphire.  L.  dioica 
=Bachelor's  buttons.  L.  Flos  cwcu?i=Rag- 
ged  Robin. 

Lycmm,  (lis'i-um).  [Lycia  in  Asia  Minor.]= 
Box  thorn:  a  plant  belonging  to  Solanacese. 

Lycoperdon,  ( li-ko-per'don  )  =  Puff-ball :  an 
edible  fungus  resembling  the  mushroom. 
L.  cervinw?/i=Indian  bread. 

Lycodontidae,  (li-ko-clon'ti-de).  Snakes  found 
in  S.  Africa,  named  from  Lycodon,  the  typi- 
cal genus. 

Lycoperdaceae,  (li-ko-per-da'se-e)=Ga9teromy- 
cetes,  q.v. 

Lycopodales,  (li-ko-po-dalez).  [Lycopodium, 
q.v.]  Vascular  plants,  with  spore  cases  in 
axils  of  leaves,  forming  a  division  of  Aero- 
gens,  of  which  Lycopodium  is  the  type. 

Lycopodiacese,  (li-ko-pod-i-a'se-e).  [Lycopo- 
dium, g.i>.]=Club-mosses:  plants,  with  creep- 
ing stems,  belonging  to  Lycopodales. 


LYCOPODIUM 


205 


MACLURA 


Lycopodium,  ( li-ko-po'di-mn  ).  [Gk.  lykos, 
wolf;  pous,  foot.]  l.=Club-moss:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Lycopodiaceae.  2.=Vegetable 
sulphur:  the  powder  found  in  the  seed  cases 
of  the  club-moss,  which  burns  very  readily, 
and  is  used  to  produce  an  imitation  of 
lightning. 

Lycopsis,  (IT-kops'is).  [Gk.  lykos,  wolf;  opsis, 
face.]=Bugloss:  a  plant  belonging  to  Bora- 
ginacese,  named  from  the  shape  of  the  flowers. 

Lycopus,  (lik'op-us).  [Gk.  lykos,  wolf;  pous, 
foot. ]  =  Gipsy-wort;  a  plaut  belonging  to 
Lamiacese.  • 

Lydian,  (lid'i-an).  [Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor.] 
L.  key=~K.ey  of  F;  the  musical  scale  of 
which  P  is  the  key  note.  v.  Keys.  L.  stone 
=Basanite:  a  black  siliceous  stone,  used  as 
a  test  of  the  hardness  of  minerals. 

Lyencephala,  (li-en-sef'a-la).  [Gk.  lyo,  I  loose; 
egkephalos,  brains.]  A  division  of  Mam- 
malia by  Owen,  including  Marsupiala  and 
Monotremata;  the  latter  not  known  fossil, 
but  might  be  looked  for  in  Primary  rocks; 
the  former  found  in  Secondary  rocks. 

Lyme-grass=Elymus:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Graminacese. 

Lymph,  (limf).  [L.  lympha,  clear  water.]  1. 
An  alkaline  fluid;  blood  without  its  red 
corpuscles,  a  supply  of  which  is  given  to 
the  blood  from  the  chyle  or  nutritious 
portion  of  food.  2.  Also  a  similar  fluid, 
formed  of  the  superfluities  of  the  blood- 
vessels, which  goes  back  to  the  heart. 

Lymphatic.  L.  capillaries:  convey  lymph 
to  the  thoracic  duct:  found  only  in  verte- 
brate animals.  L.  ganglia  or  glands:  oval 
bodies  forming  centres  of  the  lymphatic 
capillaries.  L.  heart,  v.  Heart. 

Lynton  group=:Lower  Devonian. 


Lynx,  (lingks).     [The  Latin  name.]    1.  Felis 

lynx:  an  animal 

belonging  to  Fe- 

lidae.    2.   A  nor- 

thern   constella- 

tion    near     the 

pole,  formed   in 

the  17th  century. 
Lyra,  (li'ra).   [The 

Latin  name.]    1. 

=The  Lyre:  one  ' 

of  the  northern  Lynx. 

constellations,  of  which  Vega  is  the  chief 

star;    and    which    contains   many    double, 

triple,  and  quadruple  stars.     2.  A  delicate 

membrane  in  the  brain,  uniting  tlua  cords 

of  the  fornix. 
Lyre,   (llr).     [Lyra,  the  Latin  I 

word.]    L,    bat  =  Megadermaj 


an  Australian  bird,  whose  tail, 

feathers  ha  ve  the  form  of  a  lyre. 
Lyrencephala,  (li-ren-sefa-la). 

[Gk.  lyo,  I  loosen;  egkephalos, 

brain.  ]=Loose-brained=Rep- 

tiles:  so  named  by  Owen,  from 

their  brain  being  somewhat 

like  the  loose  brain  of  birds. 
Lysimachia,(lis-i-mak'i-a).  [Gk. 

lysis,   loose;  mache,   strife.]=[ 

Loosestrife:  an  herb  belonging 

to  Primulaceae.  Lyre-bird 

Lythraceae,  (li-thra'se-e).      [Lythrum,  q.v.]— 

Loose-strifes:  herbs,  with  showy  flowers,  be- 

longing to  Saxifragales. 
Lythrum,   (li'thrum).      [Gk.    lythron,  black 

blood.]=Loose-strife:  an  herb,  the  type  of 

Lythraceae,  named  from  the  colour  of  the 


M. 


Macacus,  (ma-ka'kus).  [Macaco,  the  Brazilian 
name.]=Macaque=Inuus:  a  monkey  belong- 
ing to  Simia,  found  at  Gibraltar  and  in  Asia. 

Macaw,   (ma-kaw').      [The    native   name.]= 
Macrocercus:  an  Ameri- 
can parrot-like  bird. 

Mace,   ( mas ).    [  Mads, 
the    French    name.]  = 
Aril  of  Myristica  mos-    §. 
chata  and  of  Pyrrhosa 
tingens.     v.  Nutmeg. 

Macellodus,  (ma-sel'lo- 
dus).  [Gk.  makella, 
spade;  odous,  tooth.] 
An  animal,  belonging 
to  Lacertilia,  known  by  fossil  remains? 

Maceration,  (mas-ser-a'shun).  [L.  Macero, 
I  make  thin.]  The  action  of  a  cold  liquid 
upon  a  powdered  substance,  by  which  it  is 
softened  or  partially  dissolved,  cf.  Digestion. 

Machairodus,  (mak-i'ro-dus).  [Gk.  machaira, 
sabre;  odous,  tooth.]  A  lion-like  animal, 
known  only  by  fossil  remains,  found  in 
Recent  rocks  and  in  caves. 

Machicolations,  (mak-i-ko-la'shunz).    [Machi- 


coulis, the  French  word.]  Openings  in  a 
parapet  or  gallery  through  which  projectiles 
may  be  thrown. 

Macigno,  (ma-sS'nyo).  [The  Italian  name.] 
An  Italian  rock  formation,  coeval  with 
London  clay,  but  harder  and  more  compact. 

Macintosh,  (mak'in-tosh).  [Mr.  Macintosh.] 
A  waterproof  cloth,  consisting  of  a  layer  of 
caoutchouc  between  two  layers  of  cloth, 
silk,  &c. 

Mackerel,  (mak'er-el).  [L.  macula,  spot.]= 
Scomber  scombrus:  a  sea  fish,  named  from 
its  spotted  appearance.  M.  guide=Be\one 
vulgaris:  a  pike-like  fish.  M.  midge=~M.oteUa. 
glauca :  a  cod-like  fish .  M. .  sky = Cirro-cumu- 
lus clouds. 

Made,  (mak'l).  [L.  macula,  spot.]=Andalu- 
site:  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  alumina, 
named  from  being  partly  light-coloured  and 
partly  dark. 

Macles,  (makTz)=Twin  crystals=Hemitropes: 
crystals  which  look  as  if  formed  by  the 
intersection  of  two  crystals. 

Madura,  (mak-lu'ra).  [W.  Maclure  of 
America.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Moracese. 


MACLUREITE 


206 


MAGNESIAN 


M.  a«raniiaca=Osage-orange    M.  tinctura 

= Fustic,     v.  Morus. 
Maclureite,  (mak-lu'rit).      [W.   Maclnre  of 

America.]=Chondrodite:  a  mineral,  chiefly 

silicate  of  magnesia. 
Maclurin,  ( mak'lu-rin  ).      [Maclura,   q.v.]= 

Ci3H10O6  =  Morintannic    acid ;    found    in 

fustic. 
Macrauchenia,  (mak-raw-ke'ni-a).     [Gk.  mak- 

ros,  long;  auchen,  neck.]    Lama-like  animals, 

belonging  to  Pachydermata,  known  only  by 

fossil  remains. 
Macro,  (mak'ro).    [Gk.  makros,  long.]=Large: 

a  prefix  implying  great  size. 
Macrocercus,  (mak-ro-ser'kus).     [Gk.  makros, 

long;  kerkos,  taiL]  =  Macaw:  an  American 

parrot-like  bird. 
Macrocystis,  (mak-ro-sis'tis).      [Gk.   makros, 

long;  kystis,  bladder.]    Plants  belonging  to 


the  stems  are  small,  and  the 
thread-like  fronds  are  several  hundred  feet 
in  length,  and  have  large  air-bladders  at 
the  ends. 

Macrodactyli,  (mak-io-dak'ti-li).  [Gk.  mak- 
ros, long;  daktylos,  finger.]  A  division  of 
Grallatores,  including  the  coot,  rail,  &c.; 
birds  having  long  toes. 

Macroglossa,  (mak-ro-glos'sa).  [Gk.  makros, 
long;  glossa,  tongue.]  1.  A  bat,  found  in 
Java,  having  a  long  head  and  extensile 
tongue.  2.  A  hawk-moth;  v.  Sphingidae. 
M.  titan  =  Humming-bird  hawk-moth:  a 
moth  greatly  resembling  the  humming- 
bird. 

Macropodidse,  (mak-ro-pod'i-de).  [Macropus, 
q.v.]  •  1,= Kangaroos:  a  sub-division  of  Mar- 
supialia.  2.  Spider-crabs,  sea-spiders,  &c. : 
crustacean  animals  belonging  to  Decapoda. 

Macropterna,  (mak-rop-ter'na).  [Gk.  macros, 
long;  pterna,  heeled.]  A  frog-like  animal, 
known  only  by  fossil  tracks,  v.  Lithich- 
nozoa. 

Macropus,  (rnak'ro-pus).  [Gk.  makros,  long; 
pous,  foot.  ]= Kangaroo:  an  Australian  herbi- 
vorous animal  belonging  to  Marsupialia, 
q.v. 

Macrorhynus,  (makro-ri'nus).  [Gk.  makros, 
long;  rin,  nose.]  =  Sea-lion,  elephant,  seal, 
&c. :  a  sub-division  of  Phocidae. 

Macrorhynchus,  (mak-ro-rink'us).  [Gk.  mak- 
ros, long;  rhygkos,  snout.]  A  crocodile-like 
animal,  known  only  by  fossil  remains. 

Macroscelicles,  (inak-ro-sel'i-dez).  [Gk.  mak- 
ros, long.]  African  jumping-shrew  =  Ele- 
phant shrew :  an  animal  belonging  to 
Insectivora.  v.  Shrew. 

Macroural,  (  mak-ru'ral )  [Macrura,  q.v.]= 
Shrimp-like:  having  a  long  tail. 

Macrotherium,  (mak-ro-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  mak- 
ros, long;  therion,  beast.]  A  large  animal, 
belonging  to  Edentata,  known  only  by  a  few 
fossil  remains,  found  in  Miocene  rocks. 

Macrura,  (mak-ru'ra).  [Gk.  makros,  long; 
oura,  tail.]  Lobster,  shrimp,  &c.:  decapod 
crustaceans  with  long  tails. 

Macula  lutea,  (mak'u-la  lu'te-a).  [L.  macula, 
spot;  luteus,  yellow.]= Yellow-spot:  a  small 
depression  at  the  centre  of  the  back  of  the 
eye, 


Maculae,  (mak'u-le).  [L.  macula,  spot.]  Spots: 
especially  dark  spots  on  the  sun,  &c.  cf. 
Faculaa 

Madder,  (mad'der).  [  Madder  e,  the  A.-S. 
name.]  1.  =Rubia  tinctoria:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Galiaceae.  2.  A  red  colouring  matter, 
obtained  from  Bubia,  used  as  a  dye.  M.- 


Madrepora,  (mad-re-p5'ra).  [Madrepore,  the 
French  name.]  A  coral  polyp  budding  into 
a  tree-like  form. 

Madreporic  ,  (mad-re-po'rik).  [Madrepore,  q.  v.  ] 
Resembling,  or  related  to,  Madrepora.  M. 
plate:  a  rounded  calcareous  mass  on  the 
dorsal  surface  of  a  star-fish.  M.  canals: 
connecting  the  ambulacral  system  of  star- 
fishes with  the  openings  in  the  surface. 

Madreporidae,  (mad-re-po'ri-de).  [Madrepora, 
q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  sub-division  of 
Coral-polyps  or  Anthozoa. 

Mad-wort=Asperngo,  q.v. 

Msenura,  (me-ntt'ra)—  Lyre-bird:  a  pheasant- 
like  bird,  having  very  large  tail  feathers 
resembling  a  lyre  in  form. 

Maastricht  beds,  (ma'strikt).  [M.  in  Holland.] 
Calcareous  strata,  belonging  to  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  system,  in  which  are  found  re- 
mains of  Mosasaurus. 

Magdeburg  hemispheres,  Two  hollow  hemi- 
spheres, usually  of  brass,  which  are  kept 
together  by  the  external  pressure  of  the  air, 
when  the  air  within  is  pumped  out:  used  to 
illustrate  the  pressure  of  the  air. 

Magellanic  clouds,  (  mag-el-lan'ik  ).  [Senor 
Magalhaens.]  Oval  nebulous  patches  in  the 
southern  heavens  =  Nubecula  major  and 
minor:  resolvable  by  the  telescope  into  a 
vast  number  of  faint  stars. 

Magenta,  (ma-jen'ta).  [M.  in  Italy.]  Co0H19 
NsHgO:  a  rose-coloured  dye  obtained  "from 
aniline. 

Magic  lantern.  A  closed  box  containing  a 
light  which  passes  out  at 
one  opening  only,  and 
forms,  when  converged  by 
a  lens,  on  a  screen  i  n  front, 
an  image  of  any  trans- 
parent picture  placed  be- 
fore the  opening. 

Magistery  of  Bismuth, 
(maj'is-ter-i).  [Magistral, 
g.?>.J=Subnitrate  of  Bi.  Magic  Lantern. 

Magistral,  (maj'is-tral).  [~L.magister,  master.] 
A  compound  of  copper  pyrites,  sulphate  of 
iron,  &c.,  used  in  amalgamation,  to  assist 
the  process. 

Magnesia,  (mag-ne'si-a).  [Magnesia,  where 
first  found.]=MgO=Oxide  of  Magnesium: 
a  white  alkaline  powder:  one  of  the 
alkaline  earths.  M.  group  of  minerals: 
includes  Brucite,  magnesia,  &c.  Borate  of 
M.  =Boracite.  Carbonate  ofM.  =Magnesite. 
Chloride  of  M.  =  Wagnerite.  Fluosilicate.  of 
M.  =Chondrodite.  Hydrate  of  M.  —Brucite. 
M.  a£ttTO=Pickeringite. 

Magnesian  metals,  (mag-ne'si-an).  [Magnesia, 
q.v.}  Dyad  metals,  which  burn  readily  when 
much  heated.  M.  limest<me=Do\omitv  = 
Permian,  q.v.  M. 


MAGNESITE 


207 


MALACOLOGY 


Magnesite,  (mag-ne'sit).  [Magnesia,  q.v.]= 
Native  carbonate  of  magnesia:  an  amorphous 
mineral  substance. 

Magnesium,  (mag-ne'si-um).  [Magnesia,  q.v.] 
=Mg":  the  type  of  the  magnesian  metals:  a 
white  malleable  metal,  which  burns  with 
dazzling  brightness. 

Magnet,  (mag'net).  A  piece  of  steel  or  soft 
iron,  which  has  the  property  of  attracting 
iron,  probably  by  the  polarization  of  its  par- 
ticles. Electro-M.:  a  piece  of  soft  iron,  mag- 
netised by  a  current  of  electricity  being  sent 
through  a  wire  coiled  round  it.  Natural 
3f.=Loadstone. 

Magnetic,  (mag-net'ik).  [Magnet,  q.v.]  M. 
pyrites:  iron  pyrites  having  magnetic  pro- 
perties. M.  battery:  a  number  of  magnets 
combined  to  act  as  one.  M.  elements:  inten- 
sity, declination,  and  dip,  q.v.  M.  induction: 
the  magnetization  of  a  piece  of  soft  iron  by 
holding  near  it  a  strong  magnet.  M.  elec- 
tricity: electricity  generated  by  the  presence 
of  a  magnet.  M .  poles  of  the  earth :  the  two 
points  toward  which  magnets  point  when  free 
to  move.  In  1657  these  coincided  with  the 
geographical  poles.  M.  fluid:  the  hypothe- 
tical fluid  supposed  to  be  present  in  magne- 
tised bodies.  M.  inclination=Dip:  the  angle 
which  a  magnet  makes  with  the  horizon  when 
free  to  move  in  the  vertical  plane,  coinciding 
with  the  magnetic  meridian.  M.  intensity: 
the  force  with  which  a  magnet  is  attracted 
by  the  earth.  M.  declination=~M..  variation: 
the  angle  between  the  lines  pointing  from  a 
given  point  to  the  geographical  and  magnetic 
poles  of  the  earth.  M.  oxide  of  iron=Black 
oxide  =  Loadstone— FesO^  M.  equator=. 
Aclinic  line,  q.v.,  on  which  dip=0.  M. 
meridian,  v.  Meridian. 

Magnetism,  (mag'ne-tizm).  [Magnet,  q.v.} 
The  attraction  of  iron  by  magnets;  a  form 
of  insensible  molecular  motion:  a  variety  of 
energy  known  to  us  only  by  its  attractive 
or  repellant  power.  Red  M. ;  attraction 
by  the  N.  pole  of  a  magnet.  Blue  M.: 
attraction  by  the  S.  pole  of  a  magnet.  Ter- 
restial  M.:  the  magnetic  attraction  of  the 
earth. 

Magnetisation,  (mag-net-i-za'shun).  [Magnet, 
q.v.]  The  conferring  upon  a  piece  of  iron  or 
gteel  the  properties  of  a  magnet.  M.  of  soft 
iron  by  induction :  either  by  placing  near 
it  a  magnet,  or  passing  a  galvanic  current 
through  a  wire  twisted  several  times  round 
it.  M.  by  the  earth;  a  piece  of  soft  iron  left 
for  some  time  pointing  to  the  magnetic  pole 
becomes  feebly  magnetised. 

Magnetite,  ( mag'ne-tit ).  [Magnet,  q.v.]= 
Native  lodestone:  the  mineral  which  has 
most  magnetism:  one  of  the  iron  group; 
chiefly  oxide  of  iron,  crystallising  in  cubes, 
and  furnishing  the  finest  quality  of  iron 
when  smelted. 

Magneto-electricity.  Electricity  derived  from 
magnetism. 

Magnetometer,  (mag-net-om'e-ter).  [Magnet 
and  Meter,  q.v.]  An  apparatus  for  the  de- 
tection of  magnetism,  and  for  the  measure- 
Went  of  its  intensity, 


Magnitude  of  stars— 

6th  mag. ,  just  visible  to  the  unassisted  eye. 
5th  twice  as  bright          , 


4th 
3rd 
2nd 
1st 


6  times  as  bright 


12  times  as  bright    >  as  the  6th. 
25  times  as  bright    1 
100  times  as  bright  ; 

Magnol's  arrangement  of  plants.  The  first 
division  into  families:  made  in  1689. 

Magnolia,  (mag-no'li-a).  [M.  Magnol.]  A 
plant  the  type  of  Magnoliaceaj.  M.  auri- 
CMtato=Indian  physic.  M.  cordata=TLea.rt- 
leaved  cucumber  tree.  M.  glauct 
M.  M.  grandiflora=L&\\YQ\  bay. 

Magnoliacese,  (mag-no-li-ii'se-e).  [Magnolia, 
q.v.]= Magnol  iads:  shrubs  and  large  trees, 
with  fragrant  flowers,  belonging  to  Rauales. 

Magpie,  (mag'pi).     [Mag.  for  Margaret;  Pica, 
<7;tt.]=Pica:    a   crow- 
like  bird  which  may , 


be  taught  to  speak. 

Magyar,     (mad'yar 

[The     Hungaria 


yar). 
an 

name.]  A  European 
people=Hungarians. 

Mahonia,  (ma-ho'ni-a). 
[Mr.  M'Mahon,  of  N. 
America.]  =  Ash-bar- 
berry =  Berberis  fas- 
cicularis:  a  tree  be- 
longing to  Berberidaceae. 

Mahogany,  (ma-hog'a-ni).  [The  S.  American 
name.]=:  Timber  of  Swietenia  mahogoiii:  a 
large  tree  belonging  to  Cedrelacese,  the  wood 
of  which  is  very  hard  and  handsome. 

Maia,  (ma'ya).  A  crab-like  animal,  the  type 
of  Maiidae;  a  family  of  Crustaceans. 

Maid,  (mad).  A  fish,  somewhat  resembling 
the  skate,  belonging  to  Raiidse. 

Maiden-hair,  M.  /ern=Adiantum:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Filices.  M.  0ratt=Briza  media. 

Maize,  (maz).     [Mahiz,  the  Haytian  name.]= 
Indian  Corn=Zea  mays:  a 
very  prolific  grass-like  plant; 
the  chief  corn  food  of  tropi- 
cal America. 

Majolica,  (ma-jol'i-ka).  [Ma- 
jorca.]  A  soft  enamelled 
variety  of  earthenware,  first 
made  in  Majorca. 

Makis,  (ma'kis)  =  Fox-nosed 
monkey:  an  animal  belong- 
ing to  Lemuridee. 

Malachite,  (mal'a-kit).  [Gk. 
malache,  mallow.]=Hydra- 
ted  or  green  carbonate  of 
copper:  a  beautiful  mineral  of  the  copper 
group,  with  oblique  crystallization,  much 
used  for  ornament:  named  from  resembling 
the  mallow  in  colour.  Blue  M.  =  Azurite. 
Green  M.  =Malachite.  Lime  M.:  a  silky, 
green,  hydrated  carbonate  of  copper  alloyed 
with  iron  and  lime. 

Malacolite,  (mal-ak'6-lit).  [Gk.  malakos,  soft; 
lithos,  stone. ]=Sahlite,  q.v.'.  a  variety  of 
pyroxene. 

Malacology,  (mal-a-kol'6-ji).  [Gk.  malakos, 
soft;  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  mol- 
luscous pr  gqft-bodied  animals,  v-  Mollusca, 


MALACOPTERYGIAN 


208 


MAMMILLARY 


Malacopterygian,  (nial-a-kop-ter-ij'i-an).  [Gk. 
malakos,  soft;  pteryx,  fin.]  Soft-finned.  M. 
fishes:  carp,  pike,  salmon,  cod,  sole,  &c. :  a 
sub-division  of  Bony  Fishes,  of  which  the  fin 
rays  are  generally  soft. 

Malacopteri,  (mal'a-kop'ter-i)  =  Malacoptery- 
gian fishes,  q.v. 

Malacostraca,  (mal-a-kos'tra-ka).  [Gk.  mala- 
kos, soft;  ostrakon,  shell.]=l.  Higher  Crus- 
tacea: as  distinguished  from  the  hard-shelled 
mollusca.  2.  Burmeister's  term  for  Podo- 
phthalma  and  Edriophthalma. 

Malacozoaria,  (mal-a-k6-z5-a'ri-a).  [Gk.  ma- 
lakos, soft;  zoon,  animal.]=Mollusca:  soft- 
bodied  animals. 

Malacotomy,  (mal-a-kot'6-mi).  [Gk.  malakos, 
soft;  tome,  section.]=Anatomy  of  Molluscs. 
v.  Zootomy. 

Malaeic  acid,(ma-le'ik).  [Malic,  g.v.]=C4H4O4: 
a  crystalline,  colourless  substance  obtained 
from  Malic  acid=Succinic  acid— hydrogen. 

Malaleuca,  (mal-a-lu'ka).  A  plant  belonging 
to  Myrtaceaa.  M.  kayuputefi:  yields  kayu- 
puteh  oil. 

Malamic  acid,  (mal'a-mic).  [Malic,  q.v.]= 
C,iH7NO4=An  amide  of  malic  acid. 

Malamide,  (mal'a-mid).  [Malic  and  Amide, 
q.v.]  An  amide  of  malic  acid. 

Malar  bones,  (ma'lar).  [L.  mala,  cheek.] 
Cheek-bones:  two  triangular  bones  below 
the  eyes.  M.  jjrominence=Cheek-bone. 

Malates,  (mal'ats).  [Malic,  q.v.}  Compounds 
of  malic  acid  with  bases. 

Malaxis,  (mal-aks'is).  [Gk.  malaxis,  delicate.] 
An  herb,  with  small  green  flowers,  belonging 
to  OrchidacesB. 

Malay,  (ma'la).  An  Oceanic  people,  v. 
Turanian.  M.  6eaj-=Helarctos  Malayauus. 

Malbrouck=Cercopithecus,  q.v. 

Maldonite,  (mal'don-it).  An  alloy  of  bismuth 
and  gold. 

Male,  (nial).  [The  French  word.]  M.  fern= 
Nephrodium  filix-mas.  v.  Fern.  M.  fluellin 
=Linaria  spuria.  v.  Fluellin. 

Maleic  acid=Malaeic  acid,  q.v. 

Malentozoaria,  (mal-en-to-zo-a'ri-a).  De  Blain- 
ville's  term  for  Cirri pedia  and  Chiton. 

Malesherbiaceae,  (mal-e-sher-bi-a'se-e).  [M. 
de  Malesherbes.]=Crown-worts:  shrubs  and 
herbs  belonging  to  Violales. 

Malic  acid,  (mfi'lik).  [L.  malum,  apple.]= 
C^gOs:  a  crystalline  substance  found  in 
vegetables,  especially  in  apples  and  other 
fruits. 

Malleable,  (mal'e-a-bl).  [L."  malleus,  ham- 
mer.] Easily  flattened  out  by  hammering. 

Malleability,  ( mal-e-a-bil'i-ti ).  [Malleable, 
q.v.]  The  property  of  cohesion  in  metals  and 
other  substances,  which  allows  them  to  be 
beaten  or  rolled  into  leaves,  cf.  Ductility. 

Malleolus,    ( mal'le-o-lus ).        [L.  malleolus, 

,  small  hammer.]  A  small  pi-ojection  of  the 
shin  bone,  forming  part  of  the  ankle. 

Malleus,  (mal'16-us).  [L.  malleus,  hammer.] 
=Hammer  bone:  a  small  bone  in  the  tym- 
panic cavity  of  the  ear  in  contact  with  the 
tympanum.  In  man  the  M.  is  small;  in 
the  Echidna  it  is  large;  in  the  Sauropsida  it 
is  very  large,  and  divided  into  the  os  quad- 


ratum  and  os  articulare:  in  bony  fishes  it  ia 
divided  into  these  two  and  a  third  part,  the 
meta-pterygoid. 

Mallophaga,  (mal-of  a-ga).  [Gk.  mallos,  fleece; 
phago,  I  eat.]  Bird-lice,  &c. :  wingless  in- 
sects, parasitic,  mostly  upon  birds. 

Mallow,  (mal'lo).  [Malva,  the  Latin  name.] 
= Malva,  q.v.  Tree  Jf.=Lavatera,  q.v. 

Mallow-worts,  (mal'15-wurts).  [Mallow  and 
Wort,  g.i>.]=Malvace03=Malvads. 

Malonates,  (mal'6-nats).  [Malonic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  malonic  acid  with  bases. 

Malonic  acid,  (mal'o-nik).  [Malic,  q.v.  ] 
an  acid  substance  obtained  by  adding  oxygeu 
to  malic  acid=Acetic  and  carbonic  acids. 

Malpighia,  (mal-pig'i-a).  [Signor  Malpighi.]  A 
plant,  the  type  of  Malpighiacece.  M.  puni- 
ci/oZia=Barbadoes  cherry. 

Malpighiaceae,  (mal-pig-i-a'se-e).  [Malpighia, 
Q.v.]=Malpighiads:  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly 
tropical,  belonging  to  Sapindales. 

Malpighian  capsules,  (mal-pig'i-an).  [Signor 
Malpighi.]  Small  cells,  terminating  the 
tubes  of  the  kidneys,  into  which  the  renal 
arteries  enter,  v.  Ferrein. 

Malt,  (mawlt).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  Corn, 
usualbr  barley,  artificially  germinated  to  a 
partial  extent,  and  then  killed  by  heat,  so 
that  the  sugar  obtained  from  the  starch 
remains  unaltered. 

Malt  sugar=C6H12O6.    v.  Sugar. 

Maltha,  (mal'tha).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Mineral  tar:  a  white,  waxy,  brittle,  viscid 
variety  of  bitumen,  <?.v.=Pittasphalt. 

Malva,  (mal'va).  [The  Latin  uame.]=Mal- 
low:  an  herb,  belonging  to  Malvaceae. 

Malvaceae,  (mal-va'se-e).  [Malva,  <p. ^Mal- 
low-worts: shrubs  and  trees,  with  showy 
axillary  flowers,  belonging  to  Malvales. 

Malvales,  (mal-va'lez).  [Malva,  q.v.]  Plants, 
forming  a  division  of  Hypogynous  exogens, 
of  which  Malvaceae  are  the  type. 

Mamelucos.  Descendants  of  Europeans  and 
W.  Indians. 

Mammalia,  (mam-mu'li-a).  [L.  mamma,  teat.] 
A  primary  division  of  Vertebrate  animals 
(including  all  the  highest  class  of  animals) 
who  suckle  their  young  by  means  of  mam- 
maae,  have  hot  blood  with  red  corpuscles, 
and  have  each  ramus  of  the  mandible  com- 
posed of  a  single  piece  of  bone.  Fossil  re- 
mains of  M.  are  not  found  in  rocks  older 
than  Tertiary,  excepting  a  few  in  Oolite  and 
Trias  rocks.  Mammalian  animals  are  divided 
into  Placentalia,  q.v.,  having  a  placenta;  and 
Implacentalia,  q.v.,  having  no  placenta. 

Mammalogy,  (mam-mal'6-ji).  [Mammalia, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of 
Mammalian  animals. 

Mammary  glands,  (mam'ma-ri).  [L.  mamma, 
teat.]  Modifications  of  the  sebaceous  glands, 
by  which  milk  is  secreted  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  the  young  of  mammalia. 

Mammifera,  (  mani-mif er-a  ).  [L.  mamma, 
teat;  fero,  I  bear.]  De  Blainville's  term  for 
Mammalia. 

Mammillary,  (mam-mil'lar-i).  [L.  mamma, 
teat.]  M.  minerals:  occurring  in  rounded 
forms  like  mammse.  M.  process  =  Meta- 


MAMMOTH 


209 


MANNITANE 


,'  pophysis :  a  rounded  projection  of  the  last 
dorsal  vertebra. 

Mammoth,  (mam'moth).  [Mamout,  the  Rus- 
sian name.]=Elephas  primigenius :  known 
only  by  fossil  remains,  found  in  post-pliocene 
rocks.  M.  cave:  in  Kentucky.  M.  tree:  a 
Californian  tree,  from  250  to  400  ft.  high,  and 
15  to  30  ft.  in  diameter. 

Man,  (man).  [The  A.-S.  name.]=rHomo,  q.v.: 
the  highest  known  animal,  v.  Primates. 
Families  of  M.:  Semi-fossil  M.=M.  Engis, 
M.  Engihoul,  M.  Neanderthal:  named  after 
the  places  where  the  remains  were  found. 
M.  ?-0o£  =  Ipomea  leptophylla:  a  plant,  of 
which  the  esculent  root  is  about  the  size  and 
shape  of  a  human  body. 

Man-of-war  hawk=Trachypetes  aquila. 

Manakins,  (man'a-kinz)=Pipra:  small  birds, 
also  called  Chatterers,  named  from  their 
small  size.  The  males  are  brilliantly  coloured, 
the  females  are  dull  green;  they  build  opeu 
nests. 

Manatee,  (man'a-te).  [L.  manus,  hand.]=Tri- 
checus  manatus: 
an    herbivorous » 
cetacean  animal; 
also  called  Sea- 


cow. 

Manatidse,  (man- 
at'i-de).    [Mana- 
tee, q.v.]    Ceta-  Manatee, 
cean  animals,  including  the  Manatee,  Du- 
gong,  &c.,  forming  a  division  of  Cetacefe. 

Manatus=Sea-cow=Manatee,  q.v. 

Manchineel  tree,  (man'chi-nel)=:Hippomane 
manganilla:  a  large  treebelonging  to  Euphor- 
biacese.  It  resembles  the  apple  tree,  and  is 
very  poisonous. 

Mandangoes,    An  African  people. ' 

Mandarin,  (  man'da-riii ).  M.  duel:  =  Aix 
galericulata.  M.  orange=Citrus  nobilis. 

Mandelic  acid— CgHgOs^Formobenzoic  acid 
=Phenylglycollic  acid,  q.v. 

Mandibles,  (man'di-blz).  [L.  mandibulum, 
jaw.] = Jaws,  q.v.  In  Vertebrata,  the  lower 
jaw  only;  in  birds,  the  rostra  of  the  beak. 
Upper  M.,  formed  by  two  maxillary  bones. 

Mandibulata,  (man-di-bii-la'ta).  Mandibles, 
<?.f.]=Chewing  insects:  a  primary  division 
of  insects,  including  biting  and  licking  in- 
sects, as  distinct  from  sucking  insects,  v. 
Insects. 

Mandioca,  (man-di-5'ka).  [Manihot,  q.v.]= 
Jatropha  manihot,  q.v. 

Mandragora,  (man-drag'5-ra).  [Mandragoras, 
the  Greek  name.]=Mandrake,  &c. :  a  poison- 
ous plant,  belonging  to  Solanacese=Atropa 
mandragora;  also  called  Devil's-apple. 

Mandrake,  (man'urak).  [Mandragora,  q.v.]= 
Mandragora  officinalis^Atropa  mandragora. 
v.  Atropa. 

Mandrill,  (man'dril).  [Mandrille,  the  French 
name.]=Simia  maimon=:Cynocephalus  mai- 
mon :  a  monkey  of  the  baboon  kind. 

Mane,  (man).  [Mon,  the  Icelandic  name.] 
Long  neck-hair,  common  with  the  horse, 
lion,  &c. 

Manganates,  (mang'ga-nats).  [Manganic,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  manganic  acid  with  bases. 


Manganese,  ( mang'ga-nez  ).  [L.  magnes, 
magnet.]=Mnvi. :  one  of  the  iron-like  metals ; 
a  grey,  brittle,  feebly-magnetic  substance; 
also  called  Manganesium.  Jf.  blende  = 
Native  sulphide  of  manganese.  M.  group 
of  minerals :  includes  pyrolusite,  psilome- 
lane,  manganite,  wad,  diallogite,  and  rho- 
donite. M.  spar=~M.nCOs:  native  carbonate 
of  manganese=DiaUogite=Red  M. 

Manganic  acid,  (  man-gan'ik ).  [Manganese, 
q.v^=H^ilnO^:  an  acid  substance,  hydra- 
ted  oxide  of  manganese,  which  is  not  known 
as  a  separate  substance. 

Manganite,  (mang'ga-nit).  [Manganese,  q.v.] 
— HoMngO^j^Grey  oxide  of  manganese:  a 
metallic  mineral,  crystallising  in  rhombs, 
resembling  pyrolusite. 

Manganjas.    An  African  people. 

Mangel-wurzel,  (mang'el-wur-zel).  [Mangold- 
wurzel,  the  German  name.]  =  Red-beet :  a 
plant  resembling  the  beet;  the  root  of  which 
is  much  used  as  food  for  cattle;  belongs  to 
Chenopodiacese. 

Mangifera,  (man-jifer-a).  [Mango,  q.v.;  L. 
fero,  I  bear.]  A  resinous  tree,  belonging  to 
Anacardiaceae,  having  an  edible  fruit.  M. 
/ndicazrMango  tree:  of  tropical  Asia  and 
West  Indies. 

Mango,  (mang'o).  [Mangga,  the  native  name.] 
1.  The  fruit  of  Mangifera  Indica.  2.  A  fish 
=Polynemus  risua. 

Mangold-wurzel.    v.  Mangel-wurzel. 

Mangosteen,  (mang'o-sten).  The  edible  fruit 
of  Garcinia  mangostana,  a  New  Zealand  tree. 

Mangrove,  (  mang'grov ).  [Corr.  of  Malay 
name.]  =  Rhizophora  gymnorhiza:  a  large 
tropical  tree,  from  the  branches  of  which 
roots  descend  to  the  ground;  it  has  green 
leaves,  brown  flowers,  and  bean-like  seeds; 
the  timber  is  heavy  and  durable. 

Mangroves,  (mang'grSvz).  [Mangrove,  q.v.]= 
Rhizophoracese,  q.v. 

Mangusta,  (mang-gos'ta.)  [Mangousta,  the 
French  name.]=Indian  ichneumon:  an  ani- 
mal belonging  to  Herpestes,  q.v. 

Manihot,  (man'i-hot).  [The  Brazilian  name.] 
=Mandioc  =  Janiphax  manihot  =  Jatropha 
manihot:  a  plant  belonging  to  Euphor- 
biacese,  from  which  tapioca  is  obtained. 

Manilla,  (man-il'la).  [Manilla,  Id.]  M.  hemp: 
a  coarse  fibre  obtained  from  the  plant  Musa 
textilis. 

Manioc= Manihot,  q.v. 

Manis,  (ma'nis)  =  Pangolin  :  an  animal  be- 
longing to  Edentata. 

Manna,  (man'na).  [The  Latin  name.]  A 
sugary  gum  from  Larch,  Fraxinus,  Eucalyp- 
tus, and  other  trees.  M.  asA=Ornus  rotun- 
difolia.  M.  Sinai:  wholly  of  sugar,  from 
Tamarix.  M.  grass=: Glyceria,  q.v. 

Mannides,  (man'nidz).  [Mannite,  q.v.]  Arti- 
ficial compounds  of  mannite  with  acids, 
resembling  natural  fats. 

Mannite,  (man'nit).  [Manna,  q.v.]=CgHi^OQ: 
the  sweet  principle  of  manna,  differing  from 
sugar  in  not  fermenting  with  yeast  and 
water  =  Mannitane  and  water  —  Inverted 
sugar  and  hydrogen. 

Mannitane,  ( mau'i-tan ).  [Mannite,  q.v.]= 
O 


MANNITOSE 


210 


MARMOSET 


s:  a  syrup  substance  obtained  from 
mannite. 

Mannitose,  (man'i-tos).  [Mannite,  q.v.]  A 
fermentable  variety  of  sugar  obtained  from 
mannite. 

Manometer,  ( man-om'e-ter ).  [Gk.  manos, 
rare;  metron,  measure.]=Pressure  gauge:  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the  pressure  or 
tension  of  gases. 

Hansard,  (man'sard)..  [M.  Mansarde.]  M. 
ro0/=Curb-roof:  formed  by  two  sets  of  raf- 
ters, one  enclosing  the  other. 

Mantides.  (man'ti-dez).  [Mantis,  the  typical 
genns:  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Insects  belonging 
to  Orthoptera. 

Mantissa,  ( man-tis'sa ).  [L.  mantissa,  in- 
crease.] The  fractional  part  of  a  logarithm. 

Mantle,  (man'tl).  [Mantellum,  the  Latin 
word.]=Pallium:  an  integument  enclosing 
the  viscera  of  mollusca,  and  forming  a  kind 
of  cloak  within  the  shell.  M.  lobes:  in  La- 
mellibranchiata  open  right  and  left;  in 
Brachiopoda  open  back  and  front. 

Manubrium,  (man-u'bri-um).  [L.  manubrium, 
handle.]  1.  The  central,  dependant,  polypite 
of  hydrozoa:  serves  as  a  gastric  or  genital 
sac.  2.  The  upper  and  rounded  extremity 
of  the  breast-bone. 

Manures,  (ma-nurz/).  [P.  manceuvrer,  to  work 
with  the  hand.]  Substances  added  to  land 
to  increase  its  fertility,  such  as  bones,  guano, 
phosphates,  sewage,  sea-weeds,  &c. 

Manus,  (man'us).  ,[The  Latin  word.]=Hand, 
q.v. 

Manx,  (manks).  Connected  with  the  Isle  of 
Man.  M.  cat:  a  tail-less  variety  of  the 
common  cat  found  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Maori,  (ma'o-ri).  The  aborigines  of  New 
Zealand. 

Map,  (map).  [L.  mappa,  table-cloth.]  A 
plan  of  a  portion  or  the  whole  of  the  suiface 
of  the  earth.  Central  project iow=Gnomonic 
projection,  q.v.  Globular  projection;  when 
the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  about  ^  of  the 
radius  distant.  Gnomonic  projection:  when 
the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  the  centre  of 
the  earth.  Orthographic  projection:  when 
the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  dis- 
tance. Stereographic  projection:  when  the 
eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  the  surface,  v. 
Projection. 

Maple,  (ma'pl).      [Mapel,  the  A.-S.   name.] 
=Acer,    q.v.:  a    tree 
belonging    to    Acera- 
ceae.    M .  sugar:  from 
Acer  saccharinum. 

Marantaceoe,  (mar-an- 
tii'se-e).  .[Signor 
Maranti.]  =  Marants: 
tropical  herbaceous 
plants  belonging  to 
Amomales. 

Marble,  (mar'bl). 
[Marbre,  the  French 
name.]  A  crystalline 
variety  of  limestone  Maple. 

which  is  hard  enough  to  be  finely  polished, 
often  coloured  by  iron  pyrites,  &c.  Forest 
M.=Bath  Oolite,  v.  Oolite.  Green  4Tf.=Ser- 


pentine,  q.v.  Statuary  M.  has  no  fossils, 
and  is  usually  of  a  pure  white  colour. 

Marcasite,  (mar'ka-sit)='White  iron  pyrites: 
a  mineral  of  the  iron  group,  resembling 
pyrites,  q.v.,  in  composition,  but  crystallising 
in  rhombs. 

Marcgraviaceae.  (mark-gra-vi-a'se-6).  [Sir  G. 
Marcgrave.]=Marcgraviads:  trees  and  shrubs, 
sometimes  climbing,  with  numerous  seeds, 
belonging  to  Guttiferales. 

Marchantiacere.  (mar-shan-ti-ii'se-e).  [M. 
Marchant.  ]=Liver- worts:  small  cellular  leaf- 
less plants,  found  in  damp  places,  belonging 
to  Muscales. 

Mare,  (1,  mar;  2,  ma're).  [1.  Mere,  the  A.-S. 
word;  2.  The  Latin  word.]  1.  The  female 
of  a  horse,  q.v.  2.  Dry,  flat  hollows  or 
plains  in  the  moon  are  called  mares,  and 
named  separately,  as  Mare  Crifiium,  Mare 
Serenitatis.  v.  Moon. 

Mare's  tail=Equisetum,  q.v. 

Margarates,  (mar'ga-rats).  [Margaric,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  margaric  acid  with  bases. 

Margaric  acid,  (mar-gar'ik).  [Gk.  margaritcs, 
pearl.]=Ci7H34O->:  a  crystalline  fatty  acid, 
named  from  its  pearly  lustre. 

Margarin,  (mar'ga-rin).  [Gk.  margaron,  pearl.] 
=C54Hi04O<;:  a  compound  crystalline  sub- 
stance found  in  fat,  olive  oil,  &c. 

Margarite,  ( mar'ga-rlt ).  [Gk.  margarites, 
pearl.]  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mica;  also 
called  pearl-mica. 

Marie  Davy  battery.  A  galvanic  battery 
consisting  of  plates  of  zinc  in  brine,  and  of 
carbon  in  bisulphate  of  mercury. 

Marigold,  (mart-gold).  [Mary  and  Gold.]= 
Calendula:  an  herb  belonging  to  Asteracese. 
Marsh  Jlf.=Caltha  palustris. 

Marine,  (ina-ren').  [Marinus,  the  Latin  word. ] 
Belonging  to  the  sea.  M.  glue:  shell-lac  and 
india-rubber  dissolved  iu  mineral  naphtha. 
M.  snakes,  v.  Ophidia. 

Mariner's  compass.  A  declination  compass, 
and  fittings  necessary  to  adopt  it  for  the 
purpose  of  directing  a  ship's  course. 

Mariotte's  (ma-ri-of).  [M.  Marietta.]  M. 
bottle;  with  openings  at  the  side,  to  illustrate 
the  laws  of  water  issuing  in  the  form  of  a 
jet.  M.  Zaw=Boyle's  law:  that  the  volume 
of  a  gas  varies  inversely  as  the  pressure  to 
which  it  is  subjected. 

Marishes=Marshes,  q.v. 

Marjoram,  (  mar  jo-ram ).  [Marjorana,  the 
Latin  name.]=Origanum:  an  herb  belonging 
to  Lamiaceae. 

Markab,  (mar'kab).  A  star  of  first  magnitude. 
v.  Sun  stars. 

Marl,  (marl).  [The  Welsh  name.]=Clay  and 
Lime— Calcareous  clay;  also  used  generally 
for  any  earth  that  crumbles  on  exposure  to 
air.  M.  slate:  a  sub-division  of  Middle 
Permian ;  a  calcareous  shale. 

Marlborough  wheel.  A  wheel  connected  with 
two  other  wheels,  so  that  it  turns  each  of 
them. 

Marmalade,  (mar'ma-lad).  [Marmela.de,  the 
French  word.]  Orange  preserved  with 
sugar. 

Marmoset,  (mar'mo-zet).      [Marmouset,  the 


MARMOT 


211 


MASSIVE 


French  word.] =Hapale  penicillata:  a  small 
monkey,  resembling  the  squirrel,  peculiar 
to  tropical  America. 

Marmot,  (mar'mot).  [Marmotte,  the  French 
name.  ]  =  Arcto- 

mys:   an  animal  ••    i 

belonging  to  Ro- 
dentia. 

Marois.    An,  Oce- 
anic race. 

Marquetry,  (mar'- 
ket-ri).  [Marque- 
terie,  the  French 
word.]  The  orna- 
mental   arrange-  Marmot, 
ment  of  a  number  of  small  pieces  of  wood. 
cf.  Parquetry. 

Marquoi's  rulers,  (mar'kwaw).  [M.  Marquoi.] 
For  drawing  a  number  of  parallel  lines,  and 
also  others  perpendicular  to  these. 

Marram  grass=Psamma  arenaria=Arundo 
arenaria :  a  plant  belonging  to  Grami- 
naceae;  also  called  sea-reed. 

Marrow,  (mar'ro).  [Mearg,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Medulla:  a  fatty  substance  found  in  large 
bones. 

Marrubium,  (mar-ro'bi-um).  [Heb.  marrob, 
bitter  juice.  ]= White  horehound:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Lamiaceae. 

Mars,  (mars.)  [Classical.]  The  planet  next 
beyond  the  earth,  140  millions  of  miles 
from  the  sun:  its  diameter  is  4363  miles, 
and  length  of  year  687  days ;  presents 
sometimes  a  full  and  sometimes  a  gibbous 
appearance,  like  the  moon;  and  shines  with 
'  a  ruddy  light,  whence  it  is  named  after 
the  god  of  war. 

Marsh,  (marsh).  [Merse,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
M.  cinquefoil  =  Comarum  palustre=:Poten- 
tilla  comarum:  an  herb  belonging  to  Rosaceae. 
M.  marigold  =  Caltha  palustris,  q.v.  M. 
r/m  Mo  w= Althaea  officinalis,  q.v. ;  also  called 
Hibiscus.  M.  oi£er=Mustela  vison.  M. 
samphire=Sa,licornia.  herbacese.  M.  warbler 
=Salicaria  palustris. ;  v.  Warbler. 

Marsh  gas  =  CH4  =  Carburetted  hydrogen 
(Light),  2.v.=Methyl  hydride.  M.  series= 
CnH2n+2 :  includes  the  hydrides  of  Methyl, 
Ethyl,  Propyl,  Butyl,  &c.,  hydrogen  being 
the  hypothetical  first  term.  M.  type= 
CH4. 

Marsh's  test  for  arsenic.  By  the  combination 
of  hydrogen  with  arsenic  if  it  be  present. 

Marsileacese,  (  mar  -  sil-e  -  a'se  -  e  ).  [  Count 
Marsigli  of  Italy.]=Pepper-worts:  stemless, 
flowerless  plants,  found  in  ditches;  belonging 
to  Lycopodales. 

Marsipobranchii,  (mar-si-po-brangTci-i).  [Gk. 
marsipos,  pouch;  bragchia,  gill.]r=Lampreys, 
hag  fishes:  fishes  with  pouch-like  gills;  a 
primary  division  of  fishes. 

Marsupial  bones,  (mar-su'pi-al).  [Marsupium, 
q.v.]  Ossifications  or  chondrifications  of  the 
internal  tendon  of  the  external  muscle  of  the 
abdomen. 

Marsupialia,  (mar-su-pi-a/li-a).  [Marsupium, 
fl.i>.]=Didelphia:  vertebrate  animals,  mostly 
Australian,  the  young  of  which  is  kept  for  a 
time  after  birth  in  an  abdominal  pouch;  a 


• 


primary  division  of  Mammalia,  connecting 

mammals  with  birds. 
Marsupium,    ( mar-su'pi-um  ).      [L.  tnarsu- 

pium,  pouch.]     1.  A  fold  of  the  skin  of  the 

abdomen  above  the  pelvis.    2.  A  membraue 

in  the  eye. 
Martagon,  (mar'ta-gon).     [The  French  name.] 

Purple  Lily=.U\i- 

um  M. ;  also  called 

Turk's  cap.:  a  plant 

belonging  to  Lilia- 

cese. 
Martello  tower, 

(mar-tel'lo).     [Mor- 

tello    in    Corsica.] 

A  small  round  fort,  ^ 

usually  for  defence : 

of  the  coast. 
Marten,   (  mar'ten ). . 

[Martre,  the  French 

name.]  =  Mustela 

martes:  a   weaa 

like  animal.  Martello-tower. 

Martial,    Belonging  to  the  planet  Mars. 
Martin,   (mar'tin).     [Martinet,  the    French 

name.]  =  Hirundo 

nrbica:  a  swallow- 
like  bird;  also  called 

Chelidon  urbica. 

Fairy   M.—  Hi- 
rundo ariel:  an-  ^ 

Australian       bird.  ^ 

Sand  M.  =  Cotyle 

riparia. 
Martinet,    (mar'ti- 

net).     [The  French  Martin. 

name.]     A   swallow-like  bird;  also  called 

Griffon. 
Martius's  classification  of  plants,  made  in 

1835  by  Professor  M.  of  Munich:— 
Primitive  vegetation — 

A nanths= Flowerless  plants. 
Loxines=Monocotyledons. 
Tympanochetes=Gymnogens 
Orthoines=Dicotyledons. 
Secondary  vegetation — 

Fun  gals. 
Masked.    M.  grosbeaks=. Eophona  personata. 

M.  moji£ey=Callithrix  personata. 
Mason  wasp:  v.  Wasps. 
Masonry,  (ma'son-ri)i=Stone-work:  walls,  &c., 

composed  of  stone. 
Mason's  hygrometer— Wet  bulb  hygrometer: 

two  thermometers    on  one    stand,   one    of 

which  has  its  bulb  kept  wet.     The  difference 

between    the    two   shows    the   amount   of 

moisture  in  the  air. 
Masseter  muscle,  (mas'e-ter).      [Gk.  maseter, 

a  chewer.]    In  the  face:  from  the  malar  bone 

to  the  lower  jaw. 
Massey's  sounding  machine,    A  brass  shield, 

with  vanes,  which  revolve  as  they  descend, 

and  register  the  distance  travelled  by  means 

of  indices  resembling  those  of  a  gas  meter. 
Massicot,   (mas'si-cot).     [The  French  word.] 

Yellow  oxide  of  lead,  used  as  a  pigment. 
Massiha.     No.  20  of  the  Minor  Planets,  q.v. 
Massive  type  of  animals.    Von  Baer's  term 

for  Mollusca. 


MAST 


212 


MEADOW 


Mast,  (mast).     [The  A.-S.  word.]    The  fruit 
of  the  oak  or  beech. 
Mast-worts,  (mast).    [Mast,  g.v.]=Corylaceae, 

jtf  aster-wort =1  rnperatoria :  a  plan  t  belong!  n  g  to 

Apiacese,  now  called  Peucedanum  ostruthiuin. 

Mastic,  (mas'tik).  [Mastiche,  the  Latin  name. ] 
A  resin,  used  as  a  varnish,  obtained  from 
the  plant  Pistachia  lentiscus. 

Mastication,  (mas-ti-ka'shun).  [L.  Masticare.} 
=Chewing:  the  grinding  of  solid  food  pre- 
paratory to  its  passing  into  the  stomach. 

Masticatory  organs,  (mas-ti-ka'to-ri).  [Mas- 
tication, q.v.]  In  Invertebrate  animals, 
either  hardened  mucous  membrane  or  modi- 
fied limbs;  in  Verte- 
brate animals,  mo- 
difications of  cepha- 
lic parieties  always 
distinct  from  limbs. 

Mastiff,  (mas'tif). 
A  variety  of  the  dog 
remarkable  for  its 
strength  and  courage. 

Mastodon,  (mas'to-dou).  [Gk.  mastos,  breast; 
odous,  tooth.]  An 
extinct  elephant -like 
mammal  of  America, 
whose  teeth  have  a 
nipple-like  surface. 

Mastodonsaurus.     v.  La- 
byrinthodon. 

Mastoid  processes,  (mas'- 
toid  ).      [  Gk.     mastos, 
breast  ;    eidos,    form.] 
Two  rounded  projections  at  the  back  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  skull. 

Mat-grass- Mat-weed=Nardu3:  a  grass-like 
plant. 

Matchan,  (match/an).  [The  native  name.] 
M.  i*wwi=Black  tiger  of  New  Zealand.  M. 
Zo>-en<7=Striped  tiger  of  New  Zealand.  M. 
toc«oei=Leopard  of  New  Zealand. 

Mater,  (ma'ter).  [Gk.  mater,  mother.]  Pia- 
mater:  a  soft,  thin  membrane  enclosing  the 
brain.  Dura  -  mat er :  a  dense  membrane 
enclosing  the  brain. 

Mathematics,  (math-e-mat'iks).  [Gk.  mathe- 
matike,  science.]  The  science  of  quantitive 
relation,  includes  arithmetic,  algebra,  trigo- 
nometry, &c. 

Matrass,  (mat'ras).  [Matras,  the  French 
word.]  1.  A  globe  of  thin  glass,  having  a 
long  neck,  used  in  Chemistry.  2.  Any 
ignition  tube. 

Matncaria,  (mat-ri-ka'ri-a).  [L.  matrix, 
womb.]  A  : plant  belonging  to  Asteracerc. 
M.  chamomilla=Wild.  chamomile.  M-  par- 
thenium=T?ever-few. 

Matrix,  ( ma'triks ).  [  The  Latin  word.]  = 
Womb :  used  generally  for  anything  which 
encloses  a  substance  and  gives  form  to  it. 

Matt,  (matt).  [Gk.  matt,  dull.]  In  smelting, 
especially  in  lead-working:  used  for  imper- 
fectly refined  metals. 

Matter,  (mat'ter).     [Materia ,  the  Latin  word.  ] 
A  general  term  for  any  substance;  for  any- 
thing which  has  extension. 
Matthiessen's  differential  thermometer.    [Doc- 


Mastxxlon. 


tor  Matthiessen.]    Adapted  to  the  measure- 
ment of  the  temperatures  of  two  liquids. 
Matthiola,  (mat-ti'6-la).     [Signer  Matthiolus.] 

=Stock:  an  herb  belonging  to  Brassicaceaj. 

M.  irica?ia=Gillyflower. 
Mauritius,  (maw-rish'i-us).     [Prince  Maurice.  ] 

M.  grass:  a  large  kind  of  couch  grass  found 

in  Ceylon.    M.  weed:  Rocella  fusi-formis. 
Mauve,  (m5v).     [The  French  word.]    A  violet 

dye-stuff  obtained  from  analine.    v.  Aniline 

dyes. 
Mauveine,  (mov'in).    [Mauve,  q.v.]    The  base 

of  Mauve,  q.v. 
Mavis,  (ma/vis).     [Mauvis,  the  French  name. 

=Turdus  musicus: 

a  thrush-like  bird;      V 

also  called  Throstle. 
Maxilla,  (maks-il'la). 

[L.  ,/•(</".  jaw.]    1. 

In  Vertebrata:  the 

same  as  thesuperior 

m  axilla  of  m  an .    2. 

In.       Arthropoda  : 

limbs  modified   as 

jaws. 
Maxillary,  (maks-il'la-ri).       [L.  mala,  j»iw/\ 

M.  bones  of  skull:  two  bones  forming  tho 

jaws;  the  upper  is  in  two  pieces,  and  extends 

upwards  between  the  nose  and  eyes.     J\I. 

nerve:   Upper  M.  serves  the  nose,  eyelids, 

teeth,   and  lip  of  upper  jaw.      Loictr  M. 

serves  the  tongue  and  lower  jaw. 
Maxillipedes,  (maks-il'i-pedz).     [Maxilla,  <(.r.  • 

L.  pes,  foot.]=iFoot-ja\vs  :  modified  limbs  in 

Crustacea,  which  serve  as  jaws. 
Mayacese,   (  ma-a'se-e  )  =  Mayacs :    moss -like 

plants  with  narrow  leaves  and  small  flowers. 
May.     M.  cAa/er=Melolontha  vulgaris.     M. 

apple  of  N.   Mexico— Podophy Hum    peltu- 

tum.      M.  pole  =  American    aloe  =  Agave 

Americana. 
May  flies= Ephemerae:  insects  belonging  to 

Neuroptera. 
May-hill  sandstone.     [M.  in  Gloucestershire.] 

= Upper  Llandovery  rocks,  connecting  Upper 

and  Lower  Silurian  strata. 
Maximum  thermometer.     One  adapted  to  the 

registration    of    the    highest    temperature 

reached  in  a  given  period. 
M'Fans.    An  African  people. 
M'Leay's  classification  of  animals: — 

VERTEBRATA. 

Cephalopoda.  Annelida. 

MOLLUSCA.  ANNULORA. 

Tunicata.  Cirripeda. 

ACRITA.  RADIATA. 

Zoanthida. 

Vertebrata  passes  through  Annelida  to  Annu- 
losa,  and  through  Cephalopoda  to  MolJusca. 
In  the  same  way  lladiata  passes  through 
Cirripeda  to  Annulosa,  and  through  Zoan- 
tliida  to  Acrita,  &c. 

M'Pongos.     An  African  people. 

Meadow,  (med'o).  [Mceed,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
M.  fox-tail  grass  =  Alopecurus  prateusis. 
M.  grass=Poa  trivialis.  M.  r«e=Thalic- 
tmm  flavum.  M.  saffron  =  Colchicuui 
axitumnale.  M.  sweet— Spirsea  ulmaria, 


MEANDRINA 


213 


MEGATHERIUM 


Meandrina,  (rae-an-dn'na).  [Meandrine,  the 
French  name.]  =  Brain-coral :  a  family  of 
corals,  with  furrows,  formed  by  long  rows 
of  mouths. 

Mean  sun,    v.  Sun. 

Measles,  (me'zlz).  [G.  Mascr,  speck.]  An 
eruptive  fever-like  disease. 

Measurement,  (mez'ur-ment).  [Mesure,  the 
French  word.]  M.  of  angles:  by  degrees, 
each  degree=^  of  a  right  angle.  M.  of 
area,  v.  M.  of  space.  M.  of  force,  v. 
Momentum.  M.  of  length,  v.  M.  of  space. 
M.  of  ii(/7i<=Photometry.  M.  of  space:  of 
length,  by  feet,  miles,  leagues,  &c.;  of 
area,  by  square  feet,  acres,  square  miles, 
&c. ;  of  volume,  by  cubic  feet,  &c.  M.  of 
surface  =  M.  of  area.  M.  of  time :  by 
seconds,  minutes,  hours,  &c. 

Measures.  Coal  M.:  the  upper  portion  of 
the  carboniferous  strata,  in  which  are  found 
beds  of  coal;  v.  Primary  strata.  French  M., 
v.  Metric  svstem. 

Meat,  (met).  [Mate,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Ex- 
tract of  M.  —  Concentrated  juice  of  meat. 
Lean  of  Af.=Muscle.  Hog's  M.=Roots  of 
Boerhavia  decumbens. 

Meatus,  (me-a'tus).  [The  Latin  word.]  An 
opening:  especially  used  for  the  opening  of 
the  ear. 

Mecca,  Balm  of.  Obtained  from  Balsamo- 
dendron  myrrha. 

Mechanical,  ( me-kan'i-kal ).  [  Mechanicus, 
the  Latin  word.]  M.  equivalent  of  keat= 
1390  foot-pounds  per  thermal  unit.  M. 
theory  of  /tra£:=  Dynamical  theory,  q.v.  M. 
work  of  a  man's  &orfy=l,430,000  foot-pounds, 
half  being  used  internally  in  the  work  of 
circulation,  respiration,  &c.,  and  the  other 
half  being  available  for  external  work.  M. 
poivers:—l.  The  lever:  a  movable  rod  with 
one  point  fixed.  2.  The  wheel  and  axle: 
a  modification  of  the  lever,  v.  Wheel.  3. 
The  inclined  plane;  a  gradual  ascent.  4. 
The  Wedge:  a  double  inclined  plane.  5. 
The  screiu:  an  inclined  plane  winding  round 
an  axis. 

Mechanics,  (me-kan'iks).  [MechaniJcos,  the 
Greek  word.]  The  science  of  the  laws  of 
forces,  as  shown  by  matter  in  masses. 

Meconates,  (mek'5-nats).  [Meconic,  q.v.]— 
M;jCyHO7:  compounds  of  meconic  acid  with 
a  base. 

Meconic  acid,  (me-kon'ik).  [Gk.  mel-on, 
poppy. ]=C7H4O7.3HoO  :  a  crystalline  poi- 
sonous substance  found  in  opium. 

Meconine,  (mek'o-nin).  [Meconic  q.v.]  = 
Cl()Hio04:  a  crystalline  substance  found  in 
opium. 

Meconopsis,  ( me-ko-nop'sis ).  [Gk.  mekon, 
poppy;  opsis,  appearance.]=Welsh  poppy:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Papaveracea?. 

Medeola.  A  gourd-like  plant.  M.  virginaca 
= Indian  cucumber. 

Median,  (me'di-an).  [L.  medius,  middle.] 
M.fins;  peculiar  to  fishes.  M.  nerve:  in  the 
arm,  serving  the  fingers. 

Medicago,  (med-i-ka/go).  [The  Greek  name.] 
=Medick :  an  herb  belonging  to  Legunii- 
nacese.  M.  disci/on)us=lledge-hogg. 


Medical  science,  The  knowledge  of  the  action 
of  medicines  upon  the  animal  system.  He- 
teropathy= Allopathy:  the  use  of  medicines 
likely  to  counteract  the  given  disease. 
Homoeopathy:  the  use  of  medicines,  usually 
in  minute  doses,  likely  to  cause  the  given 
disease  in  a  state  of  health. 

Medlar,  (medlar).  [Medle,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Pyrus  Germanica:  a  plant  of  the  apple 
kind. 

Medulla,  (me-dul'la).  [L.  medulla,  marrow.] 
1.— Spinal  cord:  the  centre  of  the  nervous 
system  in  vertebrate  animals.  2.=Marrow: 
a  delicate  variety  of  connective  tissue.  M. 
oblongata:  the  hindermost  part  of  the  brain, 
in  contact  with  the  spinal  cord,  from  which 
most  of  the  cerebral  nerves  originate. 

Medullary,  (  me-dul'la-ri ).  [Medulla,  q.v.] 
The  middle  portion  of  the  kidney.  M.  rays: 
vertical  plates  of  cellular  tissue,  which 
radiate  from  the  pith  of  an  exogenous  plant 
to  the  bark. 

Medusa,  (me-du'sa).  [Classical.]  Head  of  M. 
=Algol,  q.v. 

Medusae,  (nie-du'sg).  [Medusaz  the  typical 
genus.]  =  Jelly-fishes= 
Discophorse :  a  sub- 
division of  Hydrozoa; 
gelatinous  animals  in 
which  the  heart  and 
stomach  are  identical. 
v.  Acalephfe.  Craspe- 
dote  M.  =  Gymnoph- 
thalmata=  Naked  -  eyed 
M.:  mostly  small,  and 
phosphorescent.  M. 
with  covered  eyes:  have  Medusse. 

a  membrane  over  the  supposed  eyes.  M. 
with  naked  eyes;  have  no  such  membrane. 

Medusoid,  (me-du'soid).  [Medusa,  q.v.  •  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Medusa-like.  Steganophthal- 
mate  M.=M.  with  covered  eyes,  now  in- 
cluded in  Lucernaridae. 

Meerschaum,  (mer'shawm).  [Gk.  meer,  sea; 
schaum,  foam.]  A  soft,  white,  clayey  mine- 
ral, chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesium: 
\ised  for  tobacco  pipes,  and,  when  fresh,  also 
as  a  kind  of  soap. 

Megaceros,  (me-gas'e-ros).  [Gk.  megas,  large; 
keras,  horn.]  M.  Ilibernicus=Irish  elk:  a 
large  stag,  known  only  by  fossil  remains. 

Megaderma,  (meg-a-der'ma).  [Gk.  megas, 
large;  derma,  skin.]  M.  i7/ra=Lyre  bat. 

Megalodon,  (me-gal'o-don).  [Gk.  megas,  large; 
odous,  tooth.]  A  molluscous  animal,  known 
only  by  shells  found  in  Devonian  rocks. 

Megalosaurus,  (meg-a-16-saw'rus),  Gk.  megas, 
great;  sauros,  lizard.]  A  large  carnivorous 
lizard,  moving  chiefly  on  its  hind  limbs, 
analogous  in  structure  to  the  ostrich,  known 
only  by  fossil  remains  in  Lias,  Oolite,  and 
Wealden  rocks. 

Megaptera,  (me-gap'ter-a).  [Gk.  megas,  great; 
pteryx,  fin.  ]=Hump- backed  whale :  a  cetacean 
animal,  named  from  its  large  fins. 

Megatherium,  (meg-a-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  megas, 
great;  therion,  beast.]  An  extinct  animal 
of  large  size,  resembling  the  sloth  in  some 
characters,  belonging  to  Edentata:  known 


MEGOHM 


214 


MELON 


Megatherium. 


BUNK;  pyrus,   wiieat.j=L/ow-wneai/.  ail  iie.ru 
belonging  to  Scrophulariaceae. 
Melania,   (me]-a'ni-a).    [Gk.  melae,  black.] 
A  snail-like  ani-     M. 


only  by  fossil  remains  found  in  Pleistocene 
rocks    of    South 
America. 

Megohm ,  (meg'om) 
fGk.  me^as,great; 
Professor   Ohm.] 
=  One  million 
ohms:  a  measure 
of  electric  resist- 
ance.   v.Ohm. 
Meibomian  glands, 
(mi-bo'mi-an). 
In  the  eyelids. 
Meisner's  classification  of  plants:— 
Vascular  plants- 
Dicotyledons. 

Diplochlamyda. 
Thalamiflorals. 
Calyciflorala. 
Monocotyledons. 
Cellular  plants — 

Acotyledons. 

Melaconite,  (mel-ak'6-nit).  [Gk.  melas,  black; 
konis,  powder. ]=Black  copper  ore:  one  of 
the  copper  group  of  minerals,  amorphous, 
chiefly  o±ide  of  copper=CuO. 
Melam,  (mel'am).  [Gk.  melas,  black.]  A 
grey  powder  obtained  from  sulphocyanide 
.  of  ammonium. 

Melampyrum,  (mel-am-pi'rum).     [Gk.  melas, 
black;  pyros,  wheat.]=Cow-wheat:  an  herb 

Md,    - 
A 

inal  fouhd  in 

estuaries;  also 

balled      blaok 

snail. 
Melanite,    (  mel'- 

an-it).  [Gk.melas, 

black.]    A  black 

variety  of  garnet. 
Melanthacese, 

mel  -  an-tha'se-e). 

[Gk.  melas,  black,  Melania. 

anthos,    flower.] |  =  Melanths  :    crocus -like 

plants,    mostly     poisonous,    belonging    to 

Liliales,   named  from  the    dark    colour  of 

the  flowers. 
Melaphyre,  (mel'a-flr).     [Gk.  melax,  black.] 

A  dark-coloured  variety  of  basalt,  belonging 

to  the  middle  Trias  period. 
Melastomaceae,   (mel-as-to-ma'se-e).     [Gk. 

melas,  black;  stoma,  mouth. ]=Melastomads: 

herbs,    shrubs,    and    trees,    belonging    to 
.Myrtales. 
Melde  and  Faraday's 

figures.       Regular  ^ 

figures  formed    by^ 

the  arrangement  of  M 

tine    sand     spread 

over    a    vibrating 

surface. 
Meleagris,  (mel-e-a/- 

gris).  [L.  meleag^is, 

guinea  fowl.  ^Tur- 
key: a  poultry-like 

bird    belonging   to  -** 

Pavonidtc.  Meleagris. 


Melene,  (meren)=C3oH60:  a  paraffin  obtained 

from  wax. 
Meles,  (me'les).     [The  Latin  name.]=Badger : 

a  nocturnal,  omnivorous,  burrowing  animal 

belonging  to  Carniyora. 
Melezitose,   (mel'e-zi-tos).     [F.   melfze,   larch 

tree.]    A  variety  of  sugar  obtained  from  the 

larch  tree. 
Melia,   (mel'i-a).     [Gk.  melia,  ash  tree.]    A 

plant,  the  type  of  Meliaceas.    M.  azedarack 

= White  cedar  of  N.  Zealand;  also  called 

Lilac. 
Meliaceae,  (mel-i-u'se-e).      [Melia,  q.v. ]=. 

Meliads:    trees    and    shmbs,    with    small 

flowers,  belonging  to  Rutales. 
Melilite,  (meri-lit).     [Gk.  meli,  honey;  lithos, 

stone.]  =  Hum boldtilite:  a  mineral,  chiefly 

silicate  of  calcium  and  aluminum,  named 

from  its  colour  resembling  that  of  honey. 
Mclilotus,  (mel-i-15'tus).      [Gk.  meli,  honey; 

Lotus,  $.v.]=Melilot:  an  herb  belonging  to 

Legumiuaceae. 
Melinophane, (mel'in-o-fan).   [Gk.meli, honey; 

phaino,  I  show.]    A  mineral  which  resembles 

leucophane. 
Meliphagidse,   ( mel-i-faj'i-de ).       [Gk.  meli, 

honey;  phago,  I  eat. ]= Honey-eaters:  birds 

of  great  variety,   belonging  to  Insessores, 

chiefly  Australasian. 
Melissa,   (mel-is'sa).     [Gk.  melissa,  bee.]= 

Balm:    an    herb  belonging    to    Lamiacese, 

named  from  bees  frequenting  it. 
Melitose,   (  mel'i-tos  )  =  CigH^On-SHsC)  '.    a 

variety  of  sugar,  which  requires  hyciratioii 

previous  to  fermentation. 
Melittis,  (mel'it-tis).     [Gk.  melissa,  bee.]= 

Bastard-balm :    an  herb  belonging  to  La- 

miaceae. 
Mellifera,  (mel-lifer-a).     [L.  mel,  honey  ;fero, 

I  bear.]=Honey-bearers=Bees,  q.v. 
Melliphagidae,   (mel-li-faj'i-de).      [Gk.    meli, 

honey;  phago,  I  eat.J=Honey-eaters:  used 

for  honey-eating  birds  generally,  and  espe- 
cially for  the  pell-bird  and  wattle-bird  of 

Australia. 
Mellite,  (melllt).     [Gk.  meli,  honey;  Jithos, 

stone.  ]= Honey -stone:  a  rare  mineral,  chiefly 

inellitate  of  aluminum. 

Mellitates,  (mel'li-tats^.   [Mellitic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  mellitic  acid  with  bases. 
Mellitic  acid,  ( mel-lit'tik ).     [Mellite,  q.v.] 

CgHgOfi:  an  acid  substance  found  in  mellite; 

also  called  Benzol  hexacarbonic  acid.    Heini- 

M.  =C9H6O6:  a  modified  form  of  M. 
Mellivora,  (mel-liv'6-ra).  [L.  mel,  honey:  yoro, 

I  eat.]  =  Honey-badgers  =  Ratels :  animals 

resembling  the  badger,  found  in  Africa. 
Mellone,  (mel'lon).     C9N13:  a  radicle,  known 

only  in  combination,  obtained  from  com- 
pounds of  cyanogen. 
Mellonides,    (mel'lo-mdz). 

[Mellon,  q.v.]      Compounds 

of  mellon  with  bases. 
Melolontha,   (mel-6-lon'tha). 

[The  Latin  name.]    M.  vul- , 


gars= 

Melon,  (mel'on ).  [The  French 
name.]=Cucumis  melo ;  a 
plant  belonging  to  Cucur- 


MELOPHA.GUS 


215 


MERCURY 


bitacese,  the  fruit  of  which  is  edible.     Essence 
ofM.,  v.  Essence. 

Melophagus,  ( meJ-of'a-gus).  [Melophagos,  the 
Greek  name.]  An  insect  belonging  to  Hippo- 
boscidse,  q.v.  M.  ovinns=Sheeplouse. 

Melting.  [Meltan,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Fusion, 
q.v. 

Member,  (mem'ber).  [Membrum,  the  Latin 
name.]  1.  Of  an  equation:  all  the  terms 
on  one  side  of  the  sign=.  2.  Of  an  organised 
being=Limb,  q.v. 

Membracis,  (mem-bra'sis).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Leaf-hopper:  an  insect  belonging  to  Ho- 
moptera. 

Membrane,  (  mem'bran  ).  [  Membmna,  the 
Latin  word.]=Skin:  a  thin  layer  of  tissue 
serving  as  a  covering. 

Membranes,  (mem'branz).  [Membrane,  q.v.] 
M.  of  brain:  dura  mater,  arachnoid  M.,  pia 
mater,  and  falx,  q.v.  M.  of  C'orti:  in  the 
cochlea  of  the  ear,  separating  it  into  cham- 
bers, and  enclosing  the  scala  media. 

Membranous,  (mem'bra-nus).  [Membrane, 
q.v.]  M.  labyrinth:  a  part  of  the  essential 
organ  of  the  sense  of  hearing;  an  oval  sac 
containing  a  fluid  and  otolithes,  or  small 
bones;  probably  able  only  to  distinguish 
intensity  of  sound. 

Menaccanite,  (men-ak'a-nlt).  [Menachan  in 
Cornwall.]  A  variety  of  haematite:  a  black 
mineral,  slightly  magnetic;  also  called  II- 
menite. 

Menchecourt  drift.  [M.  near  Abbeville.]  A 
Post-Pliocene  bed  in  which  was  found  an 
entire  skeleton  of  a  rhinoceros. 

Mendipite,  (men-di-pit).  [Mendip  Hills.]  A 
rare  mineral,  white  and  nearly  opaque: 
chiefly  chloride  and  oxide  of  lead. 

Menevian  beds,  (men-e'vi-an).  [M.  =Classical 
name  of  St.  Davids.]  The  uppermost  of 
the  Lower  Cambrian  rocks:  near  St.  Davids 
in  N.  Wales. 

Mengite,  (men'jit).  [Mr.  Menge.]  1.  A  black 
mineral,  chiefly  zirconia,  oxide  of  iron,  and 
titanic  acid ;  also  called  Ilmenite.  2.= 
Monazite,  q.v. 

Menhirs,  (men'herz).  [Welsh  mcen,  stone.]= 
Standing  stones,  mostly  ancient  tombs,  cf. 
Dolmen. 

Meniscus,  (men-is'kus).  [Gk.  tmniskos,  little 
moon.]  A  crescent-shaped  lens. 

Menispermaceae,  ( men-is-per-m5r'- 
se-e).  [Gk.  meniskos,  little  moon;' 
sperma,  seed.]  =  Menispermads : 
tropical  twining  shrubs,  with 
small  narcotic  flowers,  belonging 
to  Menispermales;  the  only  order 
of  Exogena  which  has  ternary 
flowers  throughout,  approximat- 
ing to  Dictyogens.  Named  from 
the  crescent-shaped  seeds. 

Menispermales,(men-is-per-ma.'lez).  Meniscus. 
[Menispermacese,  q.v.]     Plants  with  mono- 
dichlamydeous  flowers  and  much  albumen 
with    the    embryo,  forming  a   division  of 
Diclinous  Exogens. 

Menkar,  (men'kar).  [The  Latin  name.]=a 
Ceti:  the  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Cetus;  a  sun  star. 


Menobranchus,  (  m  en  -  o  -  braug'kus  ).  [  Gk. 
menos,  strength  ;  bragchion,  gill.]  =  North. 
American  eft:  a  batrachian,  with  permanent 
gills,  belonging  to  Urodela,  usually  about 
two  feet  in  length. 

Menopoma,  (men-o-po'ma).  [Gk.  menos, 
strength;  poma,  gill  cover.]  =  Great  Sala- 
mander: an  American  batrachian,  belonging 
to  Urodela,  about  18  inches  in  length. 

Menotti's  battery.  A  galvanic  battery  con- 
sisting of  plates  of  zinc  in  dilute  sulphuric 
acid,  and  of  copper  in  sxilphate  of  copper 
solution,  the  liquids  being  separated  by  a 
layer  of  sand. 

Mental,  (men'tal).  [L.  mens,  mind.]  Relating 
to  the  mind.]  M.  foramen:  in  the  ramus  of 
the  lower  jaw-bone,  v.  Mentum. 

Mentha,  (men'tha).  [The  Greek  name.]= 
Mint:  a  strongly-scented  herb  belonging  to 
Lamiacese.  M.  piperita=Peppenamt,.  M. 


mint. 

Menthene,  (men'thSn).  [Mentha,  q.v.]  = 
CioHjg  !  a  hydrocarbon  found  in  oil  of 
peppermint. 

Mentum,  (men'tum).  [The  Latin  word.] 
Chin:  a  projection  of  the  lower  jaw-bone. 
In  insects  the  central  portion  of  the  labium. 

Menyanthes,  (men-i-an'thez)=Buckbean,  bog- 
bean  :  amarsh  herb,belongingto  Gentianacese. 

Mephitis,  (me-fi'tis).  [L.  mephitis,  noxious 
vapour.  ]  =  American  skunk  :  an  animal, 
resembling  the  pole-cat,  belonging  to  Mus- 
telidse. 

Merak=j3  Ursse  Majoris:  one  of  the  Pointers, 
q.v.:  a  star  in  the  constellation.  Ursa 
Major. 

Mercaptan,  (  mer  -  kap'  tan  ).  [  Afercurium 
ca2)<aws.]=H(C2H5)S=Ethylhydricsulphide: 
intermediate  between  sulphuretted  hydrogen 
and  diethyl  sulphide:  a  colourless  inflam- 
mable liquid,  named  from  its  action  on 
oxide  of  mercury. 

Mercaptans.  [Mercaptan,  q.v.]  Correspond 
to  alcohols,  in  which  oxygen  is  replaced  by 
sulphur. 

Mercator's  projection,  (mer-ka'tor).  fMercator, 
a  Danish  geographer.]"  Used  for  maps  in- 
tended for  sailors;  the  surface  of  the  earth 
is  assumed  to  be  a  plane,  v.  Projection. 

Mercuramine,  (mer-ku'ra-mm).  A  basic 
compound  of  mercury  and  ammonia. 

Mercurialis,  (mer-ku-ri-a'lis)  =  Dog-mercury:' 
an  herb  belonging  to  Euphorbiaceae.  M. 
jjere?i7iis=Herb-mercury. 

Mercuric,  (mer-ku'ric).  [Mercury,  q.v.]  M. 
sulphide  =  Cinnabar  =  HgS.  M.  cldoride= 
corrosive  sublimate,  Hg.Clg 

Mercurous,  (  mer-ku-rus  ).  [Mercury,  q.v.]: 
M.  chloride^  Calomel=HgCl. 

Mercury,  (mer'kQ-ri),  [Classical.]  =  Quick- 
silver =  Hydrargyrum  :  a  white  lustrous- 
metal,  liquid  between  -37°  and  662°  R,  much 
used  in  thermometers,  barometers,  and  in 
amalgams.  M.  pendulum:  in  which  the  bob- 
is  a  vessel  partly  filled  with  mercury,  the 
expansion  or  contraction  of  which  corrects 
the  contraction  or  expansion  of  the  pen- 
dulum. 


MERGANSER 


216 


METACETONE 


Merganser,  (mer-gan'ser). 
anser,  goose.]      v.  Mer- 


[L.  mergus,  diver; 


Merionea. 


Mergus,  (mer'gus).     [L.  ^ 
mergus,  diver.  ]  A  duck-  p  ^  1 1 
like  bird  belonging  to^ 
Natatores.    M.  mergan-  " 
ser= Goosander. 

Meridian,  (me-rid'i-an). 
fL.  meridies,  mid-day.] 
The  meridian  of  any  Merganser 

given  place  is  the  great  circle  passing  through 
that  place  and  the  two  poles;  in  English 
maps  the  distance  of  the  meridian  of  a 
place  from  that  of  Greenwich  is  its  longi- 
tude; all  places  on  any  given  meridian  have 
noon  at  the  same  time,  whence  the  name. 
Magnetic  M.:  a  plane  passing  through  a 
given  point  and  the  N.  and  S.  magnetic 
poles  is  the  magnetic  meridian  of  that 
point. 

Merino,  (me-re'no). 
[The  Spanish  name] 
1.  A  variety  of  the 
sheep,  remarkable 
for  the  fineness  of 
its  wool.  2.  The 
wool  itself. 

Meriones.  Jumping- 
mouse :  a  rat-like 
animal  belonging  to 
Muridw. 

Merlangus,   (mer-lan'gus)=Whiting : 
like  fish  belonging 
to  Gadidae. 

Merlin,(mei-'lin).  [L. 
merula,  black.]  A 
small  hawk-like 
bird. 

Merlucius,  (mer-lu'"- 
si-us).  Hake:  a 
cod-like  fish. 

Merope,  (merVpe). 
[Classical.]  One  of 
Pleiades,  q.v.:  the 
smallest  and  least 
bright. 

Merops,  (mer'ops).    [The  Latin  uame.]i=  Bee- 
eater:  a  bird,  the  type 
of     Meropidae,     living 
chiefly  upon  bees  and 
wasps. 

Meropidae,  (me-rop'i-de). 
[Merops,  q.v.~]  =  Bee- 
eaters  :  a  family  of 
birds,  belonging  to  In- 
sessores,  including  the 
king -fisher,  laughing- 
jackass,  &c. 

Merostomata,  (me-ro- 
sto'ma-ta).  [Gk.  meron,  Merops. 

thigh;  stoma,  mouth.]  =  Xiphosura:  crus- 
tacean animals,  such  as  the  king-crab,  with 
sessile  eyes,  and  several  pairs  of  articulated 
limbs,  some  belonging  to  the  head. 

Merry- thought— Furculum,  q.v. 

Merycotherium,  (me-ri-ko-thO'ri-um).  [Gk. 
merykao,  I  chew;  therion,  beast  ]  A  camel- 
like  animal,  known  only  by  fossil  remains, 


erlin. 


found  in  pleistocene  rocks  of  Europe  and 
Asia. 

Mesaconic,  ( mez-a-kon'ik  ).  [Aconitic,  q.v.'] 
M.  acid,  belongs  to  the  Fumaric  acid 
series. 

Mesembryaceae,  (mez-cm-bri-ii'se-e.)  [Mesem- 
bryanthemum,  q.v.]  =  Ficoids  :  herbs  and 
shrubs,  with  succulent  leaves,  belonging 
to  Ficoidales. 

Me sembry  anth emum ,  (mez  -  em  -  bri  -  an'  th e  - 
mum).  [Gk.  mescmbria,  noon;  anthos  flower.] 
= Fig-marigold:  a  plant,  the  type  of  Mesem- 
bryacese,  q.v.  M.  crystallinum=Ice--pla.nt. 

Mesencephalic,  (mez-en-se-fal'ik).  [Gk.  mesos, 
middle;  kephale,  head .]= Parietal:  belonging 
to  the  side  of  the  cranium. 

Mesenteric  glands,  (mez-en-ter'ik).  [Mesen- 
tery, q.v.]  Through  which  the  lymphatic 
capillaries  pass,  in  the  folds  of  the  mesentery. 

Mesentery,  ( mez'en-ter-i ).  [Gk.  mcsos,  be- 
tween; enteron,  intestine.]  The  membrane 
attaching  the  intestines  to  the  abdomen. 

Meseraic,  ( mez-er-a'ik ).  [Gk.  mesaraion, 
mesentery.]  Mesenteric,  q.v. 

Meso,  (mez'6).  [The  Greek  word.]  A  prefix 
implying  an  intermediate  position. 

Mesopithecus,  (mez-6-pith-e'kus).  [Gk.  mesas, 
middle;  pithekos,  ape.]  An  intermediate 
variety  of  the  ape  tribe,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains;  supposed  to  connect  the 
tailed  and  tailless  varieties  of  apes. 

Mesopodium,  (mez-o-pd'di-um).  [Gk.  mesos, 
middle;  pous,  foot.]  The  middle  portion  of 
the  foot  of  a  molluscous  animal,  v.  Mollusca. 
cf.  Propodium  and  Metapodium. 

Mesosternum,  (mez-o-ster'num).  [Gk.  mesos, 
middle;  Sternum,  q.v.]  The  middle  portion 
of  the  sternum. 

Mesotype,  (mez'6-tlp).  [Gk.  mesas,  middle; 
typos,  form.]=Natrolite,  q.v.:  a  mineral  of 
the  zeolite  group. 

Mesoxalurea,  (mez-oks-a-lu're-a).  [Mesoxalyl 
and  Urea,  q.v.]=AUox.a.n:  urea  in  which 
some  of  the  hydrogen  has  been  replaced  by 
mesoxalyl. 

Mesoxalyl,  (mez-oks'a-lil).  C3O3:  a  radicle 
found  in  alloxan. 

Mesozoic,  (mez-6-zo'ik).  [Gk.  mesos,  middle; 
zoe,  life.]=Secondary,  q.v.:  the  second  great 
division  of  stratified  rocks,  intermediate  be- 
tween Palaeozoic  and  Cainozoic. 

Mestizo,  (mez-te'zo).  [The  Spanish  name.] 
The  offspring  of  white  and  red  men. 

Meta,  (met'a).  [The  Greek  word.]  A  prefix 
implying  beyond. 

Metacarpal,  (met-a-kar'pal).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; karpos,  wrist.]  M.  bones:  five  small 
bones,  forming  the  palm  of  the  hand. 

Metacarpus,  (met-a-kar'pus).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; karpos,  wrist.]  The  bones  forming 
the  body  of  the  hand. 

Metacentre,  (met-a-sen'ter).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; kentron,  centre.]  The  point  of  inter- 
section between  the  lines  of  the  axis  of  a 
floating  body  and  of  the  resulting  upward 
fluid  pressure;  equilibrium  is  stable  only 
when  this  point  is  above  the  centre  of 
gravity  of  the  floating  body. 

Metacetone,  (met-a-se'ton).     [Meta  &  Acetone , 


METACHLORAL 


METHYLIC 


q  .v.]=CfiH100 :  an  oily  liquid  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  sucrose. 

Metachloral,  (  met  -  a  -  klo'ral ).  [Meta  and 
Chloral,  q.v.]  An  anaesthetic  obtained  by 
acting  on  anhydrous  chloral  with  sulphuric 
acid. 

Metagenesis,  (met-a-jen'e-sis).  [Meta  and 
Genesis,  q.v.]  v.  Genesis.  v.  Develop- 
ment. 

Metaglobin,  (met-a-glob'in). .  An  albuminoid 
substance. 

Metal,  (met'al).  [Metallum,  the  Latin  word.] 
v.  Metals. 

Metalae,  (met'a-le)=Hind  wings,     v.  Wings. 

Metaldehyd,  (met-al'-de-hid).  [Meta  and 
Aldehyde,  q.v.]  A  crystalline  substance 
found  in  aldehyd. 

Metallic,  (met-al'lik).  [Metal,  q.v.']  Relating 
to  metals.  M.  cyanides:  compounds  of  cyano- 
gen with  metals.  M.  thermometer =Brequet's 
thermometer,  q.v. 

Metalliferous,  (met-al-lif'er-us).  [Metal,  q.v. ; 
L.  fcro,  I  bear.]  M.  rocks:  rocks  in  which 
metallic  veins  are  found. 

Metallurgy,  (met'al-ur-ji).  [Metal,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
ergon,  work.]  The  science  and  art  of  work- 
ing metals. 

Metals,  (met'alz).      [Metal,   q.v.]     Electro- 
positive substances,  which  are  usually  solid, 
opaque,  lustrous,  good  conductors  of  heat 
and   electricity,   heavier    than    water,   and 
combine  with  oxygen  to  form  bases. 
Alkali-metals,  q.v. 
Alkaline  earth-metals,  q.v. 
Earth  metals,  q.v. 
Magnesian  metals,  q.  v. 
Iron-like  metals,  q.v. 
Noble  metals,  q.v. 

Native  metals:  those  which,  like  gold, 
mercury,  &c.,  are  found  in  the  metallic 
condition. 

Metameric,  (met-a-mer'ik).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; meros,  part.]  Having  the  character 
of  metamerides,  q.v. 

Metamerides,  (met-a-mer'i-dez).  [Gk.  meta, 
beyond;  meros,  part.]  Bodies  having  the 
same  number  of  chemical  equivalents,  and 
the  same  ultimate  composition,  but  differing 
in  character  and  properties. 

Metamorphic,  (met-a-morf  ik).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; morphe,  form.]  M.  rodts=Crystalline 
schists:  unfossiliferous  rocks  which  have 
been  changed  in  structure  since  deposition, 
such  as  quartz,  gneiss,  &c.  M.  limestone= 
Primary  limestone. 

Metamorphosis,  (met-a-mor'fo-sis).  [Gk. 
meta,  beyond ;  morphe,  form.]  Transfor- 
mation: in  biology,  a  form  of  development, 
q.v. 

Metanaphthalin,  (met-a-naftha-lin).  [Meta 
and  Naptha,  g.i>.]=Retisterene:  a  modified 
form  of  Naphthalin. 

Metapectic  acid,  (met-a-pek'tic).  [Meta  and 
Pectic,  qv.]  C8H14O9 ;  a  modification  of 
Pectic  acid. 

Metapedes,  (met-ap'e-dez).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; pous,  foot.]=Hind  legs. 

Metapodium,  (met-a-po'di-um).  [Gk.  meta, 
beyond;  pous,  foot.]  The  hinder  portioii 


of  the  foot,  especially  in  some  molluscous 
animals,  cf.  Mesopodium  and  Propodium. 

Metapophyses,  (met-a-pofi-sez).  [Meta  and 
Apophysis,  q.v.]  Small  rounded  projections 
of  the  last  dorsal  vertebra  of  the  spinal 
column. 

Metapterygoid,  (  met-ap-ter'i-goid ).  [  Meta 
and  Pterygoid,  q.v.]  A  modification  of  the 
malleus  bone  in  osseous  or  bony  fishes. 

Metastyrol,  (met-a-stl'rol).  [Meta  and  Styro- 
lene,  q.v.]  =  Dracouyl :  a  modification  of 
styrolene. 

Metatarsal  bones,  (  met-a-tar'sal ).  [Meta- 
tarsus, q.v.]  Five  bones  forming  the  lower 
instep. 

Metatarsus,  (met-a-tar'sus).  [Gk.  meta,  be- 
yond; tarsus,  instep.]  The  bones  forming 
the  body  of  the  foot. 

Meteors,  (me'te-orz).  [Gk.  meteoros,  high  in 
the  air.]=Bolides  or  shooting  stars:  luminous 
bodies  falling  upon  the  earth's  surface;  pro- 
bably small  planets  or  asteroids  ignited  by 
friction  when  in  contact  with  the  atmos- 
phere of  the  earth. 

Meteor-showers.  Usually  in  August,  Nov., 
December,  and  also  at  other  times;  excep- 
tionally bright  every  33  years. 

Meteorites,  (me'te-6-rits).  [Meteor,  q.v.]= 
Aerolites,  siderolites,  and  aerosiderites,  q.v. 

Meterology,  (roe-te-or-ol'6-ji).  [Gk.  meteoros, 
high  in  the  air;  logos,  discourse.]  The 
science  of  atmospheric  phenomena. 

Meter,  (me'ter).  [Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An 
apparatus  for  measurement,  v.  Galvano- 
meter, Endosmometer,  Evapometer,  &c. 

Methacetic  acid=Propionic  acid,  q.v. 

Methane,  (meth'an).  [Methyl,  q.v.]  CH4= 
Methyl  hydride=Marsh  gas,  q.v.  =Formeue. 
v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Methene,  (meth'en).  [Methenyl,  q.v.]  CHo: 
one  of  the  second  series  of  Hydrocarbons, 
q.v. 

Methenyl,  (meth'e-nil).  [Methyl.]  CH:  the 
radicle  of  the  second  series  of  Hydrocarbons, 
q.v. 

Methyl,  (meth'il).  [Gk.  meta,  beyond;  liyle, 
wood.]  Me=CHg:  a  gaseous  hydrocarbon; 
one  of  the  alcoholic  radicles.  The  radicle 
of  the  methylic  series.  M.  c/i?orirfe=Chloro- 
form.  M.  /£7/dride=Marsh  gas.  M.  hydrate 
=Woodspirit  =  Pyroxylic  spirit  =  Carbinol. 
M.  oxide  =  Methylic  ether.  M.  phenol  = 
Kresol.  M.  salicylate—Gimliheric  acid. 

Methylated,  (meth-i-la'ted).  [Methyl,  q.v.] 
M.-acetone— Ethyl-acetyl.  M.  spirit:  a  mix- 
ture of  wood-spirit  and  alcohol. 

Methylconylia,    (meth-il-ko-nil'i-a 
a  modified  form  of  conylia.     v.  Conia. 

Methylene,  (meth'i-len).  [Methyl.]  CH2: 
an  hypothetical  hydrocarbon  of*  the  acety- 
lene series. 

Methylia,  (  meth-il'i-a  ).  [  Methyl,  q.v.]  = 
Methylamine=CH5N:  a  colourless  pungent 
alkaline  inflammable  gas;  one  of  the  primary 
motnamines. 

Methylic,  (meth-il'ik).  [Methyl,  q.v.]  M. 
a ldehyde= Formaldehyde,  q.v.  M.  ether:  an 
anaesthetic  that  destroys  sensibility  but  not 
consciousness. 


METSYLOXAIIC  ACID 


218 


MIGRATORY 


Methyloxalic  acid= Acetic  acid,  q.v. 

Meton  ic  cycle,  (me-tou'ik).  [Meton  of  Athens.  ] 
A  period  of  19  years,  after  which  the  eclipses, 
&c.,  occur  again  in  the  same  order  as  before; 
named  from  its  discoverer. 

Metre,  (metr).  [The  French  word.]=39'371 
inches:  the  unit  of  length  in  the  Metric 
system.  The  metre  is  the  40  millionth  part 
of  the  circumference  of  the  earth  measured 
through  the  poles.  Centimetre=  '39371  in. 
Decimetre=3-9371  inches.  J>e/hime(re=39371 
inches.  Hectometre=39Z7'l  inches. 

Metric,  (met'rik).  [Metre,  q*v.]  M.  system 
of  weights  and  measures:  in  use  in  most 
Continental  countries.  The  unit  of  length 
is  the  French  metre,  39*371  inches:  the  unit 
of  weight,  the  French  kilogramme=2'2  Ibs.; 
the  unit  of  capacity,  the  French  Iitre=r75 
pints  nearly.  These  are  all  connected  by  the 
litre  being  the  cube  of  a  decimetre,  and  the 
kilogramme  being  the  weight  of  a  litre  of  dis- 
tilled water  at  its  greatest  density. 

Meum,  (me'um)=Meu,  Spignel,  <fcc.:  an  aro- 
matic herb  belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Mezereon,  (me-ze're-on)=Daphne  mezereum: 
a  shrub  belonging  to  Thymelacese. 

Miargyrite,  (rai-ar'ji-rit).  [Gk.  meion,  less; 
argyros,  silver.]  A  black  opaque  mineral, 
chiefly  sulphide  of  silver  and  sulphate  of 
antimony. 

Miaskite,  (mi-asldt).  [Miask,  in  Ural  Moun- 
tains.] A  granular  slaty  mineral,  chiefly 
orthoclase  and  nepheline;  a  variety  of  syenite. 

Miasma,  (mi-as'ma).  [Gk.  miaino,  I  pollute.] 
A  poisonous  exhalation  from  putrefying 
matter. 

Mica,  (mlTca).  [L.  mico,  I  sparkle.]  A  mine- 
ral, chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum:  has  metal- 
lic lustre,  and  is  foliated  and  transparent. 
Lithia  M.  =  Lepidclite.  Pearl  M.  =  Mar- 
garite.  Potash  Af.=-Muscovite.  M.  schist: 
one  of  the  metamorphic  rocks;  a  slaty  com- 
pound of  mica  and  quartz.  M.  group  of 
minerals:  includes  phlogopite,  muscovite, 
lepidolite,  lepidomelane,  biutito,  and  chlorite, 
usually  in  scales  or  plates. 

Mice,  (mis).  [Mouse,  q.v.]  Small  rat-like 
animals  belonging  to  Rodentia.  Sea  M.,  v. 
Errantia.  Shrew  M=Sorex,  q.v. 

Micraster,  (mi-kras't§r).  [Gk.  mikros,  little; 
aster,  star.]  A  sea-urchin  found  in  chalk 
rocks. 

Microcebus,  ( mi-kro-se'bus ).  [Gk.  mikros, 
little;  kebos,  ape.]  A  small  animal  belonging 
to  Lemuridse. 

Microclin,  (mi'kro-klin).  [Gk.  mikros,  little; 
klino,  I  incline.]  A  mineral,  a  variety  of 
orthoclase :  named  from  the  small  angle 
between  the  planes  of  cleavage. 

Microcosmic  salt,  ( mi-kro-kos'mik.  )  [Gk. 
mikros,  small.  ]=NaH4NHPO4+4H2O  :  a 
phosphate  of  ammonium  and  sodium ;  used 
as  a  flux  in  blowpipe  experiments=Ster- 
corite;  named  from  the  small  size  of  the 
crystals. 

Microcrith,  (miTcro-krith).  [Gk.  mikros,  small; 
krith,  barleycorn.] =The  weight  of  an  atom 
of  hydrogen. 

Microdactylus,    (  ml-kro-dak'ti-lus  ).      [  Gk. 


mikros,  small;  daktylos,  finger. ]=Sariama= 
Palamedea  cristata:  a  bird  belonging  to  Gral- 
latores,  found  in  New  Guinea. 

Microglossus,  (mi-kro-glos'sus).  [Gk.  mikros, 
small;  glossa,  tongue.]  A  parrot-like  bird, 
belonging  to  Psittacidse. 

Microlestes,  (mi-kro-les't5z).  [Gk.  mikros, 
little;  lestes,  beast  of  prey.]  A  small  kan- 
garoo-like animal,  one  of  the  earliest  mam- 
mals known,  of  which  teeth  are  found  fossil 
in  Stonesfield  slates :  now  called  Stereogna- 
thus. 

Microlithic,  (  ml-kro-lith'ik  ).  [Gk.  mikros, 
small;  lithos,  stone.]  Built  of  small  stones. 

Micrometer,  ( mi-krom'e-ter ).  [Gk.  mikros, 
small;  metron,  measure.]  Any  apparatus  for 
the  measurement  of  very  small  distances: 
especially  for  the  accurate  sub-division  of 
the  field  of  view  of  a  telescope.  M.  screw: 
for  measuring  minute  distances,' by  noting 
their  ratio  to  the  known  distance  between 
the  threads. 

Micromys,  (miTcro-mis).  [Gk.  mikros,  small; 
mys,  mouse.]=Harvest  mouse,  q.v. 

Microphytes,  (ml-kro-fi'tez).  [Gk.  mikros, 
small;  phyton,  plant.]  Minute  plants:  a 
general  term  for  very  small  forms  of  vege- 
table life. 

Micropterus,  (mf-krop'ter-us).  [Gk.  mikros, 
small;  pteryx,  wing.]  A  duck-like  bird  with 
short  wings.  M.  brachypterus  =  Steamer 
duck=Race-horse. 

Micropyle,  (mi'kro-pil).  [Gk.  mikros,  small; 
pyle,  opening.]  The  entrance  to  the  ovum 
by  which  the  embryo  passes  out. 

Microscope,  (mi'kro-skop).  [Gk.  mikros,  small; 
skopeo,  I  view.]  A  magnifying  glass  or 
glasses  and  fittings,  used  to  see  magnified 
images  of  very  small  objects. 

Microscopium,  (mi-kro-sko'pi-um).  [Micro- 
scope, q.v.]  A  small  constellation  near  the 
Zodiac. 

Microtherium,(mi-kro-the'ri-unO.  [Gk.mikros, 
little;  therion,  beast.]  A  small  mammalian 
animaJ  known  only  by  fossil  remains. 

Microzymes,  (mi'kro-zimz).  [Gk.  mikros,  small; 
zyme,  leaven.  ]= Bacteria,  q.v. 

Microzoaria,  (mi-kro-zo-a/ri-a).  [Gk.  mikros, 
small;  zoon,  animal.]  A  term  used  for  In- 
fusoria, q.v. 

Midas,  (mi'das).  A  small  monkey =Marmoset, 
q.v.  M.'s  ear=Auricula  Midae:  an  herbi- 
vorous mollusc. 

Midnight  sun.  In  Arctic  circle,  due  north 
in  summer  solstice,  during  which  the  sun 
never  descends  below  the  horizon. 

Midriff,  (mid'rif).  [Midhrif, 
the  A.-S.  word.  ]  =  Dia- 
phragm, q.v. 

Miemite,  (  mi'e-mit  )=Dolo- 
mite,  q.v. 

Miesite,  (mi'e-sit)=Pyromor- 
phite,  q.v. 

Mignonette,  (min-yon-nef). 
[The  French  name.]=Reseda 
odorata:  a  fragrant  herb  be- 
longing to  Resedacese. 

Migratory  birds  which  spend 
the  summer  in  England  :  Mignonette. 


MILDEW 


219 


MIMICRY 


black-cap,  chiff-chaff,  cuckoo,  hoopoe,  martin, 
nightingale,  shrike,  swallow,  swift,  warbler, 

Mildew,  (mil'du).  [Mildeaw,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
Puccinia  graminis,  and  other  minute  para- 
sitical fungi,  belonging  to  Coniomycetes,  q.v., 
found  on  corn  stems. 

Mile,  (mil).  [Mil.,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Statute 
M.:=1760  yds. =80  chains.  Nautical  or  Sea 
M.=l  minute  of  latitude=2027  yds.  Metric 
Af.=French  kilometre=1093  yards. 

Milfoil,  (niil'foil).  [L.  mille,  thousand; 
folium,  leaf.]  Yarrow=Achillea  Millefolium 
=A  plant  belonging  to  Asteracese,  named 
from  its  divided  leaves. 

Miliola,  (mil-i-6'la).  [L.  milium,  millet.]  A 
microscopic  animal  belonging  to  Foramini- 
fera. 

Miliolite,  (mil'i-o-llt).  [Miliola,  q.v.]  M. 
limestone :  a  building  stone  in  French 
Middle  Eocene,  chiefly  microscopic  shells  of 
Miliola. 

Milium,  (mil'i-um).  [F.  mille,  thousand;]= 
Millet-grass :  a  plant  belonging  to  Gram- 
Milk,  '(milk).  [Mile,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
sweet  oily  liquid  secreted  by  mammalian 
animals  for  food  for  their  young:  chiefly 
Water  and  sugar,  with  casein,  butter,  &c. 
M.  sugar:  Ci^H^On;  also  called  Lactin  and 
Lactose,  q.v.  M.  thistle=.Ca.rd\ni&  marianus. 
M.  ve<c/t=Astragalus,  q.v.  M.  worl=Poly- 
gala  vulgaris,  named  from  being  given  to 
cows  to  increase  the  supply  of  miik.  Sea 
M.  ?ew£=Glaux:  belongs  to  Primulaceae. 

.M.  •zoor£s:=Polygalace3e,  q.v. 

Milky  way.  A  nebuJa  extending  over  a  large 
portion  (about  t*j)  of  the  heavens,  named 
from  its  colour:  composed  of  an  enormous 
number  of  faint  stars.  Of  the  20  millions 
of  visible  stars,  18  millions  are  in  or  near 
the  Milky  Way.  This  shows  in  which  direc- 
tion our  universe  of  stars  extends  the  far- 
thest: the  stars  being  behind  each  other  at 
enormous  intervals. 

Mill.  Barker's  M.  =  Hydraulic  tourniquet, 
q.v.  Light  JVf.= Radiometer,  q.v. 

Millefoil=Milfoil,  q.v. 

Millepora,  (mil-le-po'ra).  [Li  mille,  thousand; 
porus,  pore.]  Zoan- 
tharia  tabulata:  the 
reef -building  coral, 
belonging  to  Mille- 
poridse. 

Milleporidae,  (mil-le- 
por'i-de).  [Mille- 
pora, q.v.]  A  division 
of  tabulate  corals, 
approximating  to 
sponges,  belonging  to 
Actinozoa. 

Miller -Casella  Thermometer.  [Dr.  Miller 
and  Mr.  Cassella.]  A  modification  of  Six's 
self-registering  thermometer  enclosed  in  a 
double  case,  the  interval  being  nearly  filled 
with  liquid,  a  small  bell  of  air  being  left  to 
allow  of  the  outer  case  being  compressed  by 
the  great  weight  of  water  above  it,  without 
the  inner  one  being  affected. 


Millepore. 


Miller's.  M.dog=A. 

shark-like  fish.   M. 

thumb=Cottns  go-  ' 

bio:  a  small  fresh- 

water fish. 
MilleriterrBeyrich- 

ite  =  Capillary  py- 

rites =Native  pro- 

tosulphide  of  nickel.        Miller's-thumb. 
Millet,  (mil'let).     [Milium,  the  Latin  name.] 

M.  #rass=Milium.      M.  seed= 

Uolcus  sorghum.    German  M.  = 

Setaria  Germania.       Great  In- 

dian M.  =Guinea  corn=Andro- 

pogon  sorghum.    Indian  M.= 

Paucicum. 
Milli,  (mil'li).     [F.  mille,  thou- 

sand.] =  TtfVc''      Millimetre  = 
metre^-03937  inch;  also 
ed  Strick  and  Line.    Milli- 


grains.    Millilitre^^Vff  litre='06103  cubic 
inch. 

Millier=10  quintals=l  ton  nearly. 
Million,  (mil'yon).    [The  French  word.]=One 
thousand  thousand;  1,000,000. 
Millipedes  (mil-lip'e-dez).      [L.  mille,  thou- 
sand; pes,  foot.]=Chilognatha:  insects  be- 
Idnging  to  Myriapodo,   with  the  body  in 
rounded  segments,  each  having,  usually,  two 
pairs  of  limbs. 

Millstone-grit  =  Fare  well  Rock:  a  sub-division 
of  the  Carboniferous  formation,  between  the 
carboniferous  limestone  and  coal  measures; 
sometimes  used  for  millstones. 
Milne-Edwards'  classification  of  animals  — 
Odteozaria=Vertebrata. 
Allantoidians. 
Mammalia. 

Monodelphia. 
Bitnana. 

Quadrumana,  &c. 
Didelphia. 

Marsupialia, 
Birds. 
Reptiles. 
Anallantoidians. 
Batrachians. 
Fishes. 

Entomoza=:Anellata. 
Arthropoda. 
Insecta. 
Myriapoda. 
Arachnida. 
Crustacea. 
Vermes. 

Malacozoaria=Mollusca. 
Zoophytes. 

Milvus,  (mil'vus).    [The  Latin  name.]    Kite; 
a  bird  of  prey,  belonging  to  Falconidse. 
Mimetic,  (mi-met'ik).      [Gk.  mimetes,  imita- 
tor.]   Imitative:  relating  to  mimicry,  q.v. 
Mimetite,  (mim'e-tit).     [Gk.  mimetes,  imita- 
tor.] =Mimetesite:  one  of  the  lead  group  of 
minerals,  crystallising  in  hexagons,  chiefly 
arseniate  of  lead. 

Mimicry,  (mim'i-kri).  A  close  involuntary  ex- 
ternal likeness,  causing  animals  and  plants 


MIMOSA 


220 


M1NTAKA 


i  unlike  in  structure  to  be  mistaken  for  each 
other:  almost  confined  to  the  tropics.  Laws 
of  M.  in  animals:  (1),  usually  of  others  in 
same  locality;  (2),  usually  by  animals  less 
numerous  and  often  rare ;  (3),  usxially  of 
animals  more  numerous.  In  Mammalia  the 
only  example  is  the  Malay  Cladobates,  which 
mimics  the  squirrel.  In  plants  =  Pseudo- 
morphism :  usually  between  plants  that  are 
far  apart. 

Mimosa,  (mi-m5'za).  [Gk.  mimos,  imitator.] 
A  plant  belonging  to  Leguminacese :  J/. 
pudica,  a  sensitive  plant.  M.  gum=A.ca.cia. 
gum. 

Mimotannic  acid  =  C^H^O^ :  a  variety  of 
tannin,  q.v. 

Mimulus,  (mim'u-lus).  [Gk.  mimo,  ape.] 
Monkey-flower :  an  herb  belonging  to  Scro- 
phulariaceaj;  named  from  the  shape  of  the 
flowers. 

Mimus,  (mi'mus).  [Gk.  mimos,  an  imitator.] 
Mocking-bird:  a  bird  belonging  to  Meru- 
lidse  which  can  imitate  the  cries  of  other 
birds. 

Mineral,  (min'er-al).  [The  French  word.] 
Inorganic  substances  of  natural  origin  and 
homogeneous  composition,  such  as  quartz, 
felspar,  &c. ;  ice  and  coal  are  both  some- 
times considered  as  minerals.  M.  acids: 
such  as  sulphuric,  phosphoric,  nitric,  &c. 
M.  alkali=Sodsi,  q.v.  M.  blue:  a  mixture 
of  Prussian  blue  and  clay.  M.  carbon: 
charcoal  found  with  coal.  M.  caoutchouc— 
Elaterite:  a  solid  variety  of  bitumen.  M. 
chameleon  =  Manganic  acid  ;  named  from 
changing  colour  when  diluted  with  water. 
M.  food-stuffs:  water  and  salts  of  various 
metals.  M.  green:  a  pigment  obtained 
from  carbonate  of  copper;  as  also  called 
Bcheele's  green.  M.  oils:  naptha,  petroleum, 
&c.,q.v.  M.pitch= Asphalt, q.v.  M.purple 
=Purple  of  Cassius,  q.v.  M.  tallow=Ua.t- 
chettite:  a  solid  variety  of  bitumen.  M. 
*ar=Maltha:  a  viscid  variety  of  bitumen.  M. 
veins:  beds,  usually  thin,  of  metallic  ores; 
fissures  in  which  are  accumulations  of 
chemical  and  mechanical  deposits.  M. 
icaters  contain  lime,  magnesia,  alumina, 
iron,  and  silicic  soda,  in  combination  with 
sulphuric,  carbonic,  and  hydrochloric  acids. 
M.  3pox=Petrolene,  q.v. 

Mineralogy,  (min-er-al'6-ji).  [Mineral,  q.v.; 
Gk.  logos,  discourse.]  A  sub-division  of 
Geology:  the  science  of  the  composition  and 
properties  of  minerals. 

Minerals,  groups  of — 
Sulphides. 
Oxides. 
Silicates. 

Tantalates,  Niobates,  &c. 
Arseniates  and  Phosphates. 
Sulphates. 
Carbonates. 
Fluorides,  Chlorides,  Bromides,  and 

Iodides. 
Coal. 

Soft   M.:   asbestos,  chalcedony,    tremolite, 
which  are  flexible  when  in  the  ground. 

Mineralization,  (min-er-al-i-za'shun).     [Mine- 


ral, q.v.]  The  replacement  by  a  mineral, 
such  as  silica,  of  the  particles  of  an  organic 
body. 

Mine,  (rain).  [The  French  word.]  1.  An 
excavation  made  in  the  earth  for  the  ex- 
traction of  coal,  metallic  ores,  &c.  2.  An 
excavation  made  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
stroying a  fort,  &c.,  by  the  explosion  of 
gunpowder,  &c. ,  beneath  it. 

Miniature,  (min'i-a-tur).     [The  French  word.] 
A  small  painting;  especially  a 
small  portrait  painted  on  ivory. 

Minie,  (min'i).     [Captain  Minie.] 
M.  ball:    a    partially    hollow 
cylinder  which  is  expanded  to 
fit  the  rifle  at  the  time  of  firing 
by  an  iron  wedge.    M.  rifle:  one  fS 
adapted  to  the  discharge  of  th 
Minie  ball.  ;  Minie  ball. 

Minim,  (min'im).     [L.  minimus,  the  least.] 

1.  A  musical  note  equal  to • 

half   a  semibreve    or   two -*-< 

crotchets.    2.  A  small  drop r^- • 

of  any  liquid. 

Minimum    thermometer   for H — 

registering  the  lowest  tern-          Minim, 
peratures  reached    in  a    given    time.      cf. 
Maximum  thermometer. 

Minium,  (min'i-um).  [The  Latin  name.]  1. 
=Red  Lead:  a  red,  greasy,  opaque  mineral, 
chiefly  oxide  of  lead.  2.=Cinnauar:  a,  mine- 
ral, chiefly  sulphuret  of  mercury. 

Mink,  (mingk)=Minx,  q.v. 

Minnow,  (min'no).     [F.  menu,  little.  ]=Leti- 
ciscusphoxinus:  a  small 
fresh-water  fish. 

Minor,  (ml 'nor).  [L. , 
minor,  less.]  M.  planets 
=Asteroids:  small 
planets,  139  in  number,  Minnow. 

October  1874;  all  discovered  during  the  19th 
century;  the  1st  on  1st  January  1801;  all 
between  Mars  and  Jupiter.  The  nearest  is 
200,  and  the  most  distant  300,  millions  of 
miles  from  the  sun.  The  largest  is  200,  and 
the  smallest  20,  miles  in  diameter.  M.  axis: 
at  right  angles  to  the  major  axis  or  diameter. 
v.  Ellipticity.  M.  chord:  less  by  a  semitone 
than  the  corresponding  major  chord. 

Minotaur,   (min'o-tavvr).      [Minotaurus,   the 
Latin  name.]    A  fabulous 
animal    said  to    have  the 
head  of  a  bull  on  a  human 
body,  or  vice  versa. 

Minotto  battery,  (min-ot'to).  |£j 
A  galvanic  battery:  zinc  in r^ 
sand  above,  and  copper  in 
solution  of  sulphate  of  cop-        Minotaur, 
per  below,  in  the  same  glass  jar,  filled  up 
with  soft  water. 

Mint,  (mint).  [1.  A.-S.  mynet,  money.  2. 
Minte,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.  A  place  where 
money  is  coined.  2.  Mentha:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Lamiaceje.  Bergamot  M.  =Mentha 
aquatica.  Cat  M.  =Nepeta  cataria.  Horse 
M.  =Mentha  syl  vestris.  Pepper  M.  =Mentha 
piperita.  Spear  Af.=Mentha  viridis. 

Mintaka=£0rionis:  the  western  star  in  the 
belt  of  Orion. 


MINUTE 


221 


MOHR 


Minute,  (min'it).  [The  French  word.]  1. 
^  part  of  an  hour=60  seconds.  2.  ^  part 
of  a  degree.  3.  Nautical  mile,  q.v. 

Minx,  (mingks).  Mustela  vison  =  Mink= 
=Minx-otter:  a  weasel-like  animal  belonging 
to  Mustelidfe. 

Miocene,  (mi  o-sen).  [Gk.  meion,  less;  Tcainos, 
recent. ]=Middle  Tertiary:  rocks,  not  found 
in  Britain,  excepting  in  the  beds  of  Hemp- 
stead  and  Bovey-Tracy  and  in  the  Isle  of 
Mull,  extending  from  Iceland  to  Italy;  named 
from  the  shells  of  recent  testacess  being  less 
numerous  than  those  of  older  and  extinct 
forms.  Upper  M.  of  France— Faluns. 

Mira=0  Ceti:  a  variable  star,  changing  from 
second  magnitude  to  being  totally  invisible 
for  5  months  out  of  every  331  days. 

Mirabilite,  (mi-rab'il-i-te).  [L.  mirable, 
wonderful. ]=Glauber  salt:  a  white  vitreous 
mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  sulphate  of  sodium. 

Mirach,  (ml'rak).  [The  Arabic  name.]=/3 
Andromedae;  the  second  star  in  the  constel- 
lation Andromeda. 

Mirage,  (mi-razh').    [The  French  word.]    An 
optical  delusion,  owing 
to  refraction,  by  which  i    .,-*" 

objects  appear  to  be  in  /^     •'   '- 

the  air  or  beneath  the          /faW>sfc:*r 
surface  of  the  ground. 

Mrrbane,  (mir'ban).  Es- 
sence of  M.  =  Nitro- 
benzol,  q.v. 

Mirror,  (mii-'ror).  [Mi- 
roir,  the  French  word.] 
Any  polished  surface 
from  which  rays  of 
light  are  regularly  re- 
flected, so  that  the  image 
is  still  distinguishable. 
Burning  M.:  by  which  hen.t  rays  are  con- 
verged to  the  focus.  Conjugate  M.;  one 
having  its  axis  in  a  line  with  that  of  another, 
so  that  light  or  heat  in  the  focus  of  one  is 
reflected  to  the  focus  of  the  other.  Parabolic 
M..  one  of  which  the  section  is  a  portion  of 
a  parabola.  Spherical  M.;  one  of  which  the 
surface  is  a  portion  of  a  sphere. 

Mishmees,     An  Asiatic  people. 

Mispickel,  (mis'pik-1).  [Mupucklt,  the  Ger- 
man word.  ]=  Arsenical  pyrites  =rFeS  As:  the 
common  ore  of  arsenic ;  a  white  brittle 
mineral  of  the  iron  group  crystallising  in 
rhombs. 

Mirfak,  (mir'fak).  [The  Arabic  name.]=a 
Persei;  the  chief  star  of  the  constellation 
Perseus. 

Mississaga.  An  Ameri- 
can people. 

Mistletoe,  (mizl'tS). 
[Mistelta,  the  A.-S. 
name.]=Viscum  album: 
an  evergreen  plant,  pa- 
rasitic on  trees,  belong- 
ing to  Loranthacete. 

Mistral,  (mis'tral).  [The 
French  word.]  A  steady 
N.W.  wind  blowing 
from  France  across  the 
Mediterranean.  Mistletoe. 


Mirage. 


Mites,  (raits).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  A  division 
of  Acarina,  q.v.  Garden  M.  r=Trombididse. 
Water  M=Hydrachnid8e,  q.v. 

Mitre,  (mi'tr).  [Mitra,  the  Latin  word.]  M. 
wheels:  two  wheels  re- 
volving in  contact,  but 
in  different  planes,  so  as 
to  transfer  motion  from 
one  plane  to  another. 
M.  mushroom  =  Mor- 
chella  mushroom. 

Mitral  valve,  (mi'tral). 
Mitre,  q.v.}  A  valve 
closing  the  opening  be- 
tween the  left  auricle 
and  ventricle  of  the 
heart;  shaped  like  a 
mitre.  Mitre-wheels. 

Mixolydian  key=Key  of  G.    v.  Keys. 

Mizar,  (ml'zar).  [The  Arabic name.]=:£  Ursas- 
majoris:  a  star  in  the  Constellation  Ursa- 
major 

Moa,  (rno'a).  [The  na- 
tive name.]=Dinornis, 

Mobility,    (mo-bil'i-ti). 

[Mobilitas,    the    Latin  j 

word.]       Capacity    for 

being  moved. 
Mocha  stone.  [Mocha,  in 

Arabia.]  =  Moss-agate, 

Mocking-bird  =  Mimus, 
q.v. 

Modillion,  (mo-dil'yon). 
[Modillon,  the  French         Mocking-bird. 
word.]    A  small  ornamented  console,  used 
to  support  a  Cor- 
inthian cornice. 

Modulation,  (rnod- 
u-la'shun).  [Mod- 
ulatio,  the  Latin 
word.]  The  ar- 
rangement of  a 
piece  of  music  in 
a  variety  of  keys, 
so  that  the  transitions  are  harmonious. 

Modulus,  (mod'u-lus).  [The  Latin  word.]  1. 
An  arbitrary  measure  in  architecture:  usu- 
ally the  half  diameter  of  a  column.  2.  In 
mathematics:  a  constant  co-efficient. 

Moenas,  (nie'nas).     M.  cam'/u<s=Sbore-crab: 
when  young  =  Me- 
galopa ;  when  very 
young=Zoea. 

Mohair,  (moTiar). 
[Moire,  the  French 
word.]  1.  The  hair 
of  the  Angora  goat, 
resembling  alpaca. 
2.  A  textile  fabric 
made  of  the  hair. 

Mohoh,  (mo'ho-li).; 
=Galago  moholi : 
a  small  animal  be- 
longing to  Lemu-i 
ridse,  found  in  S.  Moholi. 

Africa. 

Mohr,  (mor)  =  Gazella  mohr:  an  animal  re- 


Modillion. 


MOIRE 


222 


MONAMINES 


sembling  the  ante- 
lope, found  in  S. 
Africa. 

Moire,  (mwar).  [The 
French  word.]  1. 
Mohair,  q.v.  2.  M. 
antique  =  Watered 
silk  :  a  variety  of 
silk,  in  which  the 
colour  has  different 
shades.  3.  M.  me- 
tallique  =  Crystal-  Mohr. 

lised  tin-plate:  iron-plate,  coated  with  tin, 
and  having  the  coating  more  or  less  removed 
by  acids,  so  as  to  give  a  variety  of  shades  to 
the  colour. 

Molars,  (mo'larz).  [L.  mola,  mill.]  =  Grind- 
ing -teeth:  broad  teeth,  at  the  side  of  the 
mouth,  adapted  for  grinding,  v.  Grinders. 

Molasse,  (ruol-las').  [F.  mollasse,  flimsy.]  A 
soft  sandstone,  belonging  to  Miocene,  found 
in  Switzerland. 

Molasses,  (mo-las'ez).  [Melasse,  the  French 
word.]  Treacle:  an  uncrystallisable  syrup 
obtained  in  the  preparation  of  sugar. 

Mole,  (raol).  [Moi,  the  Dutch  name.]=Talpa: 
a  small  insectivorous  ani- 
mal belonging  to  Insecti- 
vora.  M.  6ut=Orthagoris- 
cusmola.  M.  crickel=GTjl- 
lotalpa  vulgaris.  M.  rat=. 
Rat-mole=Spalax  =  Geory- 
chus.  Golden  jlf.=Chryso- 
chloris.  Water  M.  =  The 
local  name  for  the  New 
Zealand  ornithorhynchus.  Mole. 

Molecular,  (mo-lek'u-lar).  [Molecule,  q.v.] 
Related  to  molecules.  M.  forces :  forces  re- 
sulting from  the  inter-action  of  molecules: 
usually  imperceptible  except  by  effects  of 
heat,  light,  &c. 

Molecule,  (mol'e-kul).  [The  French  word.] 
The  smallest  particle  of  a  substance  which 
can  exist  by  itself.  In  the  case  of  a  chemical 
element  equal,  at  least,  Do  two  atoms. 

Moles,  (niolz).  [Mole,  q.v.]  Talpidaj:  a  sub- 
division of  Insectivora,  q.v. 

Mollusca,  (mol-lus'ka).  [L.  mollis,  soft.]  A 
primary  division 
of  animals :  soft- 
bodied,  boneless 
animals,  having 
usually  a  shell, 
nerves,  a  double 
circulation  of  white 
blood,  and  senses  of  Molluscs. 

sight  and  taste.       The  shells    are  usually 
thicker  in  those  living  near  the  sea.     Palteo- 
zoic  M.:  much  larger  than  modern.    Shell- 
bearing  M .  =Testaceae. 
M.,  Classifications  of— 
1.  Mollusca— 

Cephalopoda. 
Pteropoda. 
Gasteropoda. 
Lamellibranchiata. 
MoUuscoidea — 
'Tunicata. 
Ascidians, 


2.  By  Huxley— 
Mollusca- 

Odontophora'. 
Lamellibranchiata. 
Molluscoida —    ' 
Ascidioida. 
Brachiopoda. 
Polyzoa. 

Molluscoida,  (mol-lus-koi'da).  [Mollusca,  q.v.; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Ascidiaus,  sea-mats,  &c.= 
Polyzoa,  Brachiopoda,  and  Ascidians:  ani- 
mals living  in  aggregations,  and  forming  a 
primary  division  of  the  animal  kingdom, 
but  strongly  resembling  the  mollusca  in 
many  points. 

Molossus,  (mo-los'sus)=Bull-dog-bat :  a  bat 
having  a  short  head  and  a  long  tail;  found 
chiefly  in  Asia  and  S.  America. 

Molothrus,  (m5-lo'thrus).  A  bird,  somewhat 
resembling  the  starling;  also  called  Cow- 
bunting  and  Cow-bird. 

Molybdates,  (mol-ib'duts).  [Molybdenum,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  molybdic  acid  with  bases. 

Molybdenum,  (mol-ib-de'num).  [Gk.  molyb- 
daina,  lead.]=Moii,  Moiv,  and  Movi :  a  white, 
brittle,  infusible  metal. 

Molybdic  acid,  (mol-ib'dik).  [Molybdenum, 
q.v.]=~M.oO^:  an  acid  substance;  also  called 
Molybdic  anhydride. 

Momentum,  (mo-men'tum).  [L.  momentum, 
movement.]  The  amount  of  energy  in  ;i 
moving  body=the  mass  multiplied  by  the 
velocity;  also  called  impetus  and  moment. 

Motnordica,  (mo-mor'di-ka).  [L.  mordeo,  I 
bite.]:=Squirting  cucumber:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Cucurbitacesc.  M.  charantia= Balsam 
apple.  M.  e£atemuii=Squirting  cucumber. 

Monachus,  (rnou'a-kus).  A  variety  of  the 
seal,  q.v. 

Monadaria,  (mon-a-da'ri-a).  De  Blainville's 
term  for  Infusoria. 

Monadelphia,  (mon-a-delf'i-a).      [Gk.  monos, 
alone;  adelpkos,  brother.] 
A  sub-division  of  plants, 
including  those  of  which 
the  stamens  are  united 
into  one  bundle. 

Monads,  (mou'adz).  [Gk. 
monos,  one.]  1.  Mon- 
atomic  elements,  such 
as  hydrogen,  cf.  Dyads, 
triads,  <fcc.  2.  Micro- 
scopic infusoria. 

Monamides,       (mon'a-  Monadelph. 

midz).  [Monos  and  Amide,  q.v.]  Primary 
M.  =  Amides  derived  from  ammonia,  in 
which  one  atom  of  hydrogen  is  replaced 
by  an  organic  radicle.  Ex.  Acetamide= 
H3N-H+(C.2H3O.)  Secondary  JIT.  =  Am- 
monia in  which  two  atoms  of  hydrogen 
are  so  replaced.  Tertiary  Jf.=Ammouia  in 
which  all  three  atoms  of  hydrogen  are 
replaced. 

Monamines,  (mon'a-minz).  [Monos  and 
Amine,  g.v.]=Monammonias:  bases  derived 
from  ammonia  by  the  substitution  of  an 
organic  base  for  the  whole  or  part  of  the 
hydrogen.  Primary  M.,  in  which  one  atom 
of  hydrogen  is  displaced  =  Amide  bases. 


MONASITE 


223 


MONOTHALAMUS 


Secondary  M.,  in  which  two  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen are  xemoved  =  Imide  bases.  Tertiary 
M.,  in  which  the  whole  of  the  hydrogen  is 

displaced=Nitrile  bases. 

Monasite,  (mon'a-sit).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
phosphate  of  cerium  and  lanthanum. 

Moncrieff  gun-carriage:  for  lowering  the 
gun  when  fired,  and  raising  it  again  when 
loaded;  intended  to  protect  the  gunners 
while  loading. 

Monera,  ( mon'e-ra ).  [Gk.  monos,  one  ]= 
Moneres.  A  class  of  Protozoa,  consisting  of 
mere  expansions  of  jelly-like  protoplasm, 
covering  a  large  part  of  the  bed  of  the  sea 
in  more  or  less  continuous  sheets.  Supposed 
to  be  "  the  first  ancestor  of  all  living  things: " 
developed  into  Amoeba,  and  eventually  into 
the  higher  forms  of  animal  life. 

Money-wort  =  Lysimachia  nummularia.  A 
prostrate  herb,  belonging  to  Primulaceae. 

Mongol,  (mong'gSl).     v.  Mongolian. 

Mongolian,  ( mong-go'Ji-an).  A  division  of 
the  human  race.  Yellow :  with  flat  features, 
high  cheek  bones,  and  black  hair.  Kalmucs, 
Chinese,  Mantchures,  Japanese,  &c. 

Mongoose,  (mon'goose).  A  variety  of  the 
Ichneumon,  found  in  Ceylon,  which  feeds  on 
snakes. 

Monimiaceae,  (  mon  -  i-mi-a'se-e  ).  Aromatic 
plants,  chiefly  S.  American,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  laurel. 

Monitor,  (  mon'i-tor ).  [The  Latin  name.] 
A  lizard-like  reptile,  found  on  river  banks, 
belonging  to  Sauna:  named  from  being  often 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  crocodile. 
M.  o/JftfesLaoerta  Nilotica. 

Monk's.  M.  hood=A.comtnm  napellus:  a 
very  poisonous  plant.  M.  rhubarb=Ruwex. 
alpinus. 

Monkey,  (mung'ki).  [MoniccMo,  the  Italian 
name.]  A  general  term  for  tailed  apes. 
Capuchin  M.  =Cebus.  Diana  M.=Cei~co~ 
pithecus  Diana.  Dog-headed  M.=Gynoce- 
phalus.  Howling  M.=Mycetes.  Lazy  M.= 
Loris.  Proboscis  M.  =Semnopithecusnasius. 
Silver-haired  M.  =  Lagothrix  Humboldii. 
Slow  M.=Semnopithecus.  Squirrel  M.=. 
Callithrix  sciureus.  Weeping  Jlf.=Sajous. 

Monkeys  =  Simiidse:  M.  of  Old  World= 
Quadrumana:  only  some  have  prehensile 
tails.  M.  of  S.  .4merica=Pedimana:  with 
prehensile  tails. 

Mono,  (mon'o).  [Gk.  monos,  single.]  A  pre- 
fix, implying  only  one. 

Monobasic,  (mon-6-ba'sik).  [Mono  and  Base, 
q.v.]  M.  acids:  having  one  atom  of  replace- 
able hydrogen  in  each  molecule/  e.g.,  HC1; 
HN03.  M.  salts=~M..  acids  regarded  as  salts 
of  hydrogen. 

Monoceros,  (mon-os'e-ros).  [Gk.  monos,  single; 
keras,  horn. ]=The  Unicorn:  a  southern  con- 
tellation. 

Monochlamydese,  (mon-6-klam-id'e-e).  [Gk. 
monos,  single;  chlamys,  cloak.]  A  sub- 
division of  Exogenous  plants,  including 
those  having  only  a  calyx  and  no  corolla. 
v.  De  Candolle. 

Monochlorides,  (mon-o-kld'rldz).  [Monos  and 
Chloride,  #.?;.] =Protochlorides:  compounds 


of  one  atom  of  a  monad  with  one  atom  of 

chlorine. 
Monochord,  (  mon'o  -  kawrd  ).      [Gk.  monos, 

single;  chorde,  string.]    A  single  string:  an 

instrument  of  one  string  only,  used  for  illus- 
tration of  the  laws  of  sound. 
Monochroite,   ( mon-6-kro'it ).      [Monos  and 

Chromium,  q.v.]    A  soft  red  mineral,  chiefly 

chromate  of  lead. 
Monochromatic,  (mon-6-kro-mat'ik.).    [Monoa 

and  Chromatic,  qv.]    Of  one  colour  only. 

M.  light:  light  of  one  colour.      Yellow  M. 

light:  exerts  no  chemical  action. 
Monoclinic,  ( mon-o-klin'ik ).      [Gk.  monos, 

single;  kleineo,  I  incline.]    Inclining  in  one 

direction.    M.  minerals:  have  one  axis  obli- 
quely inclined  to  the  others. 
Monocotyledons,  (mon-6-kot-i  -le'donz).  [Monoa 

and  Cotyledon,  g.i;.]=Eiidogeus,  q  v  :  plants 

having  but  one  seed-leaf,    cf.  Dicotyledons. 

v  Jussieu. 
Monodelphia,  (mon-o-del'fi-a).     [Gk.  monos, 

single;  delphys,  womb.]    Animals,  belonging 

to  Mammalia,  with  but  one  uterus,  including 

all  mammals  but  Marsupialia  and  Monotro- 

mata.    cf.  Didelphia  and  Ornithdelphia. 
Monodon,  (mon'6-don).     (Gk.  monos,  single; 

odous,  tooth.]    M.  wio?i0ceros=Narwhal,  q.v. 

=Sea  Unicorn. 
Monoecious,  (mon-e'si-us).    [Gk.  monos,  single; 

oikos,  house.]=:HermaphFodite:  with  both 

sexes  in  the  same  individual;  used  more 

especially  for  plants. 
Monomyary,  (mon-o-ml-a'ri-a).     [Gk.  monos, 

single;  myon,   muscle.]      Bivalve  molluscs, 

all  marine,  including  the  oyster,  &c. ,  having 

only  one  large  muscle  to  each  valve :  a  division 

of  Lamellibranchiata,  q.v. 
Monopetalae,   ( mon-6-pet'a-le ).      [Mono  and 

Petal,  $.v.]=Gamopeta]0e:  plants  having  tha 

petals  of  the  flowers  more  or  less  united.     A 

sub-division  in  Jussieu's  classification,  q.v. 
Monopetalous,  (mon-o-pet'a-lus).     [Mono  and 

Petal,   q.v.]       Having   the 

petals  joiued  so  as  to  form 

but  one. 
Monopnoa,  (  rnon  -  op'no  -  a  ). 

[  Gk.  monos,  single;    pnoe, 

breath.]    Owen's  term  for 

a  sub -division   of  reptiles, 

including  all  those  that  do 

not  live  in  the  water. 
Monopodia,    (mon-o-po'dia).     Monopetalons. 

Branch  system  formed  by  lateral  shooting. 
Monosepalous,  (mon-o-sep'a- 

lus).  [Monos  and  Sepal,  q.v.]         (  — 

Having  the   sepals  of  the 

calyx  united. 
Monosomatia.   Used  by  Sie- 

bold  for  a  sub-division  of 

Rhizopoda. 
Monosymmetrical,  (mon-o- 

sim-met'ri-kal).  [Monos  and 

Symmetrical,  q.v.]     Used  of 

flowers,  &c.,  which  can  be 

divided   into    two    exactly 

equal  halves. 
Monothalamous,    (  m  o  n  -  5  - 

thal'a-mus).     [Gk.    monos,     Mouosepaloua. 


MONOTIS 


224 


MORIC 


single;  thalamos,  chamber.]  Having  but  one 
chamber  or  cavity.  M.  shells:  such  as  of 
Mollusca  and  Foraminifera. 

Monotis,  (mon-6'tis).  [Gk.  monos,  single; 
ouas,  ear.]  M.  bed=Gmn&a  bed,  q.v. 

Monotremata,  (inon-o-tr&ma-ta).  [Gk.  monos, 
single;  trema,  opening.]  =  Ornithodelphia: 
animals,  belonging  to  Mammalia,  having  a 
cloaca  common  to  the  intestinal,  generative, 
and  urinary  organs;  include  only  Ornithor- 
hynchus  and  Echidna;  resemble  birds  in 
having  but  one  intestinal  orifice;  resemble 
reptiles  in  having  a  double  clavicle;  in  other 
respects  resemble  Mammalia;  found  only  iu 
Australasia.  M.  glands,  v.  Glands. 

Monotropa,  (mon-ot'ro-pa).  [Gk.  monos,  single; 
tropos,  turning.  ]= Bird's  nest:  an  herb,  be- 
longing to  Monotropacese,  named  froni  the 
racemes  all  turning  one  way. 

Monotropaceae,  ( mon-o-tro-pa'se-e  ).  [  Mono- 
tropa, q.v.]  Fir-rapes:  plants  of  which 
Mouotropa  is  the  type,  sometimes  considered 
as  part  of  Ericaceae. 

Monoxides,  (mon-oks'idz).  [Mono  and  Oxide, 
q.v.]  Of  the  type  HoO:  strongly  basic;  in 
which  two  atoms  of  a  monad  (or  one  atom 
of  a  dyad)  unite  with  one  atom  of  oxygen. 

Monradite,  (mon'ra-dit).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
silicate  of  magnesia. 

Monro.    Foramen  of  M.,  v.  Foramen. 

Monsoon,  (mon-soon').  [Arabic  mausun, 
season.]  A  wind  common  in  the  Indian 
Ocean:  blows  from  S.W.  from  April  to 
October;  blows  from  N.E.  from  October 
to  April. 

Mons  Maenalus,  (monz-me'na-lus).  [The  Latin 
name.]  A  northern  constellation,  of  small 
stars  only. 

Monster,  (mon'ster).  [Monstnim,  the  Latin 
word.]  Any  organization  of  which  the 
development  is  abnormal;  often  used  with 
reference  to  large  size  as=enormous;  but 
properly  only  for  some  unusual  form  of 
development. 

Mont  Blanc.     A  mountain  in  the  moon,  q.v. 

Month,  (munth).  [Monath,  the  A.-S.  word, 
from  mono.,  moon.]  A  division  of  the  year,  a 
period  of  30  or  31  days,  excepting  February. 
Lunar  month  =  Lunation,  q.v.  =  Synodic 

month:  29d  12h  44m    2s 
Tropical    month=27     7     43       4[malistic. 
Anomalistic    ,,    =27    13     18      37    v.  Auo- 
Sidereal          „    =27     7     43      11 
Nodical  „    =27     5       5      35 

Calendar         ,,    =  January,  February,  &c. 

Montia,  (mon'tia).  [Signer  de  Monti.]= 
Blinks:  a  small  herb  belonging  to  Portu- 
laceae. 

Monureides,  (mon'u-rldz).  [Mono  and  Ureide, 
q.v.]  v.  Ureides. 

Monylene,  (mon'i-len)=Elaene,  q.v. 

Moon.  The  satellite  of  the  earth,  revolving 
round  it  once  in  about  28  days.  v.  Lunation. 
It  once  existed  in  a  nebulous  form,  and  is 
now  condensed  by  gravitation ;  has  great 
range  of  temperature,  from  500°  F.  down- 
wards; has  a  diameter  -g^0.  miles:  volume 
— -ij,  area=Ti»j,  weight=^j,  of  earth ;  dis- 
tance, 238790  miles'  has  no  atmosphere;  sup- 


posed once  to  have  been  peopled,  and  to  have 
been  lighted  and  warmed  by  the  earth,  which 
was  probably  then  a  sun.  In  maps  of  the 
moon,  the  surface  is  divided  into  four  quad- 
rants, on  which  the  various  mountains, 
valleys,  clefts,  seas,  &c.,  are  named  after 
philosophers,  &c.,  of  the  earth,  as  Aristotle, 
Copernicus,  Herodotus,  &c.  The  seas  are 
now  dry  flat  hollows  or  plains,  named  Mares, 
as  Mare  sereuitatis,  &c. 

Moons,  (moouz).  [Mono,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Satellites:  secondary  planets,  revolving 
round  some  of  the  primary  planets.  Saturn 
has  8  moons,  Uranus  and  Jupiter  4  each, 
Neptune  and  the  Earth  1  each.  All  the 
moons  revolve  from  west  to  east,  except  in 
the  case  of  Uranus,  whose  moons  go  from 
east  to  west.  M.  stone,  a  variety  of  felspar. 
.Af.-;e?or<=Botrychiuni,  q.v. 

Moor,  (moor).  [Mor,  the 
A.-S.  word.]  A  tract 
of  waste  land;  a  heath. 
M.  coc£=Red  grouse= 
Lagopiis  Scoticus.  M. 
grass  —  Sesleria.  M . ' 
Jiarrier  =  Circus  ruf us, 
a  hawk-like  :bird.  M. 
heath  =  Gypsocallis,  a 
plant  belonging  to  Eri- 
caceae. M.  Ae?i=Galli- 
nula,  q. v.= Water-hen. 

Moorish  architecture= 
Saracenic :  marked  by 
arches  (more  or  less  of  t 
the  horse-shoe  form), 
domes,  minarets,  and 
by  elaborate  decora- 
tion, in  which  animals 
are  never  represented. 

Moose,  (moos).  [The  native  Indian  name.] 
=  Moose-deer  =  Cer- 
vus  alces=  Alces  Mal- 
chis:  a  large  animal 
belonging  to  Cer- 
vida; ;  also  called  elk 
and  eland. 

Moracese,  (mo-ra'se-e). 
[Morus,  g.v.]  =  Mo- 
rads=Fig,  mulberry,  I    _ 
&c. :  trees  and  shrubs,  ^^WVHHHHRi 
belonging    to    Urti-  Mi-nsf. 

cales,  many  of  which  y^eld  caoutchouc. 

Moraines,  (mo-runz').  [The  French  word.] 
Accumulations  of  rough  angular  stones,  of 
all  sizes,  at  the  edges  of  glaciers.  Medial  M. , 
caused  by  the  confluence  of  two  glaciers. 

Morass,  (mo-ras').  [Marais,  the  French 
word.]=Marsb  :  a  tract  of  soft  wet  ground. 

Morchella,  ( mor - kel ' la ).  [The  German 
name.]  A  fungus,  one  species  of  which  is 
edible.  M.  esculenta=.Mui-el. 

Mordants,  (mor'dants).  [L.  mordeo,  I  bite.] 
Substances,  such  as  acetates  of  iron  and 
zinc,  alumina,  &c.,  used  in  dyeing  to  fix  the 
colours,  by  combining  with  both  fibre  and 
dye-stuff. 

Morels,  (mo-relz').  [Morelle,  the  French 
name.]=Ascomycetes=Morchella,  q.v. 

Moric  acid,  (mo'rik).     [Morus,  tf.v.]= 


Moor-hen. 


MORIN'S 


225 


MOSS 


a  white  crystalline  variety  of  tannic  acid  ob- 
tained from  Fustic. 

Morin's  apparatus.  [General  Morin.]  For 
measuring  the  distances  through  which  fall- 
ing bodies  pass  in  given  times :  a  modifica- 
tion of  Attwood's  machine,  in  which  the 
course  of  the  falling  body  is  marked  by  a 
pencil. 

Morinda,  (  mo-rin'da.  )  [Morus  Indica.]  = 
Moras  Indicus= Indian  mulberry:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Moracese. 

Mormdin,  (mo-rin'din.)  fMorinda,  q.v.  ]  A 
yellow  dye-stuff,  from  Morinda  citrifolia; 
from  which  alizarin  is  obtained. 

Moringa,  (mo-ring'a).  [The  Malabar  name.] 
A  plant  belonging  to  Moringaceae,  q.v.  M. 
pterygosper,na=Ben-nnt  tree,  from  the 
seeds  of  which  oil  of  ben  is  extracted. 

Moringacese,  (  mo-ring-ga'se-e  ).  [Moringa, 
$.v.]=Moringads:  trees,  with  pinnate  leaves, 
and  white  flowers,  belonging  to  Violates. 

Moringic  acid,  (mo-rin'jik).)  [Moringa,  q  v.] 
CisH-zSiOz :  an  oily  acid  substance  obtained 
from  oil  of  ben. 

Morintannic  acid,  (mo-rin-tan'nik).  [Morus 
and  Tannic,  q.v.]  CjsHioOg:  a  yellow  crys- 
talline variety  of  tannic  acid,  obtained  from 
old  fustic  or  Morus  tinctoria. 

Morion,  (mo'ri-ou).  A  black  crystalline  variety 
of  native  silica. 

Morison's  arrangement  of  plants :  according 
to  the  fruit,  v.  Botanical  systems. 

Moritanuic  acid,  (  mo-ri-tan'nik  ).  [Morus 
and  Tannic,  q.v.]  =  CigHigOio  =  Tannin  of 
fustic  or  Morus  tinctoria:  a  variety  of  tannic 
acid. 

Morocco  leather,  (mo-rok'ko.)  [M.  in  Africa.] 
=Tanned  skin  of  Barbary  goat. 

Moronobea,  (  mor-6-no'be-a  ).  [  Monorobo, 
the  native  name.]  M.  coccinea=Hog  gum- 
tree. 

Moroxite,  (  mor'oks-it ).  A  green  mineral, 
chiefly  phosphate  of  calcium:  a  variety  or 
apatite. 

Morphia,  (mor'fi-a)  [Morpheus,  god  of  sleep.] 
=C34H38N2O<j:  one  of  the  natural  bases 
found  iii  opium,  a  crystalline  nitrile  base, 
with  powerful  narcotic  properties. 

Morphine,  (mor-fen').  [The  French  word.] 
= Morphia,  q.v. 

Morphium,  (ruor/fi-um)=Morphia,  q.v. 

Morpholites,  (mor'fo-lits).  Aggregations  of 
carbonate  of  lime  and  marl. 

Morphology,  (mor-fol'6-ji).  [Gk.  morphe, 
form  ;  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of 
the  form  and  structure  of  animals  and 
plants. 

Morrhua,  (m5'ru-a).  Cod,  haddock,  &c.:  a 
fish  belonging  to  Gadidae.  M.  cegleftnus= 
Haddock.  A27minuta=Bowor.  M.vulgans 
=Cod. 

Morse,  (mors).  [Morj,  the  Russian  name.]= 
Trichechus  rosmarus;  also  called  Walrus, 
q.v. 

Morse's  telegraph.  [Prof.  Morse  of  America.] 
A  writing  telegraphic  apparatus,  by  which 
signs  representing  letters  are  written  o'_  a 
strip  of  paper,  v.  Telegraph. 

Mortar,  (mor'tar).      [Mortarium,  the  Latin 


word.]    A  piece  of 
ordnance,    usually 
short  and  of  large 
bore,      used      for 
throwing      shells. 
M.    shell,    usually 
fired    at     a    high 
angle,  so  as  to  fall  r 
behind     parapets,1* 
penetrate  roofs,  &c.  Mortar. 

2.  A  strong  vessel  used  for  trituration.  3. 
A  compound  of  lime  and  water  used  in 
bricklaying. 

Mortification,  (mor-tif-i-ka'shun).  [L.  mors, 
death;  facio,  I  make.]=Local  death:  the 
death  of  any  member,  or  portion,  of  the 
body,  by  failure  of  the  circulation. 
Morus,  (mo'rus).  [The  Latin  word.]=Mul- 
berry:  a  tree  belonging  to  Urticacese.  M. 
a/6a=White  mulberry,  the  leaves  of  which 
are  food  for  silkworms.  M.  Indica=^lo- 
rinda  =  Indian  mulberry.  M.  tinctoria= 
Old  fustic. 

Mosaic,  (mo-za'ik).  [Mosaique,  the  French 
word.]  Inlaid  work, 
in  which  painting  is 
imitated  by  the  use 
of  small  pieces  of 
variously  coloured 
marble,  glass,  &c. 
M.  gold:  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  tin. 
Mosandrite,  (mo'san- 
drit).  A  brown  trans- 
lucent  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  sili-  Mosaic, 

cate  of  calcium,  cerium,  lanthanum,  <fcc. 
Mosasauroids,     (  mos-a-saw'roidz ).       [Mosa- 
saurus,  q.v.  ;    Gk.   eidos,  form.]      Gigantic 
reptiles,  known  by  fossil  remains  in  creta- 
ceous rocks.     One  is  75  feet  in  length. 
Mosasaurus,  (mos-a-saw'rus).     [River  Meuse; 
Gk.  sauros,  lizard.]    An  aquatic  reptile,  of 
great  length,  known  only  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  chalk  rocks,  near  Maestricht. 
Moschatel,   ( mos'ka-tel ).       [Gk.  moschos,  a 
young  shoot.]  =  Moschatella  =  Adoxa  mos- 
chatellina  :     a   small   succulent  herb.     v. 
Adoxa. 

Moschidse,  (mos'ki-de).  [Moschus.g.v.]  Musk- 
deer,  «Sic.:  quadrupeds,  belonging  to  Rumi- 
nantia,  intermediate  between  the  camel  and 
the  deer. 

Moschus,  (mos'kus).     [Gk.  moschos,  a  calf.] 
An  animal  resembling  the  deer,  but  without 
horns;  the  male  has  sometimes  a  musk-bag 
containing  musk.  M.  jew;0rnais=Cheorotaiu. 
M.  moschiferus='M.\isk.  of  Thibet. 
Mosque,  (inosk).     [Masjid,  the  Arabic  word.] 
A  place  of  Mohammedan  worship. 
Mosquito,  (mos-ke'to).     [The  Spanish  word.] 
A  small    fly,   remarkable  for    its  stinging 
powers.  l.=Culex  mosquito.  2.— Simulium. 
Moss,  (mos).     [Meos,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Lyco- 
podium,  &c.    v.  Mosses.     Bog  M.=  Sphagna. 
Cord  Af.=Hydrometrica.      Hair  M.=Poly- 
trichum.    Iceland  Af.=Cetraria  islandica:  a 
lichen.    Irish  M .  =Chondrus  crispus.     Rein- 
deer M.  —  Cenomyce  rangifera  =  Cladonia 
P 


MOSS-FRUIT 


226 


MUCUS 


rangifera.     M.  agate  =  Mocha  stone.     M. 
campion=SilQne  acaulis. 

Moss-fruit— Sporogonium. 

Mosses^Muscales:    a    primary    division    of 

Acrogens,     q.v. ;     small     flowerless    plants 

fructified  by  spores.    Scale  3f.=Hepatic0e. 

Classification  of  M. — Bryacea?=True  mosses. 

Sphagnacese  "|  only  a  few 

Andreaeceaa  V  genera  of 

Phascacese    )     each. 

Motacilla,  (mot-a-sil'la).  Wagtail:  a  small 
bird  belonging  to  Sylviadae,  q.v.  M.  atri- 
capilla=~Blsick-ca.p.  M.  sia?is=Blue-bird. 

Motella,  (mo-tel'la).  A  cod-like  fish  belonging 
to  Gadidse.  M.  vulgarise Whistle-fish.  M. 
glaucus= Mackerel  midge. 

Moth,  (moth).  [Modhe,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
Nocturnal  i  nsects  f orm- 
ing  a  division  of  Lepi- 
doptera,  q.v.  Death's 
head  Jf.=Sphinx  atro- 
pus.  Flame  Jf.=Anti- 
clearubidata.  GoatM. 
=  Cossus  ligniperda. 
Grass  ^f.=Crambus. 
Hawk  J»f.=Sphinx. 
Hazel  Af.=Tortrix 
sorbiana.  Hornet  M.  —  Moth. 

Sphinx.  Humming-bird  hawk  JV/.=Macro- 
glossa  titan.  Tiger  Af.=Arctia  caja. 

Mother.  M.  liquor= Residue  of  a  solution. 
M.  of  pearl.  l.=Botys  urticalis:  a  moth 
belonging  to  Lepidoptera.  2.  =Irridescent 
layers  of  shells.  M .  of  vinegar— The  dregs  of 
a  solution  from  which  vinegar  has  been  ob- 
tained. M.-wort=~Leou\irMs. 

Moths,  (moths).  Nocturnal  insects  forming 
a  division  of  Lepidoptera,  q.v.  v.  Holome- 
tabola.  Some  moths  are  crepuscular,  or 
active  during  twilight,  cf.  Butterflies. 

Mot-mot,  (mot'mot).  [Named  from  the  note.] 
=Momotus=Prionites:  a  showy  bird,  some- 
what resembling  the  toucan,  with  a  long 
ciliated  tongue,  found  in  Brazil. 

Motores  oculi.  The  third  pair  of  cerebral 
nerves,  which  move  most  of  the  eye-muscles. 

Mouflon,(ni66flon)=CapraAmmon— Siberian 
goat:  a  variety  of  the  sheep  found  in  Corsica, 
&c. 

Moulds,  (moldz).  [Kolde,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Physomycetes,  &c. :  minute  fungi  growing  on 
damp  organic  matter,  v.  Fungales.  Bread 
Jf.=Ascophora  mucedo.  Potatoe  Jf.=Bo- 
trytis  iufestans. 

Mould's  classification  of 

Hyph  omy  cetes — 

Yeast  fungus. 

Vinegar  fungus. 

Blue  mould, 
Ascomycetes — 

Morels. 

Truffles. 

Hop- blight,  &c. 
Physomycetes— 

Felt  mould. 

Bread  mould. 

Pear  mould. 

Moulting,  (niolt'ing).  [Mode,  the  Welsh  word.] 


=Ecdysis :  a  casting-off  of  the  skin  or  feathers ; 
a  renewing  of  the  outer  integrnent;  common 
with  birds,  serpents,  &c. 

Mountain.  M.  ash.  l.=Pyrus  aucuparia. 
2.=Eucalyptus  of  New  Zealand.  M.  blue= 
Azurite:  a  blue  copper  ore.  M.  cork= 
Mountain  leather,  q.v.  M.  crab  =  Black 
crab  =  Land  crab.  M.  ebony  =  Bauhinia 
porruta.  M.  feather:  a  variety  of  asbestos. 
M.  green  =  Malachite:  green  carbonate  of 
copper.  M.  leather:  a  matted  fibrous  variety 
of  asbestos.  M.  limestone  =  Carboniferous 
limestone:  belongs  to  Carboniferous  strata: 
thick  rocks  underlying  the  coal.  M.  linnet 
=Linaria  montaria.  M.  ?neai=Bergmehl, 
q.v.  M.  paper;  a  variety  of  asbestos.  M. 
soap=Steatite,  q.v.  M.  mZZo?p=Salix  mir- 
sinites.  M.  wood:  a  variety  of  asbestos. 

Mountains  in  the  moon.  Named  aftei« 
philosophers,  travellers,  &c.,  and  after  the 
mountains  of  the  earth;  many  higher  than 
Mont  Blanc. 

Mouse,  (mous),  [Mils,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Mus,  q.v. :  a  small  burrowing  animal  be- 
longing to  Eodentia.  Dor-M.  =  Myoxus 
avellanarius.  Field  M.  =Arvicola  vulgaris. 
American  M.=M.ua  leucopus.  Harvest  M. 
=Mus  messorius.  Jumping  3f.=Meriones 
Hudsonicus.  Shrew  M.  =  Erd  -  shrew,  v. 
Shrewmouse.  M.  deer:  a  small  deer  of 
Ceylon.  M.  car^Myosotis.  Golden  M.  ear 
=Hieracium  aurantiaceum.  M.  ear  chick- 
weed=Cerastium.  M.  fati=Myosurus. 

Mucamide,  (mu'ka-mid).  [Mucus  and  Amide, 
q.v.]  CgH^NoOg:  a  white  crystalline  sub- 
stance from  ammonia  on  mucic  ether. 

Mucedines,  (mu'se-dinz).  [L.  mucus,  slime.] 
=White  moulds:  fungi  belonging  to  Hypho- 
mycetes,  found  on  decaying  plants,  mostly 
white  delicate  threads;  include  yeast  and 
vinegar  fungus,  potatoe  mould,  &c. 

Mucic.  (mu'sik).  •  [L.  mucus,  slime.]  M.  acid 
=C6HjoO8:  a  crystalline,  dibasic  acid  sub- 
stance obtained  by  the  oxidation  of  milk- 
sugar,  gum,  &c.  M.  ether  =  Mucate  of 
ethyl. 

Mucilage,  (mu'si-lfvj).  [The  French  word.]= 
Bassorin^CgHioOs:  a  variety  of  gum,  in- 
soluble in  water. 

Mucin,  (mu'sin).  [Mucus,  q.v.]  1.  A  colloid 
constituent  of  gluten.  2.  A  constituent  of 
animal  mucus. 

Mucor,  (mu'kor).  [Mucus,  q.v.]  A  fungus- 
like  plant,  of  minute  size,  sometimes  found 
growing  on  the  skin. 

Mucoraceae=Physomycetes=Mucorini  :  erect 
thread-like  fungi,  of  minute  size,  found  on 
decaying  animal  and  vegetable  matter. 

Mucous,  (mu'kus).  [Mucus,  q.v.\  M.  mem- 
brane: the  modification  of  the  skin  which 
lines  all  the  interior  cavities  of  the  body; 
redder,  more  sensitive,  and  bleeds  more 
readily,  than  the  outer  skin.  M.  fermen- 
tation: of  which  mucic  acid  is  one  of  the 
chief  products. 

Mucus,  (mu'kus).  [L.  mucus,  slime.]  An 
alkaline  glairy  fluid  secreted  by,  or  aggre- 
gated on,  the  mucous  membrane,  and 
serving  as  a  lubricant, 


MUD 


227 


MUROMONTITE 


Mud.  A  solution  in  water  of  finely-powdered 
minerals.  M .  eel=Siren.  M.  fish,  v.  Mud- 
fishes. M.  turtles=Soft,  tortoises=:Triony- 
cidae.  M.  volcanoes,  v.  Volcano.  M.  voorms 
:=Linricolae.  M.  woj'i=Limosella:  a  small 
aquatic  herb. 

Mudfishes=:Lepidosiren  and  Ceratodus=Dip- 
noi:  connect  fishes  and  amphibia;  the  highest 
order  of  fishes,  having  filamentary  limbs;  a 
heart  with  two  auricles  and  one  ventricle, 
and  lungs;  live  in  the  mud  of  marshy  tracts: 
formerly  considered  to  be  reptiles. 

Mugil  (mu'jil).  [The  Latin  name.]=Mullet: 
a  fish  belonging  to  Mugilidse.  M.  capito= 
Gray  mullet. 

Mugilidaj,  (mu-jil'i-de).  [Mugil,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]=Mullets:  a  family  of  fishes, 
with  cylindrical  scaly  bodies,  belonging  to 
Acanthopteri. 

Mug- wort,  (mug'wort)=Artemisia  vulgaris. 

Muiscas.     An  American  race. 

Mulatto,  (mu-lat'to).  [Mulato,  the  Spanish 
word.]  The  offspring  of  white  and  black 
parents.  M.  crab :  a  land  crab. 

Mulberry,  (mul'ber-ri).     [Murberie,  the  A.-S. 

name.J=Morus,  q.v.  In-        ^_ 

dian   M.  =  Morus  In- 
dica. 

Muldan,(m61'dan).  [Herr 
Von  Mulda.]  A  variety 
of  Orthoclase,  q.v. 

Mule,  (mul).  [Mulus,  the 
Latin  name.]  1.  The  hy- 
brid offspring  of  a  horse 
and  ass.  2.=Mule-jenny: 
a  machine  for  spinning 
cotton  ;  named  from 
combining  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  jenny  and 
water-twist  frame,  two 
earlier  inventions. 

Mulhouse  blue.  An  alkaline  solution  of 
shell-lac  and  aniline. 

Mullein,  (mul'lin).  [Molene,  the  French 
nanie.]=Verbascum,  q.v. 

Muller's  classification  of  fishes,    v.  Fishes. 

Muller's  glass=:Hyalite :  a  variety  of  opal, 
q.v. 

Mullet,  (mul'let).  [Mulct,  the  French  name.] 
Gray  Jf.=Mugil,  q.v.  Red  Jlf.^Mullus. 

Mullion,   (mul'yun).      [F.  moignon,  stump.] 
A  bar,  usually  of  stone, 
dividing  a  window  into 
vertical  compartments. 
cf.  Transoms. 

Multiple,  (mul'ti-pl).  [L. 
multus,  many  ;  plico,  I 
fold.]  The  sum  of  a 
number  of  equal  quan- 
tities; 12  is  a  multiple 
of  6,  of  4,  of  3,  of  2,  and 
of  1.  Least  common  M. 
=L.C.M.:  the  smallest 
number  that  can  be 
divided,  without  a  re-  Mullion. 

mainder,  by  each  of  any  given  numbers.   M. 
images,  v.  Image. 

Multiplier,  (mul'ti-pli-er).  Multiple,  q.v.= 
Galvanomoter,  q.v. 


Mulberry. 


Multungula,   (mul-tung'u-la).      [L.  multus, 

many ;  ungula,  hoof.]      Giebel's    term    for 

elephants,  swine,  &c.,  which  have  the  hoof 

divided.     Owen's  term  for  animals  such  as 

the  tapir. 
Mundic,  (mun'dik)r=Pyrites,  q.v.     A  mineral 

of  the  iron  group,  chiefly  disulphide  of  iron. 

White  Jf.=Mispickel,  q.v. 
Muntjac,  (munt'jak)=Cervulus  vaginalis :  a 

variety  of  the  deer ;  also  called  ribbed-faoe 

deer. 
Muntz's  metal.     A  variety  of  brass:  an  alloy 

of  copper  and  zinc,  used  for  sheathing  ships; 

named  after  the  inventor. 
Muraena,   (mu-re'na).      [The  Latin  name.]= 

Eel,  q.y. 
Muraenidee,  ( mu-re'ni-dS ).      [Mursena,  q.v.; 

Gk.  eidos,  form.]=:Eels:  a  family  of  fishes 

belonging  to  Apoda;  a  division  of  Malacop- 

terygii. 
Muraenoidse,  (mu-re-noi'de).     [Mursena,  q.v.; 

Gk.  eidos,  form.]    Gunnel-fish,   &c.:  fishes 

belonging  to  Gobiidae. 
Mural,  (mu'ral).    [L.  murus,  wall.]  M .  circle: 

a  graduated  circle 

(or  portion   of  a 

circle),  fixed  on  a 

wall,  and  used  to 

measure  arcs   of 

the  meridian.  M . 

quadrant :     also 

called    Tychonic 

quadrant. 
Murchisonia,  (mer- 

chi-so'nia).     [Sir 

B.      Murchison.] 

A  gasteropodous 

mollusc,  found  in 

Devonian  rocks. 
Murchisonite,  (mer'chis-o-mt).     [Sir  B.  Mur- 
chison.]   A  variety  of  Orthoclase,  q.v. 
Murderer  liana=Murderer  lipo:  a  parasitic 

climbing  plant,  which  kills  the  tree  it  clings 

to,  by  enclosing  it  with  a  number  of  branches ; 

found  in  Brazil. 
Murex,  (mu'reks).      [L.  murex,  purple  fish.] 

M.  trunculus:   a  molluscous  animal  found 

in  the  Mediterranean,  and  used  for  a  rich 

purple  dye. 
Murexan,   (mu-reks'an).      [Murexid.     q.v.]= 

Purpuric  acid,  q.v.,    obtained   from    Mur- 

exide. 
Murexid,  (mu-reks'id).     [Murex,  q.v.]    2C8HS 

NeO6=Purpurate  of  ammonium:  obtained 

from  uric  acid,  &c.,  and  used  as  a  purple 

dye. 
Muriate,  (mu'ri-at).     [Muriatic,  q.v.]     Salts 

of  muriatic  acid.      M.    of  ammonia  =  Sal- 

amrnoniac=Chloride  of  ammonium.     M.  oj 

saZi=Common  salt. 
Muriatic  acid,  (mu-ri-at'ik).  [L.  muria,  brine.] 

= Hydrochloric  acid,  q.v. 
Muridae,  (mu'ri-de).     [Mus,   q.v,;  Gk.   eidos, 

form.]     Bats,  mice,  jerboas,   &c.:  a  family 

of  animals  belonging  to  Bodentia. 
Muromontite,   (mu-ro-mon'tit).      [The   Latin 

name  of  Mauersburg.]    A  black  amorphous 

mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  yttrium,  iron, 


Mural  circle. 


MTTS 


228 


MUSOPHAGA 


Mus,  (mus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  small 
animal,  the  type  of  Muridaa,  remarkable  for 
its  fecundity  and  destructiveness  to  vege- 
tation. M.  alpinus=~M.-d.rmot  of  Alps.  M. 
glis=Dormo\ise.  J/.  rattus-=~Rai.  M.  am- 
phibius  =  Water-rat.  M.  sagitta  =  Jerboa. 
M.  bursarius  =  Canada  rat.  M.  lemmus  = 
Lemming.  M.  musculus=^louae.  M.  syl- 
raiicws=Wood-mouse.  M.  cricetus  =  Ham- 
ster. M.  Labradoriu$=Gei\)il.  M.  giganteus 
=Great  rat  of  India. 

Musa.  [Latin  name,  from  Egyptian  mauz.] 
Plantain,  banana,  &c. :  an  herbaceous  endo- 
genous plant,  chiefly  found  in  Asia.  M. 
sapientum=&an&n&.  if.  textilis=Ka.nilla. 
hemp. 

Musacese,  (mu-sa'se-e).  [Musa,  Q.r.]=Musads: 
plantains,  bananas,  &c.:  stemless  plants,  with 
large  sheathing  leaves,  belonging  to  Amo- 
males. 

Musang=Viverra  musanga:  an  animal  of  the 
civet  kind  found  in  Borneo. 

Musca,  (mus'ka).  [The  Latin  name.]  Fly: 
an  insect  belonging  to  Diptera.  M.  chloris 
=Green  bottle:  a  green  fly.  M.  carnaria= 
Flesh-fly.  M.  domestica=Honse-Qy. 

Musca  borealis,  (mus'ka  bo-re-a'lis ).  [The 
Latin  name.]=The  northern  fly:  a  northern 
constellation  of  small  stars  only. 

Muscales,  (mus-ka'l6z).  [Musci,  g.v.]  Mosses: 
a  division  of  Acrogens  dJvided  into  Hepaticse 
and  Musci,  q.v. 

Muscardine,  (  mus'kar-dm  ).  [The  French 
name.]  A  disease  of  the  silkworm  caused 
by  a  fungus=Botrytis  bassiana,  q.v. 

Muscari,  (mus'ka-ri).  [Musk,  7.v.]=Grape 
hyacinth:  a  plant,  with  blue  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Liliacese. 

Muschelkalk,  (mosh'el-kalk).  [Gk.  muschel, 
mussel;  kalk,  chalk.]=Middle  Trias:  a  lime- 
stone rock,  not  found  in  England,  with 
numerous  shells. 

Muschelkalk,  (ruSsh'el-kalk).  [Gk.  muschel, 
mussel ;  kalk,  chalk.]  —  Shell  limestone  = 
Middle  Trias:  not  in  England,  but  found  in 
Germany,  near  the  Black  Forest:  has  nume- 
rous fossil  shells. 

Musci,  (mus'si).  [L.  muscus,  moss.]  Mosses, 
q.v.:  small  plants  belonging  to  Muscales. 

Muscicapa,  (mus-sik'a-pa).  [L.  inusca,  fly; 
capio,  I  seize.  ]= Fly-catchers:  small  sparrow- 
like  birds,  found  in  Himalayas,  belonging  to 
Insessores. 

Muscicapidae,  (mus-si-ka'pi-d5).  [Muscicapa, 
q.v.]  A  family  of  insectivorous  birds  be- 
longing to  Dentirostres. 

Muscinese,  (mus-sin'e-e).  [Musci,  g.v.]=Hepa- 
tic88  and  Mosses=Muscales,  q.v.,  have  alter- 
nation of  generations. 

Muscle,  (mus'l).  [Musculus,  the  Latin  word.] 
The  lean  of  meat.  v.  Muscles. 

Muscles,  (nms'slz).  [Muscle,  q.v.]  Bundles 
of  fibres,  which  can  be  shortened  at  will,  so 
as  to  move  the  parts  which  they  connect 
nearer  to  each  other:  connected  by  tendons 
with  the  bones.  Extensor  M.;  used  to  sepa- 
rate bones;  to  extend  the  arm,  leg,  &c. 
Flexor  M,:  used  to  draw  bones  together;  to 
draw  tUe  arm,  leg,  &c,,  towards  the  axis. 


[Moussbron,    the 


Rotatory  M.:  used  to  move  bones  in  a 
circle. 

Muscle  animals,     Oken's  term  for  reptiles. 

Muscovite,  (mus'ko-vit).  [Moscow  in  Russia.] 
=Potash  mica:  an  elastic  mineral  of  the 
mica  group,  found  in  quartz  rocks;  a  sili- 
cate of  alumina,  potash,  &c.,  common  in 
Siberia;  also  called  Muscovy  glass. 

Muscular,  (mus'ku-lar).  [Muscle,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  the  muscles. 

Muscular  tissue.  1.  Striated  M.  of  volun- 
tary muscles.  2.  Non-striated.  3.  M.  of 
invertebrate  animals.  4.  Sarcode= Proto- 
plasm. 

Mushroom,  (mush'rom). 
French  name.]=Agari- 
cus:  an  edible  fungus 
belonging  to  Hymeno- 
mycetes.  Root  fibres  of 
jlf.  =  Mycelium.  Stem 
and  cap  ofM.=Hymen- . 
ophore.  Under  surface 
of  cap  of  M.=Hyme- 
nium:  which  bears  the 
spores. 

Music,  (mu'zik).  (Musica,  the  Latin  word.] 
Regular  and  continuous  sounds  having  more 
than  16  vibrations  per  second,  and  fewer  thau 
4000:  a  range  of  about  11  octaves. 

Musical  scale.  A  series  of  notes  connecting 
any  given  note  with  its  octave. 

Musk.,  (musk). 
[Musc,ihe  French 
word.]  An  odori- 
ferous resin  in  tho  //'  '.v^&s4'^2r,  iftSMSB  /r 
bag  of  male  Mos- 
chus,  q.v.  Musk 
duck:  a  New 

Zealand  duck ',!«•••  WJjtif 

having  the  odour  /  J^HH^HRH  r  *'  //'  i ' 
of  musk.  M. 


Musk-deer. 


Mushroom. 


minium    monor- 

chis.     M.  rat= 

Ondatra. 
Musk-deer  =  Mos-j 

chus  moschiferus! 
Musk-ox  =  Ovibos 

v^    Thame8  moschatus:   found  fossil 
Musk-root:=l.  Ra- 

dixsumbul.   2.  A 

plant  of  Guiana, 

with  long  leaves, 

large    yellow 

flowers,  and  frag- 
rant seeds.     M. 

oil:  from  t 

seeds. 
MuskeUmusTcet).- 

[ Mo squet,  the 

French      word.] 

A  gun,  for   the  Musk-ox. 

discharge  of  bullets,  having  a  smooth  bore. 

cf.  Rifled. 
Muslin,  (muzlin).     [Mousseline,  the  French 

word.  ]     A   light   textile   fabric   made   of 

cotton. 
Musopbaga,  (rou-sofa-ga).    [Musa,  q.v.;  Gk, 


MUSQUASH 


MYRICA 


phago,  I  eat.]  Plantain-eater:  a  climbing 
bird  belonging  to  Insessores. 

Musquash,  (musk'uash).  [Indian  name.]= 
Ondatra=Fiber  zibethicus;  also  called  Musk- 
rat  and  Musk-beaver. 

Musquito= Mosquito,  q.v. 

Mussel,  (mus'el).  [L.  musculus,  a  little  mouse.] 
A  bivalve  molluscous  aiiinial=Mytilus,  q.v. 

Mussels=Mytilidae,  q.v. 

Mussite,  (mus'sit).  [Mussa  Alps.]  l.r=Diop- 
side  =  White  augite.  2.  =  Parisite.  3.  A 
variety  of  Amphibole.  4.  A  variety  of 
Ahdalusite. 

Must,  (must).  [L.  mustus,  new.  ]= Juice  of 
grapes,  apples,  <fcc.,  before  fermentation. 

Mustang,  (mos'tang).  [The  local  name.]  A 
small,  strong  variety  of  the  horse,  found  on 
the  prairies  of  N.  America. 

Mustard,  (mus'tard).  [L.  musinra  ardens, 
hot  must.]  Common  M.  =  Siriapis  nigra. 
Black  M.=Brassica  nigra.  Garlic  Jf.=Si- 
symbrium  alliaria.  Hedge  M. =Sisyinbrium. 
Mithridate  Af.=  Thlaspi  arvense.  Treacle 
M.  =  Erysimum.  White  M.  =  Brassica  alba 
=Sinapis  alba,  q.v.  Oil  of  M.:  1.  Fixed.  2. 
Volatile. 

Mustela,  (mus-te'la).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Otter:  a  burrowing  nocturnal  quadruped, 
with  long  body  and  short  feet.  M .  martes= 
Marten.  M.  lutra=Oitei:  M.  Pennantii= 
Black  cat  -=  Pecan.  M.  vulgaris  =  Weasel. 
M.  ermittea=Ermine.  M.  putorius=~PoIe-ca.t 
^Foumart.  M.  /«ro=Ferret.  M.  barbara 
=Grison. 

Mustelidse,  (mus-teli-de).  [Mustela,  q.v.  •  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Weasels,  otter,  &c. :  a  family 
of  carnivorous  animals  belonging  to 
Digitigrada. 

Mute.    M.  si0rm=Cygnus  olor. 

Muzzle,  (muz'l).  [Museau.]  The  open  end  of 
a  gun,  q.v. 

Mycelium,  (mi-se'li-um).  [Gk.  mykes,  mush- 
room.] =  Spawn:  small  tubes  forming  the 
basis  of  a  fungus. 

Mycetes,  (mi-se'tez).  [Gk,  myketes,  bellower.] 
=  Alouettes=Howling  monkeys:  American 
monkeys,  mostly  of  large  size,  with  strong 
voices. 

Mycoderma,  ( mi-ko-der'ma ).  [Gk.  mykes, 
mushroom;  derma,  skin.]=Torvulse:  a  'fun- 
gus, belonging  to  Bacteria,  which  is  able  to 
absorb  oxygen  from  the  atmosphere.  M. 
aceti:  necessary  for  the  production  of  vinegar 
by  causing  the  formation  of  acetic  acid  from 
alcohol.  M.  cerevisice:  a  pellucid  fungus 
formed  on  the  surface  of  beer.  M.  vim: 
causes  the  fermentation  of  wine. 

Mycology,  (mi-kol'o-ji).  [Gk.  mykes,  fungus; 
logos,  discourse.]=Fungology:  the  science  of 
fungi,  their  nature  and  classification. 

Mycomelic  acid.  C4H4N4O2=Alloxanamide: 
a  monobasic  acid. 

Myconius,  ( mi-ko'ni-us ).  [Classical.]  In 
Moon,  q.v, 

Mycose,  (mi'kos).  [Gk.  myles,  fungus.]= 
Trehalose  =  C^H^On.H^O  :  a  crystalline 
substance  obtained"  from  ergot  of  rye. 

Mycteria,  (mik-te'ri-a)  =  Jabirus  :  a  large 
wading  bird  belonging  to  Grallatores. 


Myelencephala,  (ml-el-en-sefa-la).  [Myelon 
and  Encephalon,  q.v.]  Owen's  term  for 
Vertebrata. 

Myelencephalous,  (mi-el-en-sefa-lus).  [Mye- 
lencephala, q.v.]  Belated  to  the  spinal  cord 
or  brain. 

Myelon,  (mi'e-lon).  [Gk.  myelos,  brain. ]= 
Chorda  spiualis:  Owen's  term  for  spinal 
cord. 

Myeloneura,  (  ml-el-on-u'ra  ).  [Gk.  myelon, 
marrow;  neuron,  nerve.]  A  primary  division 
of  animals  made  by  Ehrenberg,  and  including 
Mammalia  (without  man),  Birds,  Amphibia, 
and  Fishes. 

Mygale,  (mig'al).  [Gk.  mygale,  field  mouse.] 
l.=Crab-spider:  a  hairy  spider  of  Brazil 
2  inches  long.  2.  =  Russian  musk-rat  = 
Desman. 

Mylipbatis,  (mi-li-o-ba'tis).  [Gk.  myle,  mill; 
batis,  ray.  ]= Eagle-ray:  a  fish  belonging  to 
Batides,  q.v.,  named  from  the  flat  grinding 
teeth. 

Mylocaryum,  (tm-lo-ka'ri-um.)  [Gk.  myle, 
mill;  karyon,  nut.]=Buck-wheat  tree. 

Mylodon,  (mi'16-don).  [Gk.  myle,  mill;  odous, 
tooth.]  A  large  edentate  animal,  known  only 
by  fossil  remains,  chiefly  jaw-bones,  found  in. 
S.  American  pleistocene  rocks:  named  from 
the  flat  teeth,* adapted  to  grinding  food. 

Myodes=Lemming,  q.v. 

Myology,  (mi-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  mys,  muscle;  logos. 
discourse.]  The  science  of  the  nature  and 
classification  of  muscles. 

Myoporaceae,  (ml-o-por-a'se-e).  [Gk.  myo,  I 
shut ;  poros,  pore.]  =  Myoporads  :  shrubs, 
chiefly  tropical,  between  Echiales  and  Big- 
nonales. 

Myoptic,  (ml-op'tik).  [Myopy,  Q.v.]=:Short- 
sighted. 

Myopy,  (ml'6-pi).  [Gk.  myo,  I  shut:  ops,  eye.] 
=Short-sight:  when  the  focus  of  the  eye  is 
nearer  than  usual,  and  only  objects  near  it 
are  distinctly  seen. 

Myosotis,  (mi-o-so'tis).  [Gk.  mys,  mouse;  otos, 
ear.]=Scorpion  grass:  an  herb,  with  small 
flowers,  belonging  to  Boraginacese,  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.  M.  palustris 
= Forget-m  e-n  ot. 

Myosurus,  (mi-6-su'rus).  [Gk.  mys,  mouse: 
oura,  tail. ]=Mouse- tail:  a  small  herb  be- 
longing to  Ranunculacese. 

Myoxus,  (mi-oks'us).  [Gk.  mys,  mouse. ]= 
Dormouse:  a  small,  nocturnal,  bun-owing, 
herbivorous  quadruped. 

Myria=10,000. 

Myriagram=10,000  grams. 

Myriametre=lp,qOO  metres. 

Myriapoda,  (mi-ri-ap'o-da).  [Gk.  myrioi,  ten 
thousand  ;  pous,  foot.]  =  Centipedes  and 
Millipedes,  &c.:  articulate  animals  having 
very  numerous  feet,  the  body  having  more 
than  twenty  somites,  belonging  to  Arthro- 
poda:  intermediate  between  red-blooded 
worms  and  insects :  worms  modified  for 
terrestrial  life. 

Myrica,  (nn-ri'ka).  [The  Greek  name.]= 
=8 \veet-gale— Bog-myrtle:  a  shrub  belong- 
ing to  Myricacese;  also  called  candleberry 
tree  and  Dutch  myrtle.  M.  cm/era=Wax 


MYRICACEJE 


230 


ttAGYAGITE 


myrtle.  M.  tallow='NLyiilo  wax;  a  green, 
brittle  solid  from  Myrica. 

Myricaceae,  (ml-ri-ka'se-e).  [Myrica,  q.v.]= 
Gale-worts:  shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to 
Amenta!  es. 

Myricin,  (mi'ri-sm).  [Myrica,  g.v.]=Melissyl 
palmitate:  the  chief  constituent  of  bees'- 
wax. 

Myrine  =  Gastrobranchus,  q.  v. 

Myriophyllum,  (mi-ri-o-fil'lum).  [Gk.  myrios, 
myriad';  phyllon,  leaf.  ]=  Water-milfoil:  an 
aquatic  herb,  belonging  to  Haloragacese, 
named  from  its  leaves  being  very  nume- 
rous. 

Myristic  acid,  (mi-ris'tik).  [Gk.  myristikos, 
sweet-smelling.]=Ci4H28O2:  from  cocoa-nut 
oil,  butter,  &c.,  in  white  scales,  M.  alcohol 
=MethaJ. 

Myristica,  (  mi-ris'ti-ka  ).  [Gk.  myristikos, 
sweet-smelling.]=Nutmeg  tree:  the  type  of 
Myristicacese,  q.v.  Aril  of  M.  moschata= 
Mace,  v.  Nutmeg. 

Myristicacese,  (mi-ris-ti-ka'se-e).  [Myristica, 
Q.v.]=Nutmegs:  tropical  trees,  with  leathery 
leaves  and  very  small  flowers,  belonging  to 
Menispermales. 

Myristicin,  (mi-ris'ti-sin).  [Myristica,  q.v.]= 
CloHig:  volatile  oil  of  nutmeg. 

Myrmecobius,  (mer-me-ko'bi-us).  [Gk.  myr- 
mex,  ant;  bios,  food.]  A  small  insectivorous 
quadruped,  belonging  to  Marsupialia,  found 
in  Australia. 

Myrmecophaga,  (mer-me-kofa-ga).  [Gk. 
myrmex,  ant;  phago,  I  eat.  J=  Ant-eater:  an 
animal,  with  long  snout,  but  no  teeth:  be- 
longs to  Edentata.  M.  acwZeata=Echidna 
=New  Zealand  porcupine.  M.  jubata= 
Great  ant-eater. 

Myrmeleon,  (mer-m6'le-on).  [Gk.  myrmex, 
ant:  leon,  lion.]  A  large  insect  belonging  to 
Neuroptera.  The  larva  makes  a  pit  for  the 
capture  of  ants  and  other  insects.  M.  for- 


Myrobalans,  (ml-rob'a-lanz).  [Gk.  myron, 
ointment;  balanos,  nut.]  l.=Combretace3e, 
q.v.  2.  Fruits  of  several  species  of  Ternii- 
nalia;  trees  belonging  to  Combretacese. 

Myronic  acid,  (mi-ron'ik).  [Gk.  myron,  oint- 
ment.] C\oH19NS2Oio:  found  in  black  mus- 
tard. 

Myrospermum,  (ml-ros-per'mum).  [Gk.  my- 
ron, ointment;  sperma,  seed.]  A  tree  belong- 
ing to  Amyridaceae,  the  stem  of  which  yields 
a  balsam.  M.  Peruz/or»i=Balm  of  Peru. 


Myrrh,  (mer).    [Myrrha,  the  Latin  name.] 
A  gum  resin  obtained 
from    -Balsamodendron 
myrrha. 

Myrrhis,  (mer-ris).  [Gk. 
myrrha,  fragrant. ]= 
Cicely:  an  herb  belong- 
ing to  Apiacese.  M. 
odorata  =  Sweet  Cicely 
=Sweet  chervil. 

Myrsinacese,  (mer-sin-a'- 
se-e).  [Gk.  myrsine, 
myrtle.  ]= Ardisiads: 
shrubs  and  trees,  with 
leathery  leaves,  small 
flowers,  and  fleshy  fruits, 
belongingtoCortusales.  Myrrh. 

Myrtacese,  ( mer-ta'se-e ).  [Myrtus,  q.v.]— 
Myrtle  blooms:  shrubs  and  trees,  found  in 
hot  climates,  belonging  to  Myrtales. 

Myrtales,  (mer-ta'lez).  [Myrtle,  q.v.]  Plants, 
of  which  the  myrtle  is  the  type,  forming 
a  division  of  Epigynous  Exogens. 

Myrtle,  (mer-tl).  [Mi/rton,  the  Greek  name.] 
=Myrtus:"a  shrub,  the  type  of  Myrtacese. 
M.  MOOUmsMyrtaCMe.  Wax  M.=  Myrica. 

Mysorin,  (mi-so'rin).  [Mysore.]  A  black 
massive  mineral ;  a  mixture  of  carbonate  of 
copper,  oxide  of  iron,  and  silica. 

Mytilidae,  (ml-til'i-de).  [Mytilus,  q.v.]  A 
family  of  molluscous  animals  belonging  to 
Lamellibrauchiata,  including  the  mussel. 

Mytilus,  (mi'ti-lus).  [L.  mytilue,  mussel.]  — 
Mussel :  a  bivalve  mollusc,  the  type  of 
Mytilidse,  used  as  food. 

Myxine,  (miks-i'ne).  [Gk.  myxa,  mucus.] 
Hag-fish:  an  eel-shaped  fish,  of  low  or- 
ganization, belonging  to  Marsipobranchii, 
M.  glutinosa:  hag-fish. 

Myxinidse,  (miks-i'ni-de).  [Gk.  myxa,  gluten.] 
Myxinoid  fishes^Hags:  eel-like  fishes,  with 
sucker-like  mouths,  often  found  in  larger 
fishes. 

Myxogastres,  (miks-o-gas'trez).  [Gk.  myxa, 
gluten.]  Fungi,  allied  to  puff-balls,  belong- 
ing to  Gastromycetes;  once  supposed  to  be 
animals.  When  young,  minute  and  gela- 
tinous; when  old,  produce  spores. 

Myxomycetes,  (miks-o-mi-se'tez).  [Gk.  myxa, 
gluten ;  mykes,  fungus.]  Plants  differing 
from  all  other  plants,  but  approach  ing  nearest 
to  Fungi.  They  do  not  form  cells  or  tissue, 
the  protoplasm  remaining  free  in  masses. 
They  live  on  decaying  vegetable  substances. 


N.P.D,    Abbreviation  North  Polar  Distance. 

N.Z.    Abbreviation  of  North  Zone. 

Macre,  (na'kr).  [The  French  word.]=Mother- 
of-pearl,  q.v. 

Nacreous,  (na'kre-us).  [Nacre,  2.-y.]=Pearly. 
v.  Mother-of-pearl. 

Nacrite,  (na'krit).  [Nacre,  q.v.]  A  pearly 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum,  occurr- 
ing in  small  grains  or  scales;  a  variety  of 
Muscovite. 


Nadir,  (na'der).  [Arab,  naclhir,  opposite.] 
The  point  of  the  heavens  directly  beneath 
our  feet.  cf.  Zenith. 

Nagas.     An  Asiatic  people. 

Nagelflue,  (na'gel-flo).  [Gk.  nagel,  nail;  flurje, 
nximber.]  A  conglomerate  rock  found  in 
Switzerland;  also  called  nail-stone,  from  the 
number  of  pebbles  resembling  nail-heads. 

Nagyagite,  (nag'i-a-jit).  [Nagyag,  a  town.] 
An  opaque,  lustrous  mineral,  chiefly  native 


NAIA 


231 


NASTURTIUM 


porp 
bod 


telluride  of  lead,  &c.  :  also  called  tellurium 
glance. 

Naia=Naja,  q.v. 

Naiadse,  (na'ya-de).  [Gk.  Nais,  water  nymph]. 
1.  A  family  of  freshwater  bivalve  molluscous 
animals;  also  called  freshwater  mussels. 

Naiadaceae,  (na-ya-da'se-e).  [Naias,  q.v.]= 
Naiads:  aquatic  plants,  with  fleshy  leaves 
and  small  flowers,  belonging  to  Hydrales; 
also  called  Fluviales. 

Naiadeae,  (na'ya-de-e).  [Naias,  q.v.]  Sub- 
merged plants  with  slender  branches  and 
long  leaves,  v.  Naiadacese. 

Naias,  (na'yas).  [Gk.  nais,  water-nymph.] 
A  plant,  the  type  of  Naiadacese. 

Naididse,  (na'ya-di-de).  [Gk.  nais,  water- 
nymph.]  =  Water  -  worms  :  hermaphrodite 
worm-like  animals,  belonging  to  Annelida. 

Nails,  (nalz).  [Nagel,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Horny 
modifications  of  the  epidermis,  covering  the 
ends  of  the  fingers  and  toes.  v.  Horn.  Inman, 
flat;  in  the  horse  and  ox,  a  hoof;  in  cats  and 
birds,  sharp  claws;  in  sea-bear,  very  small;  in 
rpoise,  absent.  In  the  pangolin,  the  whole 
y  is  covered  with  nails.  N.  fungus.  = 
Agaricus  esculentus:  a  minute  fungus. 

Naja,  (na'ya).  A  venomous  snake  belonging  to 
Crotalidae.  N.  tripudians:  cobra  di  capello; 
also  called  spectacle-snake,  and  hooded-snake. 

Naked.  N.  &ees=Denudata=Nomada:  have 
no  apparatus  for  getting  pollen:  parasitic; 
also  called  wasp-bees  and  cuckoo-bees.  N. 
eyed  medusas  =  Craspedote:  mostly  small 
and  phosphorescent;  like  little  glass  bulbs. 
v.  Medusae. 

Nankin,  (nan-kenO.  [N.  in  China.]  Acotton 
cloth  of  a  dark  yellow  colour1,  named  from 
being  first  made  at  N.  ;  also  called  nankeen. 

Naphtha,  (  naf  tha;  also  nap'tha).  [The  Greek 
name.]  A  general  name  for  a  number  of 
liquid  hydrocarbons  (much  used  for  pur- 
poses of  heat  and  light);  especially  for  those 
which  issue  from  the  earth,  v.  Hydrocar- 
bons. Boghead  ^.^Photogen.  Bone  N.: 
from  bone  oil.  Coal  N.'.  from  coal  tar. 
Mineral  .ZV.=  Rock  -oil:  from  petroleum. 
Native  N.  =  Petroleum.  Wood  N.  :  from 
distillation  of  wood.  Shale  N.:  from  shale. 
N.  springs:  in  America  and  on  shores  of 
Caspian  Sea. 

Naphthalene,  (naf'the-len).  [Naphtha,  q.v.} 
=Naphthalin,  q.v. 

Naphthalin,  (  naftha-lin  ).  [Naphtha,  q.v.} 
l.=C10H8:  a  white  crystalline  inflammable 
substance  obtained  from  coal-tar,  from  which 
the  nitrogenous  bases,  naphthylia  and  di- 
naphthylia,  are  obtained  by  the  action  of 
ammonia.  2.=Scheererite. 

Naphthol,  (nafthol).  [Naphthyl  alcoho?.] 
C10H80=Naphthyl  alcohol. 

Naphthyl,  (nafthil).  [Naphtha,  q.v.;  Gk. 
In/le,  material.]  C20H14:  the  base  of  Naph- 
thalene; the  -radicle  of  Naphthylia.  N, 
a/co/(o£=Naphthol.  N.  ethers=N.  acetate; 
N.  benzoate,  &c. 

Naphthylia,  (naf-thil'i-a).  [Naphthyl,  q.v.}= 
Naphthylamine=C10H9N:  an  organic  base; 
a  crystallisable  hydrocarbon  obtained  from 
coal-tar. 


Naples.      N.   yellow  =  Antimoniate  of  lead: 

used  as  a  pigment. 
Napoleonite,  (na-po'le-o-nlt).    [Napoleon  I.] 

A  mineral  found  in  Corsica;    felspar  and 

hornblende  arranged    concentrically  round 

granite  nodules;  also  called  orbicular  greeii- 

stone.     v.  Orthoclase. 
Napoleon-worts=Belvisiacese,  q.v. 
Narceia,   (nar'se-a).      [Gk.   narke,   stupor.]= 

Narceine:  one  of  the  natural  bases  found  in 

opium,  crystallising  in  silky  needles. 
Narcissales,  (nar-sis-sa'lez).     [Narcissus,  q.v.} 

Plants,  with  petaloid  flowers  and  albuminous 

seeds:  forming  a  division  of  Endogeris. 
Narcissus,  (nar-sis'us).     [Gk.  narke,  stupor.] 

=Daffodil,   Lent   Lily, 

&c. :     an     herb    with 

large  white    or  yellow 

flowers.        N.     pseudo- 
narcissus  =~Lent  lily= 

Camel's  neck:  belonging 

to  Amaryllidaceae. 
Narcotics,   (nar-kot'iks). 

[Gk.  narkotikos,  stupe- 
fying.]   Substances, 

chiefly  used    as   medi- 
cines,   which      induce 

sleep. 
Narcotic  acid,  Hydrated 

Narcotine. 
Narcotine,  ( nar'ko-tin ).       "  Narcissus. 

Gk.  narke,  stupor.  ]=Co2n23~NC'7:  01:0  of  tho 

natural  crystalline  bases  found  in  opium; 

poisonous. 
Narcotism,  (nar'kot-izm).  [Gk.narke, stupor.] 

A  retardation  of  the  circulation. 
Nardostachys,  (nar-dos'ta-kis).     [Gk.  nardos, 

spikenard;  stachys,  ear  of  corn.]=Spikenard: 

an  herb,  belonging  to  Valerianacese,  yielding 

the  odorous  ointment  called  spikenard. 
Nardus,  (nar-dus).     [Gk.  nardos,  spikenard.] 

= Mat-weed:   a  plant  belonging  to  Grami- 

naceae;  also  called  mat-grass. 
Nares^Nostrils;  openings  between  the  mouth. 

and  nose. 
Narrow.     N.  gauge:  used  of  a  railway  that 

has  4  ft.  SJ  inches  between  the  rails,     cf. 

Broad-guage. 
Narthecium,  (nar-the'si-um).     [Gk.  narthex, 

a  reed.]    Bog-asphodel:  an  herb  belonging 

to  Liliacese.    • 
Narwal=Narwhal. 
Narwhal,  (narwhal).    [Nahvalr,  the  Icelandic 

uame.]  =  Mono-    v:^ 

don  monoceras:  a  "r^l- 

cetacean    animal'- 

belonging  to  Del- 

phiriidfe. 
Nasal,    (na'zal). 

[L.  nasus,  the  nose.] 
N.  vertebra — 

N.  Centrumr^Vomer. 
Neurapophyses=Perfontal. 
Spine=Nasal. 
Nascent,  (na'sent).     [L.  nascor,  I  am  born.] 

N.  state  of    chemical  elements  when  just 

liberated  from  combination. 
Nasturtium,  (nas-ter'shi-um).  [L.  nasus,  nose ; 

tortus,  twisted.]= Watercress:  an  herb,  with 


Narwhal. 


NASUA 


NECROPHAGA 


email  yellow   flower,  belonging   to  Brassi- 


Nasua,  (na'su-a).  [L.  nasus,  nose.]=Coati: 
a  small  bear-like  animal,  belonging  to  Car- 
nivora. 

Natatores,  (na-ta-to'rez).  [L.  nato,  I  swim.] 
Swimming-birds:  aquatic,  polygamous  birds, 
with  short  legs,  webbed  toes,  and  thick 
feathers;  ducks,  geese,  gulls,  &c.;  classified 
as  Brevipennatse,  Longipennatae,  and  La- 
mellirostres. 
Native,  N.  /)iagrnesia=Brucite.  N.  mercury 

^Quicksilver. 

Native  minerals,  uncombined  with  other 
substances. 

Gold  group- 
Gold. 
Silver. 

Iron  group — 
Platinum. 
Quicksilver. 
Lead. 
Zinc. 

Mercury,  &c. 
Tin. 

Arsenic  group- 
Arsenic. 
Antimony. 
Bismuth. 
Sulphur  group- 
Sulphur. 
Tellurium. 
Carbon  group — 
Carbon. 
Diamond,  &p. 

Natrix,  (na'triks).    [L.  natrix,  water-snake.] 
A  snake  belonging  to  Colubridae.    N.  tor- 
quata=Common  snake^Coluber  natrix. 
Natrium,  (na'tri-um).     [The  Latin  name.]= 

Sodium,  q.v. 

Natrocalcite,  (na-tro-kal'sit).  [Natron  and 
Calcite,  q.v.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  carbonate 
of  calcium,  named  from  being  supposed  to 
contain  soda. 

Natrolite,  (  na'tro-Kt ).  [Natron,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
lithos,  stone.]  l.=Mesotype:  a  mineral  of  the 
zeolite  group;  a  silicate  of  aluminum  and 
sodium,  found  in  veins  of  basalt  and  trachyte 
rocks,  v.  Fusibility.  2.  Ekebergite. 
Natron,  (na'tron).  [Natrum,  the  Latin  word.] 
A  white  mineral, chiefly  carbonate  of  sodium. 
N.  aZ«m=Mendozite.  N.  saltpetre=Soda.- 
nitre. 

Natural,  (nat'u-ral).  [Nature,  q.v.]  N.  bases: 
naturally  formed  substances  having  the 
properties  of  bases.  N.  classification  of  plants 
and  animals:  v.  Botanical  systems  and  Zo- 
ology. N.  fats,  v.  Fats.  N.  maffnet=Loa,d- 
stone,  q.v.  N.  philosophy,  v.  Physics.  N. 
projection,  v.  Projection.  N.  selection:  the 
term  used  by  Darwin  to  express  the  survival 
of  those  animals  best  fitted  to  live  under  any 
given  set  of  conditions=The  "survival  of 
the  fittest"  of  Herbert  Spencer. 
Nature-printing.  A  process  by  which  figures 
of  plants,  lace,  &c.,  are  reproduced  upon 
paper  from  impressions  made  upon  plates  of 
metal  from  the  objects  being  pressed  closely 
upon.  them. 


Naucrates,  (naw'kra-tez).  A  fish  of  the 
mackerel  kind.  N.  dwtor=Pilot-fish. 

Naumannite,  (naw'ma-mt).  [Prof.  Naumann.] 
A  black  mineral,  chiefly  native  sulphide  or 
selenide  of  silver. 

Naupliiform,  ( naw'pli-i-form~,).  [Nauplius, 
q.v.]  Having  the  form  of  a  Nauplius,  q.v. 

Nauplius,  (naw'pli-us).  L.  nauplius,  a  mol- 
luscous animaL]  An  unsegmented  ovate 
larva:  the  early  stage  of  a  crustacean;  after- 
wards becomes  a  zoea,  q.v. 

Nautical,  (naw'ti-kal).  [L.  nauticus,  relating 
to  a  sailor).  N.  almanack,  contains  data  for 
navigation  of  ships,  &c. :  is  issued  four  years 
in  advance.  N.  day:  from  midnight  to  mid- 
night. 

Nautilus,  (naw'ti-lus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
A  marine  cephalopod,  be- 
longing to  Tetra-braii- 
chiata.  Paper  N.  =  Ar- 
gonauta  :  the  shell  is 
secreted  by  the  foot,  and 
found  only  in  the  female. 
Pearly  N.  = Nautilus  pom- 
pilius  :  having  a  shell  se- 
creted by  the  body. 

Nautilidse,    (  naw-til'i-de  ). 
[Nautilus,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,          Nautilus. 
form.]    A  family  of  molluscous  animals,  be- 
longing to  Cephalopoda. 

Nave,  (nav).  [Nafu,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
portion  of  a  church  between  the  western 
doorway  and  the  transept  or  choir. 

Navel-wort,  (na'vel-wurt).  Cotyledon  :  an 
herb  belonging  to  Crassulacese. 

Naviculare,  (na-vik-u-la're).  [L.  navicula,  a 
little  skiff.]  A  bone  in  the  foot,  articulating 
with  the  astragalus. 

Navigation,  (nav-i-ga'shun).  (L.  navis,  ship; 
ago,  I  direct.]  The  art  of  guiding  the  coiirse 
of  a  ship.  Celo-N.=13.  with  reference  to 
sun,  stars,  &c.  Greo-JT.=Coasting=:N.  with 
reference  to  land. 

Naya=Naja,  q.v. 

Neanderthal,  (ne-an'der-tal).  N.  skull:  a  fossil 
human  skull,  found  at  N.,  near  Dusseldorf, 
8  inches  long,  5£  wide,  with  low  forehead, 
intermediate  between  the  European  and 
chimpanzee  types. 

Neap-tides,  (nep).  [A.-S.  neafte,  scarcity.] 
Low  tides:  when  sun  and  moon  are  in 
opposition,  cf.  Spring-tides. 

Nebalia,  (ne-bu'li-a).  The  only  marine  genus 
of  Phyllopoda,  q.v.;  the  larvae  have  zoea 
stages  and  are  also  naupliiform. 

Nebulae.  Of  two  kinds:  1.  Resolvable  into 
stars  by  telescopic  power.  2.  Probably  not 
clusters  of  stars,  but  luminous  gaseous 
matter.  Chief  N.:  in  Orion,  Argo  Navis, 
Perseus,  Andromeda,  &c. 

Nebulous  stars.  Stars  having  nebula?  sur- 
rounding them,  as  i  Orionis  and  others. 

Necronite,  (nek'ro-nit).     A  variety  of  Ortho- 

clase. 
Necrophaga,  (nek-rof  a-ga).    [Gk.  nelcros,  dead ; 

phago,  I  eat.  ]     Carrion-eaters:  a  general  term 

for  any  animals  which  devour  carrion,  used 

especially  as=Clavicornes,  a  sub-division  of 

Coleoptera. 


NECROPHORTJS 


233 


NEOTTIA 


Necrophorus,  (nek-rof'o-rus).  [Gk.  nekros, 
dead;  phoreo,  I  carry.]  Burying-beetle:  a 
beetle  which  buries  the  bodies  of  small  birds 
and  other  animals,  in  which  their  eggs  are 
laid. 

Necrosis,  (nek-ro'sis).  [Gk.  nekros,  dead.] 
Mortification  of  bone.  cf.  Gangrene,  v. 
Mortification. 

Nectandra,  (riek-tan'dra).  A  plant  belonging 
to  Lauraceae. 

Nectaries,  (nek'ta-riz).  [Nectar,  q.v.]  Glands, 
in  plants,  secreting  odoriferous  juices,  usually 
sweet. 

Nectar,  (nek'tar).  [Gk.  nektar,  honey.]  Sugary 
juices  secreted  by  flowers. 

Nectarine,  (nek'ta-ren).  [Gk.  nektar,  honey.] 
Persica  lsevis=Amygdalus  Persica:  a  variety 
of  the  peach. 

Nectarinidae,  (nek-ta-rin'i-de).  [Nectarinia, 
the  typical  genus.]  Sugar-suckers:  birds 
belonging  to  Tenuirostres,  q.v. 

Nectary.     Singular  of  Nectaries,  q.v. 

Necto-calycine,  (nek-to-kal'i-sin).  Relating 
to  a  necto-calyx. 

Nectocalyx,  (nek-to-kal'iks.]  [Gk.  necho,  I 
swim;  kalyx,  cup.]  The  swimming  appa- 
ratus of  marine  Hydrozoa. 

Necto-sao,  (nek'to-sak).  The  concave  portion 
of  a  necto-calyx,  when  bell-shaped  . 

Needle,  (ne'dl).  [Ncedl,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
magnetised  bar  or  rod  of  steel,  which  points 
towards  the  magnetic  poles  when  free  to 
move  horizontally.  Astatic  N.:  a  compound 
needle,  consisting  of  two  magnetic  needles 
pointing  in  opposite  directions;  it  remains 
in  any  direction  while  preserving  its  other 
magnetic  properties.  Dipping  N.  v.  Dip- 
ping. N.  jurze:  Genista  Anglica.  N.  gun; 
a  rifle  fired  by  a  needle  being  forced  into 
the  cartridge.  N.  ore:  an  ore,  bismuth  sul- 
phur and  copper,  &c.  N.  spar:  a  variety 
of  Arragonite.  IT.  stone  —  Natrolite  ;  also 
called  Needle-zeolite.  2V.  2c/twi=Genista. 

Negative,  (neg'a-tiv).  [L.  nego,  I  deny.]  N. 
electricity=Hesii\ovLS  electricity  :  developed 
by  friction  on  resinous  substances.  2V. 
quantities,  in  mathematics:  measurement 
of  quantities  or  distances  which  are  the 
reverse  of  positive  quantities.  2V.  radicles= 
Chlorous  radicles,  v.  Radicle.  2V.  in  pho- 
tography: a  portrait  or  view  taken  on  a 
thick  coating  of  collodion,  or  other  sensitive 
substance,  so  that  the  dark  portions  are 
opaque  to  sunlight;  and,  therefore,  copies 
may  be  printed  by  the  action  of  the  sun 
through  the  transparent  part. 

Negritoes.     An  Oceanic  race. 

Negro,  (ne'gro).  [L.  niger,  black.]  1.  The 
Spanish  name  for  Papuans.  2.  A  native  of 
Central  Africa.  2V.  monkey=Simia,  maura. 

Negroes.     An  African  people,     v.  Negro. 

Negundo,  (n  e-gun'do)=Box-elder=Acer 
negundo:  a  variety  of  the  maple  tree. 

Nelumbiace33,(ne-lum-bi-a'se-e).  [Nelumbium, 
Q.v.]=Water-beans:  aquatic,  floating  herbs, 
with  peltate  leaves,  belonging  to  Nymphales. 

Nelumbium,  (ne-lum'bi-um).  [Corruption  of 
the  Singalese  name.]  The  type  of  Nelum- 
biaceaB.  2V.  speciosiuJi^Pythagorean  bean: 


a  plant,  with  large  fan-like  leaves,  floating 
on  water,  and  tulip-like  flowers;  has  edible 
roots  and  nuts. 

Nemacanthus,  (nem-a-kan'thus).  [Gk.  nema, 
thread;  akantha,  spine.]  A  placoid  fish, 
known  only  by  fossil  spines,  found  in  Lias 
rocks. 

Nemalite,  (nem'a-llt).  [Gk.  nema,  thread; 
lithos,  stone. ]  A  white  silky  mineral,  chiefly 
hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia;  also  called 
Brucite. 

Nematelmia,  (nem-a-tel'mi-a).  [Gk.  nema, 
thread ;  helmins,  worm.]  A  division  of 
Scolecida  :  cylindrical,  elongated,  worm-like 
animals,  mostly  unisexual  and  parasitic. 

Nematelminthes,  (nem-a-tel-min'thes).  [Gk. 
nema,  thread ;  helmins,  worm.]  A  sub- 
division of  Annuloida  by  Rolleston. 

Nematocysts,  (nem'a-t5-sists).  [Gk.  nema, 
thread ;  kistos,  bladder. ]=Cnidae :  elastic 
sacs,  each  containing  a  long  coiled  serrated 
filament,  which  can  be  shot  out  to  some  dis- 
tance, found  in  Ccelenterata;  also  in  some 
Mollusca^  &c. 

Nematoda=Nematoidea,  q.v. 

Nematoidea,  ( nem-a-toi'de-a ).  [Gk.  nema, 
thread;  eidos,  form.]=Nematodes=Thread- 
worms,  round  worms,  &c. :  a  division  of 
Scolecida,  with  vermiform  bodies;  a  division 
of  Ccelelmintha,  q.  v. ;  often  parasitic  and  of 
two  sexes. 

Nematophores,  (nem'a-to-forz).  [Gk.  nema, 
thread;  phoreo,  I  carry.]  Cup-like  appen- 
dages to  some  of  the  Sertularida,  in  which 
thread-cells  are  contained. 

Nematosaurus,(nem-a-to-saw'rus).  [Gk.  nema, 
thread;  saura,  lizard.]  A  reptile,  known  only 
by  fossil  remains. 

Nemertida,(ne-mer'ti-da).  [Gk.  nema,  thread.] 
=Ribbori-worms:  elongated  vermiform  ani- 
mals, with  distinct  sexes,  belonging  to 
Turbelluria. 

Nemesis,  (nem'e-sis).  [Classical.]  No.  128  of 
the  Minor  Planets. 

Neocomian,  (ne-6-ko'mi-an).  [L.  Neocomium, 
Neufchatel.]  =  Lower  Cretaceous  =  Lower 
Greensand.  v.  Cretaceous. 

Neoctese=Scorodite,  q.v. 

Neolite,  (ne'o-llt).  [Gk.  neos,  new;  lithns, 
stone.]  A  silky  fibrous  mineral,  chiefly 
hydrated  silicate  of  magnesium,  aluminum, 
and  iron:  named  from  being  newly  formed 
by  infiltration  of  magnesium  rocks. 

Neolithic  age,  (ne-6-lith'ik).  [Gk.  neos,  new; 
lithos,  stone.]  A  pre-historic  period,  in  which 
land  and  water  were  much  as  now;  also  called 
the  polished  stone  age,  when  gold  was  the 
only  metal  known  and  used  for  ornament, 
tools  and  implements  being  of  stone. 

Neotokite,  (ne-ot'5-klt).  [Gk.  neotokos,  of 
recent  origin.  ]  A  brown  amorphous  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesium,  iron, 
&c. 

Neoplase=Botryogen:  in  part. 

Neottia,  ( ne-ot'ti-a ).  [  Gk.  neottia,  nest.] 
Lady's  tresses:  a  parasitic  plant,  belonging 
to  Orchidaceae,  named  from  its  root-fibres 
being  matted  together.  2V.  nidus-avis  = 
Bird's-nest  orchis. 


NEOTYPE 


234 


NETTROPTERA 


Neotype,  (ne'd-tip).    A  variety  of  Calcite. 

Neozoic,  (ne-6-zo'ik).  [Gk.  neos,  new;  zoe,  life.] 
= Secondary  and  Tertiary :  all  rocks  newer 
than  Palaeozoic,  cf.  Mezozoic  and  Cainozoic. 

Nepenthaceae,  (ne-pen-tha'se-e).  [Nepenthes, 
the  typical  genus.  ]=Nepenths:  swamp-herbs 
of  E.  India  and  China,  with  pitcher-shaped 
leaves,  belonging  to  Euphorbiales;  also  called 
pitcher  plants. 

Nepeta,  (nep'e-ta).  [The  Latin  name.]  An 
herb  belonging  to  Lamiacese.  N.  cataria= 
Cat-mint.  N.  glechoma=Gro\md  ivy. 

Nephelite,  (nef'e-lit).  [Gk.  nephele,  cloudy.] 
=Nepheline:  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of 
aluminum,  common  in  volcanic  districts, 
named  from  having  a  cloudy  appearance 
when  acted  on  by  an  acid.  Elaeolite  is  a 
coarse,  greasy  variety  of  N. 

Nephila,  (nef'i-la).  A  large  spider,  found  in 
tropical  America,  which  builds  a  large  and 
strong  web. 

Nephrite,  (nefrlt).  [Gk.  nephros,  kidney.] 
1.  =  Jade-stone  =  Axe-stone:  chiefly  silicate 
of  calcium,  aluminum,  and  magnesium: 
found  in  pile-buildings  of  Swiss  lakes.  2. 
A  variety  of  Amphibole.  3,  JZoisite,  q.v. 

Nephritis,  (ne-fri'tis).  [Gk.  nephros,  kidney.] 
A  disease  of  the  kidneys. 

Nephrodium,  (nef-ro'di-um).  [Gk.  nephros, 
kidney.]  A  fern  belonging  to  Polypodiaceze. 
N.  fllix-mas='M.3i[0  Fern. 

Neptune,  (nep'tun).  [Classical.]  The  most 
distant  of  the  known  planets,  discovered  in 
1846,  at  a  distance  from  the  sun  of  about 
2750  millions  of  miles;  has  a  diameter  of 
about  36,000  miles,  and  a  year  equal  to 
about  170  of  ours. 

Neptune's  cups:=Spongia  patera:  large  sponges 
found  in  Sumatran  seas. 

Neptunian,  (nep-tu'ni-an).  [L.  Neptune,  god  of 
the  sea.]  N.  theory  of  Geology:  that  the  action 
of  water  had  caused  all  geologic  changes. 

Nerium,  (ne'ri-um).  [Gk.  neros,  humid.]  A 
poisonous  plant,  found  in  damp  places, 
belonging  to  Apocynacese.  N.  oleander= 
Oleander. 

Neroli,  oil  of.     Oil  of  orange-flowers. 

Nerve,  (iierv).  [Nervus,  the  Latin  word.]  A 
branch  of  the  sensori-motor  apparatus,  v. 
Nerves. 

Nerve  animals,     Oken's  term  for  birds. 

Nerves,  (nervz).  [Nerve,  q.v.}  The  branches  of 
the  nervous  system,  or  sensori-motor  appara- 
tus; the  organs  of  sensation  and  motion. 
1st  pair  ofN.= Olfactory  nerves. 
2nd        ,,        =Optic  nerves. 
3rd        ,,        =Motores  oculi. 
4th        „        =Serve  one  of  the  muscles  of 

the  eye. 
5th        ,,        =Trigeminal  nerves,  serve  the 

skin  of  the  face  and  jaws. 
6lh        „        ^Facial  nerves,  serve  one  of 

the  muscles  of  the  eye. 
Tth        ,         :=  Facial  nerves. 
8t/i         .          =  Auditory  nerves. 
9th        ',          =.Glossopharyngeal  nerves. 
IQth        ,          =Piieumogastric  nerves. 
llth         ,          =  Spinal  accessory  nerves. 
12th        ,         =Nerves  of  the  tongue. 


Nervous,  (ner'vus).  [Nerve,  q.v.]  Relating 
to  the  nerves.  N.  system:  brain,  motor 
nerves,  and  sensory  nerves,  all  derived  from 
the  ectoderm.  H.  system  of  animal  life= 
Cerebrospinal  system,  q.v.  N.  system  of 
organic  life  =  Sympathetic  system,  q.v.= 
Ganglionic  system.  N.  tissue:  consists  of 
nerve  fibres  and  ganglionic  corpuscles. 

Nestor,  (nes'tor).  An  extinct  animal,  belong- 
ing to  Mammalia,  remains  of  which  are  found 
in  Australia. 

Nests,  (nests).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  Closed  N.: 
of  thrush,  finch,  pigeon,  swift,  fly-catcher, 
goat-sucker,  &c.  Hanging  N.;  of  Icteridse, 
of  America.  Open  N. :  of  kingfishers,  wood- 
pecker, parrot,  wren ;  all  Scansores  and  nearly 
all  Fissirostres  have  closed  nests.  • 

Nets,  (nets).  [Nett,  the  A.-S.  name.]  Tram- 
mel; a  long  net.  Seine:  a  very  large  net. 
Trawl:  a  net  extending  for  a  considerable 
distance  along  a  fishing  ground. 

Nettie,  (net'tl).  [Netele,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Urtica:  an  herb  having 
stinging  hairs,  the  type 
of  Urticaceas.  Hemp  a. 
=Galeopsis,  q.v.  J)ead 
W.=Lamium,  q.v.  N. 
tree=Celtis.  Stinging 
N.  —Urtica  urens  and 
V.  dioica.  RomanN.= 
Urtica  pilulifera. 

Nettle-worts=Urticacese 

Neural,  (nu'ral).  [Gk. 
neuron,  nerve.]  Re- 
lated to  the  nerves. 
N.  arch:  the  posterior  rings  of  the  Vertebras, 
enclosing  the  spinal  cord.  JV.  canal=N. 
tube,  q.v.  N.  Jlexure:  the  bending  of  the 
alimentary  canal  towards  the  neural  side 
of  the  body.  N.  spine=Neurapophysis:  the 
hinder  projection  of  a  vertebra.  N.  tube= 
N.  canal:  contains  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord;  in  the  upper  and  posterior  portion  of 
the  body. 

Neuralgia,  (nu-ral'ji-a).  [Gk.  neuron,  nerve; 
algos,  pain.]  Generally:  a  painful  affection 
of  the  nerves.  Specially:  used  of  the  nerves 
of  the  face. 

Neurapophyses,  (nu-ra-pof i-sez).  [Gk.  neuron, 
nerve ;  pophysis,  process.]  =  Neural  arches: 
bony  processes  of  Vertebra}  which  form  the 
neural  canal  and  enclose  the  spinal  cord. 

Neurilemma,  (nu-ri-lem'ma).  [Gk.  neuron, 
nerve;  lemma,  covering.]  A  terminal  sheath 
of  connective  tissue  enclosing  the  fibres  <fec. , 
of  the  nerves. 

Neurine,  (nu'rln).  [Gk.  neuron,  nerve.  ]  = 
C5HisN02:  a  base  obtained  from  Protagon, 
q.  v. ;  also  called  Choline. 

Neurolite,  (nu'ro-lit).  A  green,  brittle  mine- 
ral, chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum;  a  variety  of 
Agalmatolite.  • 

Neuroptera,  (nu-rop'ter-a).  [Gk.  neuron,  ner- 
vure;  pteron,  wing.]  Ant-lions,  dragon-flies, 
May-flies,  caddis-flies,  termites:  a  primary 
division  of  insects,  with  four  membraneous 
wings  of  equal  size,  supported  by  ribs,  and 
having  well-developed  jaws. 


Nettle. 


NEtTROPTERIS 


NIELLO 


Neuropteris,  (nu-rop'ter-is).  [Gk.  neuron, 
nerve;  pteris,  fern.] 
A  coal  plant :  fronds 
of  tree  ferns,  found 
in  carboniferous 
rocks. 

Neurotomies,  (nu- 
rot'6  miz).  [Gk. 
neuron,  nerve; 
tome, section.]  Dis- 
sections of  nerves. 

Neutral,  (nu'tral). 
fL.  neuter,  indif- 
ferent.]=iV.  salts— 
Normal  salts: 
•which  are  neither 
acid  nor  alkaline. 
JV.  line:  in  magnet, 
between  the  poles; 
where  there  is  no 
magnetic  power. 
N.  point:  of  polar- 
isation, v.  Polar- 
isation. 

Nev<§,  (ne've).     [The  Neuropterfa. 

French  word.]    Snow  converted  into  glacier 
ice. 

Newfoundland  dog.  A  variety  of  the  dog,  or 
large  size,  originally  found  in  Newfoundland. 

Newkirkite,  (nu-ker'kit).  [Newkirchen,  in 
Alsace.]=Manganite:  a  mineral,  chiefly  hy- 
drate of  manganese. 

New  moon.  When  the  moon  has  its  dark 
side  turned  to  us. 

New  red-sandstone,    v.  Bed-sandstone, 

New  style=Gregorian  style,     v.  Kalendar. 

New  Zealand  flax:=Phormium  tenax,  g.v. 

Newt, (nut).  [Ev;t,  theO.-E.  name.]  v.  Newts. 

Newton,  (nu'ton).  [Sir  Isaac  Newton.]  One 
of  the  loftiest  mountains  in  the  moon; 
nearly  five  miles  in  height. 

Newton's.  N.  disc:  a  circle,  covered  by 
coloured  strips  of  paper,  arranged  in  the 
order  of  the  colours  of  the  spectrum,  which, 
when  made  to  revolve  rapidly,  appears  white. 
N.  rings:  a  series  of  concentric  rings,  showing 
the  colours  of  the  spectrum,  seen  when  a 
very  thin  layer  is  enclosed  between  two 
plates  of  glass,  one  convex  and  one  plane, 
caused  by  interference  of  light.  N.  theory 
of  light:  that  it  is  composed  of  seven  primary 
lights,  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  in- 
digo, and  violet. 

Newtonian  telescope.  A  reflecting  telescope 
in  which  the  image  is  reflected  from  a  mirror 
and  brought  to  the  eyepiece  at  the  side  by 
means  of  a  prism. 

Newts,  (nuts).     [Eicts,  the  O.-E.   name.]= 
Water    Salaman- 
ders: animals 
belonging     ^ 
Urodela,  q.v. 

Nicaragua  wood = 
St.  Martha's 
wood:  a  variety 
of  Brazil  wood. 

Niccolite,  ( nik'o- 
lit).  [L.  Nicco- 
lum,  nickel.]  = 


Kupfer-nickel:  a  red,  opaque,  brittle  mineral 
of  the  nickel  group,  crystallising  in  hexagons, 
chiefly  arseniate  of  nickel. 

Niche,  (nich).  [The  French  word.]  A  recess 
adapted  for  a  statue,  &c. 

Nickel,  (nik'el).  [Abbreviation  of  kupfer- 
nickel,  the  German  name.]=Niiv-:  an  iron- 
like  metal:  a  white,  hard,  tenacious,  brilliant 
metal,  which  is  magnetic  when  cold.  A  con- 
stitutent  of  meteoric  iron,  and  of  German 
silver.  N.  bloom  =N.  green=Annabergite; 
also  called  N.  ochre.  JN.  £rtcmce=Arsenio- 
sulphide  of  N.=Gersdorffite:  a  native  com- 

rnd  of  nickel,  sulphur,  and  arsenicum. 
pyrites:  native  sulphide  of  N.  N.  silver 
=German  silver,  v.  Silver.  N.  vitriol=~M.ore- 
nosite.  Antimonial  JV.=Breithauptite.  Ar- 
semate  of  If.  =  Annabergite.  Arsenical  JV. 
=Niccolite.  Bismuth  N.  =Grunanite.  Eme- 
rald N.  =Zaratite.  Oxide  o/Ar.=Bunsenite. 

Nickeline,  (nik'e-lin).  [Nickel,  2.i>.]=Copper- 
nickel:  an  ore  of  nickel. 

Nickelite,  (nik'e-Ht).  [Nickel,  g.t>.]=Niccolitef 

Nicholson's  hydrometer.  Adapted  to  the  esti- 
mation of  the  specific  gravity  of  solid  bodies. 
v.  Hydrometer. 

Nicobarians.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Nicol's  prism,  (nik'olz).  [Professor  Nichol,  of 
Glasgow.]  Composed  of  two  pieces  of  Ice- 
land spar  cemented  together  by  Canada 
balsam;  it  polarises  light,  and  transmits  only 
the  extra-ordinary  ray,|the  ordinary  ray  being 
totally  reflected  by  the  balsam. 

Nicotia,  (ni-ko'sbi-a).  [M.  Nicot.]= Nicotylia, 
q.v. 

Nicotiana,  ( ni-ko-shi-a'na ).  [M.  Nicot.]= 
Tobacco:  a  plant  belonging  to  Solanacese. 
N.  macrophylla=0rinoco  tobacco.  N.  rus- 
tica—Turkish  tobacco=English  tobacco.  N. 
ta&ac«m= Virginian  tobacco:  insectivorous. 

Nicotianin,  (  ni-ko'shi-a-nin  ).  (  Nicotiana.  ] 
£23^32^03  =  Essential  oil  of  tobacco:  a 
white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from 
tobacco;  also  called  tobacco-camphor. 

Nicotic  acid,  (nik'o-tik).  [Nicotiana,  q.v.] 
03^04:  a  crystalline  acid  substance  found 
in  tobacco. 

Nicotine,  (nik'6-tin).  [Nicotiana,  q.v.]=Wi- 
cotia=Nicotylia,  q.v. 

r  Nicotyl,  (nik'o-til).  [Nicotiana,  g.v.]=C10H14: 
j     the  hypothetical  hydrocarbon  in  Nicotylia. 
I  Nicotylia,  (nik-o-tll'i-a).     [Nicotiana,  q.v.]= 
10ioHi4N2=Nicotine:  a  natural  organic  base, 
the  active  principle  of  the  tobacco  plant; 
one  of  the  Nitrile  bases;  an  oily  inflammable 
liquid. 

Nictitating  membrane,  (nik-ti-ta'ting).  [L. 
nicto,  I  wink.]  A  third  eyelid,  found  in 
birds:  rudimentary  in  man. 

Nidification,  (  nid-i-fi-ka'shun  ).  [L.  nidus, 
nest;/acio,  I  make.]  Nest  building,  v.  Nests. 

Nidulariacei,  (nid-u-la-ri-a'se-i).  [L.  nidus, 
nest.]  Fungi,  with  coloured  mycelium,  cup- 
like  peridia,  and  lentil-shaped  sporangia, 
belonging  to  Gasteromycetes. 

Niello,  (ni-ello).  [The  Italian  word.]  A  kind 
of  engraving  consisting  of  a  design  cut  on 
metal  and  filled  in  with  a  black  composition. 


NIGELLA 


NITRO 


Nigella,  (ni-jel'la).  [L.  niger,  black.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Rauunculaceae,  named  from  the 
colour  of  the  seeds. 

Nigger.     Turnip  fly,  q.v. 

Night.  N.  <rpe=Nyctipithecus.  N.  7iawk= 
Chordeiles  virgin.  N.  heron=A.rdea.  nycti- 
corax.  N.  jcM'=Caprimulgus  Mahrattensis 
=Caprimulgus  Europseus:  also  called  fern- 
owl, goat-sucker,dorhawk,  eve-jar,aud  churn- 
owl.  N.  swallows,  v.  Swallows. 

Nightingale,  ( nlt'ing-gal ).  [Nihtegale,  the 
A.-S.  name.]=Mo- 
tacilla  luscinia  = 
Philomela  luscinia: 
a  singing  bird;  also 
called  thicket-war-  a 
bier;  heard  in  Eng- 
land from  April  to 
June,  the  males 
coming  first.  Not, 
known  in  Wales, 
Cumberland,  Ire- 
land, or  Scotland; 
nor  in  Brittany  or 
Channel  Islands.  Nightingale. 

Nightshade,  (nit'shad)=Solanum:  a  poisonous 
plant;  the  type  of  Solan- 
aceae.      Deadly     N.  = 
Atropa  belladonna. 

Nightshades,  (nlt'shadz) 
=Solanaceae,  q.v. 

Nile-mud,  (nil).  [River 
Nile.]  A  compound  of 
silica,alumina,  peroxide 
of  iron,  and  carbonate 
of  lime;  increases  about 
6  inches  in  a  century. 

Nilometer,(nl-lom'e-ter). 
[River  Nile;  Gk.  metron,  Nightshade. 
measure.]  An  apparatus  for  the  measure- 
ment of  the  height  to  which  it  rises  in  its 
periodical  floods. 

Nimbus,  (nim'bus).  [The  Latin  word.]  1.= 
Rain-cloud=cumulo-cirro-stratus.  2.  In  art 
rrHalo:  a  ring  of  light  round  the  head  of  a 
figure. 

Ninth.  In  music,  the  interval  equal  to  an 
octave  and  one  note,  or  nine  notes.  N.  nerve 
= Hypo-glossal  nerve,  passing  from  the  me- 
dulla-oblongata  to  the  tongue  and  larynx. 
In  fishes  counted  as  the  first  spinal  nerve. 

Niobates,  (nl'o-bats).  [Niobic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  niobic  acid  with  bases. 

Niobic,  (nl'o-bik).  [Niobium,  q.v.]  N.  oxide 
=N.  anhydride.  Hydrated  N.  oxide=X. 
acid. 

Niobite,  (ni'o-bit). '  [Niobium,  ?.7;.]=Co]um- 
bite:  a  black  mineral  from  which  Niobium 
is  obtained. 

Niobium,  (ni-o'bi-um).  [Niobe,  daughter  of 
Tantalus.]=Nb=:Colambium:  a  rare  metal 
found  in  Columbite,  named  from  being  sup- 
posed to  be  found  in  tantalite,  3.1;. 

Nipples,  (nip'lz).  [Nypele,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
=teats:  first  developed  in  early  marsupial 
animals,  and  transmitted  to  man. 

Nipple- wort=Lapsana:  a  slender  milky  plant 
belonging  to  Asteracese. 

Nispera,  (nis'pe-ra)=Achras  sapota:  a  Nicara- 


guan  tree,  with  very  durable  timber,  belong- 
ing to  Sapotacese. 

Nitella,  (ni-tel'la).  [L.  niteo,  I  shine.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Characese,  q.v. 

Nit-grass=Agrostis  Australis:  a  grass  plant. 

Nitracol,  (ni'tra-kol).  [Nitric,  q.v.]  An  acrid 
liquid,  obtained  from  acting  on  oananthol  by 
nitric  acid. 

Nitran,  (ul'tran).     [Nitrogen,  Q.v.]=Nitrion, 

<£.V. 

N  itraniline,  (m-tran'MTn).  [Nitroxyl  and 
Aniline.]  =  C6H6N202  =  Aniline  in  which 
nitroxyl  replaces  one  atom  of  liydrogen. 

Nitrates,  (ni'trats).  [Nitric,  q.v.]  Compounds 
of  nitric  acid  with  bases.  Hydric  N.  =Nitric 
acid.  Amyl  N.,  Ethyl  N.,  &c.  v.  Nitric 
ethers.  Fused  N_.  ofsilver= Lunar  caustic. 

Nitratine,  (ui'tra-tm).  [Nitrate,  g.?;.]=Nitra- 
tite,  q.v. 

Nitratite,  (ni'tra-tit)  =  NaN03  =  Nitratine  = 
Nitrate  of  sodium:  a  mineral,  crystallising 
in  hexagons,  resembling  nitre. 

Nitre,  (ni'ter).  1.  Nitrate  of  sodium.  2.= 
KNO3=Nitrate  of  potash:  a  mineral,  usually 
in  rhombic  crystals,  used  in  making  gun- 
powder, glass,  &c. ;  also  called  saltpetre. 
Cubic  N.= Nitrate  of  soda. 

Nitric  acid  =  HNO3=Hydric  nitrate  =  Aqua 
fortis:  a  colourless,  fuming,  highly  corrosive 
liquid:  a  powerful  solvent. 

Nitric  anhydride=N205=Dinitric  pentoxide: 
a  colourless,  crystalline  substance. 

Nitric  ether.  (C2H5)N03-Ethyl  nitrate:  a 
colourless  liquid,  the  vapour  of  which  is 
inflammable. 

Nitric  oxide  =  NO  =  Nitrosyl:  a  colourless, 
neutral  gas  with  an  unpleasant  odour. 

Nitrides,  (ni'trldz).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  nitrogen  with  a  metal,  or  with 
phosphorus,  silicon,  or  boron,  usually  very 
unstable. 

Nitriles,  (nftrllz).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]  1.  Term 
used  for  Hydrocyanic  ethers.  2.=Amides: 
from  which  water  has  been  removed.  Ex. 
acetamide— H20=Acetonitrile  :  the  nitriles 
are  also  considered  as  tertiary  monamides. 
cf.  Amides  and  Imides. 

Nitrile  bases  —  Tertiary  monamines:  tri- 
methylia,  tri-ethylia,  nicotylia,  &c. 

Nitrion,  (m'tri-on).  [Nitrogen,  g.v.]=:N03: 
the  radicle  of  nitric  acid ;  also  called 
Nitran. 

Nitrites,  (ni'tiits).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  NO2  with  alkaline  metals.  N. 
ofamyl:  counteracts  strychnia,  and  produces 
paralysis  of  muscle. 

Nitro,  (ni'tro).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]  A  prefix 
denoting  the  presence  of  Nitrogen  as  a 
constituent.  N.  benzol  =  Azo-benzol,  q.v. 
N.  calcite:  a  haloid  mineral,  chiefly  nitrate 
of  calcium .  JV. 


a  very  explosive,  oily  liquid= 
Glycerin  in  which  three  atoms  of  H.  are 
replaced  by  nitroxyl.  N.  hydrochloric  acid 
=  Aqua-regia,  q.v.  N.  muriatic  acid  = 
Aqua-regia,  q.v.  N.  salicylic  «cic?=Indi- 
gotic  acid=Anilic  acid,  q.v.  N.  theine= 
Cholestrophan:  a  pearly,  crystalline  sub- 
stance found  in  caifeine. 


NITROGEN 


237 


NORTHERN 


Nitrogen,  (n  I'tro-jen).  [Nitre,  q.v.;  Gk. 
gennao,  I  produce.]  N"':  a  colourless,  taste- 
less, inodorous,  neutral  gas  forming  one-fifth 
in  volume  of  atmospheric  air;  also  called 
Azote.  The  indifference  of  N.  causes  easy 
decomposition,  and  hence  the  explosive 
power  of  salts  of  nitrogen.  Protoxide  of 
jy.= Laughing  Gas,  q.v. 

Nitrosion,  (ni-tro'si-on).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]= 
NCKj:  combines  with  metals  of  the  alkalies 
to  form  nitrites. 

Nitrosyl,  (ni'tro-sil).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]  NO= 
Nitric  oxide. 

Nitrous,  (ni'trus).  [Nitrogen,  q.v.]  N.  acid 
=NoO3:  now  called  N.  anhydride.  N.  ether 
=(C~2H5)N02  =  Ethyl  Nitrite:  a  yellow, 
odorous  liquid.  N.  oo;ide=:Laughiug  gas: 
NoO. 

Nifroxyl,  (ni-troka'il).  [Nitrogen  and 
to/gen. ]=NO2=Peroxide  of  nitrogen. 

Noah's  dove.     v.  Columba  Noachi. 

Nobili's.  N.  pile:  a  thermo-electric  battery 
composed  of  a  number  of  couples  of  bismuth 
and  antimony;  v.  Thermo-electricity.  N. 
rings:  coloured  rings  formed  by  decom- 
position of  a  copper  or  lead  salt  in  circles 
round  the  negative  pole  of  a  galvanic 
battery. 

Noble  Metals.  Gold,  silver,  mercury,  platii- 
num,  &c.,  which  cannot  decompose  water, 
and  do  not  readily  unite  with  oxygen:  occur 
mostly  in  a  native  condition. 

Noctiluca,  (nok-ti-lu'ka).  [L.  node,  by  night; 
luceo,  I  shine.]  Phosphorescent  protozoa, 
consisting  essentially  of  vacuolated  proto- 
plasm, forming  a  nearly  spherical  animalcule. 

Noctilucin,  (nok-ti-lu'sin).  [Noctiluca,  q.v.] 
The  semi-fluid  substance  which,  in  phos- 
phorescent animals,  causes  light. 

Noctuae,  (nok'tu-G).  [The  Latin  word.] 
Night-flying  moths :  a  division  of  Lepi- 
doptera. 

Nocturnal,  (nok-tur'nal).  N.  animals:  mice, 
rats,  bats,  moles,  owls,  goat-suckers,  &c., 
usually  grey  and  v  \ 
inconspicuous.  \'t  ' 

Nocturni,   (nok- 
tur'ni)=Noctuse, 

Nodal,  (no'dal). 

[Nodes,  q. v.]    N. 

lines:    the    lines 

of     rest     in     a 

vibrating     plate 

or  membrane. 
Noddy,  (nod'di)= 

Booby,  q.v. 
Nodes,  (nodz).    1.  Points  of  rest  in  a  vibrating 

string  or  rod,  or  in  a  column, 

of  aii\     2.  Points  in  which 

the  orbit  of  any  heavenly 

body  intercepts  the  ecliptic 

or  orbit  of  the  earth. 
Noise.      Sudden  or  discor- 
dant sounds.    cf>  Music,    v. 

Sound.  Node. 

Nolanaceae,   (no-la-na'se-u).     [L.   nola,  little 

bell.]     Nolanads:  S.  American  herbs,  with 

showy  flowers,  belonging  to  Echiales. 


Nomadae,  (nom'a-de).     [L.  nomas,  wandering.] 

=Cuckoo-bees=Naked-bees,  q.v. 
Nomenclature,   (  n5'men-kla-tur ).      [Nomen- 

clatura,  the  Latin  word.]     The  vocabulary 

of  any  science,  &c.    v.  Tables. 
Nonagesimal,   (non-a-jes'i-mal).       [L.   nona- 

gesimus,   ninetieth.]         Belonging    to    the 

number  90;   iised  for  the  English  system 

of    arc    measurements,   in  which    a   right 

angle  is  equal  to  90  degrees. 
Nonagon,  (non'a-gon).     [L.  nonus,  ninth;  Gk. 

gonia,  angle.]      Generally:   a  plane    figure 

having    nine   angles,   especially    a   regular 

plane  figure  bounded  by  nine  equal  sides. 
Nonane,   (non'an)  =  Nonyl  hydride  =  CgH 

v.  Paraffin. 
Nontronite,  (non'tro-nit).     [Nontron,  in 

France.]    A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  sili- 
cate of  iron. 
Non-conductors  of  heat,  electricity:  shellac, 

india-rubber,  sulphur,  glass,  silk,  &c. 
Nonylene,    (  non'i-len )  =  CgHjg  =  Elsene:    a 

hydrocarbon  of  the  oleflne  series  obtained 

from  lime  soap. 

Nonylic  acid.     C9H18O2=Pelargonic  acid. 
Noon,  (non).     [Non,  the  A.-S.  word.]    Twelve 

o'clock  at  mid-day;  the  commencement  of 

the  astronomical  day.     Apparent  N.:  when 

the  centre  of  the  sun  is  on  the  meridian. 

Mean  N.:  when  the  mean  sun  is  on  the 

meridian. 
Nopal,  (no'pal).     [A  corruption  of  the  native 

word.]:=0puntia  cochinillifera:  found  on  the 

shores  of  Mediterranean :  the  only  cactus  on 

which  the  cochineal  insect  feeds. 
Nordhausen  sulphuric  acid.     [N.,  a  town  in 

Saxony.]=^.   oil  of  vi£rzoZ=Concentrated 

sulphuric  acid. 
Norfolk  Island  pine.     Araucaria  excelsa:  a 

very  large  tree,  about  200  ft.  in  height;  also 

called  Eutassa. 
Norium,  (n5'ri-um).      No:  an  hypothetical 

metal. 
Nonna,  (nor'ma).     [The  Latin  name.]=The 

Rule:  an  unimportant  constellation. 
Normal,  (nor'mal).     [L.  norma,  a  rule.]    1. 

Perpendicular.     2.  A  straight  line  which  is 

perpendicular  to  a  curve. 
Normal    organic  acid  =  H(CnH2n-iO)O.      v. 

Organic  acids. 

Norman  arch.    Semicircular:  found  in  build- 
ings   of    the    Norman     /\ 

period,  cf.  Gothic  arch.    / 
Nortes,   (nor'tez)=/ 

Northers :      dry,     cold 

winds,    blowing    from" 

September    to    March, 

in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
North    polar    distance, 

of    a     heavenly    body 

from  the    N.   celestial 

pole. 
Northern,   (nor'THern). 

[North.]      JV.   crown  = 

Corona  Borealis.       N.          Norman  arch. 

Zi£rM:=Aurora-borealis,  q.v.     N.  hemisphere: 

the  half  of  the  globe  containing  Europe,  N. 

America,  &c.   N.  pole=S.  pole  of  the  French : 

the  pole  of  the  N.  hemisphere.    N. 


NORTHERN 


NUMISMATICS 


Vespa  borealis:  a  tree  wasp,  also  called  Vespa 
arborea. 

Northern  constellations.  Visible  above  the 
zodiac,  Ursa  Major  and  Minor,  Cassiopea, 
Bootes,  &c. ,  25  in  number. 

Norway.  JV.  fir= Abies  excelsa.  JV.  haddock 
=  Perca  marina.  N.  lobster  =  Nephrops 
Norvegicus. 

Norwegian,  (nor-we-ji-an).  N.  stove:  a  wooden 
box,  lined  with  felt,  in  which  partially  cooked 
food  is  placed,  when  the  cooking  is  finished  by 
the  same  heat,  which  escapes  but  very  slowly. 
N.  icasp=Vespa  Norvegica:  a  tree  wasp. 

Norwich  crag,  (nor/idj)=Fluvio-marine  crag: 
a  bed  of  sand  and  loam  containing  both  river 
and  sea  shells;  one  of  the  Newer  Pliocene. 

Nose,  (noz).  [Nosu,  the  A.-S.  name.]  The 
organ  of  the  sense  of  smell;  an  open  passage 
from  nose  to  mouth  is  the  only  absolute 
difference  between  fishes  and  reptiles. 

Nosology,  (nos-ol'6-ji).  [Gk.  nosos,  disease; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  disease;  and 
of  the  classification  of  its  various  phases. 

Nostochinese,  (nos-tok'i-ne-e)  =  Nostocs:  un- 
symmetrical  algae,  with  blue-green  contents. 

Notation,  (no-ta'shun).  The  expression  of 
numerical  quantities  by  means  of  figures. 
Chemical  N. :  the  use  of  initials  and  numbers 
to  express  chemical  composition.  Musical 
N.,  v.  Scale. 

Notchwing,  (uoch'wing)=Teras  caudana:  a 
moth. 

Note,  (n5t).  [L.  nota,  a  mark.]  1.  A  musical 
sound  or  tone.  2.  The  character  representing 
it.  Key  N.:  the  chief  note  of  a  scale,  q.v.; 
also  called  Do. 

Nothosaurus,  (noth-o-saw'rus).  [Gk.  nothos, 
bastard;  saurus,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  Ple- 
siosauria,  q.v.;  an  extinct  marine  reptile, 
remains  of  which  are  found  in  Trias  and 
Muschelkalk. 

Notobranchiata,  (no-to-brang-ki-ii'ta).  [Gk. 
notos,  back;  bragchion,  gill.]=Errantia,  q.v. 

Notochord,  (no'to-kord).  [Gk.  notos,  back; 
chorde,  string.  ]= Chorda  dorsalis:  the  earliest 
development  of  the  vertebral  column;  a 
temporary  rod  of  cellular  matter;  not  found 
in  invertebrate  animals. 

Notodontidse,  (no-to-don'ti-de).  [Gk.  notos, 
back;  odous,  tooth.]  A  family  of  moths,  be- 
longing to  Lepidoptera,  called  Tooth-backs. 

Notonecta,  (no-to-nek'ta).  [Gk.  notos,  back.] 
=Boat-fly:  an  insect  belonging  to  Hydro- 
corisse.  JV".  glauca= Water-boatman:  in  day 
floats  on  water,  at  night  flies  about. 

Notornis,  (no-tor'nis).  [Gk.  notos,  south;  ornis, 
bird.]=Dinornis:  a  bird  belonging  to  Gral- 
latores,  supposed  to  be  extinct;  recently  dis- 
covered in  New  Zealand. 

Nototherium,  (no-to-the'ri-um).  [Gk.  notos, 
south;  therion,  beast.]  An  herbivorous  mar- 
supial mammal  of  Australia,  fossil  remains 
of  which  have  been  found  in  Pleistocene. 

Nototrema,  (no-to-tre'ma).  N.  marsupialum: 
an  American  tree  frog,  the  female  of  which 
has  a  pouch  over  the  whole  of  the  back  con- 
taining the  eggs. 

Noturn,  (no'turn)/  Back  of  thorax  in  insects. 

NovacuUte,  (no-vak'u-lit).  [L.novacula,  razor.] 


A  variety  of  argillaceous  slate;  also  called 
hone,  oil-stone,  turkey-stone,  and  whetstone. 

November  moth=Oporobia  dilatata:  found  in 
November. 

Nubecula,  (nu-bek'u-la).  [L,  nubecula,  little 
cloud.  ]  The  two  Magellanic  clouds  are  called 
Nubecula  major  and  minor. 

Nubium— Mare  Nubium:  one  of  the  plains 
on  the  surface  of  the  moon,  supposed  to  have 
been  a  sea  formerly,  about  700  miles  square. 

Nucifraga,  (nU-sif'ra-ga).  [L.  nux,  nut;/rcm<7o, 
I  break.]=Nutcracker:  a  crow-like  bird. 

Nucleated,  (  na-kle-a'ted ).  [Nucleus,  q.v.] 
Having  nuclei.  JV.  cell,  of  blood:  a  thin 
spheroidal  sac  containing  a  vesicular  nucleus 
in  a  fluid. 

Nuclei,  (nu'kle-I).  [Nucleus,  q.v.]  Plural  of 
nucleus,  q.v. 

Nuclein,  (nu'kle-In).  [Nucleus,  q.v.]  A  sub- 
stance resembling  mucin. 

Nucleobranchiata,  (nu  -  kle  -6  -  brang - ki -a'ta). 
fL.  nucleus,  kernel;  Gk.  bragchia,  gills.]= 
Heteropoda,  q.v. :  highly  organised  marine 
animals;  a  sub-division  of  Gasteropoda. 

Nucleolus,  (nu-kle'6-lus).  [The  Latin  word.] 
A  very  small  nucleus;  also  used  for  the 
sperm-element  of  Infusoria. 

Nucleus,  (nii'kle-us).  [The  Latin  word.]  1. 
A  germinal  body  found  in  cells  of  organic 
bodies.  2.  A  body  having  a  stronger  or 
weaker  attraction  for  the  gas,  vapour,  or 
salt  of  a  solution  than  for  the  liquid  of  it, 
and,  therefore,  modifying  by  its  presence 
the  freezing  and  boiling  points. 

Nudibranchiata,  (  nu-di-brang-ki-a'ta ).  [L. 
nudus,  naked;  Gk.  bragchia,  gills.]  Mollus- 
cous animals  having  uncovered  gills  and  no 
shell,  excepting  in  the  embryo  state ;  the 
most  highly  developed  order  of  Gasteropoda. 

Nugget,  (nug'get).  A  general  term  for  a 
piece  of  native  gold  or  other  metal. 

Number,  (num'ber).  [Numerus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Golden  N.  v.  Golden  number. 
Prime  JV..'  a  number,  such  as  3,  5,  7,  11,  13, 
17,  &c.,  that  cannot  be  divided  by  any 
whole  number  but  1.  Whole  JV.=Integer: 
a  multiple  of  unity;  a  number  having  no 
fractional  part.  cf.  Fraction. 

Numenius,  (nu-me'ni-us).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Curlew:  a  bird  belonging  to  Grallatores. 

Numeration,  (nu-mer-3,'shun).  [Numeratio, 
the  Latin  word.]  The  art  of  estimating  and  ex- 
pressing numerical  quantities,  cf.  Notation. 

Numerator,  (nu-mer-a'tor).  [The  Latin  word. ] 
The  upper  number  of  a  fraction,  which  shows 
how  many  of  the  parts  expressed  by  the  de- 
nominator are  taken. 

Numerical,  (nu-mer'i-kal).  Relating  to  num- 
ber. N.  equation:  one  in  which  the  co- 
efficients are  numbers. 

Numidia,  (nu-mid'i-a).  [The  Latin  name.]=: 
Guinea-fowl:  a  turkey-like  bird  belonging  to 
Pavonidse. 

Numidian,  (  nu  -  mid'i  -  an  ).  [  Numidia,  in 
Africa.]  JV.  crftw.e=Demoiselle:  a  bird  be- 
longing to  GraUatores=Grus  vivgo= Anthro- 
poides  virgo. 

Numismatics,  (nu-mis-mat'iks).  [L.  numisma, 
money.]  The  science  of  coins  and  metals. 


NUMMULITES 


239 


OAT 


Nummulites,  (num'u-llts).     fL.  nummus,  coin; 

lit  ho  s,  stone.] 

Fossil  Forami- 

nifera,   resembling 

coins      in      shape, 

occuring  in  Eocene 

formations,  and 

found  in  the  Alps, 

Pyrenees,      Hima- 
layas, &c. 
Nummulitic,  (num- 

u-lit'ik).     [Num- 

mulites,   q.v.]     N. 

period  =  Middle  Nummulites. 

Eocene  period:  Rhizopoda  are  most  impor- 
tant and  largest  in  this  period. 
Nuphar,   (nu'far).       [Naufax,    the   Arabic 

name.  ] = Yellow  water-lily  =  Brandy-bottle : 

an  aquatic  plant,  with  yellow  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Nymphaceae. 
Nurse,  (nurs).     [Nonce,  the  A.-S.  name.]    N. 

forms:  intermediate  forms  of  development 

in  acalephse,  entozoa,  &c. 
Nussierite,  (no-si-e'rit).  [Nussiere,  in  France.] 

=Pyromorphite,  q.v. 
Nut,  (nut).      [Hnut,  the  A.-S.  word.]     1.= 

Glans:  a  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit,  with 

dry,  hard  pericarp.     2.  A  hollow  screw  in 

which  a  solid  screw  works.    Brazil  N.= 

Fruit  of  Bertholletia  excelsa.     Ground  N. 

mArachis  hypogaea:  a   plant  belonging  to 

Legurninaceae.    2V.  crac£er=Nucifraga,  q.v. 

N.  galls,     v.  Galls.    N.  haich=Sitta,,  q.v. 

N.   meg.      v.   Nutmeg.      N.   vine  =  Pinus 

raonophyllus.  N.  wemZ=Balaninusnucuni. 
Nutation,  (nu-ta'shun).    [L.  nutatio,  nodding.] 

A  vibratory  motion  of  the  earth's  axis,  caused 

by  the  moon's  attraction. 
Nutmeg,  (nut'meg).    [L.  nux  moschata,  musk- 

nut.]=Albnmen  of 

seeds  of  Myristica  mos- 

chata,  &c.     Aril  of  j\T. 

=Mace.    N.  butter:  a 

fat.    v.  Fats. 
M  utmegs=Myristicaceae, 

q.  v. 
Nutrientia,  (nu-tri-en'- 

ehi-a).      [L.   nutria,   I  Nutmeg. 

nourish.]      Term   used    by   Ehrenberg    for 

Mammalia  and  Birds,  which  nourish  their 

young. 


Nutrition,  (nu-trish'un).  [L.  nutrio,  I  nourish.] 

= Nourishment. 
Nuttalite,   (nut'ta-ITt).     [Prof.   Nuttall.]      A 

mineral,   chiefly  hydrated    silicate  of   alu- 
minum and  calcium=Scapolite. 
Nux,  (nuks).     [The  Latin  word.]    Nut.     N. 

vomica= Seeds  of  strychnos  n.v. 
Nuytia,   (ni'shi-a).       A  plant   belonging  to 

N.  floribunda=Fire  tree:  named  from  its 

bright  orange  blossoms. 
Nyctaginaceae,  (nik-ta-jin-a'se-e).     [Nyctago, 

the  typical  genus.] =Nyctagos:  herbs  and 

trees  belonging  to  Chenopodales. 
Nycticebinae,   (nik-ti-se'bi-ne).      [Nycticebus, 

q.v.]    A  sub-family  of  Lemuroidae:  ape-like 

animals;  slow,  with  tail  short,  if  any:  the 

fourth  finger  is  very  short;  they  eat  birds, 

insects,  fruit,  &c. 
Nycticebus,  (nik-ti-se'bus).     [Gk.  nyx,  night; 

kebos,  monkey.]      Night -ape:  the  typical 

animal  of  Nycticebinse,  a.v. 
Nyctichelidon,  (nik-ti-kel'i-don).      [Gk.  nyx, 

night;   chelidon,   swallow.]  =  Caprimulgus, 

J.v.:  a  bird;  also  called  night-swallow,  night- 
ir,  and  goat-sucker, 
ycticorax,  (nik-tik'o-raks).  [Gk.  nyx,  night ; 
korax,  raven. ]:=  Night-heron:  a  bird  belong- 
ing to  Grallatores;  also  called  Ardea  nycti- 
corax. 

Nyctiornis,  (nik-ti-or'nis).  [Gk.  nyx,  night; 
ornis,  bird. ]= Night-bird:  a  bird  belonging 
to  Meropidae,  q.v. 

Nyctipithecus,  (nik-ti-pi-the'kus).  [Gk.  nyx, 
night;  pz£/ie£0s,ape.]=Night-ape:anocturnal 
animal  belonging  to  Cebidas. 

Nyl-g'hau,  (nil'gaw).  [Pei-sian,«iJ,blue;  gaw, 
bull  ock.]  A  variety  of  the  antelope  found  iu 
India. 

Nymphaea,  (nim'fe-.i).  [L.  nympha,  water- 
nymph.  ]=Water-lily:  the  type  of  Nym- 
phaceae,  q.v.  N.  alba;  white  water-lily  =. 
Victoria-regia. 

Nymphaceae.  (nim-fa'se-5).  [Nymphsea,  q.v.] 
= Water-lilies :  floating  herbs,  with  large 
fleshy  leaves  and  large  showy  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Nymphales. 

Nymphaies,  (nim-fa'lez).  [Nymphea,  q.v.]= 
Plants  with  dichlamydeous  flowers,  and 
having  no  woody  stems,  forming  a  division 
of  hypogynous  Exogeus,  and  approximating 
to  Endogens. 


Oak,  (6k).  [Ac,  the 
A.-S.  name.]=Quercus: 
a  tree  belonging  to 
Corylacese;  the  timber 
is  hard,  strong,  and 
durable;  the  bark  is 
used  for  tanning. 
British  0.  =  Bobur. 
Chestnut  0.  =  Prinus. 
Holm  0.  =  Holly  0.  = 
Ilex.  Stone  0.=Litho- 
carpus  javensis.  0. 
beauty=&  moth:  Am- 


Oafe, 


phyuasia    prodromaria.      0.    erjger  •  moth  = 

Bombyx    quercus,    &c.      0.    moth    Tortrix 

viridana. 
Oakum,  (6'kum).     [Acumbi,  the  A.-S.  name.] 

Loose  yarn  made  by  untwisting  old  ropes, 

&c. ;  used  for  caulking,  &c. 
Oar,  (or).      [Ar,  the  A.-S.  word.]     0.  footed 

Crustacean s—Copepoda,  q.v. 
Oasis,  (6'a-sis).     [The  Greek  word.]    A  fertile 

place  in  a  desert,  usually  near  water. 
Oat,  (6t).     [Ata,  the  A.-S.  name.]     Avena 

sativa:  a  plant  belonging  to  Graminaceae,  the 

grains  of  which  are  used  for  food,  especially 


OATMEAL 


240 


ODONTOPHORA 


for  horses.  Animal  O.^Avena  sterilis:  the 
fruit  of  which  moves  about  the  ground 
owing  to  the  twisting  and  untwisting  of  its 
awns  as  the  air  becomes  more  or  less  damp. 
0.  grass = A  vena. 

Oatmeal.     The  ground  grains  of  oats. 

Obelisk,  (ob'e-lisk).  [Obeliskos,  the  Greek 
word.]  A  four-sided  stone  pillar,  usually 
monolithic,  tapering  upwards. 

Oberon,  (6'be-ron).     A  satellite  of  Uranus. 

Object  glass.  The  lens  in  a  microscope  or  a 
telescope  which  is  nearest  to  the  object 
viewed. 

Oblate,  (ob-laf).  [Oblatum,  the  Latin  word.] 
Spheroidal:  orange-shaped;  having  the  form 
of  a  sphere,  flattened  slightly  at  the  ex- 
tremities of  one  diameter. 

Oblique,  (ob-lek').  [Obliquus,  the  Latin  word.] 
Not  parallel,  nor  perpendicular:  slanting. 
0.  crystals:  with  one  axis  perpendicular  to 
each  of  the  others. 

Obliquity,  (ob-lik'wi-ti).  [Oblique,  q.v.] 
Deviation  from  parallelism,  or  from  being 
at  right  angles.  0.  of  ecliptic:  the  inclination 
of  the  equator  and  ecliptic. 

Oblong,  (ob'long).  [Oblongus,  the  Latin  word.] 
1.—  Rectangle,  q.v.  2.  = Rectangular,  q.v. 

Oboe,  (6'boi).  [Ilautbois,  the  French  name.] 
=Hautboy:  a  reed  musical  instrument. 

Observatory,  (ob-zer'va-to-ri).  [L.  observe,  I 
note.]  A  place  adapted  for  the  observation 
of  astronomical  and  other  phenomena. 

Obsidian,  (ob-sid'i-an).  [Opsianos,  the  Greek 
name.]  =  Volcanic  glass  =  Fused  Trachytic 
rock:  a  variety  of  amorphous  felspar. 

Obtected,  (ob-tek'ted).  [L.  obtexo,  I  cover.] 
Covered:  especially  used  of  animals  covered 
with  a  hard  shelly  case. 

Obtuse,  (ob-tus').  [L.  obtusus,  blunt.]  Blunt 
or  rounded:  the  opposite  of  acute.  0.  angle: 
one  that  is  greater  than  a  right  angle. 

Occipital,  (ok-sip'it-al)  =  Epencephalic :  be- 
longing to  the  back  of  the  cranium.  0.  con- 
dyles :  connect  the  skull  with  the  atlas  ver- 
tebrae. 0.  foramen:  an  opening  in  the 
lower  back  part  of  the  skull. 

Occluded,  (ok-klu'ded).  [L.  occlusio,  I  shut.] 
Enclosed:  shut  in. 

Occultation,  (ok-kul-ta/shun).  [L.  occultus, 
hidden. ]=Eclipse:  used  of  the  eclipse  of 
stars  by  the  moon. 

Ocean,  (o'shuri).  [Oceanus,  the  Latin  word.] 
Sea:  the  general  contour  of  the  ocean  has 
been  the  same  as  now  since  the  Silurian 
epoch.  Oceans  are  generally  areas  of  sub- 
sidence. 

Ocelli,  (o-selli). 
[L.  ocellus,  little 
eye.]  Simple  eyes 
=Stemmata,  q.v.  • 

Ocelot,  (6'se-lot). 
[  The  Mexican, 
name.  ]  =  Felis: 
pardalis  :  a  cat- 
like animal. 

Ochnacese,  (ok-na/ 
se-e).  [Gk.ochne, 
pear.]=Ochnads: 
tropical  trees  and  ocelot. 


shrubs  belonging  to  Rutales,  named  from  the 
leaves. 

Ochre,  (S'kr).  [Gk.  ochros,  yellow.]  A  general 
name  for  a  number  of  oxidised  metallic  ores, 
some  of  which  are  used  as  pigments. 

Octagon,  (ok'ta-gon).  [Gk.  okto, 
eight;  gonia,  angle.]  A  plane 
figure  formed  by  eight  sides. 

Octahedron,  (ok-ta-hed'ron).  [Gk.  | 
okto,  eight;  hedra,  seat.]    A  solid 
formed  by  the  intersection  of 
eight  planes;  in  a  regular  octa-      Octagon. 
hedron  the  faces  are  all  equilateral  triangles. 

Octave,  (ok'tav).  [L.  octavus,  eighth.  J= 
Eighth,  q.v. 

Octane,  (ok'tan).  [L.  octo,  eight.]  v.  Hydro- 
carbons, 1st  series. 

Octopoda,  (ok-to'po-da).  [Octopus,  q.v.] 
Cuttle-fishes,  with  not  more  than  8  arms: 
a  sub-division  of  Dibranchiata,  q.v. 

Octopodidae,  (ok-tS-pod'i-de).  [Octopus,  q.v.] 
=Poulpes:  cuttle-fish,  argonaut,  &c. ;  cepha- 
lopodous  mollusca.  1.  A  sub-division  of 
Octopoda.  2.  Octopoda. 

Octopus,  (ok-to'pus).  [Gk.  okto,  eight;  pous, 
foot. ]= Eight-armed  cuttle-fish:  the  type  of 
Octopoda. 

Octyl,  (ok'til).  [Gk.  oUo,  eight;  hyle. 
material.]  C8H17.  The  radicle  of  the  Octylic 
series.  0.  a£co/<o£=Castor  oil. 

Octylamine,  (ok-til'a-min).  [Octyl  and  Amine, 
q.v.  ]=C8Hi6— Caprylamine:aliquid  obtained 
from  Octylic  alcohol. 

Octylene,  (ok'til-gn).  [Octyl,  g.w.]=C8H16=: 
Caprylene:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon  of  the 
olefine  series. 

Octylia,  (ok-til'i-a).  [Octyl,  <7.v.]=C8H]<)No 
Caprylia:  a  base  from  octyl  alcohol  or  castor 
oil. 

Octylic,  (ok-til'ik).  [Octyl,  q.v.]  Related  to 
the  base  octylia. 

Ocymum,  (6'si-mum).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Basil :  a  fragrant  plant  belonging  to 
Lamiaceae. 

Ocypoda,  (o-sip'o-da).  [Gk.  ochys,  swift;  pous, 
foot.]  1.  Sand-crab:  belonging  to  Brachyura, 
2,  A  beetle:  belonging  to  Brachelytra. 

Ocypterus,  (6-sip'ter-us).  [Gk.  ochys,  swift; 
pteryx,  wing.]  Swallow-shrike:  a  bird  be- 
longing to  Laniadfe;  also  called  the  swift- 
shrike. 

Odling's  system  of  notation.  Monads  are  ex- 
pressed by  i,  as  IF,  dyads  by  ii,  as  O», 
triads  by  iii,  as  Nui,  teti-ads  by  iv,  as  Civ,  <fec. 

Odometer,  (o-dom'e-ter).  [Gk.  hodos,  road ; 
metron,  measure.]  An  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  distance  travelled  by  a 
vehicle. 

Odontaspis,  (o-don-tas'pis).  [Gk.  odous,  tooth: 
aspis,  shield.]  A  shark,  known  only  by  fossil 
teeth,  found  in  Eocene  rocks. 

Odontography,  (o-don-tog'ra-fi).  [Gk.  odous, 
tooth;  grapho,  I  write.]  The  description  of 
teeth. 

Odontoid  process,  (o-don'toid).  [Gk.  odous, 
tooth;  eidos,  form.]  A  bony  projection  of 
the  second  vertebra,  upon  which  the  head 
turns. 

Odontophora,  (o-don-tofo-ra).    [Odontophore, 


ODONTOPHORE 


241 


OLACACEJE 


q.v.]    A  sub-division  of  Mollusca,  including 

Cephalopoda,  Pteropoda,  and  Gasteropoda, 

all  of  which  have  odontophores. 
Odontophore,  (o-don'to-for).  [Gk.  odous,  tooth; 

phero,  I  carry.]    A  masticatory  organ  found 

in  the  more  highly  developed  mollusca.     A 

cartilaginous    cushion    supporting    a  strap 

carrying  several  lingual  teeth. 
Odontopetrae,  (  o-dori-to-pet're ).     [Gk.  odous, 

tooth;  petra,  stone. ]=Glossopetra:  a  general 

term  for  fossil  teeth. 
Odontopteryx,  (o-don-top'ter-iks).    [Gk.  odous, 

tooth;  pteryx,  wing.]    0.  toliapicus.    A  bird, 

known  only  by  fossil   remains,  found    in 

London  clay. 
Odontosaurus,  (o-don-to-saw'rus).    [Gk.  odous, 

tooth ;    saurus,   lizard.]      A  labyrinthodon 

reptile,  known  only  by  one  jaw  and  fifty 

teeth. 

Odour  sensations=Rhinaisthenics,  q.v. 
fficodoma,  (5-kod'o-ma).     [Gk.  oikodomos, 

builder.]    0,  cep/ia£oies=Leaf  carrying  ant, 

q.v. 
ffidicnemus,  (e-dik-nS'mu's).     [Gk.  oidos, 

swelling;    kneme,    knee.]  =  Thick -knee:    a 

wading  bird  belonging  to  Grallatores. 
(Edipina,  (e-dip'i-na).     [Gk.  oidos,  swelling; 

pine,  shell.]    An  elongated  eft-like  animal. 
(Edipoda,  (e-dip'o-da).     [Gk.  oidos,  swelling; 

pous,   foot.]=Pachytylus=Locust,   q.v.:   an 

insect,  belonging  to  Orthoptera,  named  from 

its  thick  hind  legs. 
(Enanthe,  (e-nan'the).     [Gk.  oinos,  wine; 

anthos,  flower  .]= Water-drop  wort:  an  aquatic 

herb,  belonging  to  Apiacese,  named  from  its 

scent. 
CEnanthic,   (6-nan'thik).      [Gk.   oinos,  wine; 

anthos,  flower.]    0.  ether=~R\itic  and  Cap- 

rylic  ethers:  causes  the  odour  of  wine;  also 

called  Hungarian  wine-oil. 
(Enanthol,  (e-nan'thol).      [CEnanthic,  q.v.]= 

CyH^O  =  CEnanthylic  aldehyde,   obtained 

from  castor  oil. 
CEnanthyl,  (e-nan'thil).     [CEnanthic,  q.v. ;  Gk. 

hyle,  material.]=:Heptyl:  the  radicle  of  the 

Heptylic  or  CEnanthylic  series.     0.  alcohol 

=Heptyl  alcohol. 
(Enanthylene,  (  e-nan'thi-len ).     [CEnanthyl, 

q.v.]    C7H14=Heptylene,  q.v. 
CEnanthylic,  (e-naii'thil-ik).    [CEnanthyl,  q.v.] 

0.  acid^CyH^Oa:   an  aromatic  acid;   also 

called  azoleic  acid.     0.  ctWe/iz/cie—C^H^O— 

CEnanthol,  q.v. 
CEnothera,   (e-no-thg'ra).     [Gk.  oinos,  wine; 

thera,  hunt.]  =  Evening  primrose:  an  herb 

belonging  to  Onagrariacese. 
CEsophagus,  (e-sofa-gus).     [Gk.  oisos,  I  carry; 

phagein,  to  eat.]=Gullet:  the  passage  from 

the  back  of  the  mouth  to  the  stomach. 
CEstridse,  (es'tri-de).     [CEstrus,  q.  v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 

form.]    A  family  of  flies  belonging  to  Dip* 

tera, 
CEstrus,  (es'trus).     [Gk.  oistros,  fly.]    A  fly: 

the  type  of  CEstridse.     0.  bovis~0.  equi=; 

Botfly,  gadfly,  &c. 
(Ethusa=^Ethusa,  q.  v.     0.  cynapium='LQas6r 

hemlock. 

O.F.     Used  for  oxidising  flame  of  blowpipe. 
Obm=;B.A.   unit  =  Unit  of  Distance,    v. 


Electro  -  magnetic  units.  1,000,000  O's  = 
Megohm.  9  O's  nearly=The  French  unit  of 
resistance. 

Ohm's  law.  [Professor  Ohm.]  That  the  in- 
tensity of  a  galvanic  current  is  equal  to  the 
electro  motive  force  of  a  battery  divided  by 
its  resistance  and  that  of  the  wire;  expressed 
by  1=5 :  in.  which  I=intensity  of  current, 
E  =  its  electro -motive  force,  and  R  =  the 
resistance  of  the  battery  and  circuit. 

Oidemia,  (oi-de'mi-a).  [Gk.  oidema,  surf.]= 
Surf-duck:  a  bird  belonging  to  Anatidse. 

Oidium,  (oi'di-um).  [Gk.  oidao,  I  swell.] 
Thrush-fungus=yine-disease:  a  fungus  be- 
longing to  Mucedines. 

Oiketicus,  (oi-ket'i-kus).  [Gk.  oikos,  house.] 
0.  Sandersii;  house-builder  moth;  also  called 
lictor-insect. 

Oil,  (oil).  [Oleum,  the  Latin  word.]  A 
general  tern  for  a  great  variety  of  unctuous 
liquids,  v.  Oils.  Soiled  0.:  linseed  oil,  heated 
with  litharge.  Castor  0. :  from  seeds  of  Ricinus 
communis.  Coal  tar  0.=Dead  O.  Dippel's 
<?.=Bone  O.,  q.v.  Rock  0.=  Petroleum,  q.v, 
0.  ofanise=O.  of  fennel.  0.  beetle=1*leloe: 
which  ejects  oil  in  drops  from  its  leg.  0. 
of  ben:  from  Moringa  aptera.  0.  of  bitter 
aZmonc&=Benzoyl  hydride.  0.  of  garlic— 
Sulphide  of  allyl.  0.  gas.  v.  Oil-gas.  0. 
of  neroli:  from  orange  tree  blossoms.  0. 
palm=Elseiis  Guineensis.  0.  of  potatoes:  a 
residuum  of  distillation  of  vegetables,  con- 
tains propyl,  butyl,  amyl,  and  other  alcohols. 
0.  free^Bassia  longifolia.  0.  of  vitriol,  v. 
Sulphuric  acid. 

Oils,  (oilz).  Organic,  liquid,  unctuous  sub- 
stances composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and, 
usually,  oxygen;  useful  for  fuel  and  lighting; 
some  used  as  food.  Animal  0.:  of  animal 
origin.  Drying  0.:  which  absorb  oxygen 
and  solidify,  such  as  linseed,  walnut,  hemp, 
&c.  Essential  0.=  Volatile  oils,  q.v.  Fatty 
0.=Fixed  0.:  that  cannot  be  distilled  with- 
out decomposition,  nor  volatilised  below 
450°  P.  Sweet  principle  of  0.  =Glycerin,  q.v. 
Volatile  0.;  are  not  decomposed  during 
distillation;  chiefly  from  vegetables.  Vege- 
table 0.:  in  seeds. 

Oil  gas  =  Butylene  =  Tetrylene  =  C4H8:  a 
colourless,  combustible  gas,  liquid  at  0"  F. 

Oilstones:  slaty  stones  used  as  whetstones; 
also  called  Nephelite. 

Oken's  classification  of  animalSi  [By  Professor 
Oken,  of  Zurich,  in  1809.] 

Intestinal  animals=Body  animals=Touch 

animals. 

Digestive  animals =Radiata. 
Circulative  animals=Mollusca. 
Respirative  animals=Articulata. 
Flesh  animals^Head  animals— Vertebrata. 
Carnal  animals = Fishes,  reptiles,  and 

birds. 
Sensual  animals=Mammalia. 

Okenite,  (6'ke-nit).  [Professor  Oken.]  A 
tough,  white  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated 
silicate  of  palcium. 

Olacaoe®,  (Q-la-ka'se-5).     [Gk.  olax,  furrow.] 


GIBERS 


242 


ONOSMA 


=Olacads:  trees  and  shrubs,  with  small  frag- 
rant flowers,  belonging  to  Berberales. 

Olbers,  (ol'berz).     In  moon,  q.v. 

Oldhamia,  (ol-da'mi-a).  [Professor  Oldham.] 
A  sea^weed  or  a  sertularian  zoophyte :  known 
only  by  fossil  remains,  found  in  Cambrian 
rocks ;  supposed  a  polyzoon :  probably  a 
plant. 

01d-man=Lichen  saxatilis. 

Old-man's  beard=Clematis  vitalba. 

Old  red  sandstone=Devonian,  q.v. 

Olea,  (ol'e-a).  [Gk.  elaia,  olive.]  Olive,  &c.: 
a  plant  the  type  of  Oleacese,  q. v.,  gives  virgin- 
oil.  0.  Europcea=Olive. 

Oleaceae,  (ol-e-a'se-e).  [Olea,  q.v.}  =  Olive- 
worts:  olive,  ash,  &c.:  trees  and  shrubs, 
with  dichotomous  branches,  belonging  to 
Solan  ales. 

Oleander,  (o-le-an'der)=Nerium,  q.v. 

Oleaster,  (6-le-as'ter).     [Gk.  olea,  olive;  instar, 

3.]=W 


= Wild-olive:  the  type  of  Elaeag- 
nacese,  q.v. 

Oleasters,  (o-le-as'terz).  [Oleaster,  q.v.]= 
Elseagnaceae,  q.v. 

Oleates,  (6'le-ats).  [Oleic,  q.i:]  Compounds 
of  Oleic  acid  with  bases. 

Olecranon,  (6-lek'ra-non).  [Gk.  oleine,  elbow; 
kranos,  helmet.]  A  projection  of  the  ulna 
forming  the  elbow. 

Olefiant  gas,  (6-le'fi-ant).  [L.  oleum,  oil ;  facio, 
I  make.]=C2H4— Elayl=Ethylene:  a  colour- 
less, slightly  odorous,  inflammable  gas, 
may  be  liquefied  by  pressure;  and,  mixed 
with  chlorine,  becomes  an  oil  called  Dutch 
liquid. 

Olefines,  (o'le-flnz).  [Olefiant,  q.v.]  Olefiant 
gas  series:  ethylene,  metbylene,  amylene, 
tetrylene,  methene,  &c. 

Oleic  acid,  (o'le-ic).  [L.  oleum,  oiI.]=CisH340o: 
an  oily  substance  found  in  all  fata 

Oleic  series  of  acids=CnH2n-2O2:  including 
acrylic,  crotonic,  and  oleic  acids,  the  last 
being  the  type  of  the  series. 

Olein,  (o'le-in).  [L.  oleum,  oil.]=C57H104O6: 
a  colourless  liquid;  a  constituent  of  fats  and 
oils.  0.  of  linseed  oi£=Linolein,  &c. 

Oleo-resins.  A  group  of  balsams,  including 
Canada  balsam,  copaiba  balsam,  and  Mecca 
balsam. 

01evinite=Olivinite,  q.v. 

Olfactory,  (oJ-fac'to-ri).  [L.  olfacio,  I  smell.] 
0.  lobe:  the  shape  of  a  life-preserver;  small 
in  man;  larger  in  the  rabbit;  very  large  in 
the  lamprey.  0.  nerves:  the  nerves  of  smell, 
the  first  pair  of  cerebral  nerves,  the  ter- 
minations of  which  are  in  the  nasal  cavi- 
ties; really  processes  of  the  brain  and  not 
nerves. 

Olibanum,  (o-lib'a-num).  \Libanos,  the  Greek 
name.]  =  True  frankincense  :  an  aromatic 
resin  obtained  from  the  tree  Boswellia.  cf. 
Frankincense. 

Oligocene,  (o-lig'o-sen).  [Gk.  oligos,  few; 
kainos,  new.]=Lower  Miocene. 

Oligochseta,  (51-i-g5-ke'ta).  [Gk.  oligos,  few: 
chaite,  bristle.] =Terricola=Earth  and  Water 
worms:  a  division  of  Annelida;  herma- 
phrodite: have  setae  or  bristles  for  locomo- 
tion. 


Oligoclase,  (o-lig'6-klaz).  [Gk.  oligos,  few; 
klasis,  fracture.  ]=Soda-lime  felspar:  a  variety 
of  felspar,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum. 

Oligodon,  (o-lig'o-dou).  [Gk.  oligos,  few; 
odous,  tooth.]  Spotted-adder:  a  snake. 

Olive,  (ol'iv).  [Oliva,  the  Latin  name.]  1.= 
Olea  Europsea:  a  tree 
the  type  of  Oleacese. 
2.  A  colour:  a  com- 
pound of  £  green  and  £ 
purple. 

Olive -worts  =  Oleacese, 
q.v. 

Olivine,  (ol'i-vin). 
[Olive,  q.v.]  A  mine- 
ral of  the  topaz  group, 
chiefly  silicate  of  mag- 
nesia and  iron,  crystall- 
ising in  rhombs,  usually 
green  coloured,  and 
found  in  lava ;  also  Olive, 

called  chrysolite;  sometimes  found  in 
meteorites. 

Olivinite,  (o-liv'i-nit).  [Olive,  q.v.]  One  of 
the  copper  group  of  minerals,  chiefly  arseniate 
of  copper. 

Olympiad,  (o-lim'pi-ad).  [Olympias,  the 
Greek  name.] =4  years. 

Omalidce,  (o-mal'i-de).  A  family  of  beetles 
belonging  to  Brachelytra. 

Ombrometer,  (om-brom'e-ter).  [Gk.  ombros, 
rain;  metron,  measure.]  A  rain  gauge. 

Omentum,  (o-men'tum).  [The  Latin  word.] 
=Caul:  a  membrane  connecting  the  stomach, 
colon,  <fec. 

Omnivorce,  (om-niv'o-rC).  [L.  omnis,  all ;  voro, 
I  eat.]  Giebel's  term  for  bears,  &c.;  Owen's 
term  for  animals  such  as  the  hog. 

Omphalea.  (om'fa-le-a).  [Omphalos,  q.v.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Euphorbiaceae.  0.  tri- 
«?uZra=Cob-nut=Hog-nut  of  Jamaica. 

Omphalos,  (om'fa-los).  [Gk.  omphalos,  navel.] 
=The  navel:  the  trace  of  the  attachment  of 
the  umbilical  cord. 

Onager,  (ou'a-jer).  (The  Latin  name.]  The 
wild  ass=Asinus  onager. 

Onagraceae;  (on-a-gra'se-e).  [Onager,  q.v.]= 
Onagrads=: Fuchsias:  herbs  and  shrubs  be- 
longing to  Myrtales,  named  from  the  leaves 
resembling  the  ears  of  an  ass. 

Onchophora,  ( on  -  kof 'o  -  ra  ).  A  division  of 
Ccelelmintha,  q.v. 

Onchus,  (on'kus).  A  marine  shark-like  fish 
of  a  high  order  of  development,  known  only 
by  fossil  spines,  found  in  Upper  Silurian. 

Onion,  (un'yun).  [Oignon,  the  French  word.] 
=Allium:  an  herb  belonging  to  Liliacese. 

Onobrychis,  (on-ob'ri-kis)=:Saint-foin:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Leguminacese.  0.  sativa= 
Holy-hay. 

Ononis,  (on-5'nis).  [The  Greek  name.]  Rest- 
harrow:  an  herb  belonging  to  Leguniinacese. 
0.  arvensis=Vfild  liquorice. 

Onopordon,  (on-o-por'don).  [The  Greek  name.] 
=Cotton -thistle^ Scotch- thistle  :  an  herb 
belonging  to  Asteracese.  0.  acanthium= 
Wild  artichoke. 

Onosma,  (on-os'ma).  [Gk.  onos,  ass ;  osme, 
smell.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Boraginaceae. 


ONYGENACEJE 


OPHITE 


Onygenacege,  (on-i-jen-a'se-e).  [Gk.  onyx, 
nail;  gennao,  offspi-ing.]  Fungi,  developed 
on  feathers,  hair,  hoofs,  horns,  &c. ,  belonging 
to  Ascomycetes. 

Onygenei,  ( on-i-jen'e-I ).  [Gk.  onyx,  nail; 
gennao,  I  produce.]  Hoof -fungus,  &c. : 
fungi,  all  small,  developed  on  animal  sub- 
stances; have  a  club-shaped  receptacle. 

Onyx,  (  on'iks  ).  [  Gk.  onyx,  nail.  ]  A 
variegated  variety  of  agate;  a  variety  of 
chalcedony  in  variously  coloured  even, 
layers. 

Oogonia,  (o-o-go'ni-a).  [Gk.  oon,  egg;  gonia, 
corner.]  In  fungi:  cells  in  which  oospheres 
are  formed. 

Oogonium,  (o-o-go 'ni-um).  Singular  of 
oogonia,  q.v. 

Oolean.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Oolite,  (6'o-lit).  [Gk.  oon,  egg;  litJws,  stone.] 
A  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime.  Great  0.  =• 
Bath-stone;  also  called  Forest-marble.  0. 
limestone:  composed  of  small  accretions  of 
limestone  surrounding  grains  of  sand;  some- 
times found  in  rocks  older,  and  in  others 
newer,  than  the  oolitic. 

Oolitic  system,  (6-o-lit'ik).  [Oolite,  q.v.]= 
Jurassic  system:  a  secondary  formation  be- 
tween the  Lias  and  the  Cretaceous. 

Oosphere,  (6'os-fer).  [Gk.  oon,  egg;  sphaira, 
ball.]  Germinal  bodies  in  fungi. 

Oospore,  (o'os-spor).  [Gk.  oon,  egg;  spora, 
seed.]  An  oosphere,  q.v.,  with  a  wail  formed 
round  it,  capable  of  germination  at  once 
or  at  a  future  time. 

Oostegite,  (6-os'te-jlt).  [Gk.  oon,  egg;  stego, 
I  cover.]  Scales,  &c.,  protecting  the  eggs 
in  Annulosa. 

Ootheca,  (o-o-the'ka).  [Gk.  oon,  egg,  theka, 
case.]  =  Egg-purse  =  Egg-case  of  cockroach: 
contains  eggs,  like  peas  in  a  pod. 

Opah  fish^Lampris,  q.v.;  also  called  King- 
fish. 

Opal,  (o'pal).  [Opalus,  the  Latin  name.]  A 
translucent,  iridescent,  amorphous  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  silica.  Girasol,  hydrophane, 
hyalite,  menilite,  and  fiorite  are  varieties  of 
opal.  Fire  0.=Girasol. 

Opelet=Anthea  cereus:  a  fleshy  zoophyte; 
the  chief  constituent  in  the  edible  dish, 
Rastegna. 

Opera  glass.  A  binocular  variety  of  the 
telescope,  used  for  short  distances. 

Opercular,  (6-per'ku-lar).  [Operculum,  q.v.] 
Connected  with  the  operculum,  q.v.  0. 
bones:  form  the  gill-cover  of  fishes. 

Operculum,  (6-per'ku-lum).  [L.  operculum, 
lid.]  3.  Gill-cover:  closes  the  entrance  of 
the  branchial  chamber  of  fishes;  possibly 
the  homologue  of  the  human  ear-flap.  2. 
Used  generally  for  any  cover  to  an  opening, 
as  of  the  shell  of  Gasteropoda,  &c. 

Ophiacantha,  ( of-i-a-kan'tha).  [Gk.  ophis, 
serpent;  akantha,  spine.]  0.  spinulosa:  a 
star-fish  abundant  in  deep  water  of  North 
Atlantic. 

Ophiderpeten,  (of-i-der'pe-ten).  [Gk.  ophis, 
serpent;  herpeton,  reptile.]  An  amphibious 
animal  belonging  to  Labyrinthodonta;  allied 
to  Ophiomorpha. 


Ophidia,  (of-id'i-a).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent.  ]= 
Snakes:  reptiles  in  which  the  limbs  are 
rudimentary,  or  entirely  absent  ;  have 
long,  worm-like,  scaly  bodies,  and  no  ster- 
num; and  progress  by  means  of  rib-bones, 
which  are  very  numerous.  Families  of 
0.:— 

Viperine — 
Crotalidse. 
Viperidse. 
Colubrine— 
Hydridse.  j 
Boidse. 
Colubridsa 
Water-snakes=Hydrophidfe=Hydridse. 

Ophidium,  (of-id'i-um).  [Gk  ophis,  snake.] 
an  eel-like  fish  belonging  to  Malacopterygii. 

Ophldobatrachia,  (of-i-d5-bat-ra'ki-a).  [Gk. 
ophis,  serpent ;  Batrachia,  q  .v.]  =  Ophio- 
morpha, q.v. 

Ophiocoma,  (of-i-ok'o-ma).  [Gk.  ophis,  ser- 
pent; kome,  hair.]=Brittle-star:  a  star-fish 
belonging  to  Ophiuroidea;  it  cannot  swim, 
and  moves  only  on  solid  surfaces. 

Ophioglossaceae,  (of-i-o-glos-sa'se-e).  [Ophio- 
glossum,  q.v.]  Adder's  -  tongues :  plants, 
with  hollow  stems,  and  without  chlorophyll, 
belonging  to  Filicales;  intermediate  between 
Lycopodiacese  and  Filices. 

Ophioglossum,  (of-i-6-glos'sum).  [Gk.  ophis, 
snake  ;  glossa,  tongue.  ]  Adder's-tongue: 
a  fern -like  plant  the  type  of  Ophioglos- 
saceae. 

Ophiolepis,  (of-i-ol'e-pis).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent; 
lepis,  scale.]  An  echinoderm. 

Ophiolite,  (of'i-o-ht).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent; 
lithos,  stone.]=Serpentine,  q.v.:  a  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  magnesia,  named  from  the 
serpent-like  waves  of  cloudiness;  also  called 
Verd-antique. 

Ophiology;  (of-i-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent; 
logos,  discourse.  ]  The  sub-division  of  zoology 
which  treats  of  serpents. 

Ophiomorpha,  (of-i-o-mor'fa).  [Gk.  ophis, 
serpent;  morphe,  shape. ]=Gymnophiona:  a 
burrowing,  snake-like  animal,  belonging  to 
Amphibia,  having  a  body  marked  with 
transverse  grooves,  no  limbs,  and  a  small 
head.  Found  in  hot  climates,  probably  the 
last  remnant  of  a  race  to  which  Labyrintho- 
donts  belong. 

Ophiophagus,  (of-i-of'a-gus).  [Gk.  ophis, 
serpent;  phago,  I  eat.]  A  poisonous,  colu- 
brine  snake,  named  from  being  supposed 
to  feed  on  other  snakes. 

Ophiopholis,  (of-i-ofo-lis).  [Gk.  ophis,  ser- 
pent.] 0.  aculeata:  a  star-fish  abundant  in 
deep  water  of  Atlantic. 

Ophioxylon,  (of-i-oks'i-lon).  |Gk.  ophis,  ser- 
pent;  xylon,  wood.]  Snake-wood:  Strychnoa 
colubrina,  named  from  being  used  medici- 
nally in  cases  >f  snake-bite. 

Ophisaurus,  (of-i-saw'rus).  [Gk.  ophis,  ser- 
pent; sauros,  lizard.]  Glass-serpent=Anguis 
ventralis:  a  snake,  with  a  reptile-like  head, 
so  fragile  as  to  be  easily  broken  into  several 
pieces. 

Ophite,  (of  It).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent.]=Ophio- 
lite=Serpentine,  q.v. 


OPHIUCHUS 


244 


OEANG-TTTAN 


Ophiuchus,  (of-i-u'kns).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent; 
echein,  to  hold.]  The  Serpent  Bearer:  a  con- 
stellation, of  which  Ras  Alagne  is  the  chief 
star. 

Ophiura,  (of-i-u'ra).  [Gk.  ophis,  snake;  oura, 
tail.]= Brittle-stars:  animals,  belonging  to 
Echmodermata,  the  type  of  Ophiuridse. 

Ophiuridse,  (of-i-u'ride).  [Gk.  ophis,  serpent; 
oura,  tail;  eidos,  form.]  Brittle-stars,  Sand- 
stars,  &c. :  a  division  of  Ophiuroidea. 

Ophiuroideae,  (of  -  i-u  -roi'de  -  a).  [Gk.  ophis, 
serpent;  eidos,  form.]  Brittle-stars,  Sand- 
stars  :  a  division  of  Echinodermata,  hav- 
ing a  flat  body,  with  long  and  slender 

Ophry's,  (6'fris).  [Gk.  ophrys,  eyebrow.]  An 
herb  belonging  to  Orchidaceee,  q.v.  0.  api- 
fera  =•  Bee-orchis.  0.  aramfera  =  Spider- 
orchis.  0.  r/msci/<?ra= Fly-orchis. 

Ophthalmia,  (of-thal'mi-a).  [Gk.  ophthalmos, 
eye.]  A  diseased  condition  of  the  eye. 

Ophthalmic,  (of-thal'mik).  [Gk.  opthalmos, 
eye.]  0.  artery:  termination  of  internal 
carotid  artery,  serving  the  eye.  0.  nerve: 
a  division  of  the  trigeminal  nerve  itself 
subdivided  into  the  nasal  and  lachrymal 
nerves. 

Ophthalmoscope,  (of-thal'mo-skop).  [Gk. 
ophthalmos,  eye;  skopeo,  I  view.]  An  instru- 
ment for  the  examination  of  the  structure 
and  condition  of  the  eye,  by  concentrating 
on  it  the  light  of  a  lamp,  by  means  of  a 
lens. 

Opiammon,  (  o-pi-am'mon  ).  ^  [Opianic  and 
Ammo  ilium,  q.v.]  CooHjgNOs :  an  amide- 
like  compound  obtained  from  opianate  of 
ammonium. 

Opianic  acid,  (o-pi-an'ik ).  [Opium.]= 
Ci0H10O5:  found  in  Narcotine. 

Opianine,  (6'pi-a-nin).  [Opium,  q.v.]  An 
organic  base  from  opium. 

Opianyl,  (6'pi-a-uil).  [Opianic, q.v.]  CioHgC^: 
the  radicle  of  opianic  acid. 

Opisthobranchiata,  (  6-pis-tho-brang-ki-il'ta  ). 
[Gk.  opisthe,  behind;  brachion,  gill.]=!3ea- 
slugs:  a  sub-division  of  Branchio-Gastero- 
poda,  q.v. 

Opisthocoelia,  (o-pis-tho-sg'li-a).  [Gk.  opisthe, 
behind;  koilos,  hollow.]  Crocodiles,  known 
only  by  fossil  remains:  named  from  the  an- 
terior vertebrae  being  concave  behind. 

Opisthocomus,  (6-pis-thok'o-mus).  [Gk.  opis- 
the, behind;  kome,  hair.]  Crested-pheasant; 
a  gallinaceous  bird  of  Brazil. 

Opisthodelphys,  (  6-pis-tho-delf  is ).  [Gk. 
opisthe,  behind :  adelphos,  brother.  ]  A 
tree-frog  with  dorsal  egg-pouch :  found  in 
America. 

Opisthotic,  (o-pis-thot'ik).  [Gk.  opisthe,  be- 
hind; ous,  ear.J  A  bony  portion  of  the  audi- 
tory capsule. 

Opium,  (  6'pi-um  ).  [The  Latin  name.]  The 
dried  juice  of  the  white  poppy:  a  body 
of  very  compound  character.  0.  poppy  = 
Papaver  somniferum.  Tincture  of  0.= 
Laudanum.  0.  alkaloids='M.oi-phia.,  codeia, 
papaverine,  &c.,  q.v. 

Oporobia,  (6-po-ro'bi-a).  0.  dilatala='Novem- 
ber  moth. 


Oposin,  (6'pos-in).  An  albuminous  substance 
obtained  from  flesh. 

Opossum,  (o-pos'sum).     [Opassom,  the  Indian 
name.  ]  =  Didelphis, 
&c. :  a  marsupial  ani- 
mal,  found  only  in 
America.        Vulpine 
0.=Phalangista  vul-  'ft. 
pina.      0.  shrimps=   A 
Mysis. 

Opposition,  (op-po- 
zish'un).  [L.  oppono, 
I  place  opposite  to.] 
A  planet  is  in  opposi- 
tion when  it  and  the 
sun  are  on  opposite  Opossum, 

sides  of  the  earth  in  the  same  straight  lino 
with  it. 

Opsaisthenics,  (  op-sis- then'iks  ).  [Gk.  ops, 
eye;  aisthesis,  feeling.  ]  =  Eye -sensations: 
sight. 

Opsimose,  (op'si-mos).  [Gk.  opsimos,  late.] 
=Klipsteinite:  a  mineral. 

Optic,  (op'tik).  Optikos,  the  Greek  word.] 
0.  axis:  the  straight  line  joining  the  centres 
of  the  eye,  and  of  any  object  immediately  in 
front  of  it.  0.  angle:  the  angle  between  the 
axes  of  the  two  eyes.  0.  lobes:  the  portion 
of  the  brain  from  which  the  optic  nerve  pro- 
ceeds. 0.  nerves :  the  second  pair  of  cerebral 
nerves,  which  terminate  in  the  retina  of  the 
eyes:  not  properly  nerves,  but  rather  pro- 
cesses of  the  brain,  ending  in  red  and  yellow 
knobs.  0.  thalami :  masses  of  nervous  mat- 
ter in  the  brain.  0.  tracts:  unite  to  form 
the  optic  nerves. 

Optical=Optic,  q.v.     0.  couple',  v.  Couple. 

Optics,  (op'tiks).  [Gk.  optikos,  relating  to 
the  sight.]  The  science  of  the  nature 
and  laws  of  the  phenomena  of  vision,  in- 
cluding the  construction  of  optical  instru- 
ments, such  as  the  telescope,  microscope, 
&c. 

Optometer,  (op-torn  e-tev).  [Optics  and  Meter, 
q.v.]  An  instrument  for  the  measurement 
of  the  distance  of  distinct  vision  for  any 
given  person. 

Opuntia,  (6-pun'shi-a. )  [Opuntus,  a  town  in 
Greece.]  Indian  figs^Cactus  opuntia:  plants 
belonging  to  Cactaceae. 

Orach,  (or'ak)  =  Atriplex,  a  plant  belonging 
to  Chenopodacese.  Halimus  0.=Tree  pur- 
stane. 

Orange,  (or'anj).   [Naranj,  the  Arabic  name.] 
=Citrus  aurantium.    A  plant 
belonging     to    Aurantiacese, 
which   flowers   all   the  year* 
round  in  Brazil.    Bergamot  0. 
=. Citrus  bergamia.     Manda- 
rin 0.:=Citrus  nobilis.    Quito 
0.  =  Fruit  of  Solatium.      0. 
lily=~Lili\im  bulbiferum.     0. 
red  s<ars=Betelgeuse,  Pollux, 
&c.       0.    pigments  =  Ochre, 
chromium,   lead,  chalk,  and 
compounds  of  these.      0.  tip        Orange. 
6w«er%=Anthocharis  cardamines. 

Orangi'te,  (or/*n-jIt)=Thorite,  q.v. 

Orang-utan,  (6-rang'o-tang').   [Malay,  outang, 


ORBICELLA 


ORGANIC 


wild;  orang,  man. ]= Orang- 
outang =  Simla  satyrus  :  a 
gibbon,  four  feet  high,  with 
bulky  body,  feet  longer  than 
hands,  arms  reaching  to 
ankle;  thumb  and  great 
toes  short.  Lives  in  forest 
trees  of  Borneo  and  Su- 
matra. Agile  0.  =  Hylo- 
batesagilis.  Gray  0.=Hy- 
lobates  leuciscus. 

Orbicella,  (or-bi-sel'la).  [L. 
orbis,  circle.]  0.  caver nosa: 
a  coral  polyp,  usually  bud- 
ding in  all  directions,  so  as 
to  form  a  hemisphere.  Orang-outang. 

Orbicula,  (or-bik'u-la).  [L.  orbiculus,  a  small 
circle.]  A  genus  of  Brachiopoda. 

Orbit,  (or'bit).  [L.  orbita,  track.]  1.  The 
path  in  which  a  secondary  planet  travels 
round  its  primary,  or  the  path  of  a  planet 
round  the  sun.  2.  The  cavity  of  the  eye. 

Orbitolites,  (or-bit-o-li'tez).  [L.  orbis,  circle.] 
Animals  belonging  to  Rhizopoda,  found  iu 
Tertiary  rocks,  and  still  extant. 

Orbitosphenoid,  (  or-bit-o-sfe'noid  ).  [Orbit, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  sphcen,  wedge ;  eidos,  form.]  A 
part  of  the  third  cranial  segment,  forming 
the  back  of  the  orbit:  in  man  the  lesser 
wings  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  which  in  Rumi- 
nantia  become  the  greater  wings. 

Orbulina,  (or-bu-li'na).  [L.  orbis,  a  circle.] 
0.  universa:  a  foraminifera  in  the  form  of  a 
email  perforated  sphere,  found  at  the  bottom 
of  the  Atlantic. 

Orcein,  (or'se-in).  [Orcin,  ?.r.]=C7H7N03:  a 
red  colouring  matter  obtained  from  lichen = 
Orcin  and  oxygen. 

Orchard,  (or'cherd).  [A.-S.  wyrt,  herb;  geard, 
yard.]  A  fruit  garden.  0.  0noZe=Bob-o- 
link=Xanthornis  varius, 

Orchall=;Orchilla,  q.v. 

Orchidacese,  (or-ki-da'se-e).  [Orchis,  q.v.]= 
Orchids:  common  herbaceous  shrubs,  with 
flowers  of  very  varied  and  often  grotesque 
shapes,  belonging  to  Orchidales. 

Orchidales,  (or-ki-da'lez).  [Orchis,  q.v.']  Or- 
chids, &c. :  plants  forming  a  division  of 
Endogens. 

Orchil=0rchilla,  q.v. 

Orchilla,  (or-chil'la).  [The  Spanish  name.] 
=Roccella  tinctoria:  a  grey  lichen,  found 
on  the  rocks  in  Cape  Verd  Islands,  from 
which  a  purple  dye,  Archil,  q.v.,  is  obtained. 

Orchis,  (or'kis).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  plant, 
the  type  of  Orchidacese, 
q.v.  Bee  6>.=0phrys  api- 
fera.  Bird's  nest  0.  = 
Listera  nidus  avis.  Bog 
0.  =  Malaxis  paludosa. 
Butterfly  0.  =  Habenaria 
bifolia.  Dwarf  0.  =  O. 
ustulata.  Fen  0.=Lip- 
aris  Lceselii.  Fly  0.  = 
Ophrys  muscifera.  Fool's 
0.=O.  Morio.  Frog  0.= 
Habenaria  viridis.  Liz- 
ard 0.  =  O.  hircina. 
3fcmO.=Aceras.  Marsh  Orchis. 


0.  —  O.  latifolia.  Meadow  0.  =  O.  morio. 
Monkey  0.=O.  simia.  Musk  0.=Hermin- 
ium.  ^Purple  0.=O.  mascula.  Spider  O.= 
Ophrys  aranifera.  Spotted  O. =O.  maculata. 

Orcin,  (or'sin).  [The  French  word.] =C7H8O2: 
a  sweet  crystalline  substance,  obtained  from 
various  varieties  of  lichen. 

Order,  (or'der).  [L.  ordo,  arrangement.]  1. 
The  arrangement  and  decoration  of  a  column 
and  entablature — 

(  architrave. 
Entablature  =  -j  frieze. 
(  cornice. 
(  capital. 

Column=         -J  shaft, 
(base. 

The  orders  are  said  to  be  Composite,  Corin- 
thian, Doric,  Ionic,  or  Tuscan,  according  to 
the  proportions  and  the  ornamentation, 
especially  of  the  capital.  2.  A  sub-division 
of  Class,  v.  Orders. 

Orders,  (or'derz).  [Order,  q.v.]  Sub-divisions 
of  classes,  in  the  classification  of  animals 
and  plants,  v.  Tables.  No  orders  of  plants 
are  known  entirely  fossil.  Sometimes  used 
as=family  and  as— tribe. 

Ordinary  ray,  v.  Refraction. 

Ordinate,  (or'di-nat).  [L.  ordinatus,  ordered.] 
A  line  drawn  perpendicular  to  one  of  the 
axes  of  a  curve.  O.  of  a  conic  section= 
Latus  rectum,  q.v. 

Ordnance,  (ord'nans).  Heavy  artillery:  guns, 
mortars,  and  howitzers;  divided  into  smooth 
bore  and  rifled;  and  the  latter  into  breech 
loaders  and  muzzle  loaders.  0.  survey:  a 
survey  of  the  country  carried  out  by  the 
Ordnance  Department,  the  maps  of  which 
are  issued  on  a  scale  of  1  inch  to  a  mile,  and 
also  of  6  inches. 

Ore,  (or).  [Or,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A  general 
term  for  combinations  of  metals  and  earthy 
and  other  matters:  mineral  substances  con- 
taining metal.  E.g.  Goose- dung  0.=Gano- 
matite.  Needle  0.  v.  Needle  ore.  Prismatic 
Iron  0.=Brown  oxide  of  iron. 

Oreas,  (or-e'as).    [L.  oreas,  mountain  nymph.] 

0.  canna= Eland. 

Orellin,  (or-ellin).  [Orellana.]  A  yellow 
colouring  matter  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
Bixa  orellana. 

Oreodaphne,  ( or-e-6-dafne ).  [Gk.  oreios, 
mountainous;  daphne,  laurel.]  Mountain- 
laurel:  a  plant  belonging  to  Lauraceae. 

Oreotrochilus,  (or-e-6-trok'i-lus).  [Gk.  oreios, 
mountainous;  Trochilus,  q.v.]  A  humming- 
bird, v.  Humming-birds. 

Organ,  (or'gan).   [Organum,  the  Latin  word.] 

1.  A  part  of  a  living  body  having  a  function 
to  fulfil,      cf.  Member,  v.  Organs.    2.  An 
arrangement   of  pipes,  on  a   large    scale, 
adapted  to  the  production  of  musical  sounds. 
0.  cora£i=Tubiporamusica.  O.fish=Drum= 
Pogonais:  a  fish  which  makes  a  loud  singing 
noise,  found  in  Borneo. 

Organic,  (or-gan'ik).  [Organ,  q.v.]  O.acids=O. 
substances  forming  salts  with  bases:  Mono- 
basic, dibasic,  tri  basic,  or  poly  basic,  according 
as  they  contain  one,  two,  three,  or  many  atoms 
of  replaceable  hydrogen.  0.  alkalies— O: 


ORGANISED  BODIES 


246 


ORNITHOGLOSSUM 


2,v.  O.  analysis:  usually  by  combus- 
tion of  the  contained  carbon,  and  by  con- 
version of  contained  nitrogen  into  ammonia. 
O.  bases=Orga.nic  alkalies:  obtained  chiefly 
from  vegetables,  v.  Alkaloids.  Ammonia 
O.  B.,  derived  from  ammonia,  and  vola- 
tile, resembling  ammonia.  Ammonium  0. 
B.  derived  from  ammonia,  but  fixed,  resem- 
bling ammonium.  Animal  O.  B.:  of  animal 
origin  ;  radicles  composed  of  carbon,  hydro- 
gen, nitrogen,  and  oxygen,  with  other  sub- 
stances, such  as  phosphorus,  &c.  Artificial  0. 
B.,  those  formed  by  distillation,  reduction, 
substitution,  orldirect  combination.  Natural 
O.  B.  mostly  found  in  plants,  and  generally 
alkaline.  Primary  0.  B.=  Amide  B.=Ami- 
dogen  B.,  q.v.  Secondary  O.B.=Imide  B.= 
Imidogen  B.,  q,v.  Tertiary  0.  .B.=Nitrile 
B.,  q.v.  Vegetable  0.  B.  =  Radicles  of 
CH  and  O.  O.  chemistry  =  Chemistry  of 
compound  radicals  =  Chemistry  of  carbon 
compounds.  The  chemistiy  of  compounds 
derived  from  organic  substances,  some  of 
which  may  also  be  formed  by  synthesis.  O. 
compounds  consist  chiefly  of  CHON:  fre- 
quently of  complex  composition  with  very 
varied  characters  and  properties;  usually 
unsymmetrical.  0.  radicles:  v.  Radicles. 
O.  remains= Fossils,  q.v.;  also  called  petri-  i 
factions.  O.  world=All  animals  and  vege- 
tables=all  organised  bodies. 

Organised  bodies.  Living  organisms:  usually 
unstable  chemical  composition;  are  not  pro- 
ducible by  synthesis. 

Organogeny,  (or-gan-oj'e-ni).  [Gk.  organon, 
organ;  gennao,  I  produce.]  Development  of 
living  organisms. 

Organo-metalhc  compounds:  of  metals  and 
organic  radicles.  E.g.:  zinc -methyl,  zinc- 
ethyl,  &c.  Have  energetic  chemical  action, 
and  sometimes  act  as  compound  radicles. 

Organs,  (or'ganz).  0.  of  alimentation:  mouth, 
stomach,  intestines:  which  convert  food  into 
nutriment.  0.  of  circulation:  heart  and 
blood  vessels  generally:  which  distribute  the 
nutritious  matter  derived  from  food  to  the 
various  parts  of  the  body.  O.  of  excretion: 
lunga,  kidneys,  skin,  &c.,  by  which  the  waste 
products  of  the  body  are  passed  out.  0.  of 
locomotion:  cilia  and  muscles.  Rudimentary 
0.:  those  that  are  essentially  useless;  often 
seen  only  in  the  embryo;  probably  have  de- 
cayed from  disuse:  as 
wings  of  island-birds, 
eyes  of  cave-animals, 
&c.  E.g.:  mammae  in 
male  mammalia ;  one 
lobe  of  the  lungs  in 
snakes;  upper  teeth  in 
calves,  &c. 

Or  graphique  =  Sylvan- 
ite,  q.v. 

Oribatidss,  (or-i-bat'i-de)  > 
=  Wood-mites  :    small 
spider-like  animals,  be- 
longing to  Acarina;  live 
on  moss 'and  herbs. 

Orichalcit=Aurichalcite. 
q.v.  Oriel-Window. 


Oriole 


Oriel- window,  (  5'ri-el ).  A  bay  window  pro- 
jecting from  an  upper  story  of  a  building. 

Oriental,  (6-ri-en'tal).  [L.  orient,  eastern.]  0. 
emerald=A.  variety  of  Sapphire.  0.  garnet 
=Almandite. 

Orientation,  ( o-ri-en-ta/shun ).  [L.  orient, 
eastern.]  A  sense  of  polarity;  the  determi- 
nation of  the  points  of  the  compass;  also 
used  of  animals  who  are  able  to  retrace  a 
road  and  find  their  way  back. 

Origanum,  (6-rig'a-num).  [Gk.  orys,  hill; 
ganos,  joy.]=Marjoram :  a  fragrant  herb 
belonging  to  Lamiacefe. 

Origma.  (6  -  rig '  ma)= Rock-warbler=Saxicola 
solitaria,  q.v. 

0'Rileyite=Native  arsenite. 

Orillon,  (o-ril'on).  [F.  oreillon,  ear.]  A  pro- 
jecting tower  at  the  angle  of  a  bastion. 

Orinoco,  (or-i-no'ko).  0.  to&acco=Nieotiana 
macrophylla. 

Oriole,  (6'ri-ol).  [Oriolus,  q.v.]  A  tropical 
thrush -like  bird, 
belonging  to  Meru- 
lidse,  of  which  there 
are  several  genera: 
Oriolus,  Yphantes, 
Xanthornis,  Caci- 
cus,  &c.  v.  Oriolus. 
Baltimore  0.=. 
Hanging-bird  = 
Golden-robin. 

Oriolus,  (o-ri-o'lus).  [L.  aureolus,  golden.] 
Oriole :  a  migratory,  gaily-coloured,  sparrow- 
like  bird,  with  long  beak,  belonging  to 
Merulidaj,  feeding  on  insects  and  berries, 
visiting  England  only  in  summer;  builds 
concealed  open  nest.  O.  galbula=Golden. 
oriole.  O.  ?>ionac/ms=Nun-thrush. 

Orion.  The  most  brilliant  of  the  constellations, 
visible  from  every  part  of  the  globe.  Trape- 
zium of  O. :  formed  by  the  stars  Betelgeuse, 
Bellatrix,  Rigel,  and  a  fourth.  O's  belt:  also 
called  Three  Kings,  Golden  Yard,  and  Jacob's 
Staff:  contains  the  three  bright  stars  Alnitak, 
Alnilam,  and  Mintaka.  Nebula  ofO.:  one  of 
the  finest  nebulse  known,  below  the  sword 
belt  of  Orion,  the  centre  being  the  star  6 
Orionis. 

Ornithite,  (or'ni-th!t)=Metabrushite:  a  mine- 
ral, chiefly  phosphate  of  calcium. 

Ornithichnites,  (or-nith-ik-ni'tez).  [Gk.  ornis, 
bird;  ichnos,  footstep.]  Footmarks  of  birds. 
v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Ornithocephalus,  (or-nith-o-sefal-us).  [Gk. 
ornis,  bird;  keykale,  head.]=Pterodactyle, 
q.v. 

Ornithodelphia,  (or-nith-5-delf i-a).  [Gk.  ornis, 
bird;  dclphys,  womb.]=:Monotremata,  q.v.: 
a  primary  division  of  Mammalia,  including 
only  the  Ornithorhynchus  and  Echidna; 
have  no  true  teeth,  but  one  passage  for  the 
urinary,  genital,  and  intestinal  products; 
and  only  a  small  corpus  callosum. 

Ornithogalum,  (or-nith-og'a-lum).  [Gk.  ornis, 
bird;prai«,milk.]=Star  of  Bethlehem:  a  plant, 
with  linear  leaves,  belonging  to  Liliaceee. 

Ornithoglossum,  (or-nith-6-glos'sum).  [Gk. 
ornis,  bird;  glossa,  ton gue.]= Bird's  tongue: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Melanthacese. 


ORNITHOID 


247 


ORTHOTROPOUS 


Ornithoid,   (or'ni-thoid).       [Gk.   ornis,  bird; 

eidos,   form.]      Bird  -like  animals,   known 

only  by  fossil  footmarks  and  other  tracks. 

v.  Lithichnozoa.   0.  hzards=0.  Batrachians. 

0.  marsupmlia=:A.nomsep\is. 
Ornithology,  (or-ni-thol'o-j  i).    [Gk.  ornis,  bird  ; 

logos,  discourse.]    The  division  of  the  science 

of  zoology  which  relates  to  birds. 
Ornithopus,  (or-nith'o-pus).     [Gk.  ornis,  bird; 

pous,  foot.]     1.  Bird's-foot  trefoil:  an  herb, 

belonging  to  Fabacese,  named  from  the  form 

of  the  fruits.     2.  A  bird,  known  only  by 

fossil  footmarks,     v.  Lithichnozoa. 
Ornithorhynchus,  (or-nith-6-ring'kus).      [Gk. 

ornis,   bird;    rygchos,   beak.]  =Duck-  billed 

Platypus  =  Water  -  mole  =  Duck  -  mole  :   an 

aquatic  animal,  found  in  Australia,  having 

the  form  of  a  quadruped,  covered  with  hair, 

having  spurs  like  a  fowl,  and  a  mouth  like 

the  beak  of  a  duck:  graduates  towards  rep- 

tiles. 
Ornithosauria,  (or  -  nith  -  5  -  saw  '  ri  -  a).    [Gk. 

ornis,   bird  :    saura,  lizard.]  =  Pterosauria: 

reptiles    related    to  birds  ;    regarded  as    a 

primary  division  of  Vertebrata. 
Ornithotomy,  (or-nith-ot'o-mi).    [Gk.  ornis, 

bird;  tome,  section.  ]=.  Anatomy  of  birds,    v. 

Zootomy. 
Ornus,  (or'nus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Flowering- 

ash:  a  plant  belonging  to  Oleacese.    0.  rotun- 

<fi/0Jia=Manna-ash. 
Orobanchaceee,  (  or  -  6  -  bang  -  ka'se  -  e  ).     [Oro- 

banche.]=  Broom  -rapes:  leafless  herbs,  para- 

sitic upon  roots,  belonging  to  Gentiariales. 
Orobanche,  (or-5-bang'ke))  [Gk.  orobos,  vetch; 

agcho,  I  strangle.]=Broom-rape:  the  type  of 

Orobanchacese,  q.v. 
Orontiacese,(or-on-ti-a'se-S):=Orontiads:  herbs, 

some  stemless,  with  broad  leaves,  belonging 

to  Juncales. 
Orobus,   (or'o-bus).      [Gk.   oro,  I  stimulate; 

boos,  ox.  ]=Bitter-  vetch:  a  plant  belonging 

to  Leguminacece. 
Orographical,  (5  -  r5  -  graf  '  i  -  kal).     [Gk.  oros, 

mountain;  grapho,  I  write.]      Eclating  to 

the  description  of  mountains.      0.  map= 

Map  of  mountainous  districts. 
Orphanozoa,  (or-fan-o-zo'a).      [Gk.  orphanos, 

orphan;  zoon,   animal.]      Ehrenberg's  term 

for  Amphibia  and  fishes,  which  take  no  care 

of  their  young. 
Orphean  warbler=Sylvia  orphea:  a  song  bird 

belonging  to  Insessores;  rare  in  England. 
Orpiment,   (or'pi-ment).      [L.  aim,  of  gold; 

pigmenlum,    paint.]  =  Yellow    sulphide    of 


=As2S3:  used  for  colouring:  a  yellow, 

translucent  mineral,  crystallising  in  rhombs, 

belonging  to  the  arsenic  group. 
Orpine,   (or'pin)^Sedum:  a  succulent  herb 

belonging  to  Crassulacese. 
Orrery,  (or're-ri).     [The  Earl  of  Orrery.]    An 

apparatus    for  showing  the  relative  sizes, 

motions,    and    positions    of    the    sun    and 

planets,  including  the  earth. 
Orris,  (or'ris).    [Corruption  of  Iris.  ]=Iris,  q.v. 
Orsellic  acid,  (or-sel'lik).     [Orsella,  a  lichen.] 

=Lecanpric  acid,  q.v. 
Orthagorisca,  (or-tha-go-ris'ka).      O.  mola= 

Molebut:  a  variety  of  the  sunfish. 


Orthidse,   (or'thi-de).      Orthis,    q.v. ;   eidos, 

form.]  A  family  of  molluscs,  belonging  to 
Brachiopoda. 

Orthis,  (or'this).  [Gk,  orthos,  straight.]  A 
genus  of  Brachiopoda:  found  fossil,  very 
abundantly,  in  Silurian  rocks. 

Orthite,  (or'thit).  [Gk.  orthos,  straight.]  A 
brittle  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum, 
iron,  &c. ;  also  called  Allanite. 

Orthocephali,  (or-tho-sef'a-li).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight ;  kephale,  head.]  =  Middle-headed: 
having  the  breadth  of  the  head  4ths  of  the 
length.  cf.  Dolichocephalic  and  brachy- 
cephalic. 

Orthoceras,  ( or-tho'ser-as ).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight;  keras,  horn .]  A  cephalopod,  charac- 
teristic of  Llandeilo-flag  rocks:  named  from 
its  form. 

Orthoclase,  (or-tho'klaz).  [Gk.  orthos, straight; 
klasis,  fracture.]  A  transparent  mineral,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties,  belonging 
to  the  felspar  group,  found  in  granite, 
gneiss,  &c. :  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum  and 
potassium.  Obsidian,  pitchstone,  porphyry, 
trachyte,  are  varieties  of  O.  v.  Hardness 
and  Fusibility. 

Orthoclastic,  (or-tho-klas'tik).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight;  Stasis,  fracture.]  O.  minerals  have 
right-angled  cleavage. 

Orthogonal,  (  or-thog'on-al ).  [Gk.  orthos, 
right;  gonia,  angle,]  Perpendicular:  right- 
angled.  0.  system:  two  surfaces  belonging 
to  this  system  when  the  principal  tangents 
correspond. 

Orthographic,  (or-tho-grafik).  [Gk.  orthos, 
correct;  grapho,  I  write.]  0.  projection:  v. 
Projection. 

Orthophosphates.    v.  Phosphates. 

Orthophosphoric  acid,  (or-tho-fos-for'ik).  [Gk. 
orthos,  right;  Phosphoric,  q.v.]  =  H^PO^^= 
Ordinary  phosphoric  acid=Tribasic  P.  A.= 
Trihydric  phosphate. 

Orthoptera,  (or-thop'ter-a).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight;  pteron,  wing.]  Cockroaches,  grass- 
hoppers, &c.:  terrestrial,  voracious,  herbi- 
vorous insects,  undergoing  incomplete  meta- 
morphosis, forming  a  primary  division  of 
insects :  have  soft  leathery  elytra,  cannot 
fold  the  wings  crossways.  The  males  are  all 
musical. 

Classification  ofO. — 

Cursoria=Ruimers. 
Raptoria= Snatch  ers. 
Ambulatoria=Walkers. 
Saltatoria= Jumpers. 

Orthorhombic,  (or-tho-rom'bic).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight;  Rhombus,  q.v.]  0.  system:  in 
mineralogy  =  Rectangular  system  =  Pris- 
matic=Trimetfic:  in  which  the  three  axes 
are  unequal,  and  intersect  at  right  angles. 

Orthorhynchus,  (or-tlio-ring'kus).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight;  rhyychos,  beak.]  Giant  humming- 
bird ;  a  sparrow-like  bird.  v.  Trochilidse. 

Orthose=Orthoclase,  q.v. 

Orthosilicates.    v.  Silicates. 

Orthostichies,  (or-tho-stik'i-ez).  [Gk.  orthos, 
straight;  stichos,  row.]  Straight-rows. 

Orthotropous,  (or-thot'ro-pus).     [Gk.  orthos, 


OUTOLAK 


248 


OSTREA 


straight;  trope,  turning.]  Turned  in  the 
right  direction:  used  especially  of  a  seed  in 
which  the  foramen  is  opposite  to  the  hilum. 

Ortolan,  (or'to-lan).  [The  French  name.]  A 
singing  bird,  belonging  to  Fringillidaj. 

Ortyx,  (or'tiks).  An  American  bird,  corre- 
sponding to  the  quail  of  the  Old  World. 

Orycteropus,  (or-ik-ter'o-pus).  [Gk.  orykter, 
digger;  pous,  foot.]  A  rat-like  animal,  be- 
longing to  Edentata.  0.  Capensis:  Cape 
ant-eater;  also  called  ground-hog  and  aard- 
vark. 

Oryctology,  (  or-ik-tol'6-ji ).  [Gk.  oryktos, 
dug  up;  logos,  discourse.]  The  branch  of 
geology  which  treats  of  fossils. 

Oryx,  (p'riks).      A  variety  of  the  antelope 
=  Antilope       oryx ; 
also  called  gems-boc: 
found  in  South  Africa. 

Oryza,  (6-ri'za).  [The 
Greek  name.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Gluma- 
cese.  O.  sativa  = 
Rice. 

Os,  (os).  [The  Latin'/ 
word.]  =  Bone  :  0. 
articulare,  v.  Mal- 
leus. 0.  calcis=C&l- 
cineum  :  the  bone 
of  the  heel.  O.  hyoid 
=  Hyoid  bone,  in  Oryx, 

fishes.  O.  innominatum  =  Haunch  =  hip- 
bone: a  large  bone  fastened  to  the  sacrum, 
and  having  a  socket  in  which  the  thigh  bone 
fits:  composed  of  ilium,  ptibis,  and  ischium. 
0.  quadratum,  v.  Malleus. 

Osage-orange=Maclura  aurantiaca:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Moracese. 

Osborne  series,  (oz'born).  [O.  Isle  of  Wight] 
=St.  Helen's  series:  fresh-water  beds  be- 
longing to  Upper  Eocene. 

Oscillating,  (os-sil-la'ting).  [L.  oscillo,  I 
swing.]  O.  engine:  one  in  which  the  cylinder 
oscillates. 

Oscillation,  ( os-siHa'shun ).  [L.  oscillo,  1 
swing.  ]  Vibration.  Angular  O.  =  Gyra- 
tion. 

Oscula,  (os'ku-la).  [L.  osculum,  small  mouth.] 
Small  openings  or  mouths. 

Osculation,  (  os-ku-la'shun  ).  [L.  osculum, 
little  mouth.]:=Contact. 

Ose,  (os).  A  termination  in  organic  chemistry, 
used  for  sugars.  E.g.  sucrose,  lactose,  <fec. 

Osier,  (6'zhi-er).  [The  French  name.]=Salix 
viminalis:  a  willow-like  plant,  belonging  to 
Salicacese. 

Osion.    A  termination,    v.  Oxion. 

Osmazome,  (oz'ma-zom).  [Gk.  osme,  smell; 
zomos,  juice.]  An  extract  of  flesh,  of  which 
creatine  is  a  constituent. 

Osmelite,  (oz'me-lit)=Pectolite. 

Osmic  acid,  (oz'mik),  [Osmium,  q.v.]  OsO^ 
now  called  tetroxide  of  osmium. 

Osmiridium,  (oz-mi-rid'i-um).  [Osmium  and 
Iridium,  q.v.  ]  =  Iridosmine  :  an  alloy  of 
osmium  and  iridium. 

Osmium,  (oz'mi-um).  [Gk.  osme,  odour.]= 
Os:  one  of  the  noble  metals;  the  least  fusible 
of  all  the  metals. 


Osmose,  (os'm6z).  [Gk,  osmos,  an  impulse.] 
Penetration  of  porous  vessels  by  liquids. 

Osttiunda,  (os-mUn'da).  [Osmunder,  one  of 
the  names  of  Thor.]=Fern-royal=flowering 
fern:  a  plant  belonging  to  Polypodiacere. 

Osmundacese,  (os-mun-da'se-e).  [Osmunda, 
q.v.]  A  sub-division  of  fei-ns.  v.  Filices. 

Osprey,  (os'pra).  [Corruption  of  Ossifrage.]= 
Fishing  eagle  = 
Falco  haliaetus= 
Pandion  halire- 
tus :  a  bird  of 
prey;  also  called 
Bald-buzzard. 

Ossein,    (os'se-in). 
fL.  osseus,  bony.] 
Bone  cartilage:  a  % 
gelatinous  tissue. 

Osseius,  (os'e-us.) 
[The  Latin  word.] 
0.  bony  fishes: 
bony  fishes  = 
Teleostei,  q.v. 

Ossicles,  (os'si-klz).  [L.  ossiculum,  small 
bone.]  Auditory  ossicles :  the  stapes,  mal- 
leus, and  incus:  three  small  bones  in  the  ear. 

Ossicula,  (os-sik'u-la).  [L.  ossiculum,  small 
bone.]  A  general  term  for  small  bones. 

Ossification,  (os-sif-i-ka'shun).  The  formation 
of  bone,  from  cartilage  or  fibrous  tissue. 

Osteocolla,  (os-te-6-kol'la).  [Gk.  osteon,  bone; 
kolla,  glue.]  1.  A  variety  of  calc  tufa.  2. 
A  glue  obtained  from  bones. 

Osteolepis,  (os-te-ol'e-pis).  [Gk.  osteon,  bone; 
lepis,  scale.]  A  ganoid  fish,  known  by  fossil 
remains  found  in  the  Old  Red  Sandstone. 

Osteolite,  ( os'te-6-lit ).  [Gk.  osteon,  bone; 
lithos,  stone.] = Apatite:  a  mineral,  chiefly 
phosphate  and  chlorate  of  lime:  an  altered 
variety  of  apatite. 

Osteozoa,  (os-te-o-zo'a).  [Gk.  osteon,  bone; 
2oo7i,  animal.]  Burmeister's  term  for  Ver- 
tebrata. 

Osteozoaria,  (  os-te-6-zo-a'ria  ).  [Gk.  osteon, 
bone;  2oon,  animal.]  In  De  Blainville's  and 
Milne  Edwards's  classifications— Vertebrata. 

Ostracoda,  ( os-tra'ko-da  ).  [Gk.  ostrakon, 
shell;  eidos,  like.]  Small  crustaceans,  with 
hinged  bivalve  carapace,  and  branchice 
attached  to  jaws:  found  fossil  from  Lower 
Cambrian  to  recent  rocks. 

Ostracoderma,  (os-tra'ko-der-ma).  [Gk.  ostra- 
kon, shell;  derma,  skin.]  1.  A  genus  of 
plants  belonging  to  Fungales.  2.  An  animal 
belonging  to  Crustacea.  3.  Burmeister'a 
term  for  a  division  of  Crustacea,  including 
Cirripedia,  Rotatoria,  &c. 

Ostraciontidae,  (os-tra-si-on'ti-de).  [Gk.  ostra- 
kon, shell;  eidos,  form.]  Trunk-fishes,  Q.V.: 
fishes  belonging  to  Plectognathi. 

Ostracostei,  (os'tra-kos'te-i).  [Gk.  ostrakon, 
shell.]  Placoganoid  fishes,  having  the  head 
and  fore  part  of  body  encased  in  ganoid 
plates;  extinct  since  Devonian  period;  in- 
clude Pterichthys,  Pteraspis,  Cephalaspis,  &c. 

Ostranite,  (os'tra-nit)=Zircon,  q.v. 

Ostrea,  (os'tre-a).  [The  Latin  name.]  Oyster: 
a  molluscous  animal,  belonging  to  Pectinidie, 
of  which  there  are  many  fossil  varieties. 


OSTRICH 


OVOVIVIFAKOTIS 


Ostrich,  (os'trich).  [Autruche,  the  French 
name.]=Struthio:  a 
large  land  bird:  with 
short  wings,  the  type 
of  Struthionidse.  Ana- 
logous to  the  rhea  of 
America,  and  the  emu 
and  cassowary  of  Aus- 
tralia. African  O.  = 
Struthio  camelus. 
American  0.=Rhea. 

Ostrya,  (os'tri-a).      [Gk. 
ostryos,    scale.  ]  —  Hop-  4_| 
hornbeam:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Corylacese. 

Osyekanis,     An  African 
people.  Ostrich. 

Otaria,  (5-tar'i-a).  [Gk.  otarion,  small  ear.] 
Sea-bear:  a  marine  carnivorous  animal,  be- 
longing to  Phocidse,  named  from  its  exter- 
nal ears.  0.  JMt>a<a=Sea-lion.  0.  priscilla 
=C;ipe  eared-seal. 

Othyl,  (oth'il)=Acetyl,  q.v. 

Otidse,  (o'ti-de).  [Otis,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos,  form.] 
= Bustards:  land  birds  belonging  to  Pressi- 
rostres. 

Otis,  (o'tis).  [The  Latin  name.]  Bustard:  a 
poultry-like  bird  the  type  of  Otidae. 

Otoconium,  (ot-6-k5'ni-um).  [Gk.  ous,  ear; 
konis,  dust.]  =  Ear-dust :  in  the  human 
ear. 

Otocrane,  (ot'o-krfm).  [Gk.  ous,  ear;  Cranium, 
q.v.]  The  open  bony  chamber  of  the  ear  in 
fishes. 

Otolicnos,  (ot-o-lik'nos)=Galago :  a  half-ape, 
found  in  Africa,  remarkable  for  its  acti- 
vity. 

Otolithic,  (pt-o-lith'ik).  [Gk.  ous,  ear;  lithos, 
stone.]  0.  stones:  small  bones  in  the  ears  of 
fishes,  and  in  auditory  sacs  of  invertebrate 
animals,  cf.  Otoconium.  0.  vesicle:  organ 
of  hearing  in  Medusae. 

Otoliths,  (ot'6-liths).  [Gk.  ous,  ear;  lithos, 
stone.]  Small  bones  in  the  ear,  contained 
in  the  membranous  labyrinth;  a  kind  of 
rattle  in  the  organ  of  hearing  of  some  fishes 
and  cephalopoda. 

Otopteris,  (ot-op'ter-is).  [Gk.  ous,  ear;  pteron, 
wing.]  A  plant  known  only  by  fossil  re- 
mains. 

Otozoum,  (ot-o-zo'um).  [Gk.  otos,  giant;  zoon, 
animal.]  A  frog-like  animal,  known  only 
by  its  fossil  track,  v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Otter,  (ot'ter).  (Oter,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Lutra,  q.v.;  also- 
Must  e 1  a ,  q.v. 
Canada  0.=Lutra 
Canadensis.  Marsh 
O.=Mustela  vison. 
Sea  0 .  =  Lutra 
marina:  int.r- 
mediate  between  Otter, 

seals  and  otters.     0.  s7tgej»=Ancon  sheep. 

Ottrelite,  (ot'tre-llt)= Phy llite. 

Otus,  (o'tus).  [Gk.  ous,  ear.]  Long-eared 
owl:  a  bird  belonging  to  Strigidse. 

Oudenodon,  (o-den'6-don).  [Gk.  ouden,  none; 
odous,  tooth. ]  A  genus  of  Dicynodoutia,  q.v.: 
an  extinct  reptile. 


Ounce,  (ouns).     [1.  Once,  the  French  name. 

2.    L.     uncia, 

twelfth  part.]    1. 

=  Felis.     2.  A 

weight:  in  avoir- 
dupois  weight=: 

437J    grains ;    in 

troy  and  apothe- 
caries   weight  = 

480  grains. 
Ourang.  v.  Orang.  Ounce. 

Ousaisthenics,    ( o  -  sas  -  then '  iks  ).        [  Gk. 

ous,  ear ;  aisthenics,  sensation.]    Ear-seiisa- 

tions. 
Oustitis,  (os-ti-tis)=Simia  jacchus  =  Hapale: 

a  small  American  monkey. 
Outcrop=Bassett:  that  part  of  an  inclined 

stratum  which  comes  to  the  surface. 
Outer-strakes=Raised  strakes.    v.  Strakea. 
Ova,  (6'va).     [L.  ovum,  egg.]    Plural  of  ovum, 

q.v. 
Oval,  (5'val).    [L.  ovum,  egg.]    Egg-shaped; 

elliptic. 
Ovalbumin,   (6-val-bu'min).     [Ovum  and 

Albumin,  q.v.]    A  variety  of  albumin  found 

in  white  of  egg. 
Ovaries,  (6'va-riz).     [Ovary,  q.v.]    Plural  of 

ovary,  q.v. 
Ovary,  (6'var-i).    [Ovarium,  the  Latin  word.] 

The  cavity  of  a  carpel,  which  contains  the 

seeds;  a  general  term  for  the  enclosure  of  the 

fetus  in  viviparous  animals.    0.  of  ./?s7i= 

Roe. 
Oven-bird  =  Furnarius  filiginosus:    a   small 

insectivorous  bird  found  on  river  banks. 
Over-grown=Hypertrophied. 
Overshot- wheel.  A  water-wheel  turned  by  the 

fall  of  water  upon 

its   circumference ; 

used  for    small 

streams  of  con- 
siderable fall. 
Overtones,  (6'ver 

1 6  n  z  ).     Harmonic 

sounds :  higher 

notes  also  produced 

when  any  musical 

note  is  sounded,  v. 

Tones.  Overshot- wheel. 

Ovibos,  (o-vi-bos).    An  animal  belonging  to 

Bovidae.     O.  mosc7i«£«s=Musk-ox. 
Oviducts,  (5'vi-dukts).    [L.  ovum,  egg;  ductus, 

duct.]=Fallopian  tubes,  q.v. 
Oviforme,  (6'vi-form)=Egg-like. 
Ovipara.      De    Blainville's  term    for   birds, 

reptiles,  amphibia,  and  fishes. 
Oviparous,  (6-vip'a-rus).    [L.  ovum,  egg; 

pario,  I  produce.]     Bringing  forth  oifspring 

in  a  shell,  which  is  detached  from  the  parent 

before  any  considerable  degree  of  develop- 
ment:   as    with   birds,   insects,    mollusca, 

arachnida,  &c. 
Oviposition,  (6-vi-pd-zish'un).     [L.  ovum,  egg; 

pono,  I  place.]    Deposition  of  eggs,  as  by 

insects,  &c. 
Ovoviviparous,  (o-vo-vl-vip'a-rus).     [L.  ovum, 

egg;  vivus,  alive;  pario,  1  produce.] =Internal 

incubation:  having  the  young  in  a  shell, 

which  is  retained  within  the  body  until  it  is 


OVIS 


250 


OXYMURIATIC  ACID 


hatched;  intermediate  between,  viviparous 

and  oviparous;  in  scorpions. 
Ovis,  (6'vis).     [The  Latin  name.]=Sheep.     0. 

argalis= Axgal.      0.  anes=Common  sheep. 

Female  sheep =  Ewe. 
Ovules,   (6'vulz).      [L.   ovulum,    small   egg.] 

Young  seeds;  also  called  seed  buds. 
Ovum,  (6'vum).     [The  Latin  word.]    One  of 

the  two  bodies  employed  in  sexual  repro- 
duction; the  total  result  of  the  development 

of  one  ovum  is  called  an  individual. 
Owenite,  (6-we-nit).     [Professor  Owen.]= 

Thuringite,  q.v. 
Owen's  classification  of  animals  (made  by 

Professor  Owen): — 

Vertebrata. 
Articulata. 
Mollusca. 
Radiara. 
Entozoa. 
Infusoria, 

Owl,  (owl).    [Ule,  the  A.-S.  name.]    A  noc- 
turnal bird.    Great 

O.—  Bubo  maxi- 

nms.      Hawk  0.= 

Strix  surnia. 
Ox,  (oks).    [Oxa,  the 

A.-S.  name.]  =  Bos 

taurus:  an  animal 

belonging  to  Bovi- 

dae.      Indian  O.= 

Bos  Indicus.       0. 

tongue  =  H  e  1  m  i  n- 

thia.    O.  eye  daisy 

=.  Chrysanthemum 

leucanthemum.  0. 

iip=.Primula  elatior.     O.bird:  a  snipe-like 

bird.     O.  tongue  :=Helminthia. 
Oxalates,  (oks'a-lats).     [Oxalis,  q.v.]    Salts  of 

Oxalic  acid. 
Oxalhydric  acid,  (oks-al-lu'drik)  =  Saccharic 

acid,  q.v. 
Oxalic,  (ok-sal'ik).    [Oxalis,  q.v.]     O.  acid=* 

Dihydric  oxaJate  =  C2HaO4  :    a   crystalline 

poisonous     substance    obtained    from    the 

leaves    of   the    plant    oxalis,   from    sugar, 

Btarch,  &c.;  also  from  carbonic  and  acetic 

acids.       O.   etfur  =  (C2H5)2C2H4  =  Diethyl 

oxaiate =Cf;HioO4:  an  odorous  liquid.      0. 

smes=CnH2n.2O4:  a  series  of  volatile  acids, 

including  oxalic  and  succinic  acidsi 
Oxalidaceae,   (oks-al-i-da'se-e).     [Oxalis,   q.v.} 

— Oxalids :    herbs  and    trees    belonging  to 

Geraniales;  also  called  Hugomacete. 
Oxalis,  (oks'a-lis).     [Gk.  oxys>  sharp.  ]=Wood- 

sorrel:  an  herb,  the  type  of  Oxalidacete. 
Oxalite,  (oks'a-lit).     [Oxalis,  g.w.]=Humbold- 

tine:  a  mineral,  chiefly  oxaiate  of  iron. 
Oxalo-mtrile= Prussian  blue. 
Oxalunc,  (oks-a-lu'rik).     [Oxalic  and   Uric, 

q.v.]    O.  acid=C^R^N20^:  a  derivative  of 

uric  acid,  which  readily  separates  into  oxalic 

acid  and  urea. 
Oxamethane,  (oks-a-meth'an)  =Oxamic 

ethane",  a  crystaDine  substance. 
Oxamic  acid,  (oks'a-mik).     [Oxamide,  q.v.]= 

CgHsNOs:   one  of  the  amidated  acids.     O. 

eMer=Oxaniethane. 
Oxamide,  (oks'a-mid).      [Oxalis  and  Amide, 


Owl. 


sometimes  acid,  some- 


- one  of  the  diamides  ;   a 

neutral,    solid,     powdery    substance,  from 

oxalic  ether,  &c. 
Oxammite,  (oks-am'mit).     Oxaiate  of  ammo- 

nium: found  in  the  stomach  and  vertebral 

column  of  birds. 

Oxanilide,  (oks-an'i-lid)=Diphenyl  oxamide. 
Oxanthracene,  (oks-an'thra'sen).    Ci4H8Oo:  a 

crystalline  substance  obtained  from  anthra- 

cene. 
Oxatyl,  (oks'a-til)=CHO2=Carboxyl:  an 

organic  radicle,  assumed  to  be  present  in 

organic  acids,  of  which  it  is  supposed  to  be 

the  acid  principle. 
Oxen,  (oks'en).     Plural  of  Ox,  q.v. 
Oxford  clay.    A  bed,   belonging  to  Middle 

Oolite,  containing  many  fossil  remains  of 

Cephalopoda. 
Oxidation,  (oks-i-da'shun).    f  Oxide,  q  .  v.  ]    The 

combination  of  oxygen  with  a  metal  or  other 

substance. 
Oxides,  (oks'idz).    [Oxygen,  Q.V.]    Compounds 

of  oxygen  and  metals,  or  other  substances 

which  combine  with  it,      1.  Basic  oxides, 

which  have  the    properties    of    bases.      2. 

Neutral  oxitfes.    3.  Anhydrides,  q.v. 

Suboxides  :  as  HgoO. 

Monoxides:  as  Ca<3:  basic. 

Sesquioxides:  as  AloOs:  basic  in  a  feeble 

degree. 
Dioxides:  as 

times  basic. 
Tri  oxides:  as  WO3. 
Anhydrides:  as 

Oxidising  flame,  of  blowpipe.  The  portion  of 
the  flame  where  complete  combustion  takes 
place;  in  which  substances  become  oxidised. 

Oxion,  (oks'i-on).  [Oxygen,  q.v.]  The  radicle 
of  a  salt:  the  non-metallic  element,  or  equiva- 
lent compound,  of  hydrated  acid,  ending  in  ic 
=an  anhydride  and  an  atom  of  oxygen.  If 
the  acid  end  in  ous  the  oxion  is  termed  an 
osion. 

Oxlip=  Primula  elatior. 

Ox-tongue=Helminthia. 

Oxyacids,  (oks-i-as'ids).  Formerly  used  for 
acids  containing  oxygen,  to  distinguish  them 
from  hydracids.  cf.  Hydracids. 

Oxybenzamio  acid=Benzamic  acid,  q,v. 

Oxybutyric  acid—  Butylactic  acid: 

Oxycarbons,  (oks-i-kar'bonzJ^Carbon  oxides, 

Oxychlorides  of  acids  =  Chlorides  of  acid 
radicles. 

Oxycoccos,  (oks-i-kok'kos).  [Gk.  oxys,  acid; 
kokkos,  berryJ^Cranberry:  a  shrub  belong- 
ing to  Vacciniacese. 

Oxygen,  (ok'si-gen).  [Gk.  oxys-t  acid;  gennao, 
I  produce.]  =O":  a  colourless,  tasteless,  in- 
odorous gas,  heavier  than  the  atmosphere, 
of  which,  as  also  of  water,  it  is  a  constituent; 
essential  to  the  life  of  nearly  all  animals: 
enters  into  combination  with  nearly  all  other 
substances,  sometimes  so  violently  as  to  cause 
combustion. 

Oxyhydrogen  light=Lime  light:  an  intense 
light,  produced  by  heating  a  ball  of  lime  in  a 
flame  of  hydrogen  burning  in  oxygen. 

Oxymurlatic  acid,  (oks-i-mu-ri-at'ik).     An  old 


OXYPHENIC  ACID 


251 


PALJEOPHYTOLOGY 


'name  used  for  Chlorine,  on  the  assumption 
of  its  being  a  compound  of  oxygen  and 
muriatic  acid. 

Oxyphenic  acid,  (oks-i-fe'nik)=C6H602= 
Pyrocatechin :  a  substance  derived  from 
benzol  by  replacing  two  atoms  of  hydrogen 
by  two  atoms  of  hydroxyl. 

Oxypicric  acid,  (  oks  -  i - pik'rik )  =  Styphnic 
acid=^Trinitroresorcin :  obtained  from  sapan 
wood,  &c.=C6H3N3O8. 

Oxyria,  (oks-1'ri-a).  [Gk.  oxys,  sharp.]  Moun- 
tain-sorrel: a  plant  belonging  to  Polygou- 
aceaa. 

Oxysalts,  Salts  in  which  oxygen  is  an  im- 
portant constituent. 

Oxysulphion,  (oks-i-sulf  i-on).  [Oxygen, 
sulphur,  and  ion,  q.v.]=&O^:  one  of  the 
constituents  of  sulphate  of  potassium,  which 


goes  to  the  positive  pole  in  galvanic  decom- 
position of  the  salt:  not  known  separately. 

Oxytropis,  (oks-it'ro-pis).  [Gk.  oxys,  sharp; 
tropis,  keel.]  An  herb  belonging  to  Fabacese. 

Oxyuris,  (oks-i-u'ris).  [Gk.  oxys,  sharp;  oura, 
tail.  ]=:  Thread-worm:  a  small  worm-like  ani- 
mal belonging  to  Nematoidea. 

Oyster,  (oys'ter).  [Ostrea,  the  Latin  name.] 
Ostrea:  a  bivalve  molluscous  animal,  the 
ty pe  of  Pectin  idae.  0.  ca<cAe»'=.Hsematopus; 
a  wading  bird. 

Ozarkite,  (5-zar'kIt)=Thomsonite. 

Ozocerite,  (o-zo-se'rit).  [Gk.  ozeo,  I  smell; 
keros,  wax.]— Fossil  wax:  an  inflammable 
mineral  substance. 

Ozone,  (6-z5n').  [Gk.  ozeo,  to  be  odorous.]= 
Electrified  oxygen:  oxygen  in  a  modified  and 
condensed  form. 


P. 


Paca,  (pa'ka).      [  The  Portuguese  name.  ]= 

Cavia    paca  = 

Coelogenys :     an 

animal  belonging 

to  Dasyprocta. 
Pachy-,  (pak'i). 

[G  k .    pachys, 

thick.]    A  prefix 

implying    thick- 
ness. 
Pachybatrachus, 

pak-i-ba-tra'kus).  Paca. 

[Gk.    pachys,    thick;    Batrachian,   q.v.}    A 

South    American     toad  =  Brachycephalus, 

0.9. 

Pachydactylous,  (pak-i-dak'ti-lus).  [Gk. 
pachys,  thick;  daktylos,  finger.]  P.  Lithi- 
chnozoa:  thick-toed  birds,  known  only  by 
their  footmarks,  v.  Lithichnozoa. 

Pachydennata,  (  pak  -  i  -  der'ma  -  ta  ).  [Gk. 
pachys,  thick;  derma,  skin.]  Pachyderms: 
elephant,  rhinoceros,  horse,  pig,  &c. ,  a  prim- 
ary division  of  Mammalia;  also  regarded 
as  a  sub-division  of  Ungulata. 

Packfong,  (pak'fong).  An  alloy  of  copper, 
nickel,  and  zinc,  resembling  German  silver. 

Paddle-nsh=Spatularia:  a  sturgeon-like  fish. 

Paddy.     Rough  rice  in  the  husk. 

Paddy-bird^=Loxia  oryzivora  ;  named  from 
eating  rice. 

Paeonia,  (pe-6'ni-a).  [Gk.  pceon,  song  of 
triumph.]  Pseony:  an  herb,  with  large  showy 
flowers,  belonging  to  Ran-mculacese. 

Pagellus,  (pa-jel'lus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Sea- 
bream;  a  fish  belonging  to  Acanthopteri. 

Pagoda,  (pa-go'da).  [Hind,  boot-kuda,  idol- 
house.]  A  temple,  built  in  stages  of  gradu- 
ally diminished  size,  common  in  the  East 
Indies  and  China. 

Pagrus,  (pag'rus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Braize:  a  fish  belonging  to  Acanthopteri. 

Paguridae,  (pa-gu'ri-de).  [  Pagurus,  q.v.] 
Hermit-crabs  =  Robber-crabs :  animals,  be- 
longing to  Anomura,  living  in  whelk  shells. 

Pagurus,  (pa-gu'rus).  [Pagouras,  the  Greek 
name.]  Hermit-crab;  the  type  of  Paguridse. 


Paigle,  (pa'gl).  [F.  epingle,  pin.]=Primula 
veris:  cowslip. 

Painted,  P.  lady= Vanessa  cardui.  P.  snipes 
=Rhynchsea:  of  which  the  males  are  more 
showy  than  females.  P.  p7ieasant=PhK,sinnns 
pictus.  P.  sjnir/owi=Galloperdix  lunulosa. 

Painting,    (pant'ing).      Fresco    P.:    on    wet 

Elaster,  with  colours  mixed  with  water  and 
.me.  Half-fresco:  on  dry  piaster.  OU  P  ' 
in  which  the  pigments,  transparent  or 
opaque,  are  mixed  with  oil.  Distemper  P, 
•=Tempera:  painting  with  opaque  colours 
mixed  with  size.  Water  colour  P.:  in  which 
the  colours  are  transparent  and  mixed  with 
water. 

Palaeichthyes,  (pa-le-ik'thi-es).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  ichthys,  fish.]  Name  suggested  for 
Ganoidei  and  Elasmobranchii:  fishes  having 
a  contractile  heart,  and  a  spiral  valve  in 
intestines. 

Palseocyclus,  (pa-le-5-si'klus).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  kyklos,  circle.]  The  only  represen- 
tatives of  Aporosa  corals  in  Silurian  rocks. 

Palseocyon,  (pal -e-os' i-on).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  kyon,  dog.]=Arctocyon,  q.v. 

Palaeography,  (pa-le-og'ra-fi).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  grapho,  I  write.]  The  art  of  de- 
ciphering ancient  inscriptions. 

Palseolithik,  (pa-le-6-lith'ik).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  lithos,  stone.]  P.  age— Drift  period: 
the  oldest  in  which  traces  of  man  have  been 
found;  in  which  the  rivers  and  valleys  were 
somewhat  different  from  now;  and  in  which 
man  was  contemporary  with  the  elephant, 
rhinoceros,  and  cave-bear,  &c. 

Palseoniscus,  (pa-le-o-nis'kus).  An  hetero- 
cercal  fish,  fossil  remains  of  which  are  found 
in  Permian  strata. 

Palaeontology,  (pa-le-on-tol'6-ji).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  onta,  beings;  logos,  discourse.]= 
Palaeophytology+Palseozoology:  the  science 
of  fossil  remains. 

Palseophis,  (pa-le'of-is).  [Gk.  palaios,  ancient; 
ophis,  snake.]  A  snake,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains,  found  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Palseophytology,  (pii-le-6-fi-tor6-ji).     [Gk. 


PAIJ20RNIS 


PALMITYL 


palaios,  ancient  •  phyton,  plant. ]  The  branch 
of  Palaeontology  which  treats  of  fossil  re- 
mains of  plants. 

Palseornis,  (pal-e-or'nis).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  ornis,  bird.]  Ring-parrakeet:  a  bird 
belonging  to  Psittacinse,  of  which  there  are 
many  varieties. 

Palaeosaurus,  (pa-le-o-saw'rus).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient:  sauros,  lizard.]  A  reptile,  known 
by  fossil  remains,  found  in  Permian  rocks. 

Palseospongia,  (pa-le-6-spunj'i-a).  [Gk. 
palaios,  ancient.]  A  fossil  sponge  found  in 
Lower  Silurian  rocks. 

PahBotheridaj,  (pa-le-6-ther'i-de).  [Palseo- 
therium,  q.v.]  Animals  resembling  the 
Palseotherium,  5.17.;  range  in  size  from  a 
rabbit  to  a  rhinoceros;  having  three  toes 
to  each  foot. 

Palaeotherium,  (pa-le-o-the'ri-um).  [Gk. 
palaios,  ancient;  therion,  beast.]  A  tapir- 
like  mammal,  having  canine  teeth,  known 
only  by  fossil  remains  found  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

Paloeothrissum,  (pal-e-6-thris'sum).  [Gk. 
palaios,  ancient;  thrix,  hair.]=Pal8toniscus, 
q.v. 

Palaeozoic,  (pa-le-6-zo'ik).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  zoon,  organic  being.]=Primary:  a 
general  term  applied  to  the  older  strata, 
from  Cambrian  to  Permian  inclusive. 

Palseozoology,  (pa-le-o-zo-ol'o-ji).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient ;  Zoology,  q.v.  ]  The  branch  of 
Palaeontology  which  treats  of  fossil  remains 
of  animals. 

Palamedea,  (pal-a-med'e-a)=Microdactylus: 
a  goose-like  bird  adapted  for  arboreal  life, 
having  no  webs  on  the  feet;  found  in  South 
America;  also  called  screamer  bird. 

Palamopus,  (pal  -  am '  6  -  pus),  [Gk.  palame, 
A  frog -like  animal, 


palm ;  pous.  foot.  ] 
knc 


tnown  only  by  its  fossil  tracks,  v.  Litnich- 
nozoa. 

Palate,  (pal'fit).  [Palatus,  the  Latin  word.] 
=.Roof  of  the  mouth.  P.  bones:  two  ver- 
tical bones  in  the  front  of  the  skull,  the 
lower  ends  of  which  turn  in  and  meet  over 
the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

Palauchenia,  (pa-lau-ke'ni-a).  [Gk.  palaios, 
ancient;  Auchenia,  q.v.]  A  large  lama, 
known  only  by  fossil  remains,  found  in 
Quaternary  strata  in  Mexico. 

Palimpsest,  (pal'imp-sest).  [Palimpseslos, 
the  Greek  word.]  A  parchment  upon  which 
a  second  inscription  has  been  made,  the  first 
having  been  partially  effaced. 

Palinurus,  (pal-in-u'rus),  [Classical.]  Sea- 
crawfish:  a  crustacean  animal. 

Paliurus,  (pal-i-u'rus).  [The  Greek  name.]= 
Christ's  thorn:  a  plant  belonging  to  Rham- 
nacefe. 

Palladamine,  (pal  -  la '  da  -  min).  [Palladium, 
<?.v.]=PdH6NaO:  an  alkaline  base. 

Palladic,  (pal-la'dik).  [Palladium,  q.v.]  Re- 
lating to  palladium,  v.  Terminations,  ic. 

Palladious,  (pal-la'di-us).  [Palladium,  q.v.] 
v.  Terminations,  ous. 

Palladium,  (pal  -  la'di  -  um).  [Pallas.  ]=Pdiv: 
one  of  the  noble  metals;  a  rare,  hard,  white, 
ductile,  tenacious  metal,  usually  found  as 
an  alloy  with  iridium  and  platinum. 


Pallas,  (pal'las). 
Minoi  Planets. 


[Classical.]     No.  2  of  the 


Fallial,  (pal'li-al).     [Pallium,  q.v.]     P.  line: 

where  the  mantle  joins  the  shells  of  bivalve 

mollusca. 
Palliobranchiata,  (pal  -  li  -  6  -  bran  R  -  ki  -  a  '  ta). 

[L.    pallium,   mantle  ;    branchiae,   gills.]= 

Brachiopoda,  q.v.  :  a  name  given  to  them 

on  the  hypothesis    that   they  breathe  by 

means  of  their  mantles. 
Palliser  shot  and  shell,  (pal'is-ser).     Projec- 

tiles, with  pointed  heads,  hardened  by  beiug 

cast  in  iron  moulds. 
Pallium,  (pal'li-um).      [L.   pallium,  cloak.] 

Mantle:    the  outer  covering  of  a  mollusc 

within  the  shell.     In  Brachiopoda  the  lobes 

of  the  P.  correspond  with  the  anterior  and 

posterior  parts  of  the  body;  in  Lamellibran- 

chiata  with  the  right  and  left  sides. 
Palm,  (pam).     [Palma,  the  Latin  name.]    A 

tree,  the  type  of  Pal- 

macese.      P.  cabbage= 

Areca.       P.  oil:  from 

palm  tree.      P.  tree= 

Maximiliaria  regia.     P. 

tree    worm  :    a     thick 

fleshy  worm  found  in 

the  wood  of  the  cab- 

bage tree.    Doom  P.= 

Hyphaene.1 
Palmaceae,  (pal-ma'se-e). 

[Palm,   q.v.]  =  Palms: 

very    tall    trees,    with 

terminal     clusters     of  Palm. 

leaves,   the  type  of   Palmales,  and  giving 

flour,  oil,  salt,  sugar,  wax,  and  wine;  cocoa- 

nut,  date,  oil-palm,   cane  -palm,  <fec.,   are 

varieties  of  the  palm-tree:  found  fossil  as 

far  back  as  Secondary  rocks. 
Palma  Christ!  =  Castor  Oil  Plant  =  Ricinus 

communis. 
Palmacites,  (pal-ma'si-tez).     [Palm,  q.v.]    A 

fern,  known    only  by  fossil  remains  found 

in  Carboniferous  rocks;  named  from  being 

at  first  supposed  to  be  a  palm. 
Palmales,  (pal-ma'lez).     [Palm,  q.v.]=P&l- 

maceae,  q.v.    A  division  of  Endogens. 
Palmellaceae,  (pal-mel-la'se-e).     [Palm,  q.v.] 

Algae  bearing  fruticose  and  fiiiaceous  lichens. 
Palmitates,  (pal'  mi  -  tats).       [Palmitic,  q.v.] 

Compounds  of  palmitic  acid  and  bases. 
Palmitic  acid,  (pal'mit-ik).    [Palm  oil,  q.v.]= 


:    a  white,  fatty  substance,  from 

cocoa-nut  and  palm  oil,  butter,  &c.  ;  also  called 

cetylic  acid  and  ethalic  acid. 
Palmatin,   (pal'mi-tin). 

[  Palm     oil,     q.v.  ]  = 

C5iH98O6  :  a  fatty  sub- 

stance found  in  palm 

oil,  bees'-wax,  &c. 
Palmetto,    (  pal-ruet'to  ). 

[Palm,  q.v.]     The  cab- 

bage-palm; also  found 

fossil  in  Eocenerocks,im- 

plyingawarmerclimate. 
Pahnityl,    (  pal'mi-til  ). 

[Palmitic,  q.  v.  ;  Gk.  hylc, 

material.]     The  radicle 

of  the  palmitic  series.  Palmetto 


PALMIPEDES 


PAPER 


Palmipedes,  ( pal'mi-pedz  ).  (Palrmpes,  the 
Latin  word.]  Geese,  ducks,  pelicans,  alba- 
tross, &c. :  one  of  the  primary  divisions  of 
birds  in  Milne-Edward's  classification. 

Palmyra,  (pal-mi'ra).  P.  palm  =  Borassus 
flabelliformis. 

Palpi,  (pal'pi).  [Palpus,  the  Latin  word.] 
Feelers:  small  organs  of  touch. 

Paludicellea,  (pal-u-di-sel'la).  [L.  palus, 
marsh. ]  Fresh-water  Polyzoa:  a  sub-division 
of  Gymnolyemata,  q.v. 

Paludina,  (pal-u-di'na).  [L.  palus,  marsh.] 
A  fresh -water  Gasteropod.  P.  mvipara= 
River  snail. 

Pampas,  (pam'paz).  [Per.  pampa,  field.] 
Open  plains  of  great  extent  in  America. 

Pampero,  ( pam-pa'ro ).  [Pampas,  q.v.]  A 
summer  wind  from  the  Andes  blowing  over 
the  pampas  of  America. 

Panax,  (pu'naks).  [Gk.  pan,  all;  akos, 
remedy.]=Ginseng,  q.v. 

Pancreas,  (pan'kre-as).  [Gk.  pan,  all;  Jcreas, 
flesh.]  =  Sweetbread :  a  soft  white  fleshy 
gland  at  the  back  of  the  stomach. 

Pancreatic  (pan-kre-at'ik).  [Pancreas,  q.v.] 
P.  fluid;  a  colourless  alkaline  secretion, 
which  aids  the  digestion  of  fatty  matter, 
secreted  by  the  pancreas. 

Panda,  (pan'da)=Ailurus:  a  small  bear-like 
animal  found  in  the  Himalayas. 

Pandaean,  (pan-de'an).  [Pan,  the  god  of 
flocks.]  A  wind  musical  instrument,  consist- 
ing of  a  number  of  reeds  graduated  in  size. 

Pandanaceae,  (pan-da-na'se-e).  [Pandanus, 
Q.v.]=Screw-pmes:  tropical  trees,  with  naked 
or  scaly  flowers,  and  long  spiny  leaves  grow- 
ing in  spirals,  belonging  to  Arales. 

Pandanus,  (pan-da'nus).  [From  the  Malay 
name.]  1.  A  palm  tree  found  in  St.  Jago. 
2.  Screw-pine:  a  tree  with  a  pine-apple-like 
fruit.  P.  candeZa6rain=Chandelier  tree. 

Pane,  (pan).  [A.-S.  pan,  a  piece.]  Fulmi- 
nating P.,  v.  Fulminating.  Luminous  P.: 
a  glass  plane,  covered  partially  with  tin- 
foil, with  a  number  of  spaces  so  arranged 
that  they  form  a  luminous  figure  when  elec- 
tric sparks  are  sent  across  them. 

Pangenesis,  (pan-jen'e-sis).  [Gk.  pan,  all; 
Genesis,  q.v.]  An  hypothetical  form  of  gene- 
sis in  which  every  cell  of  the  body  throws  off 
undeveloped  atoms,  which  are  transmitted  to 
each  sex,  and  multiplied  by  self-division. 
They  may  remain  undeveloped  for  gene- 
rations. 

Pangiaceae,  (pan-ji-a'se-e)=Pangiads:  poison- 
ous trees,  with  axillary  flowers,  belonging  to 
Papayales. 

Pangolins,  (pan'go-linz).  [Pangoehng,  the 
Javanese  name.] 
Scaly  ant  -  eaters  : 
animals  belonging 
to  Edentata,  found 
in  Asia  and  Africa. 

Panicle,(pan'i-kl).  A 
variety  of  inflores- 
cence, in  which  the 
axes  and  pedicels 
are  elongated,  as  in 
the  crambe,  grape- 


vine, &c.     Compound  P.:  with  elongated 

lateral  axes  and  sessile  flowers. 
Panicum,  (pan'i-kum).  P.  riiihaceum=.TAil\ei. 
Panorpidae,  (pan-or'pi-de).   [Gk.  pan,  all;  orpe, 

hook.]    Scorpion  flies:   a  family  of  insects 

belonging  to  Neuroptera. 
Panspermic,  (pan-sper'mik).      [Gk.  pan,  all: 

s  per  ma,  seed.]    P.  hypothesis:  that  the  air 

contains  multitudes  of  germs,  from  which 

bacteria,  &c.,  may  be  developed. 
Panspermism,  (pan-sper'mizm).      [Gk.   pan, 

all;  sperma,  seed.]     The   theory  that  life 

can  come  only  from  germs,    cf.  Spontaneous 

generation. 
Panspernusts,  (pan  -  sper  '  mists).      [Pansper- 

mism,  q.v.]     Advocates  of  the   theory  of 

panspermism,  and,  consequently,  opponents 

of  the  theory  of  spontaneous  generation. 
Pansy,  (pan'zi).    [F.  pens6e,  thought.]    Viola 

tricolor:  a  small  herb  belonging  to  Violacese; 

also  called  heart's-ease. 
Panther,   (pan'ther). 

[The  Greek  name.]    A 

spotted  variety  of  the 

leopard. 
Pantile,    (pan'til). 

[Pan    and    Tile.] 

curved  tile. 
Pantograph,   (pan'to-graf). 

grapho,  I  write.]    For 

copying  plans   to   any 

given  scale. 
Pantopoda,  (pan  -top  '6- 

da).   Sea-spiders  = 

Podosomata,  q.v. 
Papaver,  (pap-a'ver;. 

[Papa,  the  Celtic  nafne.l 

=  Poppy:  an  herb,  with 

showy  flowers,  common 

in  corn-fields,  the  type 

of  Papaveracefe.   P.  rhceas=  Red  Poppy.    P. 

somniferum—  Opium  poppy=White  poppy. 
Papaveraeese,  (  pa-pa  v-er-a'se-e).      [Papaver, 

q.v.]  •=  Poppy-worts:  herbs  and  shrubs,  often 

milky,  and  usually  narcotic,  belonging  to 

Ranales. 
Papaveric  acid,  (pa-pav'er-ik).    [Papaver,  q.v.] 

=Rheadic  acid. 

Papaverine,  (pa-pav'er-m).     [Papaver,  q.v.]= 
a  natural  alkaline  base  found 


Pantograph. 


in  opium. 

Papaveroleic  acid=Linoleic  acid,  q.v. 
Papaw,  (  pa-paw'  ).       [Papaya,  the  Malay 

name.  ]  =  Papaya,  q.v. 
Papaya,  (pa-pa'ya).      [Papaya,  the  Malay 

name.]=Carica  papaya=:  Papaw  tree:  a  tree, 

with  large  leaves  and  milky  juice,  found  in 

South  America. 
Papayacese,  (pa-pa-ya'se-e).     [Papaya,  q.v.]= 

Papayads  :  tropical  trees  and  shrubs,  some- 

times milky,  with  succulent  fruit,  the  type 

of  Papayales. 
Papayales,   (  pa-pa-ya'lez  ).        [Papaya,  q.v.] 

Plants  with  dichlamydeous  flowers,  forming 

a  division  of  diclinous  fixogeus. 
Paper.     P.  coal  —  Dysodite:  a  variety  of  lig- 

nite, named  from  occurring  in  thin  laminae. 

P.  mulberry:  Broussouetia,  q.v.   P.  nautilus, 

v.  Nautilus,  fossil  P.:  a  variety  of  asbestos. 


PAPIER  MACHE 


254 


PARAMAGNETIC 


Papier  mache,  (pa-pi-a  ma'sha).  [The  French 
word.]  Paper  in  a  hardened  form,  capable  of 
use  for  trays,  &c. 

Papilio,  (pa-pil'i-o).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Butterfly:  the  typical  genus  of  Papilionidae; 
a  family  of  diurnal  Lepidoptera. 

Papilionaceae,  (pa-pil-i-6-na'se-e).  [L.  papilio, 
butterfly.]  A  sub-division  of  Fabaceae,  in 
which  alone  are  papilionaceous  flowers  found: 
named  from  the  petals  resembling  the  wings 
of  butterflies. 

Papilionaceous,  (pa-pil-i-o-na'se-us.)  [Papilio- 
nacea;,  q.v.]  Resembling  butterflies,  used 
especially  of  the  flowers  of  Papilionaceae. 

Papiliomdae,  (pa-pil-i-on'i-de).  [Papilio,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Butterflies:  a  sub-division 
of  Lepidoptera,  widely  distributed:  found 
especially  in  S.  America,  N.  India,  and 
Malay  Islands. 

Pap  in' s  digester.  An  apparatus  for  raising 
water  to  very  high  temperatures  and  con- 
verting it  into  steam  of  high  tension. 

Papuans.    An  Oceanic  race. 

Papyrus,  (pa-pi'rus).  [Papyros,  the  Greek 
word.]  Cyperus  papy- 
rus: a  tree  found  on 
the  banks  of  rivers,  of 
which  paper,  ropes, 
mats,  boats,  &c.,  are 
made:  belongs  to  Cyper- 


Par=Parr,  q.v. 
Para-,(pa'ra).  [The Greek 

word.]   A  prefix  imply-  | 

ing  beside  of, or  towards. 
Parabanic  acid  —  (';•  H-j- 

NaOs :     a    crystalline 

acid  obtained  from  the  Papyrus. 

mother-liquid  of  alloxan;  also  called  oxalyl 

urea. 
Parabenzoic  acid,  (pa-ra-ben-z5'ik).  [Para  and 

Benzoic,  g.v.J=Benzoeretic  acid:  an  acid  re- 
sembling benzoic  acid. 
Parabenzol,  (pa-ra-ben'zol).  [Para  and  Benzol, 

q.v.]  A  hydrocarbon  found  in  coal  naphtha. 
Parabola,  (pa-rab'6-la).   [Parabole,  the  Greek 

word.]      One  of  the  conic  A 

sections,  made  by  a  plane 

parallel  to  one  of  the  sides: 

a  curve  in  which  any  point 

is  equidistant  from  the  focus 

and  the  directrix. 
Parabolic,       (  par-a-bol'ik  ). 

[Parabola,  q.v.  ]  Related,  or 

belonging,  to  a  parabola. 
Paraboloid,  (  pa-ra'bol-oid  ). 

[Parabola,  q.v  ;   Gk.  eidos,         P«orabola. 

form.]    A  solid  figure,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  being  generated  by  a  parabola 

revolving  on  its  axis. 
Paracholic  acid,  (pa-ra-kol'ik).      [Para,  q.v. ; 

Gk.  chole,  bile.]    An  acid  obtained  in  the 

preparation  of  glycocholic  acid. 
Parachute,  (pa-ra-shoof).  [The  French  word.] 

1.  A  light-ball,  which  floats  while  burning 

and  descends  slowly.     2.  An  apparatus  for 

descent  through  air  (as  from  a  balloon)  by 

means  of  an  expanding  umbrella-like  cover 

to  a  small  car. 


Paracyanogen,  (pa-ra-si-au'o-jen).  [Para  and 
Cyanogen,  Q.v.]  =  N6C6:  a  more  compact 
form  of  cyanogen,  which  is  solid  at  all  ordi- 
nary temperatures. 

Paradisea,  (par-a-di'se-a).  Bird  of  Paradise  : 
a  tropical  crow-like  bird,  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  and  length  of  its  feathers. 

Paradiseidse,(par-a-di-se'i-de).  [Paradisea,  q.  v.] 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  family  of  crow -like 
birds,  belonging  to  Insessores,  of  which  the 
bird  of  Paradise  is  the  type. 

Paradox,  (parWoks).  [Gk.  para,  contrary  to; 
doxa,  opinion.]  Hydrostatic  P.,  in  which  a 
small  quantity  of  water  appears  to  have  the 
same  weight  as  a  larger  quantity:  the  heights 
of  the  two  columns  and  the  areas  of  their 
bases  are  always  equal. 

Paraffin,  (par'a-fin).  [L.  parum,  little;  affims, 
akin.]  CnH2u+2 :  a  solid  white  crystalline 
hydrocarbon  obtained  from  wood-tar  and 
from  Boghead  cannel  coal:  named  from  acids 
and  alkalies  having  but  very  little  effect 
on  it. 

Paraffin-oil.  A  liquid  modification  of  paraffin. 

Par  agenesis,  (  par-a-jen'e-sis  ).  [Para  and 
Genesis,  q.v.]  The  occurrence  of  two  or  more 
different  minerals  in  the  same  lode,  e.g., 
quartz  occurs  with  orthoclase,  serpentine 
with  steatite,  &c. 

Paraguay  tea.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  of 
Ilex  Paraguayensis. 

Paralactic  acid,  ( par-a-lak'tik  ).  [Para  and 
Lactic,  q.v.]  =  Sarcolactic  acid:  obtained 
from  flesh :  resembles  lactic  acid. 

Paralbumin,  (par-al-bu'miri).  [Para  and  Al- 
bumin, q.v.]  A  variety  of  albumin,  q.v. 

Paraldehyd,  (par-al'de-hul).  [Para  and  Alde- 
hyd,  q.v.]  A  liquid  variety  of  aldehyd. 

Parallax,  ( par'al-laks  ).  [Gk.  parallaxis, 
change.]  The  apparent  change  in  the  position 
of  a  star,  &c.,  when  the  observer  changes  his 
place;  the  angle  made  by  the  lines  of  vision 
from  different  points  of  observation.  P. 
stars:  stars  having  a  perceptible  parallax : 
such  as  Sirius  and  Arcturus. 

Parallels,  (par'a-lelz).  [Parallelos,  the  Greek 
word.]  Lines  that  are  side  by  side,  and 
always  equidistant.  P.  of  latitude:  imagin- 
ary lines  on  the  globe,  or  maps,  parallel  to 
the  equator.  P.  roads  of  Glen  Hoy :  three 
parallel  lines  of  beach,  v.  Roy,  Glen. 

Parallelogram.  (  parVlelo- 
gram).  [Gk.  parallelos, 
parallel ;  gramma,  draw- 
ing.] A  four-sided  figure, 
the  opposite  sides  of  which 
are  parallel. 

Parallelepiped,  (par-a-lel-o-pi'ped).  [Gk.  paral- 
lelos, parallel ;  epipedon, 
plane  surface.]  A  solid, 
bounded  by  six  surfaces, 
each  of  which  is  a  parallelo- 
gram, the  opposite  faces 
being  parallel.  Tarallelopiped. 

Paralysis,  (par-al'i-sis).  [The  Greek  word.] 
The  loss  of  the  power  of  motion  in  any  part 
of  the  body. 

Paramagnetic,  (par-a-mag-net'ik).  [Para  and 
Magnetic,  q.  v.]= Magnetic ;  used  to  distin- 


Fiirallclogram. 


PARAMETER 


255 


PARR 


guish  bodies  usually  called  magnetic  from 
those  that  are  dia-magnetic;  paramagnetism 
=  Attraction  by  a  magnet;  diamagnetism= 
Repulsion. 

Parameter.  In  crystallography,  the  portion  of 
an  axis  between  the  centre  and  the  surface. 

Paramecium,  (  par-a-me  si-um  ).  A  simple 
animal  organism,  consisting  of  a  cortical 
layer,  lined  with  sarcode,  and  filled  with  a 
semi-fluid  substance:  the  type  of  Infusoria. 

Paramorphia,  ( par-a-mor'fi-a  ).  [Para  and 
Morphia,  g.v.]=Thebaia,  q.v. 

Paramylene,  (par-am'i-len).  [Para  and  Amy- 
lene,  <?.?>.]  =  Diamylene  =  CioH2o:  a  liquid 
hydrocarbon  of  the  olefine  series. 

Parapectic  acid,  (par-a-pek'tik).  [Para  and 
Pec  tic,  q.v.]  An  amorphous  variety  of  pectic 
acid. 

Parapodia,  (par-a-po'di-a).  [Gk.  para,  beside; 
poda,  feet.]  Lateral  feet-like  processes,  found 
in  molluscous  and  other  animals. 

Parapophyses,  ( par-a-pof'i-sSz ).  [Para  and 
Apophysis,  q.v.]  Thread-like  or  narrow  leaf- 
like  plates  in  Muscineae;  also  a  general  term 
for  lateral  processes. 

Paraselense,  (par-a-se-lene).  [Gk.  para,  be- 
side; selene,  moon.]=Mock-moons:  prismatic 
images  of  the  moon  seen  during  the  appear- 
ances of  halos.  cf.  Parahelia. 

Parasita,  (par-a-sfta).  [Gk.  parisitos,  para- 
site.] =  Lice,  tick,  &c.,  wingless  spider-like 
animals  living  on  mammals  and  birds. 

Parasites,  (par'a-sits).  [Parasitos,  the  Greek 
word.]  Animals  or  plants  feeding  at  expense 
of  others:  not  a  class  of  animals  or  plants, 
but  found  in  inferior  ranks  of  all  classes, 
commonly  aberrant  forms.  All  animals  and 
plants  are  parasitic  at  some  period  of  life. 
cf.  Epiphytes. 

Parasitic,  ( par-a-sit'ik ).  [Parasites,  q.v.] 
P.  fungi:  mould,  mildews,  &c.  P.  nests: 
of  cuckoo,  sparrow-hawk,  kestrel,  starling, 
gall-flies,  &c. 

Parasitica,  ( par-a-sit'i-ka).  [Gk.  parasitos, 
parasite.]  One  of  Hoaveu's  sub-divisions  of 
Insects. 

Parasphenoid,  ( par-a-sf e'noid ).  [Gk.  para, 
beside;  sphenoides,  wedge-shaped.)  A  large 
bone  in  the  floor  of  the  skull,  larger  than 
basi -sphenoid,  q.v.,  in  bony  fishes  aud  in 
Batrachia. 

Parastichies,  (par-a-stik'i-ez).  [Gk.  para,  be- 
side; stickos,  row.]  Spiral  rows.  cf.  Ortho- 
stichies. 

Paratartaric  acid,  separates  into  dextro-tar- 

taric  and  Isevo-tartaric  acids,  v.  Tartaric  acid. 

Paratonic,  (par-a-ton'ik).     [Pava  and  Tonic, 

q.v.]    Sensitive  to  light;  used  especially  of 

plants. 

Parchment,  (parch'ment).      [Parcfiemin,  the 
French  word.]    A  skin  for  writing  on,  pre- 
pared from  goat  or  sheepskin.     Vegetable  P., 
paper  modified  by  chemical  action  into  a  sub- 
stance resembling  parchment. 
Pardalotus,  (par-da-16'tus).      An   Australian 
bird  belonging  to  Ampelidae.    v.  Manakins. 
Parelhc  acid,  (pa-rel'lik)=C9H6O4 :  obtained 
from  the  lichen  Parella;  also  called  Lecanora 
parella^Parellin. 


. 

(par'idz).  [Paris,  g.v.]=Trilliace<ie,  q.v. 
l,  (pa-ri'e-tal).     [L.  panes,  wall.]     Be- 


Parenchyma, (par-enTu-ma).  [Gk.  para,  be- 
side; en,  in;  chyma,  a  pouring.]  1.  The  sub- 
stance of  the  viscera:  a  tissue  composed  of 
rows  of  rounded  cells,  with  interstices.  2. 
The  cellular  tissue  in  plants. 
Pargasite,  (par'ga-sit).  A  variety  of  horn- 
blende. 

Parhelia,  (par-he'li-a).  [Gk.  para,  beside; 
hehos,  sun.]=Mock-suns:  bright  images  of 
the  sun,  seen  occasionally  when  a  solar  halo 
occurs. 

Parian,  (pa'ri-an).  [Island  of  Paros.]  P 
cement:  a  compound  of  plaster  of  Paris  and 
borax.  P.  marble:  a  waxy  cream-coloured 
variety  of  marble. 

Paridae,  (pa'ri-de).  [Parus,  the  typical  genus.  ] 
Tits:  small  perching  birds;  also  called  Tit- 
mice. 

Paridigitata,   (par-i-di-ji-ta'ta).    [L.  par, 

equal;  digitus,  finger.]    Extinct  Mammalian 

animals,  remains  of  which  are  found    in 

Miocene  rocks. 

Parids,  ( 

Parietal, 

longing  to  the  walls  of  the  body,  or  to  the 
side  of  the  cranium. 

Parietaria,  (pa-ri-e-ta'ri-a).  [L.  paries,  wall.] 
=Peilitory:  an  herb  belonging  to  Urticacese. 
Parieto-splanchmc,  (  pa-rl-e-to-splangk'nik  ). 
[L.  paries,  wall;  splagchnon,  viscera.]  In 
Mollusca:  a  ganglion  supplying  the  viscera, 
gills,  and  mantles. 

Paris,  (parts).     [L.  par,  equal.]=Herb  Paris: 
an  herb  belonging  to  Liliacese. 
Parisite,  (part-sit).    A  mineral. 
Parkeria,   (par-ke'ri-a).     [Mr.  Parker.]    1. 
Arenaceous  foraminifera.    2.  Plants  belong- 
ing to  Polypodiaceae. 

Parkia,  (par'ki-a).  [Mungo  Park.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Leguminaceffi.  P.  Africana— 
Doura  tree. 

Parmelia,  (par-mSli-a).     [Gk.  parme,  shield; 
eilo,  I  enclose.]     Pale-lichen.    P.  panetaria 
=Stone-lichen.    v.  Lichenales. 
Parmeliaceae,   (par-me-li-a'se-e).      [Parmelia, 

q.v.]    Leaf-lichens,     v.  Licheuales. 
Paxnassia,  (par-nas'si-a).     [Mount  Parnassus.l 
Grass  of  Parnassus:  a  slender,  stemless  herb, 
belonging  to  Saxifragaceae. 
Paronychiacese,  (par-o-mk-i-a'se-g).  [Gk.  paro- 
nychia,  whitlow.]  Knot-worts=Illecebraceae, 
q.v. 
Paroquet,  (par'S-ket).     [Perroqv.et,  the  French 

name.]  v.  Parrakeet. 
Parotid,  (pa-rot'id).  [Gk. 
para,  near;  ous,  ear.] 
P.  gland:  at  the  side 
of  the  mouth  cavity. 
Parquetry,  (  par'ket-ri  ). 
[F.  parqu'et,  inlaid 
floor.]  Wood  -work  in 
patterns,  usually  for 
floorings,  cf.  Marquetry. 
Parr,  par).  A  young 
salmon  which  produces 
milt;  probably  the  ma- 
ture condition  of  a 
trout,  which  becomes  Paroquet. 
enjarged  by  a  change  to  sea  diet.  cf.  Grilse. 


PABBAXEETS 


256 


PEAS 


Parrot 


Parrakeets,  (  pai/ra-kets  ).  [Perroquet,  the 
French  name.]  =  Pezoporinse :  parrot -like 
birds  belonging  to  Psittacidae. 

Parret  coal,  (par'ret)  [Parrot,  g.r.]=Cannel 
coal:  a  Scotch  variety  of  bituminous  coal, 
named  from  the  noise  it  makes  when  burn- 
ing. 

Parrot,  (par'rot).  [Perroquet,  the  French 
word.]  A  bird  belonging 
to  Psittacidfe.  Ground 
P.=.Pezoporus  formosua 
of  Australia.  Philip 
Island  P.=Nestor  pro- 
ductus:  one  bird  only 
of  this  species  known 
to  be  living.  P.  gun: 
a  muzzle-loading  gun, 
having  projectiles  with 
an  expansible  metal 
coating,  v.  Gun. 

Parsley,  (pars'!!).  [Pe- 
troselinon,  the  Greek 
name.  ]  =  Carum  petro- 
selinum=Petroselinum 
sativum  :  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Apiaceae.  Beaked  P. = Anthriscus. 
Corn  P.  =  Carum  segetum.  Fool's  P.  = 
jEthusa.  Sur  P.=Caucalis.  Hedge  P.= 
Caucalis  (pars)=Torili8.  Milk  P.=Peuce- 
danum  palustre.  P.  piert  =  Alchemilla 
arvensis. 

Parsnip  (pars'nip).  [Pastinaca,  the  Latin 
name.]  =  Peucedanum :  a  plant  belonging 
to  Apiaoese.  Cow  P.  =.  Heracleum.  Water 
P.  =  Sium.  Wild  P.  =  Peucedanum  sati- 
vum. 

Parthenogenesis,  (par-then-6-jen'e-sis).  [Gk. 
parthenos.  virgin;  genesis,  generation.]  Re- 
production without  union  of  the  sexes,  as  in 
gemmation,  fission,  &c.;  probably=Agamo- 
genesis,  carried  on  in  a  reproductive  organ; 
occurs  in  plant-lice,  some  Crustacea  and 
insects:  very  rare  in  plants;  e.g.,  cannabis, 
hemp,  bryouy,  &c. 

Partridge,  (par'tridj).  [Partrich,  the  O.-E. 
name.]=Tetrao:  a  poul- 
try-h'ke  bird  belonging 
to  Perdicidae.  P.  wood: 
from  a  tree  in  Brazil. 
Snow  P.=Lagopus. 

Parvoline,  (par'vo-lin)^: 
CgHisN:  a  base  belong- 
ing to  the  Pyridiue 
series. 

Pascal's  vases:  designed 
to  show  that  the  pres-  Partridge, 

sure  on  the  base  of  a  vessel  containing  a 
liquid  depends  only  on  the  area  of  the  base 
and  the  height  of  the  liquid.    P.'s  principle, 
that  in  a   liquid   pressure   is  transmitted 
equally  in  all  directions. 
Pasque  flower=Anemone  pulsatilla. 
Parus,  (pa'rus).     [Tit:  a  bird  belonging  to 

Paridae,  q.v.]    P.  cauctatus:^  Bottle-tit. 
Passage.     P.  &ec&=Tilestones,  q.v.    P  mnds 

=Counter  Trade-winds,     v.  Trade-winds. 
Passer,  (pas'ser).    [The  Latin  name.]    A  small 
perching  bird,  belonging  to  Fringillidae.    P. 
domest icws=Fringilla  douiesticus= Sparrow. 


Passeres.  (pas'se-rez).  [Passer,  q.v.]  Perching 
birdsrzlnsessores,  q.v. 

Passifloraceoe,  (pas-si-fl5-ra'se-e").  [Passiflora, 
the  typical  genus.]=Passion- worts:  herbs 
and  shrubs,  usually  climbing,  with  edible 
fruit,  belonging  to  Violales. 

Passive.  P.  iron:  when  it  is  the  negative 
pole  of  a  galvanic  cell,  in  which  condition 
strong  nitric  acid  has  no  action  on  it. 

Pastern,  (pas'tem).  One  of  the  phalanges  of 
a  horse's  foot. 

Pasteur.  P.'s  /tttd='Water,  tartrate  of  am- 
monia, sugar,  and  yeast  ash.  P.'s  theory  of 
fermentation;  that  life  is  an  essential  con- 
dition of  fermentation. 

Pastinaca,  (pas-ti-na'ka).  [Pastus,  pasture.] 
=Parsnip:  a  plant  belonging  to  Apiacea:; 
also  considered  as  a  sub-genus  of  Peuce- 
danum. 

Patagium,  (pat-a'ji-um).  [Gk.  patagion, 
flapper.]  The  wing-like  expansion  of  the 
integument  by  which  bats,  flying  lemurs, 
<fec.,  support  themselves  in  the  air. 

Patella,  (pa-tel'la).  [L.  patella,  pan.]  1. 
Knee-pan:  a  triangular  bone  between  the 
thigh  and  shin  bones.  2.  Limpet,  q.v. 

Pathology,  (pa-thol'6-ji).  [Gk.  pathos,  suf- 
fering; logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the 
action  of  functions  during  disease. 

Patma- worts nRamesiaceaj,  q.v. 

Paucicum,  (paw'si-kum).  Indian  millet,  v. 
Sorghum. 

Paul,  (pa\vl)r=Click:  a  small  arm  to  drive  or 
check  a  wheel,  v.  Detent.  P.  and  half  P.: 
two  pauls  of  different  lengths  acting  on  the 
same  wheel. 

Pauropus,  (paw'ro-pus)=Pauropoda:  a  genus 
of  Myriapoda:  an  animal  ^  inch  long. 

Paviin=Praxin,  q.v. 

Pavo,  (pa'vo).  [The  Latin  name.]  1.= Pea- 
cock: a  bird  the  type  of  Pavonidso.  2.=The 
Peacock:  an  unimportant  southern  constel- 
lation. 

Pavomdae,  (pil-von'i-de).  [L.  pavo,  peacock; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Peacocks,  turkeys,  &c. : 
poultry-like  birds,  &c.,  belonging  to  Phasi- 
anidae. 

Pea,  (pe).  [Pisa,  the  A.-S.  name.]  Pisum=. 
An  herb  belonging  to  Fabacea?.  Everlasting 
P.=Pisum  sativium=Lathyrus.  P.  fowl— 
Pavonidse,  q.v.  P.  green  moth  =  Tortrix 
viridana. 

Peach,  (pech).  [Peche,  the  French  name.] 
— Amygdalus  Persica:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Rosacese.  P.  blossom' 
motk  =.  Thyatira  batis. 
P.  wood;  a  variety  of 
Brazil  wood,  called  St. 
Martha's  wood. 

Peacock.  1.  An  unim- 
portant southern  con- 
stellation. 2.  Pavo,  q.v. 
3.  P.  b u tterfly— Vanessa 
lo.  P.  ort—A.  variety  of 
copper  pyrites,  chiefly 
sulphide  of  copper,  hav- 
ing a  surface  brilliantly 
variegated. 
Pear,  (par).  [Pyrige,  the 


Pweodt, 


PEARL 


257 


PEDILANTHUS 


A.-S.  name.]=Pyrus  communis:  a  tree  be- 
longing to  Rosaceas.  A  nchovy  P.  =Grias  cauli- 
flora.  Avocada  P.=Persea  gratissima.  P. 
encrinites=Apioci-inidse,  found  only  in  Meso- 
zoic  rocks.  Living  P.r=Rhizocrinus  lofoten- 
sis.  P.  iron  ore :  a  variety  of  haematite.  P. 
moulds—  Mucoracese,  q.v.  P.  oi£=An  alco- 
holic solution  of  amyl  acetate.  P.  weevil= 
Apion,  a  beetle. 

Pearl,  (perl).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  1.  A  secre- 
tion of  carbonate  of  lime  and  animal  mem- 
brane, found  in  some  oysters,  v.  Pearls. 
2.=Rhombus  vulgaris,  a  fish.  P.  as/i=Im- 
pure  carbonate  of  potassium.  P.  moths= 
Pyralides.  P.  oysters  =  Avicula  margariti- 
fera  —  MeJeagrina  margaritifera.  P.  spar : 
a  crystalline  variety  of  dolomite.  P.  stone: 
1.  An  amorphous  variety  of  felspar;  2.=Piso- 
lite.  P.  white  =  P.  powder;  a  mixture  of 
bismuth  oxychloride  and  hydrochloric  acid. 
P.  wor£=Sagina. 

Pearls,  (perlz).  [Pearl,  q.v.]  Portions  of  the 
epidermis  of  pearl  oysters,  not  used  in  the 
formation  of  the  shells,  collected  round 
grains  of  sand  as  nuclei. 

Pearly  Nautilus=^Nautilus  pompilius,  q.v. 

Peas.    Plants  belonging  to  Fabacese.    v.  Pea. 

Peat,  (pet).  Decayed  vegetable  matter:  an 
inflammable  mineral,  resembling  humus, 
used  as  fuel. 

Peba,  (pe'ba)=Tatusia  peba:  an  armadillo. 

Pebbles,  (peb'blz).  \Pabul, 
the  A.-S.  word. ]= Water- 
worn  fragments  of  rock. 
Scotch  P. :  a  variety  of 
agate. 

Pecan^pe-kan7).  [Pacana, 
the  Spanish  name.]  = 
Carya  divseformis :  an 
American  plant,  belong- 
ing to  Juglandaceas. 

Peccaries,  (pek'a-riz).  [The  S.  American 
name.]  Dicotyles;:  Swine  -  like  animals  of 
America,  corresponding  to  the  swine  of  the 
Old  World,  v.  Suidaj. 

Pechurane,  (pek'u-run):=  Pitch  blende,  q.v.  A 
mineral,  chiefly  peroxide  of  uranium. 

Peck,  (  pek  )  = 
Two  gallons: 
one-fourth  of  a 
bushel. 

Pecopteris,  ( pe  - 
kop'ter-is).  [Gk. 
pekten,  comb  ; 
pleris,  fern.]  A 
fern,  known  by 
fossil  remains 
found  in  coal : 
named  from  their 
comb -like  ap- 
pearance, cf. 
Alethopteris. 

Pecora,  (pek'o-ra). 
[L.  pecus,  cattle.] 
Term  used  by 
Linnaeus  for  ru- 
minating ani- 
mals, v,  Edu- 
cabilia. 

Pecopteris. 


1-eba. 


Pecten,  (pek'ten).  [L.  pekten,  comb.]  l.Comb- 
ehell :    an    oyster- 
like  animal.     2.  A 
membrane   in  the 
eye  of  birds. 

Pectic    acid,   (pek'- 
tik).      [Gk.  pektis, 


a  transparent  in- 
soluble jelly  found 
in  plants. 

Pectin,    (pek'tin). 
[Gk.  pektis,  jelly.]  Pecteu. 

=Vegetable  jelly:  a  gelatinous  substance 
found  in  plants. 

Pectinibranchiata,(pek-tin-i-brang-ki-a'ta).[L. 
pekten,  comb;  Gk.  brangchia,  gills.]  A  sub- 
division of  Gasteropoda;  named  from  the 
comb-like  gills. 

Pectinicornes,  (pek-tin-i-kor'nez).  [L.pecten, 
comb;  cornu,  horns;  antennae. ]=Lucanidae: 
a  primary  division  of  beetles. 

Pectinidae,  ( pek-tin'i-de  ).  [Pekten,  q.v.]= 
Ostreidse,  q.v. 

Pectoral,  (  pek'to-ral ).  [L.  pectus,  breast.] 
Related  to  the  breast.  P.  arcA^Scapular 
arch  :  scapula,  coracoid,  and  clavicle;  con- 
necting pectoral  limbs.  P.  fins:  very  large  in 
flying  gurnard  and  flying  fish;  v.  Fin.  P. 
limbs:  arms,  &c.;  v.  Limbs. 

Pectose,  (pek'tos).  [Pectin,  q.v.]  An  insoluble 
substance  found  in  the  cellular  tissue  of 
fruits,  which  becomes  pectin  when  acted  on 
by  acids  and  heat. 

Pectosic  acid,  (pek-to'sik).  [Pectose,  Q.I;.]  A 
gelatinous  acid  obtained  from  pectin. 

Pectostraca,  (  pek-tos'tra-ka ).  [Gk.  pectos, 
fixed  ;  ostrakon,  shell.]  Cirripedia,  &c. : 
crustaceans  which  when  adult  become  fixed, 
divided  into: 

Rhizocephala,  parasitic  on  other  crustaceans 
Cirripedia,  adhering  by  suckers. 

Pectunculus,  (pek-tun'ku-lus).  [L.  pectun- 
culus,  little  comb.]  A  marine  oyster-like 

Pedaliac'eaj,  (pe-dal-i-a'se-e).  [Gk.  pedalion, 
rudder.] =Pedaliads:  herbs  with  large  flowers, 
belonging  to  Bignonales. 

Pedetes,  (pe-de'tez).  [Gk.  pedetes,  bound.] 
=  Helamys,  q.v.  P.  Capensis  =.  Jumping 
hare. 

Pedicels,  (ped'i-selz).  [Pediculus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Small  stems:  sub-divisions  of  flower- 
stalks  or  peduncle. 

Pedicellarise,  ( ped-i-sel-la'ri-e  ).  [Pedicles, 
q.v.]  Small  pincer  like  processes  on  the 
bodies  of  some  Echmodermata. 

Pedicularis,  (ped-i-ku-la'ris).  [L.  pediculus, 
louse.]  Louse-wort:  a  parasitic  herb,  belong- 
ing to  Scrophalariacese,  named  from  being 
supposed  to  produce  lice. 

Pediculi,  (ped-ik'u-li).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Lice:  minute  parasitic  insects  belonging 
to  Anoplura,  q.v. 

Pediculus,  (ped-ik'u-lus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Louse,  v.  Pediculi. 

Pedilanthus,  (ped-i-lanth'us).     [Gk.  pedilon, 

slipper;  anthos,  flower.]   A  plant  belonging  to 

Euphorbiacese.  P.  tithymaloides=jQvi\>vish. 

R 


PEDIMANA 


258 


PENTACRINTTS 


Pedimana,  (ped-im'a-na).  [L.  pes,  foot; 
manus,  hand.]  Name  suggested  by  Ogilby 
for  American  monkeys,  owing  to  their  having 
no  opposable  thumb,  and  so  not  being  Quad- 
rumaua. 

Pediment,  (ped'i-ment). 
[L.  pes,  foot. )    The  tri-  Jp 
angular  upper  portion  ^ 
of   a  Grecian    portico, 
door,  or  window. 

Pedipalpi,  (ped-i-pal'pi).    '       Pediment 
[L.    pes,   foot;  palpi,  feelers.]    Scorpions, 
&c.,  q.v. 

Peduncle,  (pe-dungTcl).  [L.  pedunculus,  little 
stem.]  Flower-stalk,  cf.  Pedicel. 

Pedunculated,  ( ped-ung-ku-la '  - 
ted).  [Peduncle,  q.v.]  Stalked. 
P.  cirripede=Levaa.  v.  Barn- 
acle. 

Pee-wit,  (p§'wit)  =  Lapwing -= 
Vanellus  cristatus:  a  bird  be- 
longing to  Charadriadae,  named 
from  its  cry. 

Pegasi,  (peg'a-si).  Belonging  to 
Pegasus,  q.v. 

Pegasus,  (peg'a-sus).     [Classical.]     Peduncle. 
=The  Winged  Horse:  one  of  the  northern 
constellations,   of   which    Markab,   Scheat, 
and  Algenib  are  the  chief  stars. 

Pegmatite,  (peg'ma-tit).  [Gk.  pegma,  har- 
dened.] A  coarse  variety  of  granite. 

Peitho.  No.  118  of  the  Minor  Planets,  dis- 
covered in  1872. 

Pektolite,  (pek '  to  -  lit).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
silicate  of  calcium. 

Pelagic,  (pe-la'jik).  [Gk.  pelagos,  sea.]  Be- 
longing to  deep  sea. 

Pelagidae,  (pe-la'ji-de).  FGk.  pelagos,  sea.] 
A  sub-division  of  Coelenterata,  including 
Lucernariadae:  some  are  fixed,  some  free. 

Pelagus,  (pe-la'gus).  [Gk.  pelagos,  sea.] 
"White-bellied  seal.  v.  Seal. 

Pelargonium,  (pel-ar-go'ni-um).  [Gk.  pelar- 
gos,  stork.]  Stork's-bill:  an  herb,  with  gaily 
coloured  flowers,  belonging  to  Geraniaceae. 
P.  zonale:  an  insectivorous  plant. 

Pelasgic,  (pe-las'jik).  A  general  term  for 
people  inhabiting  S.E.  Europe,  derived  from 
the  Pelasgi,  or  ancient  inhabitant  of  Greece. 
P.  architecture=Cyclo-pea,n  architecture. 

Pelecanidae,  (pel-e-kan'i-de).  [Pelecanus,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Pelicans,  cormorants,  &c. : 
birds  belonging  to  Natatores. 

Pelecanus,  (pel-e-ka'nus).  Pelican:  a  sea-bird, 
found  near  coasts,  with  long-pointed  bill, 
short,  strong  feet,  and  a  skin  bag,  the  type 
of  Pelicanidaa.  P.  berus=Common  viper. 

PeUitory,  (pel'li-to-ri).  [Pelitre,  the  Spanish 
name.]=Parietaria,  q.v. 

Pelobates,  (pel-ob'a-tez).  [Gk.  pelos,  mud; 
bates,  walker.]  A  batrachian  animal  belong- 
ing to  Anoura. 

Peloconite,  (pelro-ko'nlt).  [Gk.  pelos,  mud; 
jconos,  cone.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  phosphate 
of  iron,  &p. 

Pelopium,  (pel  -  o'pi  -  um).  An  hypothetical 
metal;  probably  an  alloy  of  niobium. 

Peltidea,  (pel-tid'e-a).  [Gk.  pelte,  shield.] 
P.  cattina=Dog-licben. 


Peltigera,  (pel-tij'e-ra).  [Gk.  pelte,  shield; 
L.  gero,  I  bear.]  An  edible  lichen. 

Peltry,  (pel'tri).  [Pelleterie,  the  French  name.] 
1.  A  general  term  in  N.  America  for  un- 
dressed skins.  2.  The  skin  of  the  black  or 
silver  fox,  Canis  argentatus. 

Peludo=Hairy  Armadillo=Euphractus 
villosus. 

Pelvic,  (pel'vik).  [Pelvis,  q.v.]  Related  to 
the  pelvis.  P.  arch:  ilium,  ischium,  and 
pubes,  usually  anchylosed=Os  innominata: 
connect  pelvic  limbs  with  trunk.  P.  limbs 
= Posterior  limbs,  legs,  <fec. 

Pelvis,  (pel'vis).  [L.  pelvis,  basin.]  1.  A 
girdle  of  bones  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
trunk.  2.  Central  portion  of  an  encrinus,  <fec. 

Pemmican,  (pem'mi-kan).  Term  used  by  N. 
American  Indians  for  dried  meat  preserved 
for  food. 

Pen,  P.  of  cuttle-jisli— Cuttle-bone:  internal 
skeleton  of  octopus,  <fcc. 

Penseaceae,  (pen-6-a'se-e).  [Pensea,  the  typical 
genus.]  Shrubs  belonging  to  Rhamnales. 

Penang  -  lawyers  =  Walking  sticks  made  of 
palm-wood. 

Penarth  beds.  [P.  near  Cardiff.  ]=Rhietic 
beds,  q.v. 

Pencil,  (pen'sil).  [Penicillum,  the  Latin  word.] 
P.  of  rays:  a  small  number  of  converging  or 
diverging  rays. 

Pendant,  (pen'dant).  [L.  pendo,  I  hang.]  A 
general  term  for  any  suspended  or  dependent 
ornament. 

Pendentives,  (pen-den'tivz).  [L.  pendo,  I 
hang.]  Triangular  spaces  between  the 
arches  supporting  a  dome. 

Pendulum,  ( pen ' du - lum ).  [L.  pendulus, 
hanging.]  A  body  suspended  from  a  fixed 
point.  Compensation  P.:  one  in  which  the 
contraction  or  expansion  from  cold  or  heat  is 
compensated.  Compound  P. ;  a  number  of 
simple  pendulums,  connected  so  as  to  vibrate 
as  one.  Conical  P.=Governor:  a  pendulum 
moving  in  a  circle.  Gridiron  P.,  v.  Grid- 
iron. Mercurial  P.,  v.  Mercury.  Simple 
P.:  a  heavy  body  suspended  by  a  fine  thread. 

Penelope,  (pS-nel'o-pe).  [Classical.]  A  poultry- 
like  bird  belonging  to  Cracidse. 

Penguin,  (pen'gwin).  [W.  pen,  head;  gwyn, 
white.  ]=Spheniscus,  q.v.  King P.r=Aptero- 
dytes  Patagonica.  Jackass  P.=Spheuiscua 
demersus. 

Penguins,  (pen'gwinz).  [Penguin,  q.v.]— 
Spheniscidae,  q.v. :  aquatic  birds,  with  rudi- 
mentary wings,  which  are  used  as  fins. 

Penicillum,  (  pen-i-sil'lum  ).  [The  Latin 
word.]  Green-mould:  a  fungus  found  on 
decaying  organic  substances.  Micrococci  of 
P.  crustaceum  are  found  in  typhoid  fever. 

Pennifera,  (pen-nifer-a).  [L.  penna,  feather; 
fero,  I  carry.]  De  Blainville's  term  for  birds. 

Penny.  P.  cms=Thlaspi  arvense.  P.  royal 
l.=Mentha  pulegium.  2.=Cotyledon.  P. 
•zm'<77i<=24  grains,  v.  Troy  weight.  P.  wort 
=Hydrocoty]e  vnlgaris. 

Pentachlorides,  (pen-ta-kl5'ridz).  [Gk.  pente, 
five;  Chloride,  q.v.]  Compounds,  the  mole- 
cule of  which  contains  five  atoms  of  chlorine. 

Pentacrinus,  (penrtak'rirnus),     [Gk,  pente, 


PENTACT.E 


259 


PERIHELION 


five;  krinon,   lily.]      Five-cornered  lily,    a 
variety  of  stone  lily.     v.  Encrinites/. 

Pentactae,  (pen-tak'te).  [Gk.  pente,  five; 
actis,  ray.]  Sea-cucumbers:  a  sub-division 
Of  Echinodermata. 

Pentadesmis,  (  pen-ta-des'mis  ).  [Gk.  pente, 
five;  desmos,  band.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Clusiacese.  P.  butyracea=T&llovf  tree. 

Pentads,  (pen 'tadz).  [Gk.  pente,  five. j= Pen- 
tatomic  elements:  equivalent  to  five  atoms 
of  hydrogen;  e.g.,  phosphorus,  nitrogen,  &c. 

Pentagon,  (pen'ta-gon).  [Gk.  pente,  five; 
gonia,  angle.]  1.  Generally, 
any  plane  figure  formed  by 
five  straight  lines;  specially, 
a  plane  figure  formed  by  five 
equal  sides. 

Pentamerus   (  pen-tam'e-rua 
[Gk.  pente,  five:  rneros,  part.] 
1.  A  fossi.  brachiopod,  found       Pentagon, 
only  in  Palaeozoic  rocks.  2.  An  insect  belong- 
ing to  Coleoptera. 

Pentastoma,  (pen-tas'to-ma).  [Gk.  pente,  five-. 
stoma.  mouth.]-=Linguatula:  a  parasitic 
animal,  the  type  of  Pentastoruidae,  q.v 

Pentastomidae,  (pent-ta-stom'i-de).  [Penta- 
stoma, q.v.]  Animals  belonging  to  Arach- 
nida,  parasitic  on  dogs,  rabbits,  <fcc.;  with 
long  vermiform  bodies;  no  respiratory  or 
circulating  organs. 

Pentremites,  (pen'tre-mits).  [Gk.  pente,  five.] 
A  orinoid,  known  by  fossil  remains  in  coal 
measures,  v.  Crinoidea. 

Pent-roof.  [F.  pente,  slope.]  A  roof  with 
sloping  sides. 

Pentunculus,  (pen-tung'ku-lus).  A  marine 
mollusc,  known  by  fossil  remains  found  in 
Pliocene  rocks. 

Pentyl,  (pen'til).    A  new  name  for  amyl. 

Penumbra,  (pe-num'bra).    [L.  pene,  almost; 
umbra,  shade.]     The     -B 
lighter  portion  of  a 
shadow. 

Peony,  (pe'o-ni).     [M. 
Paeon.]  —  Paeonia  :   a 
plant,  with  gay  flowers,  '• 
belonging  to  Ranun-  Penumbra, 

culaceae.  S,  sun;  M,  moon; 

Peplis,  (pep'lis).    [Pep-        B  A  C,  penumbra. 
lion,  the  Greek  name.]    Water  purslane:  an 
herb  belonging  to  Lythracese. 

Pepper,  (pep'per).  [Piper,  the  Latin  word.] 
Bird  P.  =Capsicum  frutescens.  Black  P.= 
Drupesof Piper  nigrum.  Cayenne  P.=  Ground 
seeds  of  capsicum,  LonqP.  =Spikesof  Chavica 
Roxburghii.  Water  P.  =  Polygon  urn  hydro- 
piper.  W/nte  P.=Drupes  of  Piper  nigrum, 
with  the  black  skin  removed.  P.  moth— 
Biston.  P.  saxifrage— Silaus.  P.  wort— 
Lepidium  campestre. 

Pepperdulse=Laurentia  pinnatifida:  an  edible 


Pepper- worts  =:Piperacea?=Marsileaceje,  q.v. 
Pepsin,  (pep'sin).    [Gk.  pepsis,  cooking.]  The 

peculiar  protein    compound   which    is    the 

essential  constituent  of  the  gastric  juice. 
Peptic,  (pep'tic).     [Pepsin,  q.v.]    P.  glands: 

in  the  lining  of  the  stomach,  which  secrete 

the  gastric  juice. 


Peptones,  (pep'tonz).  [Pepsin,  9.v.]=Soluble 
modifications  of  proteids;  incipient  albumin. 

Per-,  a  prefix  implying  the  presence  of  a 
chemical  element  in  the  highest  proportion 
known :  as  persulphide,  peroxide.  &c. 

Perameles,  (per-a-me'lez).  [Gk.  pera,  purse ; 
meles,  badger.]=Bandicoot=ThyJacis:  a  f  ru- 
givorousand  insectivorous  marsupial  animal. 

Perca,  (per'ka).  [The  Latin  name.J=Perch: 
a  fresh-water  fish,  the  type  of  Percidae,  a 
family  of  Acanthopterygii. 

Perch,  (perch).  [Perca,  q.v.]  v.  Perca.  Climb' 
ing  P. = An  abas. 

Perchers=Insessores 

Perchlorates,   (  per-klo'- 
rats).  [Perand  Chlorates,* 
q.v.]  Compounds  of  per- 
chloric acid  with  bases.  Perch. 

Perchloric  acid=HClO4=Hydric  perchlorate: 
a  colourless  volatile  liquid,  useful  as  an 
oxidising  agent,  in  contact  with  which 
organic  combustible  substances  catch  fire. 

Perchlorinated  ether=(C2Cl5)2O=Ether  in 
which  all  the  hydrogen  has  been  displaced 
by  chlorine:  a  crystalline  substance. 

Percnoptens,  (perk-nop'ter-is).  [Gk.  perJcnos, 
black ;  pteron,  wing.]  A  bird  belonging  to 
Vulturidae,  also  called  Pharaoh's  chicken. 

Percussion  cap.  A  small  copper  cap,  contain- 
ing mercuric  fulminate,  nitre,  &c  ,  which  ia 
exploded  by  percussion. 

Perdicidae,  (per-dis'i-de).  [Perdix,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,forn\.]  Quails,  &c.:  a  family  of  poultry- 
like  birds. 

Perdix,  (per'diks).    [The  Latin  name.]     Part- 
j     ridge:  a  bird,  the  type  of  Perdicidae. 
j  Peregrine  falcon,  (per'e-grin).    [L.  peregrinus, 
1     foreign.]    Falco  communis:  a  variety  of  the 
falcon. 

Perennibranchiata,  (per-en-ni-brang-ki-a'ta). 
[L.  perennis,  perpetual;  Gk.  bragchia,  gills.] 
Amphibious  animals  which  retain  their  gills 
throughout  life. 

Perianth,  (pert-antli).  [Gk.  peri,  about; 
ant/ios,  flower.]  A  general  term  for  calyx 
and  corolla,  or  any  modification  of  these. 

Pericardium,  (per-i-kar'di-uro).  [Gk.  peri, 
around;  kardia,  heart.]  The  membrane  by 
which  the  heart  is  surrounded. 

Pericarp,(per'i-karp).  [Gk.  peri,  about;  karpos, 
fruit.] =Seed-vessel.  q.v. 

Periclase,  ( per'i-klaz  ). 
[Gk.  peri,  about,  klasis, 
fracture.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  oxide  of  mag- 
nesium. 

Peridot,  (per'i-dot).  [The  <^' "  --^ 

French  name.]  A  green  Pericarp, 

transparent  variety  of  chr3Tsolite. 

Perigee,  (per'i-je).  [Gk  pen,  about:  ge,  the 
earth.]  The  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  planet,  or 
of  the  moon,  which  is  nearest  the  earth. 

Perigymna,  (per-i-jim'na).  [Gk.  peri,  about; 
gyrmios,  naked.]  Burmeister'a  term  for 
Tunicata. 

Pengynous  (pe-rij'i-nus).  [Gk.  peri,  about; 
gyne,  woman.]  Term  used  of  plants  having  the 
gtamens  adhering  to  either  calyx  or  corolla. 

Perihelion,  (per-i-he'li-on).     [Gk.  pen,  about; 


<  J 


PERILYMPH 


260 


PERUVIAN 


helios,  sun.]    The  point  in  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  which  is  nearest  the  sun. 
Perilymph,  (per'i-limf).     [Gk.  peri,  around; 
Lymph,  q.v.]    A  watery  fluid,  surrounding 
the  semi -circular  canals  of  the  ear. 
Periodic,  (pe-ri-od'ik).    [Gk.  penodos,  circuit.] 
P.  stars :  those  that  appear,  or  vary  in  mag- 
nitude, at  regular  intervals  of  time. 
Periodic  acid,  (per-i-od'ik).     [Per  and  Todic, 
§.i;.]  =  Hydricperiodate:  HIO4;  a  crystalline 
acid. 

Periosteum,  (pe-ri-os'te-um).  [Gk.pm'.around; 
osteon,  bone.]  A  white  fibrous  membrane 
covering  bones,  and  serving  for  the  attach- 
ment of  muscles,  &c. 

Peripherie  type  of  animals,  (per-i-fer'ik). 
[Periphery,  q.v.]  You  Baer's  term  for 
Radiata. 

Periphery,  (per-if'e-ri).  [Gk.  peri,  around; 
pherOi  1  carry.]  The  circumference  of  a 
curvilinear  figure. 

Periscopic,  (per-i-sko'pic).  [Gk.  pen,  around; 
skopeo,  I  view.]  P.  glasses:  spectacles  of 
concavo-convex  lenses,  giving  a  wider  field  of 
view  than  usual. 

Penssodactyla,  (per-is-so-dak'ti-la).  [Gk. 
perissos,  uneven;  daktylos,  finger.  ]=.  A  divi- 
sion of  Ungulata:  animals  belonging  to 
Mammalia,  which  have  an  odd  digit,  such  as 
the  horse,  tapir,  &c. 

Peristaltic,  (per-i-stal'tik).  [Gk.  penstaltikos, 
drawing  together  to  a  centre.]  P.  movement: 
by  successive  waves,  e.g.,  the  propulsion  of 
the  contents  of  the  intestines. 
Penstome,  (perVstom).  [Gk.  peri,  around: 
stoma  mouth.]  A  fringe  of  hair,  bristles, 
&c.,  round  the  mouth,  used  especially  of 
sea-urchins. 

Peritheca,  (per-i-theTca).  [Gk.  pen,  around; 
theke,  case.]  Envelopes  enclosing  spore- 
vessels,  found  on  some  fungi. 
Peritoneum,  ( per-i-to-ne'um ).  [Gk.  peri, 
around;  teino,  1  stretch.]  The  thin  mem- 
brane lining  the  viscera  and  the  walls  of  the 
abdomen. 

Periwinkle,  (per-i-wing'kl).   1.  Vincar  a  plant 
belonging  to  Apocynacese.     2.  A  corruption 
of  petty  winkle  or  whelk. 
Perlarise.    A  division  of  Neuroptera;  insects 
with  hairy  wings. 
Perleb's  classification  of  plants- 
Cell  ulares= Acoty  ledons. 
Leafless=  Protophyta. 
Leafy    =Muscosse. 
Vasculares = Cotyledons. 
Endogens — Monocotyledons. 
Cryptogamia   =  Fiiicin«. 
Phanerogamia= Ternaries. 
Exogens  =  Dicotyledons. 
With  simple  perianth  =:Monochlamydere. 
With  double  perianth. 

Monopetalous  and  hypogynous=: 

Thalamantnse. 
Monopetalous  and  perigynous= 

Calycanthae. 
Pleiopetalous  and  perigynous= 

Calycopetalaa. 
Pleiopetalous  nnd 
Thalamopetalaa. 


Permanganates,  (per-man'gan-ats).  [Per  and 
Manganate,  q.v.]  Compounds  of  perman- 
ganic acid  with  bases. 

Permanganic  acid,  (per-man-gan'ik).  [Per 
and  Manganic,  q.v.]  HaM^O^:  the  most 
highly  oxidised  form  of  manganic  acid. 

Permian,  (per'mi-an).  [Perm,  in  Russia.]= 
Magnesian  limestone:  the  highest  of  the 
primary  formations,  including  all  rocks  above 
the  Carboniferous,  and  below  the  Trias,  with 
fossils  resembling  those  below  more  than 
those  above;  contains  fossil  fishes  with  hetero- 
cercai  tails. 

Permutation,  (per-mu-ta'shun).  [Permutatio, 
the  Latin  word.]  Changes  in  the  order  iu 
which  a  number  of  things  may  be  arranged. 
Ex.  a,  6,  c  may  be  arranged  6  ways,  thus — 
ubc,  acb,  bac,  bca,  cba,  cab. 

Pernis,  (per'nis).  [L.  pernis,  swift.]  Honey 
buzzard :  a  bird  belonging  to  Falconidse. 

Peroneal,  (pe-ro-ne'ai).  [Gk.  perone,  clasp.] 
Related  to  the  fibula.  P.  6one=Fibula. 

Peronospora,  (per-o-nos'po-ra).  A  fungus. 
P.  in/es(ans=Potato-blight. 

Peroxides,  (per-pks'idz).  [Per  and  Oxide,  q.v.] 
Oxides  containing  the  largest  proportion  of 
oxygen. 

Perpendicular,  (per-pen-dik'u-lar). 
thoroughly ;  pendo,  I  hang.] 
Generally,  at  right  angles  to 
any  given  line;  specially,  ver- 
tical, at  right  angles  to  the 
horizon. 

Perry,    (per'ri).        [Poirt,    the 
French  word.]    The  fermented  A 


[L.  per, 
D 


juice  of  the  pear. 
Persea,  (pcr-se'a). 


'ersea,  (pcr-se'a).  A  plant  be-  D,  C,  perp 
longing  to  Lauraceae.  P.  gratis-  dicular; 
«ima=Avocada  pear.  A-  B-  'I0ri- 

Perseus,    (per'sus).      [Classical.] 
One  of  the  northern  constellations;  of  which 
Mirfak.  and  Algol  are  the  chief  stars,  and 
whicb  contains  several  remarkable  clusters 
of  stars. 

Persian,  (per'si-an).  P.  apple  —  Peach.  P. 
architecture:  a  modification,  or  develop- 
ment, of  Assyrian.  P.  berries':  Rhamnus. 
P.  wheel:  awheel  having  water-buckets  on 
the  rim,  by  means  of  which  water  can  be 
raised. 

Persica,  (per'si-ka).  [Persia.]=Peach-tree=: 
Amygdalus  Persica,  a  tree  belonging  to 
Dru  pacese. 

Persicaria,  (  per-si-ka'ri-a ).  A  variety  of 
Polygonum,  q'v. 

Perspective,  (per-spek'tiv).  [L.  per,  through; 
specto,  I  look  at.]  P.  drawing:  one  made  on 
a  surface,  so  that  the  objects  represented  ap- 
pear to  be  seen  through  the  surface.  Ordi- 
nary pictorial  drawing  is  perspective,  v. 
Projection. 

Perspiration,  (per-spi-ra'shnn).  [L.  perspiro, 
I  breathe  thro"ugh.]=Sweat:  an  acid  fatty 
secretion  made  by  the  skin,  containing  also 
scales  of  the  epidermis. 

Peru.    JSalsam  of  P.,  v.  Myrospermum. 

Peruvian,  ( per-6'vi-an ).  [Peru.]  P.  ba.t= 
Vespertilio  leporinus.  .  P.  bark:  bark  of 
cinchona,  v.  Quinine. 


PERTJVINE 


261 


PHANTASMAGORIA 


Peruvine=Styrone. 

Petalite,  (pet'a-llt).  [Gk.  petalon,  leaf.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum,  in 
which  lithium  is  found. 

PetaioidesB,  (  pet-al-oi'de-e ).  [Gk.  petalon, 
leaf;  eidos,  form.]  Plants,  having  the  peri- 
anth mostly  petaloid,  usually  coloured  and 
seldom  green,  forming  a  division  of  Mono- 
cotyledons. 

Petals,  (pet'alz).      [Gk.  petalon,  leaf.]    The 
leaves  of  the  corolla  of 
a  flower,  usually  gaily 
coloured,     v.  Corolla. 

Petasites,  (  pet'a-si'tez ). 
[Gk.  petasos,  umbrella.] 
Butter-bur:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Asteracese. 

Petaurus,  ( pe-taw'rus  ). 
[Gk.  petauron,Tperch].  A 
smallniarsupial  animal,  Petals, 

also  called  flying  squirrel  of  Norfolk  Island. 

Petavius,  (pe-ta'vi-us).  A  crater  in  the  moon, 
78  miles  in  diameter. 

Petinine,  (pet'i-nm).  A  base  obtained  from 
Dippel's  oil. 

Petiole,  (pet'i-ol).  [Petiolus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Leaf-stalk,  connecting  the  blade  and 

Petiveria,  (  pet-i-vg'ri-a ).  [Mr.  Petiver.  ] 
=Guinea-hen  weed:  the  type  of  Petive- 
riaceae. 

Petiveriaceee,  (pet-i-ver-i-a'se-e).  [Petiveria, 
§.v.]=Petiveriads:  tropical  shrubs  and  herbs 
with  apetalous  flowers,  belonging  to  Sapin- 
dales. 

Petrel,  (pet'rel).      [L.  Petrus,  Peter.]    A 
marine  bird  belonging 
to  Natatores.     Cape  P. 
=Pigeon.     Storm  P.= 
Mother  Carey's  chicken. 

Petrifaction,  (pet-ri-fak'- 
ehun).  [L.  petra,  stone; ' 
facio,  I  make.]  The  re- 
placement of  organic 
matter  by  carbonate  of 
lime,  flint,  &c.,  so  that  Petrel, 

the  appearance  is  unchanged. 

Petroleum,  (pe-tro'le-um).  [L.  petra,  rock; 
oleum,  oil.]=Mineral  naphtha:  a  compound 
of  hydro -carbons,  found  near  coal  beds, 
forming  a  dark-coloured  variety  of  bitumen. 

Petrology,  (pet-rol'6-ji).  [Gk.  petra,  rock; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  rock-for- 
mations; a  branch  of  geology. 

Petromyzidse,  (pet-ro-ml'zl-de).  [Petromyzon, 
q.v.]  Lampreys,  &c.:  a  family  of  fishes,  be- 
longing to  Cyclostoma,  q.v. 

Petromyzon,  ( pet-ro-mi'zon  ).  [Gk.  petros, 
stone;  myzo,  I  suck.]  =  Lamprey  :  a  fish, 
the  type  of  Petromyzidse  ;  also  called  stone- 
sucker. 

Petroselinum,  (pet-ro-se-ll'num).  [Gk.  petros, 
rock;  selinon,  parsley.]  Parsley:  also  con- 
sidered as  a  sub-genus  of  Carum:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Apiacese. 

Petrous  bone,  (pe'trus).     [L.  petra,  rock.]    A 
very  hard  projecting  portion  of  the  temporal 
bone. 
Petty-wbin=Genista  Anglica. 


Petuntze,  (pe-tunsO-  [The  Chinese  word.]  A 
variety  of  orthoclase,  probably  a  partially 
decomposed  granite,  used  as  a  glaze  for  por- 
celain. 

Pewter,  (pu'ter).  [Peauter,  the  Dutch  word.] 
An  alloy  of -lead  and  tin,  to  which  bismuth 
and  antimony  are  sometimes  added. 

Peyer's  glands.  Found  in  the  mucous  mem- 
brane lining  the  intestines;  named  after  M. 
Peyer,  a  Swiss  anatomist. 

Pezophaps,  ( pez'5-faps ).  [Gk.  pezos,  foot; 
phaps,  small  pigeon.]  A  large  wingless 
turkey-like  bird,  recently  extinct;  also  called 
solitaire. 

Phacidiacei,  (fas-i-di-a'se-I).  [Gk.  phakoides, 
lentil-like.]==Maple  moulds:  fungi,  with  a 
hard  and  leathery  hymenium. 

Phacops,  (fak'ops).  [Gk.  phake,  lentil;  ops, 
eye.]  A  Silurian  trilobite,  named  from  the 
large  eyes. 

Phsenicothraupis,  (fen-i-ko-thraw'pis).  A  bird 
of  Nicaragua. 

Phsenogamous,  (fen-og'a-mus).  [Gk.  phaino, 
I  show;  gamos,  marriage.  ]= Phanerogamic, 
q.v. 

Phaethornis,  (fa-e-thor'nis).  [Phaeton,  q.v.; 
Gk.  ornis,  bird.]  A  long -billed  humming 
bird. 

Phaeton,  (fa'e-ton).  [Classical.]  Tropic  birds: 
found  only  within  the  tropics,  having  short 
feet,  wings,  and  strong  curved  toothed  beaks, 
belong  to  Palmipedes. 

Phalacrocorax,  (fal-a-kro'ko-raks).  [Gk.  pha- 
lakros,  bald;  korax,  crow.]= Cormorant,  q.v.: 
a  bird  belonging  to  Natatores. 

Phalaena,  (fa-le'na).    v.  Elder-moth: 

Phalanger,  (fal'an-jer).  [Phalanges,  q.v.]= 
Balantia :  a  marsupial  animal,  somewhat 
resembling  the  fox;  named  from  the  form  of 
its  feet,  the  phalanges  of  which  are  enclosed 
in  a  sheath.  Flying  P.=Didelphis  pyg- 
msea. 

Phalanges,  (fal'an-jes).  [Gk.  phalanx,  row.] 
The  bones  of  the  fingers  or  toes. 

Phalangidse,  (  fal-anj'i-de  ).  [Gk.  phalanx, 
row;  eidos,  form.]  =  Harvest-men  =  false 
spiders :  animals  belonging  to  Arachnida. 

Phalangits.  One  of  Hceven's  sub-divisions  of 
Arachnids. 

Phalanx,  (fal'anx).  [Gk.  phalanx,  a  row.] 
One  of  the  phalanges,  q.v. 

Phalaris,  (fal'a-ris).  [Gk.  phalaros,  white.] 
Canary  seed:  a  plant  belonging  to  Graiui- 
nacese. 

Phanerogams,  (fan-er-og'a-me).  [Gk.  pha- 
n  eros,  manifest  ;gamos,  marriage.  ]= Flowerin  g 
plants:  a  primary  division  of  plants,  having 
visible  fructification,  P.  gymnospermes= 
Gymnogens. 

Phanerogamic,  (  fan  -  er  -  o  -  gam'ik.  )  [  Pha- 
nerogamse,  q.v.  ]  Relating  to  flowering 
plants. 

Phantasmagoria,  ( fan-tas-ma-go'ri-a  ).  [Gk. 
phantasma,  spectre;  agora,  assembly.]  Used 
generally  for  any  exhibition  of  images  by 
means  of  shadows,  as  by  the  magic  lantern; 
especially  for  a  combination  of  two  lanterns 
by  which  a  gradual  change  from  one  set  of 
shadows  to  another  set  is  effected. 


PHARAOH 


262 


PHLETJM 


Pharaoh,  (f  a'r5).  Birds  of  P.  =P.'s  chickens= 
Percnopteris  leucocephalus,  found  at  St. 
Jago.  P.'s  2>e«.ce=Nummulites  of  large  size, 
of  which  the  stone  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids 
is  chiefly  composed. 

Pharmacolite,  ( far-mak'o-lit ).  [Gk.  phar- 
makon,  drug;  lithos,  stone.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  arseniate  of  calcium. 

Pharmacopoeia,  (far-ma-ko-pe'ya).  [Gk.  phar- 
makon,  drug;  poieo,  I  niake.]  A  list  of 
medicinal  preparations,  with  particulars  of 
their  composition,  &c. 

Pharology,  (fa-rol'6-ji).  [Isle  of  Pharos;  Gk. 
logos,  discourse.]  Description  of  lighthouses. 
Reflecting  light  =  Catoptric :  in  which  the 
light  is  reflected.  Refracting  light=Diop- 
tric:  in  which  the  light  is  refracted.  Hplo- 
photal  ]ight=Catadioptric:  a  variety  of  Diop- 
tric light,  in  which  all  the  rays  are  refracted 
parallel. 

Pharyngeal,  (fa-rin'je-al).  [Pharynx,  q.v.] 
Related  to  the  pharynx. 

Pharyngobr  anch  ii,  (  far  -  ing  -  6  -  Drang '  ki  - 1 ). 
[Gk.  pharynx,  throat;  bragchia,  gills.]  Lep- 
tocardii :  fishes  in  which  a  perforated  pharynx 
acts  as  gills,  represented  only  by  the  Am- 
phioxus,  q.v. ;  also  called  Cirrostomi  and 
Lancelot,  q.v. 

Pharyngognathi.  Used  by  Siebold  for  a  sub- 
division of  Malacopteri. 

Pharynx,  ( far'inks ).  [Pharygx,  the  Greek 
word.]  The  funnel-shaped  entrance  to  the 
alimentary  canal,  behind  the  mouth. 

Phascacese,  ( fas-ka'se-e ).  [Phascum,  the 
typical  genus.  ]  A  primary  division  of  mosses, 
mostly  small. 

Phascogales,  (fas-ko-galgz).  [Gk.  phascon,  a 
lichen;  gale,  pole-cat.]  A  marsupial  animal, 
the  least  carnivorous  of  the  Sarcophaga. 

Phascolarctos,  (fas-kol-ark'tos).  [Gk.  phas- 
kolos,  pouch;  arktos,  bear,]  P./tiscus=Kan- 
garoo  bear. 

Phascolomes,  (  fas-kol'o-mez  ).  [Gk.  phas- 
kolos,  pouch.]  Used  for  a  sub-division 
of  Marsupiata,  represented  by  the  wom- 
bat. 

Phascolomys,  (fas-kol'o-mis).  [Gk.  phaskolos, 
pouch;  mys,  mouse.]  Mammalian  animals 
known  by  fossils  found,  1836  to  1867,  in 
Victoria,  Queensland,  &c.,  10  in  number,  in 
Australian  Pleistocene  rocks. 

Phascolotherium,  (fas-ko-lo-the'ri-um).  [Gk. 
phaskolos,  pouch ;  therion,  beast.]  A  small 
animal,  probably  resembling  the  kangaroo, 
of  which  a  jaw  and  teeth  were  found  in  the 
Stonesfieid  slate  rocks  =  Didelphis  Buck- 
landii. 

Phaseolus,  (fas-5'6-lus).  'r  iThe  Latin  name.] 
Kidney-bean:  a  plant  belonging  to  Legu- 
minacese. 

Phases,  (fa'zes).  -  [Gk.  pTiasis,  appearance.] 
Appearances.  P.  of  moon:  New  Moon, 
Crescent  Moon,  Gibbous  Moon,  &c. 

Phasma,  (fas'ma).  [Gk.  phasma,  sight.]  An 
insect,  the  type  of  Phasmida?. 

Phasmidae,  (fas'mi-de).  [Phasma,  q.v.]  "Walk- 
ing-stick insects:  insects,  belonging  to  Or- 
thoptera,  which  when  at  rest  resemble  pieces 
of  twigs,  leaves,  &c.  v.  Mimicry. 


Pheasant  (fez'ant).  [Phasianis,  the  Latin 
name.]  A  bird  be- 
longing to  Rasorea. 
Horned  P.  =  Cerior- 
nis  Blythii.  P.'s-eye 
=  Adonis:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Ranuncu- 


<*,.». 

der'ma).  [Gk.  phel- 
los,  cork  ;  derma, 
skin.]  A  new  genus 
of  Verbenacese,  from 
Chili  ;  named  from 
the  covering  of  the  nuts. 

Fhenaconic  acid=Funiaric  acid,  q.v. 

Phenakistoscope  (fen-a-kis'to-sk5p).  [Gk.phe- 
nakismos,  deception;  skopeo,  I  see.]  A  series 
of  figures  drawn  on  a  disc  so  that  they  ap- 
pear to  be  in  motion  when  the  disc  is  made 
to  revolve  rapidly. 

Phcenakite  (fen'a-klt).  [Gk.  plioinix,  purple- 
red.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  glucinum. 

Phenamide,  (fen'a-mld).  [Phene  and  Amide.] 
=Aniline,  q.v. 

Phene,  (fe'ne).  [Gk.  plioinix,  purple-red.  ]= 
Benzol,  q.v. 

Phenic  acid,  (fe'nik).  [Phene,  q.v.]=C6fl6O 
=Carbolic  acid=Phenyl-hydrate=Phenol  : 
a  valuable  antiseptic  substance  obtained  from 
coal-tar  ;  also  called  phenate  of  hydrogen. 

Phenol=Phenic  acid.     Methyl  P.=Kresol. 

Phenomethol=Anisol,  q.v. 

Phenose,  (fe'nos^CeHiaOg  :  a  non-ferment- 
able variety  of  sugar. 

Phenyl,  (fe'nil).  [Phene;  Gk.  Jiyle,  mate- 
rial.J^CgHs  :  the  radicle  of  benzol.  Hy- 
dride of  P.=Benzene,  q.v.  P.  benzamide 
=Benzanilide,  q.v.  P.  urea  —  Carbanila- 
mide:  a  compound  urea,  v.  Urea.  P.methylia 
=Benzylia,  q.v.  P.  glycollic  acirf=Man- 
delic  acid=Formobenzoylic  acid:  obtained 
from  bitter  almonds. 

Phenylene,  (fen'i-len).  [Phenyl,  q.v.]  CeH^ 
a  hydrocarbon,  v.  Hydrocarbons!,  6th  series, 

Phenylia,  (fe-ni'li-a).  [Phenyl,  q.  v.]  =  Ani- 
line, q.v. 

Phenylic  (fe-ni'lik).  [Phenyl,  g.v.]=Carbolic 
acid. 

Philadelphaceae,  (fil-a-del-fa'se-e).  [Philadel- 
phus,  the  typical  genus.]=Syriugas:  shrubs 
belonging  to  Grossales. 

Philesiacese,  (fi-le-si-a'se-e).  [Philesia,  the 
typical  genus.]=Philesiads  :  shrubs,  some- 
times climbing,  with  large  flowers,  belonging 
to  Dictyogens. 

Philomela,  (fil-o-mela).  [Classical.  ]=  Night- 
ingale, q.v. 

Philydracese,  (fil-T-dra'se-e).  [Gr.  phileo,  I 
love  ;  hydor,  water.]=Water-worts  :  herbs, 
with  sessile  flowers,  belonging  to  Xyridales, 
found  in  China  and  New  Holland. 

Phlebenterism,  (fleb-en'ter-izm).  [Gk.  plilebs, 
vein;  enteron,  intestine.]  Having  the  ali- 
mentary canal  hanging  loosely  and  free  in 
the  thoracic  cavity,  as  in  Pycnogonidse,  &c. 

Phleum,  (fle'um).  [The  old  Greek  name.] 
Cats'-tail  grass:  a  plant  belonging  to  Gram- 
inacese. 


PHLOGOPITE 


263 


PHOTOGRAPHY 


Phlogopite,  (flS'go-pu,  [Gk.  phlox,  flame; 
ops,  appearance.]  A  mineral  of  the  mica 
group,  common  in  metamorphic  limestone. 

Phlogiston,  (flo  -  gis '  ton).  [Gr.  phlogistos, 
burnt.]  An  hypothetical  subtle  substance, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  present  in  all  com- 
bustible substances,  and  to  evaporate  when 
they  were  heated. 

Phloretic  acid,  (flo're-tik).  [Phloridzin.]= 
CgHioOs:  a  crystalline  acid  substance  ob- 
tained from  phloridzin,  found  in  bark  of  the 
roots  of  apple  trees,  &c. 

Phloretin,  (flo're-tm).  (Thloridzin,  q.v.]= 
CigH^O:  a  resinous  matter  obtained  from 
phloridzin. 

Phloridzin,  (flo'rid-zin).  [Gr.  phloios,  bark; 
rhiza,  root.]=Phlorizin=C2iH24O102H2O:  a 
substance  found  in  the  bark  of  the  apple  and 
cherry  trees,  &c.,  from  which  sugar  may  be 
obtained. 

Phlorol,  (flo'rol).  An  oil,  highly  refractive  of 
light,  found  in  phloretate  of  calcium. 

Phlox- worts,  (floks).  [Gk.  phlox,  flame.  ]= 
Polemoniacese,  q.v. 

Phoca,  (fo'ka).  (Phoke,  the  Greek  name.]= 
Seal:  a  marine  carnivorous  Mammalian  ani- 
mal, the  type  of  Phocidae.  P.  ursina—Sea.- 
bear. 

Phocsena,  (fo-se'na).  [Gk.  phokaina,  porpoise.] 
= Porpoise:  a  marine  animal  belonging  to 
Cetacea. 

Phocidae,  (fo'si-de).  [Phoca,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Marine  animals  belonging  to  Pinni- 
ped ia.  v.  Carnivora. 

Phoenicopterous,  (  fe-ni-kop '  ter-us  ).  [Gk. 
phoinix,  purple-red ;p(ero/i,  wing.]  Flamingo: 
a  wading  bird,  with  long  legs  and  neck  and 
large  beak,  belonging  to  Anatidse. 

Phoenix,  (  fe'niks  ).  [  Phoinix,  the  Greek 
name.]  1.  An  unimportant  southern  con- 
stellation. 2.  Date  tree:  a  variety  of  the 
palm  tree. 

Pholadomyae,  (f5-lad-om'i-e).  [Gk.  pholas, 
lying  hid.]  A  mollusc,  abundant  in  oolite, 
one  species  being  still  extant. 

Pholidophorus,  (fol-i-dofo-rus).  [Gk.  pholis, 
scale;  phoreo,  I  bear.]  A  ganoid  fish,  known 
by  fossil  remains,  found  in  Lias  rocks. 

Phonautograph,  (fo-naw'td-graf ).  [Gk.  phone, 
sound;  autos,  self;  grapho,  I  write.]  An 
apparatus  for  registering  the  number  and 
extent  of  vibrations  in  sound. 

Phonolite,  (fo'no-llt).  [Gr.  phone,  sound;  lithos, 
stone.  ]=Clinkstone,  q.v. 

Phormium,  (for'mi-um).  [Gr.  phormos,  mat.] 
New  Zealand  flax:  a  plant  belonging  to  Lili- 
aceas. 

Phormosoma,  (for-mo-s5'ma).  [Gr.  phormos, 
mat;  soma,  body.]  A  sea-urchin.  P.  pla- 
centa: first  discovered  in  1869  in  Atlantic,  N. 
of  Scotland. 

Phosgene  gas,  (fos'jen).  [Gr.  phos,  light;  gen- 
nao,  I  produce. ]=COCl2=Carbonic  oxydi- 
chloride:  a  colourless  suffocating  gas. 

Phospham,  (fos'fam).=HN2P=Phosphide  of 
nitrogen  and  hydrogen:  an  amorphous  sub- 
stance. 

Phosphate  (fos'fat).  A  compound  of  phos- 
phoric acid  and  a  base.  P.  of  lime:  one  of  the 


essential  constituents  of  bone.  P.  of  soda 
and  «7)imoHia=Microcosmic  salt. 

Phosphenes,(fos'fenz).  [Gk.phos, light;  phaino, 
I  appear.]  Luminous  images  produced  in 
darkness  by  pressure  upon  the  eye-ball. 

Phosphides,  (fos'fidz).  [Phosphorus,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  phosphorus  with  other  ele- 
mentary substances.  P.  of  hydrogen,  if 
liquid,  takes  fire  spontaneously  when  in  con- 
tact with  oxygen. 

Phosphites,  (fos'flts).  [Phosphorus,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  phosphorous  acid  and  bases. 

Phosphonitryle,  (fos-fd-m'tril).  [Phosphorus 
and  Nitrile,  g.v.]=PNO=Biphosphamide:  a 
white  amorphous  substance. 

Phosphorescence,  (fos-for-es'sens).  [Gk.  phos, 
light;  phoreo,  I  bear.]  The  emission  of  light 
(as  in  phosphorus,  the  glow-worm,  &c.)  with- 
out combustion,  especially  after  exposure  to 
light. 

Phosphoric,  (fos-for'ik).  [Phosphorus,  q.v.] 
P.  acid—I.  Ortho-P.  A.:  ordinary  P.  A.= 
HsPO^:  combines  with  3  equivalents  of  a 
base.  2.  Meta-P.  <4.=HPO3;  combines  with 
1  equivalent  of  a  base.  3.  Pyro-P.  A.= 
K^PaC^;  combines  with  4  equivalents  of  a 
base.  P.  anhydride=P^.O5:  a  white  floccu- 
lerit powder.  P.  cAioride=PC!5=Perchloride 
of  phosphorus. 

Phosphorite  (fos'for-It).  [Phosphorus,  q.v.]= 
Native  bone  phosphate:  a  variety  of  apatite. 

Phosphoroscope,  (fos-for/6-skop).  [Phosphores- 
cence, q.v.;  Gk.  skopeo,  I  show.]  An  appara- 
tus to  show  the  phorphorescence  of  bodies, 
such  as  uranium  compounds,  that  emit  light 
but  for  a  very  short  period. 

Phosphorous,  (fos'for-us).  [Phosphorus,  q.v.] 
=P.  acid=Dyhydric  phosphite.  P.  anhy- 
dride =  P2O3.  P.  chloride  =  PC13  =  Ter- 
chloride  of  phosphorus:  a  volatile  fuming 
colourless  liquid. 

Phosphorus  (fos'for-us).  [Gk.  phos,  light; 
phoros,  bearing.]  P'":  a  waxy,  semi-trans- 
parent, very  inflammable  substance,  which 
is  luminous  in  the  dark,  and  is  found  in 
several  forms.  Amorphous  P. =Red  P. :  oxi- 
dises but  very  slowly,  and  burns  only  at 
500°  F.  Vitreous  P.  ^Ordinary  P.  P.  group 
of  elements:  phosphorus,  arsenicum,  and  anti- 
mony; all  forming  alkaline  compounds  with 
hydrogen,  and  acid  compounds  Avith  oxygen. 

Phosphuretted- hydrogen  =  H3P  =  Phosphor- 
ous trihydride :  a  colourless  very  inflam- 
mable foetid  gas,  which  usually  takes  fire 
spontaneously  when  in  contact  with  oxygen, 
owing  to  the  presence  of  liquid  phosphide  of 
hydrogen. 

Photoelectric  microscope.  A  microscope  illu- 
minated by  the  electric  light,  so  that  the 
image  can  be  thrown,  greatly  magnified,  on 
a  screen  in  a  darkened  room. 

Photogen,  (fo'to-jen).  [Gk.  phos,  light;  gen- 
nao,  I  produce.  ]=Paraffin  oil,  q.v. 

Photograms,  (  fo'to-gramz  ).  [  Gk.  phos, 
light;  gramma,  writing.]  Light- writings 
Photograph,  but  used  especially  for  photo- 
graphic records,  such  as  of  variations  of 
temperature,  &c. 

Photography,    (  fd-tog'ra-fi  ).       [  Gk.    phos, 


PHOTOMETER 


264 


HA-MATEE 


light;  graphs,  writing.]  The  action  of  light 
upon  sensitive  substances,  such  as  iodide  of 
silver,  by  which  portraits  and  views  can  be 
taken;  the  sunlight  decomposes  the  iodide 
of  silver,  and  the  portion  not  acted  on  is 
washed  off. 

Photometer,  (fo-tom'e-ter).  [Gk.  phos,  light; 
metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  the 
measurement  of  the  relative  intensities  of 
two  lights. 

Photosphere,  (  f5'to-sfer  ).  [Gk.  phos,  light; 
sphaira,  sphere.]  The  bright  surface  of  the 
sun  or  other  star. 

Photozincography,    v.  Zincography. 

Phragmites,  (frag-mi'tez).  [The  Greek  name.] 
Reed :  a  plant  belonging  to  Graminacese. 

Phryganea,  (fri-ga'ne-a).  [Gk.  phryganon, 
faggot  of  wood.]  Caddis-fly :  an  insect  con- 
necting Neuroptera  with  Lepidoptera. 

Phthalamic  acid,  (thal'a-mik).  [Phthalic  and 
Amide,  2.v.]=C8H7NO3:=Amidated  phthalic 
acid. 

Phthalic  acid,  (thal'ik).  [Naphthalin,  q.v.] 
=C8H6O4  =  Naphthalic  acid :  a  crystalline 
acid  substance,  obtained  from  naphthalin. 

Phthisis,  (thi'sis).  [Gk.  phthio,  I  waste  away.] 
Consumption:  a  phase  of  disease,  caused  by 
the  formation  of  tubercles  in  the  lungs,  and 
resulting  in  gradual  decay. 

Phylactolaemata,  ( fi-lak-to-le'ma-ta.  )  [Gk. 
phylaktos,  guarded;  laimos,  throat.]  A  pri- 
mary division  of  Polyzoa,  including  animals 
in  which  the  gullet-entrance  is  protected  by 
a  covering. 

Phyllocyanin,  (fil-lo-si'a-Tiin).  [Gk.  phyllon, 
leaf;  kyanos,  blue.]  The  blue  colouring 
principle  of  chlorophyll,  c/.  Phylloxanthin. 

Phyllociium,  (  fil-16'di-um  ).  [Gk.  phyllon, 
leaf;  eidos,  form.]  =  Phyllodes:  a  general 
term  for  any  leaf-like  expansion,  especially 
the  petiole  when  flattened  or  expanded. 

Phyllopoda,  (fil-lop'o-da).  [Gk.  phyllon,  leaf; 
pous,  foot.]  Crustacean  animals  having 
a  resemblance  to  trilobites,  found  fossil  from 
Cambrian  to  Recent  rocks,  excepting  in  Cre- 
taceous. 

Phylloxanthin,  (fil-loks-an'thin).  [Gk.  phyl- 
lon,  leaf;  xanthos,  yellow.]  The  yellow 
colouring  principle  of  chlorophyll,  c/.  Phyl- 
locyanin. 

Phylloxera,  (fil-loks-e'ra).  [Gk.  phyllon,  leaf; 
xeros,  withered.]  An  insect,  found  in  N. 
America,  that  destroys  vines. 

Physalia,  (fi-su'li-a).  [Gk.  physallis,  bubble.] 
A  marine  invertebrate  animal  belonging  to 
Acalephse.  P.  pelagicus  =  Portuguese  man- 
of-war=Guinea-ship :  an  inflated  blue  blad- 
der, with  a  mass  of  long  crimson  tentacles. 

Physeter,  (fi-se'ter).  [Gk.  physeter,  bellows.] 
Spermaceti  whale:  an  animal  belonging  to 
Cetaceae. 

Physetoleic  acid,  (  f i-se-to'le-ik  ).  [Physeter 
and  Oleic,  q.v,]=CioH.3oO^:  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  oil  of  the  spermaceti  whale. 

Physic,  (fiz'ik).  [Gk.  physis,  nature.]  P. 
nut:  purgative  fruits  of  Ricinus  Americanus. 

Physical,  (fiz'i-kal).  [Physikos,  the  Greek 
word.]  Natural:  connected  with,  or  relating 
to,  physics.  _  P.  geography=^Pbys\ogia,p\iy. 


Physics,  (fiz'iks).  [Gk.  physis,  nature.]  The 
science  of  force  or  energy  when  it  takes  the 
form  of  light,  sound,  heat,  or  electricity. 

Physiography,  (  fiz-i-og'ra-fi  ).  [Gk.  physis, 
nature;  graphe,  writing.]  =  Physical  geo- 
graphy: an  account  of  the  surface  of  the 
globe,  and  of  the  causes  which  modify  it. 

Physiology,  (fiz-i-ol'6-ji).  [Gk.  physis,  nature; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the  nature 
and  functions  of  organised  bodies.  Human 
P. :  the  branch  of  physiology  relating  to 

'  man. 

Physiozoa,  (fiz-i-o-zo'a).  [Gk.  physis,  nature; 
zoe,  life.]  Fitzinger's  term  for  Annulata, 
Radiata,  and  Vermes. 

Physomycetes,  (f  i-so-mi-se'tez).  [Gk.  physa, 
bladder;  mykes,  mushroom.]  =  Moulds:  a 
primary  division  of  Fungales. 

Physophoridse,  (fi-so-for'i-de).  [Gk.  physa, 
bladder;  phoreo,  to  carry.]  A  sub-division 
of  Marine  Hydrozoa,  having  swimming  blad-1 
ders. 

Physopoda,  (fi-sop'o-da).  [Gk.  physa,  blad- 
der; pous,  foot.]  Insects. 

Physospermum,  (f  i-so-sper'mum).  [Gk.  physa, 
bladder;  sperma,  seed.]  Bladder-seed:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Apiaceae. 

Physostigma,  (fi-so-stig'ma).  [Gk.  physa, 
bladder;  Stigma,  q.v.]  Calabar  bean:  a 
plant. 

Physostigmia,  (  f  T-so-stig'mi-a  ).  [  Physo- 
stigma, 5.v.]r=C15HoiN3O2  :  a  powerful  poi- 
sonous basic  substance  obtained  from  the 
Calabar  bean,  which  produces  paralysis,  and 
is  antagonistic  in  its  action  to  atropia. 

Phytelephas,  (  f i-tel'e-fas  ).  [Gk.  phyton, 
plant,  elephas,  ivory.]=Vegetable  ivory:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Pandanacese,  the  seeds  of 
which,  when  dry,  are  hard  and  white  like 
ivory. 

Phyteuma,  (fl-tu'ma).  Rampion:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Campanulacese. 

Phytocrene,  (f  i'to-kren).  [Gk.  phyton,  plant; 
krene,  fountain. ]=Water-vine:  a  plant,  with 
soft  and  porous  stem,  containing  much 
water,  belonging  to  Artocarpaceae. 

Phytolaccacese,  (fi-to-lak-fi'se-e).  [Gk.  phy- 
ton, plant;  lakka,  lac.]=Phytolaccads:  herbs, 
belonging  to  Chenopodales;  named  from  the 
colour  of  the  fruit. 

Phytophaga,  (fi-tofa-ga).  [Gk.  phyton,  plant; 
phago,  I  eat.]  1.  Animals  feeding  on  vege- 
table food  only.  2.  A  beetle=Eupoda. 

Phytophagoida,  (  f  T-to-fa-goi'da  ).  [Phyto- 
phaga, q.v. ;  Gk,  eidos,  form.]  Animals  subj 
sisting  on  vegetable  food. 

Phytosaurus,  (fi-to-saw'rus).  [Gk.  phyton, 
plant;  saurus,  lizard.]  v.  Labrinthodon. 

Phytotoma.  Ra-ra  :  a  S.  American  sparrow- 
like  bird;  also  called  plant-cutter. 

Phytotomy,  (f  i-tot'6-mi).  [Gk.  phyton,  plant; 
tome,  section.]  Anatomy  of  plants,  c/. 
Zootomy. 

Fhytozoa,  (fi-to-z5'a).  [Gk.  phyton,  plant; 
zoon,  animal.]  Plant-animals:  a  name  given 
to  Infusoria,  &c.,  on  the  supposition  that 
they  partake  of  both  animal  and  vegetable 
natures. 

Pia-mater,  (pi'a-ma'ter).  [L.  pius,  soft;  mater, 


HCA 


265 


PINE 


mother.]  A  vascular  fibrous  tissue  closely 
investing  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

Pica,  (pi'ka).  [The  Latin  name.]  Magpie, 
<fec.  v.  Pices. 

Picse,  (pi'se).  [Pica,  q.v.]  Magpies,  &c.:  a 
family  of  birds,  with  short  legs,  sharp  bills, 
and  building  their  nests  in  trees;  include  a 
large  number  of  varieties. 

Picamar,  (pik'a-mar).  [L.  pix,  pitch;  amarus, 
bitter.]  A  bitter,  oily  substance  obtained 
from  tar. 

Pico,  (pi'ko).    An  isolated  peak  in  the  moon, 
.    7000  ft.  high. 

Picoline,  (pik'6-lln).  [L.  pix,  pitch.]=C6H7N: 
an  oily  liquid  obtained  from  tar;  a  base  be- 
longing to  the  pyridine  series. 

Picramio  acid,  (pik'ra-mik).  [Picric  and 
Amide,  g.v.]=CeH5N3O5:  an  amidated  acid 
derived  from  picric  acid. 

Picric  acid,  (pik'rik).  [L.  picris,  bitter.] 
CgHsNsO^  =  Carbazotic  acid,  q.v.  ;  named 
from  its  bitter  taste. 

Picris,  (pik'ris).  [L.  pilcris,  bitter.]  An  herb, 
with  milky  juice,  belonging  to  Asteracese. 

Picrotoxin,  (pik-ro-toks'in).  [Gk.  pikros,  bit- 
ter; toxicon,  poison.  J^CsHgOa:  a  bitter, 
poisonous  substance  found  in  Cocculus  In- 
dicus. 

Picryl,  (pik'ril).     [Picric,  q.v.;  Gk.  hyle,  ma- 

.  terial.]     The  radicle  of  picric  acid,  &c. 

Picus,  (pl'kus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Wood- 
pecker :  a  small  insectivorous  climbing 
bird. 

Piezometer,  (pl-e-zom'e-ter).  [Gk.  piezo,  I  com- 
press; metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  compressibility  of  liquids. 

pi§T>  (pig)-  [Pige,  the  A.-S.  narne.]=Sus: 
an  omnivorous  quadruped,  the  type  of 
Suidse,  q.v.  P.-iron:  a  block  of  rough  cast- 
iron. 

Pigeon,  (pij'un).     [The  French  name.]=Co- 
lumba:   a  poultry-like 
bird  belonging  to  Ra- 
sores.      v.  ColumbidsR. 
Tooth -billed    P.  —  Di- 
dunculus    strigirostris, 
q.v.      P.   pea:  seed  of 
Cajanus  or  Cytisus  ca-^ 
jan;  also  called  angola 
tree. 

Pigment,    (pig'ment).  Pigeon. 

[L.  pigmentum,  the  Latin  word.]  Any  sub- 
stance used  as  a  paint.  P.  cells:  in  the  eye, 
lining  the  choroid  coat,  and  in  contact  with 
the  retina. 

Pigments.  Paints:  e.g.,  black,  burnt  ivory, 
wood,  &c,;  blue,  lapis  lazuli,  &c. ;  brown, 
bitumen,  &c. ;  green,  carbonate  of  copper, 
oxide  of  chromium,  &c. ;  red,  bisulphide  of 
mercury,  <fec.  ;  white,  carbonate  of  lead, 
barytes,  &c. ;  yellow,  chromate  of  lead,  <fcc. 

Pignut.     1.  Fruit  of  Carum  bulbocastanum. 
2.  Fruit  of  Bunium 
flexuosum. 

Pike,  (pik).  [Pique, 
the  French  name.]= 
Esox  lucius:  a  fish 
belonging  to  Esoci-  Pike. 

dze,  q.v.    Bony  P.  =Lepidosteus. 


Pilaster,  (pi-las'ter).  [Pilastre, 
the  French  word.]  A  flat  co- 
lumn, forming  part  of  a  wall, 
of  which  only  a  small  portion 
projects  from  the  surface. 

Pilchard,  (pil'chard).  =  Clupea 
pilchardus:  a  herring-like  fish, 
belonging  to  Clupeidse. 

Pile,  (pil).  [L.  pila,  pillar.]  Dry 
P.:  a  voltaic  battery  in  which 
a  solid  substance  (such  as  paper) ; 
which  absorbs  water  is  used,  in-  Pilaster, 
stead  of  a  liquid.  P.  of  Volta:  a  series  of 
discs  of  copper  and  zinc,  arranged  as  a  gal- 
vanic battery.  P.  toori= Ranunculus  picaria. 
P-  dwellings=L&k.e  dwellings,  q.v.  Nobili's 
P.:  v.  Nobili's. 

Pilidium,  (pi-lid'i-um).  [Gk.  pilidion,  small 
cap.]  The  larva  of  Nemertes,  named  from 
its  helmet  shape. 

Pilifera,  (pil-if'er-a).  [L.  pilus,  hair;  fero,  I 
bear.]  De  Blainville's  term  for  Mammalia. 

Pill.  P.  beetle  =  Byrrhus :  named  from  the 
rounded  shape,  v.  Byrrhidae.  P.  wort= 
Pilularia,  q.v. 

Pillars  of  the  diaphragm.  Muscular  fibres 
connecting  the  diaphragm  with  the  spinal 
column. 

Pilot.  P.  ^sA=Naucrates  ductor=Gasteros- 
teus  ductor:  belongs  to  Scorn beridaj;  named 
from  being  supposed  to  guide  sharks  to  food. 
P.  ic/(a?e=Globiocephalus  svineval. 

Pilton  group = Upper  Devonian,   v.  Devonian. 

Pilularia,  (pil-u-la'ri-a).  [L.  pilula,  pill.]  Pill- 
wort:  an  aquatic  plant  belonging  to  Marsi- 
liaceae. 

Pimelic  acid,  (pim'e-lik).  [Gk.  pimele,  fat.] 
=C7Hi2C>4:  a  crystalline  substance  formed 
from  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  oleic  acid. 

Pimelite,  (pim'e-lit).  [Gk.  pimele,  fat;  lithos, 
stone.  ]  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  nickel,  &c. 


allspice, 
Pimpernel,  (pim'per-nel).     [Pimprenelle,  the 

French  name.]=Anagallis;  a  plant  belonging 

to  Primulacese.     Bastard  P.  =Centunculus. 

Yellow  P.=Lysimachia  nemorum. 
Pimpinella,    (pim-pi-nel'la).     [L.    bis,  twice; 

pennula,  little  wing.]    Burnet  saxifrage:  an 

herb  belonging  to  Apiacese,  named  from  the 

leaves  being  doubly  pinnated.     P.  anisum= 

Anise. 
Pinacese,  (pi-na'se-e).    [Pinus,  <7.T;.]=Conifers: 

evergreen  resinous  trees,  with  naked  flowers, 

belonging  to  Gymnogens.l 
Pinchbeck,  (pinch'bek).    A  gold-coloured  alloy 

of  J  zinc  and  f  copper. 
Pine,  (pin).    [Pinus,  the  Latin 

name. ]==  Pinus, Q.V.  Labrador 

P.  =Pinus  Banksiana.    Jersey 

P.=Pinusinops.  Scotch  P. = 

Pinus  sylvestris.     Ground  P. 

=Ajuga   chamsepitys.       Nut 

P.  =  Pin  us  monophyllus.    P. 

appie=Ananassa  sativa.     P, 

marten  =  Martes    abietum  = 

Musteta  abietum.     P.  sawfty     Pine-apple. 


Pimento,  (pi-men'to).  [Sp.  pimento,  Indian 
pepper.]=Eugenia  P.=Myrtus  P. :  a  tree  be- 
longing to  Myrtacese,  the  fruit  of  which  is 


PINE-APPLE 


266 


PISTIL 


=Lophyrus  pini:  belongs  to  Hymenoptera. 
P.  w?ooi=Leaves  of  pine  tree. 
Pine-apple  oil.     C^H^.C^H-jO^'.  a  mixture  of 
butyric  ether  and  oil. 

Pineal  gland,  (pin'e-al).  [L.  pinna,  fir  cone.] 
A  small  gland  in  the  third  ventricle  of  the 
brain;  an  outgrowth  of  the  prosencephalou ; 
also  called  conarium. 

Pinguicula,  (pin-gwik'u-la).  [L.  pinguis,  fat.] 
Butter-wort:  an  herb  belonging  to  Lentibu- 
lariaceae;  named  from  its  greasy  leaves. 

Pinic  acid,  (pi'nik).  [Pinus,  2.r.]=C2oH3oO2: 
obtained  from  rosin. 

Pinion,  (pin'yun).  [L.  penna,  wing.]  A  wheel 
with  a  small  number  of  teeth  on  its  circum- 
ference. 

Pinite,  (pin'it).  [Pini  Mountains.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum. 

Pink,  (pingk).  [The  Dutch  name.]  1.  Dian- 
thus:  an  herb  belonging  to  Caryophyllaceae. 
Sea-P.  =Armeria.  P.  sensitive  plant  of  N. 
Mexico=Sehraukia  uncinata.  2.  A  pale-red 
colour,  a  compound  of  red  and  white,  named 
from  the  colour  of  the  flower  of  Dianthus. 

Pinna,  (pin'na).  [L.  pinna,  feather.]  1.  A 
general  term  for  any  organised  process,  as  a 
wing,  a  feather,  a  fin,  &c.  2.  A  molluscous 
animal  belonging  to  Mytilidso. 

Pinnace  (pin'nas).  [Pinasse,  the  French  word.] 
A  small  vessel  propelled  by  oars  and  sails, 
used  for  officers  of  low  rank. 

Pinnata.  Giebel's  term  for  whales,  dolphins, 
&c. 

Pinnifera  (pin-nifer-a).  [L.  pinna,  fin;  fero, 
I  bear.]  De  Blainville's  term  for  fishes. 

Pinnigrada,  (pin-ni-gra'da).  [L.  pinna,  fin; 
gradior,  I  walk.]  Aquatic  carnivora:  ani- 
mals, such  as  the  seal,  which  move  by  fius. 
2.  Sometimes  used  for  Crinoidea. 

Pinnipedia,  (pin-ni-pe' di-a).  [L.  pinna, 
feather;  pes,  foot.]  A  general  term  for  ani- 
mals with  webbed  feet  or  with  fins;  used  by 
Bonaparte  for  a  sub-division  of  Mammalia, 
and  also  for  aquatic  carnivora. 

Pinnule,  (pin'nul).  [Pinnula,  the  Latin  word.] 
=Barb:  the  secondary  branch  from  the  quill 
of  a  feather, 

Pintada,  (pin-ta'da).=Numidacristata:  abird; 
also  called  guinea  hen. 

Pintail.  P.  dMC&s=Dafila:  birds  belonging  to 
Natatores. 

Pinus,  (pi'nus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Pine,  fir, 
<fec.:  a  tree  belongingtoPinaceae;  some  species 
of  which  give  turpentine,  pitch,  Hungarian 
balsam,  &c. 

Piosoca.  A  long-legged  water-fowl  of  Brazil 
=Parra  jacana. 

Pipa,  (pi'pa).=Stirinam  toad:  has  no  tongue; 
and  dorsal  pouches,  one  for  each  egg. 

Pipe.  1.  A  tube  of  wood  or  metal  used  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  a  musical  note.  2.  A 
wine  measure=126  gallons,  usually.  P.  fishes 
=Syngnathid£e,  q.v.  P.  stone:  a  variety  of 
clay-slate,  used  for  making  pipes.  P.  mouth 
=  Fistularidae,  q.v.  P.  worts  =  Eriocau- 
laceae,  q.v. 

Piper,  (pi'per).  [The  Latin  name.]  l.=Ci- 
daris  papillata :  a  star-fish,  abundant  at  250 
and  500  fathoms  in  British  seas;  formerly 


rare.    2.  A  plant,  the  type  of  Piperaceae,  q.v. 
P.  betel,  v.  Betel. 

Piperacese,  (pip-er-a'se-e).  [Piper,  q.v.]  = 
Pepper- worts:  aromatic  tropical  herbs  and 
shrubs,  with  jointed  stems  and  sessile  flowers, 
belonging  to  Piperales  and  approximating  to 
Endogens. 

Piperales,  (pip-er-alez).  [Piper,  q.v.]  Plants 
with  achlamyd'eous  flowers,  minute  embryo, 
with  much  albumen,  forming  a  division  of 
hypogynous  Exogens. 

Piperine,  (pip'er-in).  [Piper,  g.v.]=Ci7H]gN03: 
a  crystalline  alkaline  base  found  in  pepper. 

Piping  crow.=Banta:  a  bird  of  N.  S.  Wales. 

Pipit,  (pi'pit).=Antlms:  a  lark-like  bird,  be- 
longing to  Dentirostres,  also  called  tit-lark. 

Pippul,  (pip'pul).  P.  tree=T3o  tree=:Ficu3 
religiosa. 

Pipra,  (pip'ra).  Mauakin:  a  small  sparrow- 
like  bird. 

Piprinse,  (pip-rl'n5).  [Pipra,  q.v.]  Manakins: 
a  family  of  small  sparrow-like  birds  belong- 
ing to  Ampelidae. 

Pirate  spider.=Pirosa  piratica. 

Pisces,  (pis'suz).  [TheLatinname.]=l.  Fishes: 
vertebrate  animals 
adapted  for  living 
in  water,  which 
breathe  by  means 
of  branchiae;  have 
limbs  modified  into 
fins,  cold  red  blood, 
and  also  median 
fins ;  but  never 
either  amnion  nor  Places, 

allantois.  v.  Fish,  v.  Fishes.  2.  The  Fishes: 
the  twelfth  sign  of  the  Zodiac. 

Pisciculus,  (pis-ik'u-lus).  [L.  pisciculus,  little 
fish.]  Stickleback:  a  small  fish  belonging  to 
Acanthopterygii. 

Piscidia,  (pis-sid'i-a).  [L.  piscis,  fish;  ccedo, 
I  kill. ]  =  Dogwood:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Leguminacese,  the  bark  of  which  is  used  to 
stupefy  fish. 

Piscis  Australia,  (pis'sis  aw-stra'lis).  [The 
Latin  name.]=The  Southern  Fish:  a  small 
southern  constellation,  of  which  Fomalhaut 
is  the  chief  star. 

Pisolite,  (pi'so-lit).  [L.  pisum,  pea;  Gk.  lithos, 
stone.]=Peagrit:  a  variety  of  oolite,  in  which 
the  grains  are  of  large  size.  P.  limestone: 
intermediate  between  secondary  and  tertiary 
rocks. 

Pissophane,  (pis'so-fan).  [Gr.  pissa,  pitch; 
phaino,  I  show.]  A  mineral  named  from  its 
resemblance  to  pitch,  chiefly  hydrated  sul- 
phate of  aluminum  and  iron. 

Pistiacese,  (pis-ti-a'se-e).  [Pistia,  the  typical 
genus.]=Duckweeds:  plants  having  stem  and 
leaf  in  one,  forming  a  frond,  on  the  edge  of 
which  are  naked,  unisexual  flowers:  belong 
to  Arales;  also  called  Lemnaceae. 

Pistachia,  (pis-ta'shi-a).  (Pistacium,  the 
Latin  name.]  A  tree  belonging  to  Anacar- 
diaceaj,  from  which  mastic  is  obtained. 

Pistil,  (pis'til).  [L.  pistillum,  pestle.]  The 
central  portion  of  a  flower  which  contains 
the  seed,  and  which,  when  ripened,  becomes 
the  fruit;  consists  of  ovary,  style,  and  stigma. 


PISTON 


267 


PLANTAGO 


Piston,  (pis'ton).  [The  French -word.]  A  disc 
of  wood  or  iron  working  air- 
tight in  a  cylinder ;  in  a  steam- 
engine  the  piston  is  moved  to 
and  fro  by  the  force  of  the 
steam,  which  it  communicates 
to  the  machinery. 

Pisum,  (pi' sum).  [The  Latin 
name.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Leguminaceae. 

Pitch,  (pich).  [1  and  2.  Pi*. 
the  Latin  word;  3  and  4.  F. 
pic,  peak.]  1.  A  hydrocarbon  obtained  from 
coal-tar ;  a  resin-like  variety  of  bitumen.  2. 
A  resin  obtained  from  Pinus  sylvestris  and 
other  trees.  3.  The  pitch  of  a  musical  note, 
depending  upon  the  number  of  vibrations.  4. 
P.  of  a  screw:  the  distance  through  which  it 
moves  in  one  turn.  P.  stone:  a  mineral; 
(1)  a  variety  of  obsidian ;  (2)  a  silicate  of 
aluminum.  Mineral  P. = Asphalt.  Concert 
P.  varies  from  512  to  538  vibrations  per 
second  for  C  on  the  treble  clef. 

Pitchblende,  (pich'blend).  [Pech-blende,  the 
German  name.]  An  amorphous  mineral, 
chiefly  uranium  oxide,  with  copper,  lead, 
iron,  &c. 

Pitcher.  P.  plant;  1.  A  slender  climbing 
plant,  which  has  pitcher-shaped  leaves=Ne- 
pentb.es,  v.  Nepenthacese.  2.=Darlingtonia 
California:  a  plant  of  California.  P.  leaves: 
also  called  ascidia. 

Pith,  (pith).  [Pidha,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
soft,  spongy,  cellular  substance  found  in  the 
centre  of  exogenous  stems  and  branches. 

Pithecia,  (pi-the'si-a).  An  American  monkey 
with  a  bushy  tail. 

Pithecus,  (pi-the'kus).  [Gk. pithekos, monkey.] 
Apes^Simia:  tailless  monkeys,  having  teeth 
in  the  same  number  as  man.  P.  leuciscus= 
Gibbon,  of  Java.  P.  acUyrtusOiang-ovtang. 

Pitta,  (pit'ta).  A  large  thrush-like  bird,  hav- 
ing long  legs  and  a  very  short  tail ;  found 
only  in  Sumatra  and  adjacent  islands. 

Pittosporaceae,  (pit-to-spo-ra'se-e).  [Gk.  pitta, 
gum;  sporos,  seed.]=Pittosporads:  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  symmetrical  flowers  and  small 
embryos,  with  much  albumen,  belonging  to 
Berberales;  found  chiefly  in  New  Holland; 
named  from  the  resinous  seeds. 

Pituitary,  (pi- tu'i-ta-ri).  [L.  pituita, 
phlegm.]  Relating  to  phlegm.  P.  body:  irithe 
brain,  at  the  front  of  the  notochord;  named 
from  being  thought  to  secrete  phlegm. 

Placenta,  (pla-sen'ta).  [L.  placenta,  cake.] 
A  developed  condition  of  the  chorion,  by 
which  the  young  is  nourished  previous  to 
birth,  and  which  in  man  is  discoid  in  shape; 
also  called  "  after-birth." 

Placentalia,  (pla-sen-ta'li-a).    [Placenta,  q.v.] 
Term  used  by  Owen  for  all  Mammalia  except 
Marsupialia  and  Monotremata. 
Placentiferous,  (pla-sen-tif'er-us).    [Placenta, 
q.v. ;  ferro,  I  carry.]    Bearing  a  placenta. 
Placodus,     (plak'o-dus).      [Gk.    plax,   plate; 
odous,   tooth.]     A  reptile,   known  only  by 
fossil  remains,  found  in  Muschelkalk  rocks  ; 
named  from  having  short,  flat  teeth. 
Placoid,  (plak'oid).      [Gk.  plax,  plate;  eidos, 


form.]  P.  fishes:  having  irregular  bony 
plates  and  spines  on  the  skin ;  rare  as  fossils. 

Placoidei,  (  pla-koi'de-I ).  [Gk.  plax,  plate; 
eidos,  form.]  =  Selachii ;  sharks  and  rays: 
a  sub-division  of  Elasmobranchii,  q.v. 

Plagiaulax,  (pla'ji-aw-laks).  [Gk.  plagios, 
oblique;  aidax,  groove.]  A  mammal,  fossil 
remains  of  which  are  found  in  Purbeck 
beds;  named  from  the  oblique  grooves  in  the 
teeth. 

Plagioclastic,  (pla-ji-6-klas'tik).  [Gk.  plagios, 
oblique ;  klasis,  fracture.]  P.  minerals  : 
have  cleavages  that  are  oblique  to  each  other. 

Plagiostoma,  (pla-ji-os'to-ma).  [Gk.  plagios, 
oblique ;  stoma,  mouth.]  An  oyster-like 
animal,  known  by  fossil  remains  found  in 
Lias  rocks. 

Plagiostomi,  (pla-ji-os'to-mi).  [Gk.  plagios, 
oblique;  stoma,  mouth.]  Used  by  Siebold 
for  a  sub-division  of  fishes,  including  the 
shark  and  ray,  forming  a  sub-division  of 
Elasmobranchii. 

Plaice,  (plas).  [Platessa,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Platessa  vulgaris:  a  flat  fish,  belonging  to 
Pleuronectidse. 

Plan,  (plan).  [L.  planus,  flat.]=Map  onalarge 
scale;  view  looking  vertically  downward. 

Plane,  (plan).  [L.  planus,  level.]  A  level 
surface.  P.  geometry:  the  geometry  of  plane 
surfaces.  P.  sailing,  v.  Sailing.  P.  trigono- 
metry, v.  Trigonometry.  P.  of  the  Ecliptic: 
the  plane  in  which  the  earth  moves  in  its 
revolution  round  the  sun,  and  to  which  the 
orbits  of  the  other  planets  closely  approxi- 
mate. Scotch  P.=Acer  pseudoplatanus ;  a 
tree,  named  from  its  broad  leaves. 

Planes,  Shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to  Urti- 
cales=Platanacese,  q.v. 

Planetoids,  (plan'et-oidz).  [Planet,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]=Miuor  Planets,  q.v. 

Planets,  (plan'ets).  [Planeta,  the  Latin 
name.]  Wandering  stars:  bodies  resembling 
our  globe,  belonging  to  the  solar  system  (i.e. , 
revolving  round  the  sun),  which  shine  only 
by  the  reflection  of  the  sun's  light.  Superior 
P.:  those  farther  from  the  sun  than  the 
earth  is;  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus, 
and  Neptune.  Inferior  P.:  those  between 
the  sun  and  the  earth :  Mercury,  Venus,  and 
possibly  Vulcan.  Minor  P.=Asteroids:  be- 
tween Mars  and  Jupiter;  see  Minor  Planets. 
Major  P.;  Jupiter  and  the  planets  beyond 
it;  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune.  Terrestrial 
P.:  a  term  used  to  comprise  the  earth  and 
the  planets  approximating  to  it;  Mercury, 
Venus,  and  Mars;  the  planets  between  the 
sun  and  the  Minor  Planets. 

Planimeter,  (plan-im'e-ter).  [L.  planus,  flat; 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  Any  instrument  for 
the  measurement  of  plane  surfaces. 

Planorbis,  (plan-or'bis).  [L.  planus,  flat; 
orbis,  circle.]  A  fresh-water  snail-like, 
molluscous  animal,  belongingto  Gasteropoda. 

Plantaginacese,  (plan-ta-jin-a'se-e).  [Plantago, 
<?.v.]=Rib-worts;  herbs  belonging  to  Cortu- 


Plantago,  (plan-ta'go).  [L.  planta,  sole  of  the 
foot.]=Plaintain;  rib-grass;  an  herb  the 
type  of  Plantaginacese. 


PLANTAIN 


268 


PLESIOSATTRIA 


Plantain,   (plan'tan).      [The  French 

1.  Musasapientum:  an 
endogenous  tree,  resem- 
bling the  banana,  be- 
longing    to    Musaceaj. 

2.  Plantago,  an  exogen- 
ous plant,  belonging  to 
Plautaginaceae.     Water 
plantain  =  Alisma.    P. 
etUe>— Musophaga,  q.v. 

Plantigrade,  (  plan '  ti- 
grad).  [L.  planta,  sole 
of  the  foot;  gradior, 
I  walk.]  A  general 
term,  applied  to  all  ani- 
mals, such  as  the  bear, 
badger,  and  also  man,  Plantain, 

which  place  the  whole  sole  of  the  foot  on  the 
ground  when  walking. 

Plant  -  lice  =  Aphides  :  insects  belonging  to 
Homoptera. 

Plants,  (plants).  [L.  planta,  a  young  tree.] 
Living  beings,  usually  without  sensation, 
rooted,  with  no  mouth  or  stomach;  com- 
posed of  binary  or  ternary  compounds,  re- 
tain carbon,  and  exhale  oxygen ;  form  organic 
compounds  which  serve  as  food  for  animals; 
form  the  vegetable  kingdom ;  few  only  in 
sea  below  50  fathoms,  none  below  200 
fathoms. 

Plants,  classification  of.  v.  Botanical  systems. 

Plasma,  (plaz'ma).  [Gk.  plasso,  I  mould.] 
The  colourless  fluid  of  the  blood,  in  which 
the  red  and  white  corpuscles  are  suspended; 
a  general  term  for  any  fluid  by  which  animals 
or  plants  are  immediately  nourished. 

Plasmogony,  (plaz-mog'o-ni).  [Plasma,  q.v.] 
The  generation  of  an  organ  ism'from  a  plasma, 
or  organic  formative  fluid. 

Plaster  of  Paris.  Calcined  and  powdered 
gypsum;  used  in  taking  plaster  casts,  and  as 
a  cement;  named  from  being  found  in  large 
quantities  near  Paris. 

Plastic  clay=Woolwich  and  Reading  series, 
q.v.  A  sub-division  of  Lower  Eocene  rocks; 
the  clay  is  used  for  pottery. 

Plastron,  (plas'tron).  [Gk.  emplagtron,  plaster.] 
The  ventral  shell  or  shield  of  turtles  -and 
tortoises. 

Platalea,  (plat-al'e-a).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Spoonbill:  a  heron-like  bird,  belonging  to 
Ardeidse;  named  from  the  form  of  its  beak. 

Platanacese,  (plat-a-na'se-6).  [Platanus,  q.v.] 
Planes:  trees,  chiefly  found  in  N.  America, 
belonging  to  Amentales. 

Platanus,  (plat'a-nus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Plane-tree:  a  tree,  the  type  of  Platanaceae. 

Plate,  (plat).  (Plat,  the  French  word.].  P. 
electrical  machine:  a  plate  usually  of  vul- 
canite or  glass,  fixed  in  a  frame,  so  as  to  be 
electrified  by  friction  when  made  to  revolve. 
P.  girder:  one  composed  of  a  number  of 
plates  of  iron.  P.  glass:  a  fusible  variety 
of  glass,  consisting  chiefly  of  silicates  of 
sodium  and  calcium;  named  from  being  cast 
for  use  in  large  plates 

Platessa,  (plat-es'sa).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Plaice:  a  flat  fish,  belonging  toPleurpnectidae. 

Platinamine,  (plat'in-a-mln).    [Platinum  and 


name.]  |    Amine.]    PtH6N2O2:  a  platinum  base,  also 
called  Gerhardt's  base. 


Platinic,  (pla-tin'ik).  [Platinum,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  platinum. 

Platinicum,  (pla-tin'i-kum).  Term  used  to 
express  the  platinum  in  Platinamine,  and 
other  compounds,  in  which  it  occurs  as 
Ptiv. 

Platinum,  (plat'in-um).  [Sp.  platina,  little 
silver.]  Pt.:  one  of  the  noble  metals:  a  white, 
hard,  lustrous,  tenacious  metal,  almost  in- 
fusible; abundant  in  California.  P.,  Natire: 
almost  pure,  with  cubical  crystallisation. 
Black  P.=P.  black:  finely  divided  platinum. 
P.  bases:  basic  compounds  of  platinum  and 
ammonia:  platinamine,  platosamine,  <fec. 
P.  lamp;  a  coil  of  platinum  wire,  heated,  so 
as  to  be  luminous,  by  a  galvanic  current  being 
passed  through  it.  Spongy  P.,  v.  Spongy. 

Plato,  (pla'to).  [Classical.]  A  crater  in  the 
Moon,  70  miles  in  diameter. 

Platosamine,  (plat'6-sa-mm).  [Platinum  and 
Amine.]=PtH6NoO=Reiset's  second  base:  a 
basic  compound  of  platinum  and  ammonia. 

Platten,  (plat'ten).  A  plate  of  wood  or  iron, 
used  in  the  printing  press,  to  press  the  paper 
on  the  type. 

Platy,  (plat'i).  [Gk.  platys,  broad.]  A  prefix, 
implying  breadth. 

Platy  elminthes,  (  plat-i-el-min'thez  ).  [Gk. 
platys,  broad;  helming,  worm.]  A  sub-divi- 
sion of  Annuloida  by  Rolleston.  Tape- 
worms, Ac. 

Platymeter,  ( plat-im'e-ter ).  [Gk.  platys, 
broad ;  metron,  measure.]  An  apparatus  to 
measure  the  inductive  capacity  of  dielectrics. 

Platypus,  (plat'i-pus).  [Gk.  platys,  broad; 
pott*,  foot.]  Duck-bill:  a  burrowing  quad- 
ruped, having  wide  flattened  snout  and 
large  flattened  claws,  found  in  N.  S.  Wales 
=Ornithorhynchus,  q.v. 

Platyrrhine  family,  (plat'i-rin).  [Gk.  platys, 
broad ;  rhines,  nostrils.]  Quadrumanous 
animals,  such  as  the  marmoset,  &c.,  found 
only  in  S.  America;  named  from  the  nostrils 
being  far  apart. 

Plectognathi,  (plek-tog'na-thi).  [Gk.  plcktot, 
connected;  gnathos,  jaw.]  A  sub-division  of 
fishes,  in  which  the  cheek-bones  are  firmly 
united  with  the  jaws;  e.g.,  trunk-fishes, 
file-fishes,  &c. 

Pleiades,  (pli'a-dez).  [Classical.]  A  group  of 
seven  stars,  in  the  shoulder  of  Taurus;  also 
called  the  Seven  Virgins. 

Pleiocene=Pliocene,  q.v. 

Pleiosaurus,  (  pli-6-saw'rus  ).  [Gk.  pleion, 
more;  sauros,  lizard.]  A  marine  reptile 
with  large  head,  short  neck,  and  paddles, 
resembling  those  of  the  plesiosaurus. 

Plcochroism,  ( ple-ok'ro-izm  ).  [Gk.  pleion, 
more;  chroma,  colour.]  The  variation  of 
colour  in  some  crystals  when  seen  by  trans- 
mitted light,  or  in  different  directions. 

Pleonaste,  (ple'o-nast).  [Gk.  pleonastos, 
abundant.]  A  dark  variety  of  spinel. 

Plesiosauria,  (ple-zi-6-saw'ri-a).  [Gk.  plesios, 
near;  saura,  lizard. ]=Extinct  marine  rep- 
tiles, found  in  secondary  strata,  v.  Plesio- 
saurus. 


PLESIOSATTRUS 


PODOSTEMACE.E 


Plesiosaurus,  (ple-zi-o-saw'rus).  [Gk.  plesios, 
near;  saura,  lizard.]  An  oolitic  reptile  with 
crocodile-like  head,  known  by  fossil  remains, 
chiefly  vertebrae,  found  in  Lias  and  Oolitic 
rocks,  named  from  its  fossil  remains  being 
found  near  those  of  the  ichthyosaurus. 

Pleura,  (plo'ra).  [Gk.  pleura,  rib.]  A  serous 
membrane  enclosing  the  lung. 

Pleuro,  (plo'ro).  [Gk.  pleura,  rib.]  A  prefix, 
implying  some  relation  to  the  pleuraor  lungs. 

Pleurodont,  (plo'ro-dont).  [Gk.  pleura,  rib; 
odous,  tooth.]  P.  teeth:  those  which  are 
fastened  by  one  side  of  the  fang  anchylosing 
with  the  jaw. 

Pleurodonta,  (plo-ro-don'ta).  [Gk.  pleuron, 
Bide;  odous,  tooth.]  A  sub -division  of 
Iguanidfe,  q.v.,  having  pleurodont  teeth. 

Pleuronectes,  (plo-ro-nek'tez).  [Gk.  pleura, 
side ;  nektes,  swimmer.  ]  =  Pleuronectidse :  a 
family  of  fishes,  in  which  the  body  is  flat- 
tened and  the  eyes  both  on  one  side  of  the 
head;  includes  the  plaice,  sole,  floundez-,  &c. 

Pleuronectidae=PlBuronectes,  q.v. 

Pleurotoma,  (  plo-rot'o-ma  ).  [Gk.  pleuron, 
side ;  tome,  incision.]  =  Turricula :  a  carni- 
vorous molluscous  animal,  with  a  univalve 
shell :  found  fossil  from  Oolite  to  Eocene  rocks. 

Pleurotomaria,  (plo-ro-to-ma'ri-a).  [Gk. 
pleuron,  side ;  tome,  incision.]  A  gasteropo- 
dous  mollusc,  with  spiral  univalve  shell, 
found  in  Oolite  rocks. 

Plexus,  (pleks'us).  [L.  plexus,  twisted.]  Net- 
work; used,  especially,  for  a  network  of 
nerves,  &c. 

Plinth,  (plinth).  [Plinthos,  the  Greek  word.] 
A  square  projecting  base,  usually  forming 
the  lowest  portion  of  a  column. 

Pliocene, (pli'o-sen).  [Gk.^eion,,more;  kainos, 
recent.]=Upper  Tertiary  formation:  includ- 
ing the  Red  and  White  Crag  of  Suffolk,  the 
Norwich  Crag,  &c.,  in  which  existing  species 
of  Testacea  are  more  numerous  than  extinct 
species. 

Ploceinae,  (plo-si'ne).  [Ploceus,  the  typical 
genus.]  Widow-birds,  weaver-birds,  &c.:  a 
sub-division  of  Fringillidae,  q.v. 

Plotus,  (plo'tus).  [Gk.  plotos,  sailing.]  Dar- 
ter: a  large  aquatic  bird,  with  long  neck, 
pointed  bills,  and  strong  short  feet,  belong- 
ing to  Pelecanidse. 

Ploughman's  spikenard=Inula,  q.v. 

Plover,  (  plo'ver  ).  [  Pluvier,  the  French 
name.]=Charadrius ;  awading-bird,  belong- 
ing to  Charadriadse. 

Plum,  (plum).  [Pluma,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
The  edible  fruit  of  Prunus,  q.v. 

Plumbaginaceae,  (plum-ba-jin-a'se-e).  [Plum- 
bago, (?.i;.]==:Lead-worts:  herbs,  with  mono- 
petalous  flowers,  belonging  to  Cortusales. 

Plumbago,  (plum-ba'go).  [L.  plumbum,  lead.] 
1.  The  typical  genus  of  Plumbaginacese,  q.v. 
2.=Graphite,  q.v.,  a  modification  of  carbon. 

Plumbic,  (plum'bik).  [Plumbum,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  plumbum  or  lead;  leaden.  P.  sul- 
ptiide=Ga,lena,=Pb&. 

Plumb-line.  [L.  plumbum,  lead.]  A  small 
weight,  usually  of  lead,  suspended  by  a 
string,  so  that  it  hangs  vertically;  used  as  a 
standard  of  vertical  position. 


Plumbum,  (plum'bum).  [The  Latin  word.] 
=Lead :  Pb",  or  Pbiv :  a  soft,  bluish-white 
malleable  metal. 

Plume-nutmegs=  Atherospermacese,  q.v. 

Plumule,  (plum'ul).  The  growing  point  of  a 
young  plant  in  its  earliest  stage  of  growth. 

Pluteiform,  (  plii'te-i-form  ).  [Pluteus,  q.v.] 
Having  the  form  of  the  pluteus,  q.v. 

Pluteus,  (pltt'te-us).  [L.  pluteus,  temporary 
roof.]=The  larva  of  the  Echinus,  which  is 
called  "painter's  easel." 

Plutonic  rocks,  (plu-ton'ik).  [Pluto.]  = 
Granites,  porphyries,  &c. :  transformed  fos- 
siliferous  rocks  now  devoid  of  fossils,  which 
resemble  volcanic  formations,  but  are  more 
crystalline,  and  in  which  tuffs  or  breccias 
are  never  found,  a  sub-division  of  hypogene 
rocks,  q.v.,  transmuted  and  cooled  at  great 
depths  by  great  heat ;  hence  called  Plu- 
tonic. 

Pluviometer,  (plu-vi-om'e-ter).  [L.  pluvia, 
rain;  Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  apparatus 
for  the  measurement  of  the  quantity  of  rain. 

Pneumatic,  (nu-mat'ik).  [Gk.  pneuma.  air.] 
Related  to  air  or  other  gases.  P.  syringe:  a 
tube  in  which  a  piston  works  air-tight;  by 
the  compression  of  the  contained  air  suffi- 
cient heat  is  generated  to  ignite  a  piece  of 
German  tinder. 

Pneumatics,  (nu-mat'iks).  [Gk.  pneuma,  air.] 
The  science  of  the  properties  of  elastic  fluids, 
such  as  air. 

Pneumatocyst,  (nu-mat'6-sist).  [Gk.  pneuma, 
air;  kystis,  bladder.]  An  air-sac  found  in  some 
Hydrozoa;  used  generally  for  any  small  air* 
bladder. 

Pneumo,  (nu'mo).  [Gk.  pneuma,  air.]  A  pre- 
fix, implying  a  relation  to  air  or  some  other 
elastic  fluid. 

Pneumogastric  nerves,  (nu  -  mo  -  gas '  trik). 
[Pneumo  and  Gastric,  q.v.]  The  tenth  pair 
of  cerebral  nerves,  supplying  the  stomach, 
lungs,  liver,  and  larynx. 

Pneumonia,  ( nu-mo'ni-a  ).  [Gk.  pneumon, 
lung.l  The  phase  of  disease  called  inflam- 
mation of  the  lungs. 

Pneumootoka,  (nu-mo-ot'o-ka).  [Gk.  pneuma, 
breath;  oon,  egg;  tokos,  laying.]  Owen's  term 
for  a  sub-division  of  Vertebrata,  including 
birds  and  the  greater  number  of  reptiles. 

Poa,  (po'a).  [Gk.  poa,  fodder.]  =  Meadow- 
grass:  a  plant  belonging  to  Grarninacese. 

Podargus,  (po-dar'gus).  [Gk.  pous,  foot;  argos, 
swift.]  =  More  pork:  an  Australian  bird,  a 
variety  of  the  goat-sucker. 

Podophthalmia,  (pod-of-thal'mi-a).  [Gk.  pous, 
foot;  ophthalmos,  eye.]=Decapoda:  crabs, 
lobsters,  <fec. ;  crustacean  animals,  whose  eyes 
are  on  stalks,  and  whose  bodies  are  divided 
into  twenty  somites;  they  have  a  carapace, 
and  breathe  by  branchiae. 

Podophyllaceae,  (pod-o-fil-la'se-e).  [Gk.  pous, 
foot ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  A  family  of  plants, 
resembling  Ranunculacese. 

Podosomata,  (podo-s5'ma-ta).  [Gk.  pous,  foot; 
soma,  body.]=Sea-spiders :  a  marine  sub- 
division of  Arachnida. 

Podostemaceae,  (pod-os-te-ma'se-e).  [Gk.  pous, 
foot;  sterna,  stamen.]=Podostemads ;  float- 


POEPHAGA 


270 


POLYCYSTINA 


Poiuter  Dog. 


ing  moss-like  herbs  belonging  to  Ru  tales; 
exogens  that  approximate  to  endogens. 

Poephaga,  (po-efa-ga).  [Gk.  poa,  grass;  phago, 
I  eat.  ]  A  division  of  Marsupialia,  represented 
by  the  kangaroo. 

Poikilopleuron,  (poi-kil-o-plo'ron).  [Gk.  poi- 
kilos,  coloured;  pleura,  side.]  An  extinct 
reptile  belonging  to  Dinosanria,  q.v. 

Point.  The  extreme  end  of  a  line,  which 
marks  its  position  without  having  any  space. 
Boiling  P.:  the  temperature  at  which  a  given 
liquid  boils.  Freezing  P.;  the  temperature 
at  which  a  given  liquid  freezes. 

Pointer.  A  variety  of 
thedog,  used  in  shoot- 
ing for  his  power  of 
finding  game. 

Pointers,  Two  stars, 
Merak  and  Dubhe,  in 
Ursaa  Majoris,  the 
line  through  which 
points  to  Polaris. 

Poison  (poi'zon).  [The  French  word.]  Any 
substance  which  tends,  when  mixed  with  the 
blood,  to  destroy  life. 

Poisonous  snakes.  Ophiophagus,  Naja,  Da- 
boia,  Trimeresuri,  &c. 

Polar,  (polar).  [Polaris,  the  Latin  word.] 
Relating  to  the  N.  or  S.  Pole,  or  to  the  poles 
of  a  magnet,  &c.  P.  6«ar=Ursus  maritimus: 
a  carnivorous  variety  of  the  bear.  P.  clock : 
apparatus  attached  to  a  sun-dial,  in  the 
northern  regions,  for  the  purpose  of  point- 
ing out  the  time;  the  action  of  it  depends  on 
the  polarisation  of  light.  P.  distance:  the 
distance  of  a  star,  <tc.,  from  the  celestial 
pole,  measured  along  the  celestial  meridian. 
P.  lights,  v.  Aurora  Borealia  and  Aurora  Aus- 
tralia. 

Polaris,  (po-la'ris).  [L.  Stella  polaris,  star  of 
the  pole.]  A  star  very  near  the  north  pole 
of  the  heavens,  and  therefore  called  the  Pole- 
star,  q.v. 

Polarisation,  (po-lar-i-zu'shnn).  [Polar,  q.v.] 
P.  of  light;  a  conversion  of  an  ordinary  ray, 
which  vibrates  in  every  plane  perpendicular 
to  its  direction,  into  one  which  vibrates  in 
one  plane  only,  and  cannot  be  doubly  re- 
fracted; in  double  refraction  the  ordinary 
and  extraordinary  ray  are  each  polarised,  but 
in  different  planes.  Angle  of  P.  :  for  glass, 
about  55°  with  the  normal ;  for  water,  about 
52°;  for  diamond,  about  68°. 

Polariscope,  (po-lar'i-skop).  [Polar,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
skopeo,  1  see.]  An  apparatus  for  detecting 
polarised  light. 

Polariser,  (po-lar-i'zer).  [Polarisation,  q.v.] 
An  apparatus  for  polarising  a  ray  of  light. 

Polarity,  (po-larl-ti).  [Polar,  q.v.]  The  pro- 
perty of  pointing,  or  being  referred,  to  oppo- 
site poles,  as  in  a  magnet,  polarised  light,  &c. 

Pole,  (pol).  [1.  Pol,  the  A.-S.  word;  2.  L. 
polus,  the  end  of  an  axis.]  l.=Perch:  a 
measure  of  length =5^  yards.  Square  P.= 
30J  yards.  2.  v.  Poles. 

Poles,  (polz).  [ i'.  Pole,  2.]  1.  Of  a  magnet: 
the  free  ends,  which  attract  more  strongly 
than  any  other  pai't,  one  called  north,  the 
other  south.  2,  Of  a  galvanic  battery,  one 


Pole-Cat 


called  positive,  the  other  negative;  the  ex- 
tremities where  the  electric  action  is  ap- 

Pole-cat.  =  Mustela 

torius :    a  weasel  -  lke 

animal. 
Pole  -  star.      The   star 

nearest  the  N.  pole  of, 

the  heavens;    nowr=a' 

Ursae  Miuovis,  in  60CO 

A.D.=y  Draconis. 
Polemoniaceae,  (pol-e-mo-ni-a'se-e).     [Polemo- 

nium,  q.v.]  =  Phlox-worts  :    herbs,  chiefly 

American,  belonging  to  Solanales. 
Polemonium,  (pol-e-mo'ni-um).    [Polemonion, 

the  Greek    name.  ]= Jacob's  ladder  =  Greek 

Valerian:  a  plant,  the  type  of  Polymoniaceae, 

q.v. 
Pollards,  (pol'lardz).     [Pott,  head.]    Trees  of 

which  the  upper  portions  have  been  cut  off. 
Pollen,  (pol'len).     [L.  pollen,  fine  flour.]    A 

fertilising  powder  contained  in  the  anthers 

of  flowering  plants,    v.  Stamen. 
Pollex,  (pol'leks).  [The  Latin  word.  ]= Thumb, 

q.v. 
Pollux,  (polluks).     [Classical]     1.  A  bright 

star  in  Gemini,  once  red,  now  orange.     2.  A 

mineral,  about  one-third  of  which  is  caesium. 
Poly-,  (poll).     [Gk.  polys,  many.]    A  prefix 

implying  many. 
Polyadelphous,   (pol-i-a-del'fus).     [Gk.  polys, 

many;  adelphos,  brother.]    A  term  applied 

to  plants  of  which  the  stamens  are  united  by 

the  filaments,    v.  Stamen. 
Polyads,  (  poll-adz  ).      [Gk.  polys,  many.]= 

Polyatomic  elements:  triads,  tetrads,  hexads, 

&c.,  q.v. 
Polyandrous,  (  pol-i-an'drus). 

many ;     finer,    man.]      P. 

plants:    those  having  the 

stamens     numerous,     i.e., 

more  than  twenty  to  each 

flower. 
Polyanthus,  ( pol-i-an'th  u  s ). 

[Gk.  polys,  many;   anthos, 

flower.]  An  herb;  a  variety 

<if  the  primrose. 
Polyatomic,  (pol-i-a-tomlk).  [Poly  and  Atomic, 

q.v.]     Term  used  for  elements  or  radicles 

which  have  an  equivalency  greater  than  one. 
Polybasic,  (pol-i-ba'sik).   [Gk.  Poly  and  Basic, 

q.v.]= Poly  atomic,  q.v.   P.  acicte=Acid  salts. 

v.  Salts. 
Polychroite,  (pol-i-kro'it).    [Gk.  polys,  many; 

chroia,  colour.]      The  colouring  matter  of 

saffron,     v.  Saffranin. 
Polychromatic  acid,  (pol-i-kro-mat'ik).     [Gk. 

polys,  many;  chroma,  colour.  ]= Aloe  tic  acid, 

q.v. 
Polychrome,  (pol'i-krom).     [Gk.  polys,  many; 

chroma,  colour.  ]=Esculin:  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  horse-chestnut  bark, 

named  from  the  variety  of  colour  when  seen 

by  reflected  light. 
Polychromy,  ( pol'i -kro-mi).    [Gr.  polys,  many; 

chroma,  colour.]  Variety  of  colour,  especially 

as  applied  to  buildings  or  statuary. 
Polycystina,  (pol-i-sis-ti'na).  [Gk.  polys,  roany; 

kystis,  bladder.]  Microscopic,  siliceous,  forar 


[Gk.  polys, 


Polyaudroua. 


POLYGALA 


271 


POPLAR 


minated,  bladder-like  shells,  belonging  to 
Protozoa;  also  called  Radiolaria. 

Polygala,  (pol-ig'a-la).  [Gk.  polys,  much 
go.1.0,  milk.]=Milk-wort:  an  herb,  the  type 
of  Polygalacete. 

Polygalacese,  (pol-i-gal-a'se-e).  [Polygala,  q.v.] 
=  Milk-worts:  herbs  and  shrubs,  sometimes 
twining,  mostly  bitter,  with  milky  roots,  be- 
longing to  Sapindales. 

Polygalic  acid,  (pol-i-gal'ik).  [Polygala,  q.v.] 
=Saponic  acid,  q.v.;  named  from  being  ob- 
tained from  the  plant  polygala. 

Polygamous,  (pol-ig'a-mus).  [Gk.  potys,  many ; 
gamos,  marriage.]  Having  more  wives  than 
one. 

Polyglycerin,  (  pol-i-glis'er-in ).  [Poly  and 
Glycerin,  q.v.]  A  condensed  variety  of 
glycerin. 

Polygastrica,  (  pol-i-gas'tri-ka  ).  [Gk.  polys, 
many ;  gaster,  stomach.]  =  Infusoria :  the 
name  given  by  Ehrenberg. 

Polygenetic,  (  pol-i-gen-et'ik  ).  [Gk.  pnly*, 
many;  {/ewo.?,kind.]=Havinga  variety  of  kind. 

Polygon,  (pol'i-gon).      [Gk.  polys,  many; 
gonia,  corner.]  A  figure 
bounded  by  more  than 
four  straight  lines. 

Polygonaoese,  (pol-i-gon- 
a'se-e. )  [Polygonum, 
q.v.]  =  Buck  wheats: 
herbs  belonging  to 
Silenales. 

Polygonatuin,(pol-i-gon-  Polygons. 

a'tum).  [Gk.polys,  many;  gony,  knee.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Liliacese. 

Polygonum,  (pol-igVnum).  [Gk.  polys,  many; 
gony,  knee.]  Bistort:  snake-root,  &c. :  an 
herb,  the  type  of  Polygonaceae.  P.  ariculare 
= Knotgrass.  P,  persicaria=  Persicaria. 

Polyhalite,  (pol'i-ha-lit).  [Gk.  polys,  many; 
hals,  salt.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  sul- 
phate of  potassium,  magnesium,  and  calcium. 

Polyhedron,  (  pol-i-hg'dron  ).  [Gk.  polys, 
many;  hedra,  side.]  A  solid  having  many  sides . 

Polymeric,  (pol-im'er-ik).  [Gk.  polys,  many; 
meros,  part.]  Related  to  polymerides,  q.v. 

Polymerides,  (pol-i-mer'i-dez).  [Gk.  polys, 
many;  meros,  part.]  Compound  bodies  hav- 
ing the  same  proportion  among  the  elements 
(i.e.,  the  same  percentage  in  the  composition) 
with  different  properties,  e.g.,  defiant  gas, 
CsH4  and  oil  gas,  C^Hg. 

Polymorphism,  (pol-i-mor'fizm).  [Gk.  polys, 
many;  morphe,  shape.]  Variety  or  diversity 
of  form. 

Polynomial,  (pol-i-no'mi-al).  [Gk.  polys,  many; 
Gk.  nomos,  law.]  Used  of  an  algebraic 
quantity  having  several  terms,  cf.  Binomial. 

Polype,   (pol'ip).      [Gk.  polys,  many;  pous, 
foot.]  =  Polyp:  an  indivi- 
dual of  Polypi,  q.v. 

Polypetalse,  ( pol-i-pet'a-lg  ). 
[Polys  and  Petal,  q.v.] 
Plants,  the  flowers  of  which 
have  both  calyx  and  corolla; 
divided  into  Thalamiflorae 
and  Calyciflorse. 

Polypi,  (pol'i-pi).  [Gk,  polys, 
many;  pans,  fqoy  1.  A  Ppiyp. 


sub-division  of  Molluscoida;  also  used  gene- 
rally for  some  Coelenterata.  v.  Polyps.  2. 
Plural  of  Polypus,  q.v. 

Polypiaria,  (pol-i-pi-a'ri-a).  De  Blainville's 
term  for  Anthozoa,  Bryozoa,  &c. 

Polypina,  (pol-i-pin'a).  B urmeister's  term  for 
Bryozoa  and  Anthozoa. 

Polypodiaceae,  ( pol-i-pod-i-a'se-e. )  [Polypo- 
dium,  q.v.]  =  Ferns:  plants,  fructified  by 
means  of  spore  cases  on  the  back  of  the  leaf 
or  frond,  belonging  to  Filicales. 

Polypodium,  ( pol-i-po'di-um ).  [Gk.  polyx, 
many;  pous,  foot.]  =  Polypody :  a  fern,  the 
type  of  Polypodiaceae. 

Polypogon,  (pol-i-po'gon).  [Gk.  polys,  many; 
pogon,  awn.J=Beard-grass :  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Graminacese,  named  from  the  awns 
being  numerous. 

Polyps,  (pol'ips).  [Gk.  polys,  many;  pous, 
foot.]  =  Polyp  flowers  =  Animal  flowers  = 
Zoophyta,  q.v.;  also  called  Anthozoa. 

Polypus,  (pol'i-pus).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
general  term  for  any  organism  having  a 
number  of  feet;  used  specially  for  fleshy 
tumours  having  numerous  branches. 

Polysynthetio  crystals,  ( pol-i-sin-thet'ik ). 
[Gk.  polys,  many;  synthetos,  compound.] 
Those  that  are  compound,  i.e.,  made  up  of  a 
number  of  smaller  crystals. 

Polythalamous,  (pol-i-thal'a-mus).  [Gk.  poly.t, 
many;  thalamos,  chamber.]  P.  shell,  hav- 
ing many  chambers ;  e.g.,  Foraminifera. 

Polyzoa,  (pol-i-zo'a).  [Gk.  polys,  many;  zoon, 
animal.]  =  Sea-mosses ;  sea-mats  =  Bryozoa: 
minute  compound  animals,  belonging  to 
Molluscoida,  with  ciliated  arms,  having  no 
higher  senses,  nor  organs  of  locomotion,  but  a 
complete  intestine  and  a  nervous  system, 
and  are  usually  fixed  to  foreign  bodies. 

Pomaceae,  (po-iua'se-e).  [L.  pomum,  apple.] 
=Apple-worts :  trees  and  shrubs,  belonging 
to  Rosales. 

Pomegranate,    (  pom'gra-nat ). 
apple ;     granatus,    many- 
seeded.]    A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Punica,  q.v. 

Pompilus,  (pom'pi-lus).  A 
small  black  and  yellow 
wasp,  the  type  of  the 
family  Pompilida?. 

Pond-weed.  Horned  P.  = 
Zannichellia. 

Pone,  (pon).      [Gk.  ponos, 
labour.]      Term  proposed 
by  Everett  for  a  dynamica        Pomegranate, 
unit  of  weight. 

Pons  Varolii,  (ponz  va-ro'li-i).  [The  Latin 
name.]  Formed  by  the  junction,  in  front 
of  the  medulla  oblongata,  of  two  sets  of 
fibres  from  the  cerebellum  of  the  brain. 

Pontederaceae,  (pon-te-der-a'se-e).  [S.  Ponte- 
dera  of  Padua.]  =  Poutederads  :  aquatic 
herbs,  with  large  flowers,  belonging  to 
Liljales. 

Poor  man's  weather-glassr=Anagallis  arvensis. 

Poplar,  (pop'lar).  [Populus,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Populus,  q.v.  Slack  /*.=:Populus  nigra. 
Gray  P.=Populus  canescens.  White  P.= 
Populus  alba. 


POPPY 


272 


POULTRY 


[L.  porca,  pig; 


Porcupine. 


Poppy,  (pop'pi).  [Papaver,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Papaver,g.v.    Welsh  P. 
=Meconopsis.    Horned 
P.:=Glaucium. 

Poppy-worts=Papavera- 
ceae,  q.v. 

Populin,  (pop'u-lin). 
fPopulus,  9.v.]=C2oHo2 
O82H2O=A  crystalline 
substance,  extracted 
from  the  bark  and  leaves 
of  the  aspen. 

Populus,  (  pop '  u  -  lus  ). 
[The  Latin  name.]  = 
Poplar,  a  tree  belonging  Poppy, 

to  Salicacese.     P.  tremula=A.s\>en. 

Porcelain,  ( por'se-lari ).  [Porcelaine,  the 
French  word.]=Cl)ina :  the  finest  variety  of 
earthenware,  of  which  kaolin  is  the  chief 
constituent. 

Porcupine,  (  porTcu-pm  ). 
spina,  spine.]  =  Hys- 
trix :  a  nocturnal  ani- 
mal, belonging  to  Ro- 
dentia,  having  the  body 
covered  with  spines. 
Canada  P.=Erithizon. 

Pore -worts  =  Treman- 
draceac,  q.v. 

Porifera,     (  por-if  e-ra  ). 
[L.  porus,  pore;  fero,  I 
bear.]    P.  vitrea,  a  siliceous  sponge,  the  type 
of  Hexactinellidse,  q.v. 

Poritidse,  (por-it'i-de).  [Gk.  poritis,  having 
pores;  eidos,  form.] =Porites corals:  adivisiou 
of  Madreporsea,  with  porus  spongy  corallum. 

Porphyrip,  (por-fi'ri-o).  P.  melanotus;  a  S. 
Australian  bird,  belonging  to  Rallidse. 

Porphyry,  (por'fi-ri).  [Gk.  porphyra,  purple,] 
Generally,  any  rock  containing  crystals  not 
the  same  as  the  rock ;  also  a  compact  felspar 
rock :  a  variety  of  trappean  rock. 

Porpoise,  (por'pus).     [L.  porcus,  pig ;  piscis, 
fish.]  =  Delphirms  :    a 
cetacean  animal  belong- 
ing to  Delphinidse. 

Port=Larboard:  the  left- 
hand  side  of  a  vessel 
looking  towards  the 
bows.  Porpoise. 

Portal  circulation,  (por'tal).  Of  blood  from 
the  abdominal  viscera  (stomach,  intestines, 
&c.),  through  the  liver  to  the  hepatic  vein. 

Portal  vein,  (por'tal).  [L.  porta,  gate.]  A 
vein  entering  the  liver,  and  formed  by  the 
junction  of  veins  from  the  stomach,  intes- 
tines, pancreas,  &c. 

Portland,  (port'land).  [P.  in  Dorsetshire.] 
P.  beds :  a  sub-division  of  Upper  Oolite,  from 
which  is  obtained  the  Portland  building 
stone  of  Dorsetshire.  P.  cement:  a  compound 
of  limestone  and  clay. 

Portrait,  (por'tr^t).  [The  French  word.]  The 
painted  representation  of  a  person,  especially 
of  the  features ;  also  used  generally  for  engrav- 
ings and  crayon  drawings  of  this  character. 

Portugal  laurel=.Cerasus  lusitanica, 

Portuguese  man-of-war=Physalia,  q.v. 

Portulacese,    (por-tu-la'se-e).     [L.    portulaca, 


little  door.]=Purslanes:  succulent  herbs  and 
shrubs,  chiefly  American,  belonging  to  Sile- 
nales,  named  from  the  circular  opening  of 
the  capsule. 

Positive,  (poz'i-tiv).  [L.  positivum,  placed.] 
In  photography,  a  portrait  or  view  taken 
with  a  thin  coating  of  collodion,  or  other 
sensitive  substance,  and  finished  so  as  to  be 
itself  the  picture.  P.  crystals:  those  in  which 
the  index  of  the  extraordinary  ray  is  greater 
than  that  of  the  ordinary  ray,  v.  Refraction. 
P.  electricity^  Vitreous  electricity;  v.  Electri- 
city. P.  radicles  =  Basylous  radicles,  v. 
Basylous. 

Post,  (post).  [L.  post,  after.]  P.  axial:  por- 
tions of  organisms  that  are  external  or  pos- 
terior to  the  axis.  P.  meridian—  Afternoon: 
expressed  by  P.M.  P.  pliocene=i,o\\>iT  Post- 
tertiary;  rocks  in  which  the  shells  are  all  of 
living  species,  and  the  Mammalia  in  part 
extinct.  P.  tertiary,  v.  Quaternary. 

Postulates,  (pos'tu-lats).  [L.  postulo,  I  de- 
mand.] Demands  made,  or  matters  to  be 
admitted,  as  bases  of  discussion. 

Potamides,  (pot'a-midz).  [Potamis,  the  typical 
genius.]  Molluscs,  with  spiral  shells,  found 
in  sea  and  in  rivers;  all  herbivorous. 

Potamogeiton,  (pot-a-moj'i-ton).  [Gk.  pota- 
mos,  river;  yeiton,  neighbour.]  An  aquatic 
herb,  belonging  to  Naiadaceae. 

Potash,  (pot'ash).  [Pot  and  Ashes.]=K20= 
Dipotassic  oxide=Potassa:  an  alkaline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  wood  ashes,  and  from 
potash.  Caustic  P.  =  Potassic  liydrate= 
KHO:  absorbs  water. 

Potassiamide,  (pot-as'i-a-mkl).  [Potassium 
and  Aiiiide.]=A.mmom&  in  which  part  of  the 
hydrogen  is  replaced  by  potassium. 

Potassic,  (p5-tas'sik).  [Potassium,  q.v.]  Re- 
lating to  potassium  ;  containing  potassium  as 
an  ingredient.  P.  bitartrate  =  Cream  of 
tartar.  P.  hydrate=Ca.ustic  potash=KHO. 
P.  nitrate  =  Saltpetre=Nitre  =  KNO3.  P. 


Potassium,  (po-tas'si-um).  [Potash,  q.v.]= 
Kalium=K2:  one  of  the  alkali  metals:  a  soft 
bluish-white  metal,  lighter  than  water,  with 
an  intense  affinity  for  oxygen  :  found  in  alum, 
felspar,  <fec.  ;  faintly  luminous  during  oxida- 
tion in  air. 

Potato,(po-ta'to).  [Patata,  the  Spanish  name.] 
=Solanuni  tuberosum:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Solanacese.  Sweet  P.=Batatas.  P.  starch, 
v.  Starch. 

Potential  energy,  (po-ten'shi-al).  [L.  potens, 
that  may  be.]  =  Energy  of  position,  v.  Energy. 

Potentilla,  (po-ten-til'la).  [L.  potens,  power- 
ful. ]=-  Cinquefoil  :  an  herb,  belonging  to 
Rosacese,  named  from  its  effect  as  a  medicine. 

Poteriura,  (po-te'ri-um).  [Gk.  poterion,  cup.] 
An  herb,  belonging  to  Rosacese.  P.  offici- 
«ate=Great  burnet. 

Potstones.  Very  large  flints,  having  a  chalk, 
nucleus,  found  in  Upper  Cretaceous  strata. 

Pottery,  (pot'ter-i).  [Pot.]=Earthenware,  q.v. 

Potto,  (pot'to)."  An  animal  belonging  to  Cer- 
coleptes.  African  P.  =Lemur.  American  P. 
=Viverra. 

Poultry,   (pol'tri).    [Poult,   young    chicken.] 


POULPE 


273 


PRISM 


Domesticated  birds  reared  for  eating:  ducks, 

fowls,  geese,  turkey,  &c. 
Poulpe.     [The  French  name ;  Gk.  polypous, 

many  footed. ]=Octopus,  g.v. 
Pound,  (pound).     [L.  pondus,  weight.]     1.  A 

weight.     P.    avoirdupoise=I6  ounces=7000 

grains.      P.    Troy=l2  ounces=5760   grains. 

2.  A  term  of  value=.20  shillings. 
Pouter,  (pou'ter).     A  variety  of  the  pigeon, 

of  which  the  breast  is 

usually  prominent. 
Power,  (pow'er).     [Pou~ 

•voir,  the  French  word.] 

1.  In  arithmetic,   the 
continued    multi plica-  -s~ 
tion  of  a  number  by  §:? 
itself,  gives  the  various    ;  5 
powers  of  that  number. 
The    second    power  = 
Square  =  The    number 
multiplied     by    itself; 

third  power=Cube,  &c.         Pouter  Pigeon. 

2.  Capacity  for  doing  work,  as  steam-power, 
water-power,  &c.     Horse  P.,  v.   Horse.     P. 
loom:  a  loom  moved  by  steam,  water,  <fec. 

Prsecoces,(pre-k6'sez).  [L.  prrecox,  premature.] 
Owen's  term  for  a  sub-division  of  birds,  in- 
cluding ground  and  water  birds,  as  poultry, 
ducks,  &c. 

Prsemolar,  (pre-mo'lar).  [L.  pros,  in  front  of; 
molares,  grinders.]— Bicuspid :  the  molar 
teeth  which  are  preceded  by  milk  molars. 

Praesepe,  (pre-se'pe).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Beehive :  a  small  nebulous  group  of  stars, 
in  Cancer,  v.  Star  clusters. 

Prairie,  (pra'ri).  [The  French  word.]  A  largo 
plain:  used  especially  of  the  vast  plains  of 
N.  America,  cf.  Pampas. 

Prase.    A  green  variety  of  quartz. 

Prasiolite,  (pra'zi-6-lit).  [Gk.  prasios,  green; 
lithos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate 
of  aluminum,  magnesium,  iron,  &c. 

Pratt's  theory:  of  the  crust  of  the  Earth. 
That  the  elevations  and  depressions  are 
caused  by  unequal  contractions  in  cooling. 

Prawn,  (prawn).     A  small  crustacean  animal, 
resembling  the  shrimp 
=Palaemone. 

Precession, (pre-sesh'un.) 
[L.  2»'<xcedo,l  go  before.] 
P.    of  Equinoxes:   the 
movement  of  the  equi- 
noctial points  along  the  Prawn. 
ecliptic ;  which  occassions  an  earlier  recur- 
rence of  the  equinoxes,     v.  Equinox. 

Precipitate,  (pre-sip'i-tat).  [L.  prcecipito,  least 
down.]  Solid  matter  chemically  separated 
from  a  liquid  in  which  it  has  been  dissolved. 
Red  P.:  binoxide  of  mercury.  White  P.= 
Chlorideof  mercury  and  ammonia,  v.  Fusible. 

Prehnite,  (pren'it).  [Named  after  the  dis- 
coverer.] A  minei-al  substance,  chiefly  silicate 
of  alumina  and  lime,  crystallising  in  rhombs. 

Presbyoptic,  (pres-bi-op'tik).  [Gk.  presbys, 
old;  Optic, q. v.]= Longsighted,  v.  Presbytism. 

Presbytism,  (pres'bi-tizm).  [Gk.  presbys,  old.] 
=Longsight:  when  the  focus  of  the  eye  is 
farther  off  than  usual,  aud  only  distant  ob- 
jects are  distinctly  seen. 


Pressirostres,  (pres-si-ros'trez).  [L.  pressus, 
flattened;  rostrum,  beak.]  Plovers,  bustards, 
&c. :  birds  with  long  wings  and  compressed 
beaks,  forming  a  sub-division  of  Grallatores. 

Pressure  gauge = Manometer,  q.v. 

Primary,  (pri'ma-ri).  [L.  primus,  first.]  P. 
acids:  organic  acids  in  which  one  equivalent 
of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one  of  an  alcoholic 
radicle.  P.  alcohols  =  Ordinary  alcohols= 
Wood  spirit,  in  which  one  equivalent  of  hy- 
drogen has  been  replaced  by  one  of  methyl, 
ethyl,  &c.  P.  coil,  v.  Ruhmkorff's  coil.  P. 
colours:  red,  yellow,  and  blue:  v.  Spectrum. 
P.  diamides:  in  which  one-third  of  the  hy- 
drogen is  replaced  by  an  organic  radicle.  P. 
monamides :  in  which  one  equivalent  of  hy- 
drogen is  replaced  by  an  organic  radicle.  P. 
rocks,  v.  Primary  rocks. 

Primary  rocks=Palseozoic :  now  applied  to 
all  rocks  older  than  Secondary:  originally 
given  to  all  crystalline  and  unfossiliferous 
formations,  upon  the  hypothesis  that  they 
were  the  oldest. 

Primates,  (prl'mats).  [L.  primus,  first.]=: 
Man,  apes,  monkeys,  and  lemurs:  a  division 
of  Mammalia  marked  by  a  discoidal  deciduate 
placenta,  a  movable  thumb,  and  incisor  teeth 
being  never  more  than  four  in  each  jaw. 

Prime,  (prim).  [L.  primus,  first.]  P.  meridian: 
that  from  which  longitude  is  measured;  in 
Great  Britain, that  of  Greenwich.  P.  numbers: 
those  that,  like  19,  37,  &c.,  are  not  divisible 
by  any  whole  number  greater  than  1.  P.  ver- 
tical: a  celestial  great  circle  passing  through 
the  east  and  west  points  and  the  zenith. 

Primitive,  (  prim'i-tiv  ).  [L.  primus,  first.] 
P.  light:  any  one  of  the  seven  primary 
colours  of  the  spectrum.  P.  rocks:  a  name 
given  to  granite  and  other  crystalline  rocks 
upon  the  theory  that  they  are  the  oldest  rocks. 

Primordial  zone.  Term  used  by  M.  Barraude 
for  rocks  in  Bohemia,  corresponding  in  part 
to  Cambrian  rocks,  and  in  which  he  believed 
the  first  animals  to  have  appeared. 

Primrose,  (prim'ros).  [L.  primus,  first;  Rose, 
<j.v.]=:  Primula,  q.v. 

Primula,  (pri'mu-la).  [L.  primulus,  first.],  An 
herb:  the  type  of  Primulacese.  P.  elalior= 
Oxlip.  P.  veris-— Cowslip.  P.  vulgaris= 
Primrose:  named  from  flowering  early. 

Primulaceae,  (pri'mu-la-se-e).  [Primula,  q.v.\ 
—Prim- worts:  herbs,  with  beautiful  fragrant 
spring  flowers,  belonging  to  Cortusales. 

Principle,  (prin'si-pl).  [L.  principium,  begin- 
ning.] A  general  term  for  any  fundamental 
constituent.  Organic  P. :  substances  of  com- 
plex chemical  character,  containing  nitrogen, 
and  forming  the  characteristic  constituents 
of  various  vegetable  and  animal  tissues. 

Printers'  ink,  Congealed  linseed  oil  and 
lamp  black. 

Prism,   (prizm).       [Gk.  prisma,  splitting.] 
A  solid   bounded  by  two 
parallel  plane  surfacesand 
a    number   of   parallelo- 
grams ;      a    transparent       

body,  such  as  glass  or  rock    jT~ 

salt,  having  regular  sur- 

faces,  two  of  them  being  Prisms. 


PRISMATIC 


274 


PROPIONE 


usually  parallel;  usually  means  a  solid  with 
three  rectangular  faces  and  two  triangular 
ends.  Nicol's  P.,  v.  Nicol's  Prism. 

Prismatic,  (priz-mat'ik).  [Prism,  q.v.}  Re- 
lating to  a  prism.  P.  colours:  the  seven 
colours  of  the  spectrum,  v.  Spectrum.  /'. 
s?/ste)H=Orthorhornbic,  q.v. 

Prismatocarpus,  (priz-mat-6-kar'pus).  A  plant 
belonging  to  Campanulaceae.  P.  speculnm= 
Veuus's  looking-glass. 

Pristis,  (pris'tis).  [Gk.  pristes,  sa\ver.]= Saw- 
fish: having  a  long  serrated  snout;  belongs 
to  Raiidse. 

Privet,  (priv'et).=Ligustrum,  q.v.  P.  moth 
=Sphinx  ligustri:  larvae  feed  on  privet. 

Problem,  (prob'lem).  [Problema,  the  Latin 
word.]  In  geometry,  something  that  has 
to  be  done  according  to  prescribed  condi- 
tions, and  when  done  demonstrated  to  be 
so;  generally,  any  task  which  is  impliedly 
difficult. 

Proboscidea,  (pro-bos-sid'e-a).  [Proboscis,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Elephants;  animals  be- 
longing to  Mammalia,  known  by  their  tusk- 
like  incisor  teeth,  and  by  the  nose  being 
prolonged  into  a  trunk. 

Proboscis,  (pro-bos'sis).  [The  Latin  word.] 
l.=Snout;  used  also  for  the  trunk  of  an  ele- 
phant. 2.  =Manubrium:  in  Discophora.  P. 
mon£er/:=Nasali8=Sinna  nasalis. 

Procellaridse,  (pros-el-la'ri-de).  [Procellam, 
the  typical  genus.]  Petrels:  a  family  of  birds 
belonging  to  Natatores. 

Procellarum,  (pros-el-la'rum).  [L.  procella, 
storm. ]=Oceanus  procellarurn :  the  largest  of 
the  plains  (formerly  called  seas)  on  the  surface 
of  the  Moon;  about  90,000  sq.  m.  in  extent. 

Processes,  (pro'ses-sez).  v.  Floccular,  Jngras- 
sias,  and  Mammillary. 

Processionary  moth  =  Cnethocampa  proces- 
sions: march  out  in  armies. 

Prochilus,  (pro-ki'lus).  [Gk.  procheilos,  thick- 
lipped.  P.  ia&i«<ws=81oth-bear. 

Procoelia,  (pro-se'li-a).  [Gk.  protos,  first ;koilos, 
hollow.]  A  sub-division  of  Oocodilia,  q.v.; 
named  from  the  vertebrae  being  hollow  in 
front. 

Procoelous,  (pro'se-lus).  [Gk.  pro,  front;  Icoilos, 
hollow.]  Vertebrae  which  are  hollow  in  front. 

Proculus,  (prok'u-lus).  [Classical.]  A  moun- 
tain-peak in  the  Moon. 

Procyon,  (pro'si-on).  [Gk.  pro,  before;  kyon, 
dog.]=Precursor  Dog:  a  binary  star,  the  chief 
star  of  Canis  Minor,  having  a  blue  colour. 

Productus,  (pro-duk'tus).  [L.  productus,  drawn 
out.]  A  bra- 
c  h  i  o  p  o  d , 
found  fossil 
in  Permian 
and  Carboni- 
ferous rocks; 
named  from 
one  valve  of 
the  shell  be-  Productus  Horridus. 

ing  longer  than  the  other. 

Product,  (pro'dukt).  [L.  productus,  produced.] 
1.  In  chemistry,  the  result  of  any  synthetic 
operation.  2.  In  arithmetic,  the  resxilt  of 
multiplication. 


Proglottis,  (pro-glot'tis).  [Gk.  pro-glottis, 
point  of  tongue.]  Zooids  propagated  from 
a  scolex  by  gemmation,  which  in  turn  pro- 
duce ova. 

Projection,  (pro -jek' shun).  [L.  projectus, 
stretched  out.]  The  delineation  of  solids  on 
a  flat  surface ;  a  branch  of  descriptive  geo- 
metry. Globular  P.:  used  for  map  drawing, 
in  which  the  eye  is  at  some  distance  (about 
§  of  the  radius)  from  the  surface  of  the 
globe.  Gnomonic  P. ;  in  which  the  eye  is 
supposed  to  be  at  the  centre  of  the  solid  body. 
Isometric  P.:  in  which  the  plane  of  projection 
is  equally  inclined  to  three  axes  at  right 
angles  to  each  other.  Mercator'sP.:  by  which 
maps  are  drawn  with  the  parallels  of  lati- 
tude and  the  meridians  as  straight  lines;  used 
for  navigation.  Natural  Ps.:  stereographic, 
orthographic,  &c.,  as  opposed  to  Mercator's 
P.,  which  is  artificial.  Orthographic  P.:  in 
which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite 
distance.  Stereographic  P.:  in  map  drawing, 
when  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  the  surface 
of  the  globe,  so  that  small  portions  of  the 
earth's  surface  can  be  drawn  without  distor- 
tion. 

Prolification,  (pro-lif-i-ka'shun).  [L.  proles, 
offspring;  facio,  I  make.]=Generation:  espe- 
cially used  for  the  growth  of  secondary  buds. 
Med'ian  P.:  adventitious  bud,  springing  from 
centre  of  flower.  Axillary  P.;  adventitious 
bud,  springing  from  centre  of  axil.  Lateral 
P.:  adventitious  bud,  springing  from  centre 
of  inflorescence. 

Promerops,  (pro'me- 
rops).  [Gk.  pro, 
before;  merops,  bee- 
eater.]  =  Sun-bird : 
brilliantly  coloured 
birds,  with  Jong 
tails,  belonging  to 
Upupidae. 

Prominences  of  sun,      ^3; 
v.  Red  P. 

Prominents.=Tooth-backs,  q.v. 

Pronation,  (pr5-na/shun).  [L.pronus,  leaning 
towards.]  Turning  towards  the  earth;  used 
specially  of  the  hand  when  the  palm  is  turned 
downwards. 

Prongbuck.     A  variety  of  the  antelope. 

Proof  plane  =  Carrier :  a  small  piece  of  gilt 
paper,  with  a  non-conducting  handle,  used  to 
convey  electricity  from  one  body  to  another. 

Proof  spirit.  Alcohol  strong  enough  to  ignite 
gunpowder  when  burning  on  it,  and  having 
a  specific  gravity  of  '920. 

Prootic,  (pro-ot'ik).  [Gk.  pro,  front;  oux,  ear.] 
An  ossification  in  the  auditory  capsule. 

Propane,  (pro'piin).  =  Hydride  of  propyle, 
C3&8:  one  of  the  marsh  gas  series. 

Prop  eller,  (pro-pel '  e  r). 
[L.  propello,  I  urge  for- 
ward.] v.  Screw-pro- 
peller. 

Propionates,  (pro'pi-o- 
nats).  [Propionic,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  propi- 
anic  acid  and  bases. 

Propione,    (pro 'pi -on).  Propellers. 


PROPIONIC 


275 


PROTOZOA 


[Propionic,  q.r.]=(C.2Hr))2CO=Valeric  alde- 
hyde: the  ketone  of  propianic  acid. 

Propionic  acid,  (pro-pi-'6'nik).  [Gk.  pro,  first; 
pion,  fat.]  =  C3H6O:>  =  Ethyl  formic  acid 
=Metacetonic  acid-  from  fermentation  of 
glycerin,  &c. ;  the  simplest  fatty  acid ;  a 
pungent  crystalline  substance;  also  called 
Methacetic  acid. 

Propionitrile,  (pr5-pi-o-m'tril).  [Propione  and 
Nitrile,  g.v.]=C3H5N=Ethyl  cyanide^Hy- 
drocyanic  ether:  a  colourless,  alliaceous,  very 
poisonous  liquid. 

Propionyl,  (pro'pi-o-nil).  [Propione,  q.v.;  Gk. 
hyle,  material.]  The  radicle  of  the  propionic 
series. 

Propodite,  (pro'po-dTt)=Propodium,  q.v. 

Propodium,  (pro-po'di-um).  [Gk.  pro,  front; 
pous,  foot.]  The  proximal  segment  of  a  Crus- 
tacean. 

Proportion,  (pro-por'shun).  [Proportio,  the 
Latin  word.]  Equality  of  ratios,  v.  Ratio. 
Harmonic  P.,  v.  Harmonic. 

Proposition,  (prop-o-zish'un).  [L.  pro,  forth; 
pous,  I  place.]  In  geometry,  a  statement 
put  forward  as  truth,  to  be  proved  by  refer- 
ence to  admitted  truth. 

Propus,  (pro'pus).     A  sun-stav. 

Propyl,  (pr5'pil).=(C3H7)2=Hexyl  hydride— 
Sextane:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon;  also  called 
Ditrityl.  Isopropyl:  a  modification  of  P. 

Propylene,  (pr5'pi-len).  [Propyl,  q.v.]=Tri- 
tylene=Propyl=C3H6 :  a  gas;  one  of  the 
ethylene  series. 

Proscolex.     v.  Scolex. 

Prosencephalic,  (pro-sen-se-fal'ik).  [Gk.  pro, 
front;  Cephalic,  g.i>.]=Frontal:  belonging  to 
the  front  of  the  cranium  or  forehead. 

Prosenchyma,  (pros-eng 'ki-ma).  [Gk.  pro, 
near;  egchymos,  juice.]  A  vegetable  tissue, 
composed  of  long  pointed  cells. 

Prosimiae,  (pro-sim'i-e).  [Gk.  pro,  near;  Simia, 
q.v.}  Giebel's  term  for  lemurs. 

Protagon,  (pr5'ta-gon).  [Gk.  proton,  first.] 
Cii6H24oN4P02:  a  solid  glucoside  body  found 
in  the  brain,  from  which  the  base  neurine  is 
obtained. 

Protandry,  (pro-tan'dri).  [Gk.  pro,  before; 
aner,  man.]  When  the  stamens  of  a  plant 
ripen  before  the  pistil,  cf.  Protogyny. 

Protaster,  (pro-tas'ter).  [Gk.  protos,  first; 
aster,  star.]  Star-fish,  belonging  to  Ophiu- 
roidea;  known  only  by  fossil  remains  found 
in  Silurian  rocks. 

Proteacese,  (pro-te-a'se-e).  [Pro tea,  the  typical 
genus.]=Proteads:  shrubs  and  trees,  with 
hard  woody  leaves,  belonging  to  Daphnales. 

Protean,  (pro'te-an).  [Proteus,  who  "was  able 
to  assume  various  forms.]  =  Polymorphic  : 
having  more  than  usual  variation. 

Proteids,  (pro'te-idz).  [Gk.  protos,  first;  eidos, 
form. ]  =  Nitrogenous  proximate  principles: 
gluten,  albumen,  casein,  &c. :  compounds  of 
oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  carbon; 
forming  one  of  the  primary  divisions  of  food. 

Protein,  (  pro'te-in  ).  [Gk.  protos,  first.  ]  = 
ClsH^s^Os-  HgO  :  the  essential  principle  of 
food;  the  only  substance  by  means  of  which 
nitrogen  can  be  supplied  to  the  body;  exists 
in  many  isomeric  forms. 


Proteles,  ( pro'te-lez ).  [Gk.  pro,  in  front; 
teleos,  complete.  ] 
A  fox-like  quad- 
ruped, belonging  to 
Carnivora;  named 
from  having  five 
digits  on  front  feet. 
P.  ZdZdncfiissAaxd- 
wolf. 

Proteosaurus,  (pro- 
te-o-sau'rus).  [Gk. 
protos,  first ;  sau-  Proteles. 

ros,  lizard.]=Ichthyosaurus,  q.v. 

Proteus,  (pro'tus).  [Classical.]  An  elon- 
gated urodele  with  permanent  gills,  and  very 
short  legs,  found  in  underground  caves;  also 
called  Siren  and  Hypochthon;  represents  the 
larval  state  of  the  frog. 

Prothallium,  ( pro-tharli-um ).  [Pro  and 
Thallium,  q.v.]  The  first  development  of 
vascular  cryptogamic  plants. 

Protista,  (  pro-tis'ta ).  [Gk.  protistos,  very 
first.]  The  lowest  form  of  life ;  microsco- 
pical individuals,  reproduced  only  by  fis- 
sion or  gemination,  considered  as  connect- 
ing animals  and  plants,  by  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  each. 

Protochlorides,  (pro-to-klo'ridz).  [Gk,  protos, 
first;  Chloride,  o.i;.]=Monochlorides,  q.v. 

Protococcus,  (pro-to-kok'kus).  [Gk.  protos, 
first;  kokkos,  berry.]  A  microscopic  plant 
belonging  to  Confervaceae,  q.v.  P.  Nivalis 
=Red  snow. 

Protogyny,  (pro-toj'i-ni).  [Gk.  protos,  first; 
f/yne,  woman.]  When  the  pistils  of  a  flower 
ripen  before  the  stamens,  cf.  Protandry. 

Protophyta,  (pro-to-f  i'ta).  [Gk.  protos,  first; 
phyton,  plant.]  v.  Endlicher's. 

Protoplasm,  (pro'to-plazm).  [Gk.  protos,  first; 
plasso,  I  mould.] =Physical  basis  of  animal 
and  vegetable  life:  the  primitive  tissue  of  an 
embryo.  A  soft,  inelastic,  and  albuminous 
substance  which  forms  the  intermediate 
layer  of  cells;  never  found  fluid. 

Protopteri,  (pro-top'ter-i).  [Protopterus,  q.v.] 
=Mudfishes=Dipnoi,  q.v. 

Protopteris,  (pro-top'ter-is).  [Gk.  protos,  first; 
pteris,  fern.]  A  fern-like  plant,  known  only 
by  fossil  remains. 

Protopterus,  (pro-top'ter-us).  [Gk.  protos, 
first;  pteron,  fin.]=Lepidosiren,  q.v. 

Protornis,  (pro-tor'nis).  [Gk.  protos,  first; 
ornis,  bird.]  A  sparrow-like  bird,  known 
only  by  fossil  remains,  found  in  Eocene 
rocks ;  the  oldest  known  fossil  of  this  kind. 

Protorosaurus,  (pro-to-ro-saw'rus).  [Gk.  pro- 
tos, first  ;  sauros,  lizard.  ]  =  Protosauros  : 
a  lizard -like  animal,  probably  the  oldest 
known,  of  which  fossil  remains  are  found  in, 
Permian  rocks. 

Protozoa,  (pr5-to-zo'a).  [Gk.  protos,  first ; 
zooji,  animal.]  The  smallest  and  simplest 
animals  known,  forming  the  lowest  sub- 
kingdom  of  animals,  including  sponges, 
rhizopods,  &c. :  have  no  special  organs  of 
nutrition ;  mostly  secrete  skeletons :  also 
considered  by  some  naturalists  to  include 
Infusoria;  the  only  animals  found  in  any 
number  at  great  sea  depths. 


PROTRACTOR 


276 


PTEROCARPTJS 


Protractor,  (pr5-trak'tor).  [L.  protraho,  I 
draw  forth.]  An  in- 
strument used  in  draw- 
ing, for  the  measure- 
ment of  angles.  P. 
muscle:  one  used  to  ex- 
tend the  leg,  arm,  &c. 

Protyl,  (pro'til).      [Gk.  Protractor. 

protos,  first ;  Injle,  material.]  A  new  name 
for  methyl,  q.v. 

Protylen,  (pro'ti-len).  [Protyl,  q.v.]  =  Hy- 
dride of  methyl=Marsh  gas,  q.v. 

Protylic,  (pro-ti'lic).  [Protyl,  q.v.]  A  new 
name  for  methylic. 

Proustite,  (pro-u'stit)=Lij:ht  red  silver  ore:  a 
mineral,  chiefly  sulphide  of  silver  and 
arsenic,  with  hexagonal  crystallization. 

Proximate,  (  proks'i-mat ).  [L.  proximatus, 
near.]  P.  analysis:  the  separation  of  a  com- 
plex substance  into  its  constituent  com- 
pounds. P.  principles:  organic  compounds 
which  are  the  constituents  of  more  complex 
organizations. 

Prunus,  (pru'nus).  [The  Latin  natne.]= 
Plum,  cherry,  apricot,  &c.:  a  plant  l»elong- 
ing  to  Drupacese.  P.  *pinos«=Blackthorn. 

Prussian,  P.  blue:  an  hydrated  compound 
of  ferrooyanide  and  irou=Oxalo-nitrile.  P. 
gun,  v.  Gun. 

Prussiate  of  potash.  Rfd  P.=Ferricyanide 
of  potassium.  Green  P.  =  Magnetic  ferri- 
cyanide  of  potassium. 

Prussic  acid,  (prus'8ik)  =  HCN=Cyanic  hy- 
dride=Hydrocyanic  acid,  q.v.  A  colourless, 
inflammable,  volatile,  and  very  poisonous 
liquid;  named  from  being  obtained  from 
Prussian  blue. 

Psalterium,  (sawl-te'ri-um).  fGk.  p$alterion, 
psaltery.]  The  3rd  stomach  of  Ruminantia,?.r. 

Psarama,  (sam'ma).  [Gk.  psammot,  sand.] 
Miirrem-grass :  a  plant  belonging  to  Gra- 
minacene.  P.  arenariu— Sea-reed. 

Psaronius,  (sa-ro 'ni-us).  [Gk.  ptaros, 
speckled.]  A  tree  fern,  fossil  trunks  of 
which  atv  found  in  Lower  Permian  rocks. 

Pseudo.  (sQ'do).  [Gk.  pseudos,  false.]  A  pre- 
fix implying  resemblance  sufficiently  close  to 
deceive  a  casual  observer.  P.  alcohols:  have 
a  lower  boiling  point  than  true  alcohols.  P. 
crinus:  an  encrinite  found  in  Silurian  rocks. 
P.  hcemal:  vascular  system  of  Annelida;  a 
system  of  contractile  vessels,  but  with  no 
heart.  P.  hearts:  contractile  cavities  in 
Brachiopoda;  v.  Heart.  P.  morphism:  1. 
In  crystals,  when  a  crystal  has  the  form  of 
one  mineral  with  the  composition  of  another, 
caused  by  the  loss,  gain,  or  exchange  of  some 
of  the  constituents.  2.  v.  Mimicry.  P. 
tnyrma  ants:  with  large  eyes,  live  in  horns 
of  bull's-horn  thorn,  and  hunt  singly.  P. 
neuroptera:  dragon-flies,  may-flies,  &c.  P. 
orcin=Erythrite,  q.v.  P.  podia:  temporary 
extensions  serving  for  feet,  in  Rhizopoda, 
&c.  P.  scope:  an  optical  instrument,  which 
gives  a  deceptive  appearance  to  an  object 
seen  through  it.  P.  scorpions  :  one  of 
Hoeveu's  sub-divisions  of  Arachnids=Cheli- 
feiidse. 

Psidium,  (sid'i-um).      [Gk.   psidion,  pome- 


granate.] A  plant,  belonging  to  Myrtaceae, 
found  in  tropical  America.  P.  pomiferum= 
Gu;iva. 

Psilomelane,  ( sl-lom'e-lan ).  [Gk.  psilos, 
smooth ;  melas,  black.]  An  amorphous 
variety  of  pyrolusite,  chiefly  peroxide  of 
manganese;  also  called  Black  Hematite. 

Psittacidae,  ( sit-tas'i-dg  ).  [Psittacus,  <i.v. ; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Parrots,  &c.:  ;i  family  of 
monogamous  birds,  belonging  to  Scansoics: 
found  in  tropics,  have  strong  curved  links, 
are  gaily  coloured,  and  vocal  organs  enabl- 
ing them  to  utter  articulate  sounds. 

Psittacus,  (sit'ta-kus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Parrot :  a  bird,  the  type  of  Psittacidce ;  is 
able  to  imitate  the  human  voice. 

Psoralea,  (s6-ral'e-a).  [Gk.  psoralcos,  warted.  ] 
Bread-root :  a  plant,  belonging  to  Legunii- 
nacere,  found  in  N.  America. 

Psychology,  (si-kol'o-ji).  [Gk.  psyche,  coul; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the  human 
mind,  and  of  mental  processes  generally. 
v.  Science,  v.  Geogeny. 

Paychrometer,  (si-kroui'e-ter).  [Gk.  psychros, 
cold ;  riietron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
used  in  hygrometry:  two  thermometers,  one 
in  air,  the  other  with  the  bulb  in  water;  the 
difference  of  the  two  is  the  measurement  of 
the  moisture  of  the  air. 

Ptarmigan,   (tivr'mi-gau).      [Tar,,i<'.c!t<tn,  the 
Gaelic  name.]    Lago- 
pus    mutus :    a  bird         wi^.  Jf^fa-. 
belonging  to  Tetrao- 
nidae. 

Pteraspia,  (t§r-as'pis). 
[Gk.  pteron,  wing ; 
aspi»,  shield.  ]  A  fish, 
fossil  remains  of 
which  are  found  in 
Middle  Devonian  and 
in  Lower  Ludlow; 
the  oldest  fossil  fish 
known,  v.  Ostracostei. 

Pterichthys,  (ter-ik'this).  [Gk.  pteron,  wine:: 
icldliyx,  fish.]  A  fish,  with  wing-like  fins 
and  shelly  covering,  known  by  remains  found 
ill  Old  Red  Sandstone,  v.  Ostracostei. 


Ptarmigan. 


Pterichthys. 
Pteris,  (tei-'is).     [Gk.  pteron,  wing.]=Fern=r 

Bracken,   q.v.;  named   from  the  wing-like 

fronds. 
Pterocarpus,   ( ter-o-kar'pus ).      [Gk.   pteron, 


PTEROCLES 


277 


PULVIS 


wing;  Jcarpos,  fruit.]  A  plant  belonging  to 
Leguminacese.  P.  marsupium=  Kino  tree. 

Pterocles,  (Wo-klez).  A  bird  belonging  to 
Tetraonidae. 

Pterodactyles,  (ter-6-dak'tilz).  [Gk.  pttron, 
wing;  daktylos,  finger.]=Winged  lizard:  ex- 
tinct reptiles,  of  which  one  of  the  digits  are 
prolonged  to  support  apatagium;  fossil  re- 
mains found  in  Kentish  chalk;  also  called 
Ornithocephalus. 

Fterodactylus:=  Pterodactyles,  q.v. 

Pterophori,  (ter-of'o-ri).  [Gk.  pteron,  wing; 
phoreo,  I  bear.]  =  Plume-moths  or  feather- 
bearers:  a  family  belonging  to  Lepidoptera. 

Pteropoda,  (ter-op'o-da).  [Gk.  pteron,  wing; 
pous,  foot.]  Small  marine  carnivorous  mol- 
lusca  which  swim  by  fin -like  feet,  have 
shells  which  are  either  straight  or  regularly 
curved,  and  are  never  parasitic ;  belong  to 
Encephala,  q.v.,  found  from  Lower  Silurian 
until  now. 

Pteropus,  (ter'o-pus).  [Gk.  pteron,  wing;  pous, 
foot.]  An  "animal  belonging  to  Cheiroptera. 
P.  personatus= Fox-bat. 

Pterosauria,  ( ter-o-saw'ri-a  ).  [Gk.  pteron, 
wing;  saura,  lizard.]=Flying  lizards:  ex- 
tinct reptiles,  with  large  bead  and  long  jaws, 
found  in  Mesozoic  beds,  having  a  wing-like 
expansion  of  akin,  as  in  bats:  comprise 
dimorphodon,  rhamphorhynchus,  and  ptero- 
dactylus;  also  called  Ornithosauria,  q.v. 

Pterygoid,  (ter'i-goid).  [Gk.  pteryx,  wing; 
eidos,  form.]  A  bone  in  the  skull  of  verte- 
brates ;  in  man  called  the  pterygoid  process 
of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

Pterygotus,  (ter-ig'6-tus).  [Gk.  pteryx,  wing; 
ous,  ear.]  A  lobster- like  crustacean,  re- 
mains of  which  are  found  in  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone. 

Ptilorhynchus,  (til-o-ring'kus).  [Gk.  ptilon, 
plume;  rygchos,  beak.]  A  bird  belonging 
to  Corvidse,  found  in  the  tropics.  P.  holo- 
seriseus— Bower-bird. 

Ptolemaic  system,  (tol-e-ma'ik).  [Ptolemy.] 
An  obsolete  system  of  astronomy,  in  which 
the  earth  was  supposed  to  be  immovable, 
and  the  sun  and  stars  to  revolve  round  it. 
Ptolemoeus,  ( tol-e-me'us ).  [Classical.]  A 
plain  in  the  Moon,  which  is  more  than  100 
miles  in  diameter. 

Ptyalin,  (ti'a-lin).      [Gk.  ptyelon,  saliva.]= 
Salivary  diastase:  the  essential  constituent 
of  the  sali  va=Diastase  of  germinating  barley. 
Pubis,  (pu'bis).    v.  Innominate  bone. 
Puccinia,  (puk-sin'i-a).      Mildew :   a  fungus, 
found  on  living  plants,  belonging  to  Conio- 
mycetes ;  v.  Mildew.     P.  graminis  =  Corn- 
mildew=Ergot. 
Puddingstone,  (pod'ing-st6n)=Conglomerate, 

q.v,— Pebbly  sandstone. 
Puddler's-ore.     A  variety  of  red  hfetnatite. 
Puddling,  (pud'dling).   1.  A  process  by  which 
carbon  and  silicon  are  removed  from  iron 
ore.     2.  A  process  by  which  a  mixture  of 
clay,  sand,  &c.,  is  made  water-tight,  so  that 
it  serves  for  canals,  &c. 

Puerperal,  (pu-er'per-ai).  [L.  puer,  child; 
pario,  I  bring  forth.]  Belonging  to  child- 
birth. 


Puff.     P.  adder=C\otho  arietans :  a  viperine 

snake.    P.  6a^=Lycoperdon,  q.v.    P.  balls= 

Gasteromy  cetes,  q.  v.     P.  birds = Bar  bets,  q.  v. 
Puffing,   ( puffin  ).      [The  French  name.]= 

Puffinus  =  Fratercula  arc- 

tica:  a  marine  diving-bird, 

belonging  to  Laridse. 
Puffing -Billy.      A  popular    \  •i^? 

name  given  to  an  early  form  ^ 

of    the   locomotive   steam 


engine. 
Pugmill.    A  mill  for  mixing 

clay,  &c. 
Pulex,  (pQQeks).    [The  Latin 

name.]=Flea,  q.v.    P.  irri- 

tans  =  Common   flea.      P. 

penelrans=Chigoe,  q.v. 
Pulicaria,    (pu-li-ka'ri-a).      [L.   pulex,  flea.] 

Flea-bane:  a  plant  belonging  to  Asteracere. 
Pulicidse,    ( ptt-lis'i-dS ).      (Pulex,  q.v.;   Gk. 

eidos,  form.]    A  family  of  insects,  belonging 

to  Aphaniptera,  of  which  the  flea  is  the  type. 
Pulley,  (pol'li).     [A.-S.  pullian.]    A  circular 

lever,  of  which  the 

centre  is  the  fulcrum; 

a  wheel  on  the  sur- 
face of  which  a  rope 

or  chain  works  in  a 


groove. 

Pulmobranchiata,(pul- 
mo-brang'ki-a-ta). 
[Gk.  pulmo,  lung ; 
bragchion,  gill.  ]  = 
Pulmogasteropoda,  q.v.  Pulley. 

Pulmogasteropoda,  (pul-mo-gas-ter-op'o-da). 
[L.  pulmo,  lung;  Gk.  gaster,  belly;  pous, 
foot.]=:Snails,  slugs:  animals,  belonging  to 
Gasteropoda,  who  breath  by  means  of  lungs, 
and  move  by  means  of  an  extensile  foot. 

Pulmonaria,  (  pul-mon-a'ri-a ).  [L.  pulmo, 
lung.J=l.  Lung-wort:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Boraginaceae.  2.  A  sub-division  of  Arachnida. 

Pulmonary,  (pul'mon-a-ri.]  [L,  pulmo,  lung  ] 
P.  artery;  conveying  blood  from  the  heart 
to  the  lungs.  P.  vein:  conveying  blood  from 
the  lungs  to  the  heart.  P.  circulation— 
Lesser  circulation:  between  the  heart  and 
lungs. 

Pulmonata,  (pul-mon-a'ta).  [L.  pulmo,  lung.] 
Gasteropoda  able  to  breathe  in  air,  by  means 
of  a  pulmonary  sac. 

Pulmonifera,  (pul-mon-if'er-a.)  [L.  pulmo, 
lung;  fero,  I  bear. ]= Pulmogasteropoda,  q.v. 

Pulp,  (pulp).  [Pulpa,  the  Latin  word.]  The 
semi-fluid  softer  parts  of  fruit. 

Pulse,  (puls).  [1.  L.  pulso,  I  beat;  2.  Puls, 
the  Latin  name.]  1.  The  throbbing  of  the 
arteries,  especially  as  felt  in  the  wrist.  2. 
A  general  term  for  peas,  beans,  and  other 
leguminous  plants. 

Pulverization,  (pul-ver-i-za'shun).  [L.  pul- 
vero,  I  powder.]  Reduction  of  a  solid  sub- 
stance to  powder. 

Pulverulent,  (pul-ver'vi-lent).  [L.  pulvero,  I 
powder.  ]=Friable:  easily  reduced  to  powder. 

Pulvis  fulvinans,  (pul-vis  ful'min-ans).  [The 
Latin  words.]  An  explosive  compound,  con- 
sisting of  nitre,  sulphur,  and  potassic  car- 
bonate. 


PUMA 


278 


PYRHELIOMETEB 


Puma,   (pu'tna).       [The  Peruvian  name.]= 
Cougar,  Q.V.;    also         ^^ 
called      American        /|S«gl! 
lion.  ^gT^^eE^i^Bfdikj 

Pumice,  (pum'is). 
[Purnex,  the  Latin 
name.  ]= Lava-froth : 
a  porous  variety  of 
trachyte,  formed 
by  the  action  of 
gases  on  lava;  a  Puma, 

variety  of  amorphous  felspar,  chiefly  silicate 
of  aluminum. 

Pump.  An  instrument  for  raising  water. 
Air  P.:  for  rarefying  or  condensing  air. 
Force  P.:  for  forcing  water  above  its  natu- 
ral level.  Suction  P.=Lift  P.:  for  raising 
•water  by  means  of  a  vacuum. 

Punfield  beds.  [P.  in  Dorsetshire.]  A  sub- 
division of  the  Wealden  formation,  contain- 
ing marine  shells. 

Punica,  (pu'ni-ka).  Pomegranate:  a  plant 
belonging  to  Myitaceae. 

Pupa,  (pu'pa).  [L.  pupa,  doll.]  l.=Nymph 
=Chrysalis :  the  condition  of  an  insect,  pre- 
vious to  its  perfect  state;  an  oblong  motion- 
less body,  with  no  external  limbs;  v.  Aure- 
lia,  v.  Insect  life.  2.  A  terrestrial  univalve, 
resembling  the  snail.  P.  vetv.sia  =Dendro- 
pupa,  q.v. 

Pupil,  (pu'pil).  [Pupilla,  the  Latin  word.] 
An  aperture  in  the  iris  of  the  eye,  by  which 
light  enters. 

Punt,  (punt).  [L.  pans,  bridge.]  A  flat-bot- 
tomed boat,  adapted  to  shallow  water. 

Purbeck  strata,  (per'bek).  [P.  in  Dorset- 
shire.] The  highest  beds  of  the  Oobtic  series, 
the  fossils  of  which  are  mostly  fresh-water: 
contain  numerous  remains  of  Mammalia. 

Purgative  waters,  contain  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia and  soda,  &c.  Found  at  Ofen,  Kissen- 
gen,  Beulah,  Cheltenham,  Karlsbad,  Leam- 
ington, &c. 

Purkinje's  figures.  An  image  of  the  blood- 
vessels and  yellow  spot  of  the  eye,  seen  in  a 
dark  room  by  the  reflection  of  a  ray  of  light. 

Purple.  P.  of  Cassius:  used  for  colouring 
Bohemian  glass— Stannate  of  gold  and  tin. 
P.  ciover=Trifolium  pratense.  P  copper: 
a  variety  of  Erubescite,2.v.  P.  emperor=Apa.- 
tura  iris:  a  butterfly.  P.  ftfy=Martagon. 
P.  pigments:  from  gold,  tin,  &c.  Mineral  P. 
=Purple  of  Cassius,  q.v. 

Purpura,  (  per '  pu  -  ra  ). 
[L.  purpura,  used  for 
purple  dye.]  A  mol- 
luscous animal  belong- 
ing to  Entomostraca. 

Purpuric,  (  per  pu-rik ). 
[Purpura,  q.v.]  P.  acid 
=  Murexan :  obtained 
from  uric  acid ;  named 
from  the  purple  colour 
of  its  salts. 

Purpurin,  (pei-'pu-rin). 
[Purpura.g.v.]  CooHiaO 
a  colouring  matter 
found  in  madder. 

Purreic,  (pur're-ik).=:Euxanthieacid:  a  crys- 


Purpura. 


talline  acid  substance  found  in  the  yellow 
pigment  purree. 

Purse.    P.  cra&s=Birgus,  Q.V. 

Purslane,  (per'slan).  [Portulaca,  the  Latin 
word.]=Portulaca.  Water  P.=Peplis=Are- 
naria  peploides. 

Pus,  (pus).  [The  Latin  word.]  A  thick  yellow 
liquid,  formed  during  a  diseased  condition  of 
some  portion  of  the  body. 

Putchuk,  (put-chuk').  An  East  Indian  plant, 
the  fragrant  root  of  which  is  used  as  an  in- 
cense; belongs  to  Asteracese. 

Putrefaction,  (pu-tre-fak'shun).  [Putrefacio, 
I  make  rotten.]  The  resolution  of  organic 
substances  into  inorganic,  of  which  the  pro- 
duction of  carbonic  acid  and  water  is  always 
a  part;  a  successive  series  of  fermentations' 

Putty,  (put'ti).  [Fr.  potie.]  A  cement,  con- 
sisting of  whiting  and  linseed  oil,  used  for 
joining  glass  and  wood,  <fec.  P.  powder:  bin- 
oxide  of  tin,  xised  for  polishing. 

Puzzuolana,  ( put-zo-la'na ).  [Puzzuoli,  a 
place  near  Naples.]  A  volcanic  sand,  chiefly 
silicates,  which,  when  mixed  with  lime, 
gives  it  the  power  of  hardening  under  water; 
also  called  Pozzuolana. 

Pycnogonida,  (pik-no-gon'i-da).  [Gk.  pylcnos, 
thick ;  gone,  knee.]  =  Pycnogonata :  micro- 
scopic marine  animals,  having  long  legs  with 
thick  joints,  belonging  to  Arachnida. 

Pygaera,  (nl-j6'ra).  P.  bucephula  =  Buff-tip 
moth,  which  mimics  dried  sticks;  v.  Mimicry. 

Pygathrix,  (pl'ga-thriks).  [Gk.  pyge,  poste- 
riors ;  thrix,  hair.  Cochin-China  monkey= 
Simia  nemseus. 

Pyloridia,  (pil-6-rid'i-a).  [Gk.  pylorus,  gate- 
keeper; eidos,  form.]  Razor-fish,  &c.:  a 
family  of  mollusca,  belonging  to  Lamelli- 
branchiata. 

Pylorus,  (pil-cVrus).  [Gk.  pyle,  gate ;  euros, 
guardian.]  The  opening  from  the  stomach 
into  the  intestines,  by  which  the  digested 
food  passes. 

Pyrallolite,  (  pir-al'5-lit ).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire; 
allos,  another;  litJws,  stone.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  silicate  of  magnesium ;  named  from 
changing  colour  when  heated. 

Pyramid,  (pir'a-mid).     [Pyramis,  the  Greek 
word.]      A  solid,   ter- 
minating above   in    a      f|B 
point,  all  its  sides  being 
triangles,  and  its  base  a    -""- 
polygon. 

Pyrargyrite ,  (pi  r-ar'j  i- 
rit).  [Gk.  p>/r,  fire; 
aryyros,  silver.  ]=Dark 
red  silver  ore:  an  ore 
of  silver,  chiefly  sul-  § 
phide  of  silver  and  anti- 
mony,  with  hexagonal 
crystallization. 

Pyrene,  (pi'ren).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire.]=C15H12= 
Phenylene-naphthalene:  a  hydrocarbon  ob- 
tained from  coal  tar. 

Pyrethrum,  (pl-re'thrum).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire.]  A 
plant  belonging  to  Asteracese,  named  from 
the  hot  taste  of  the  root.  P.  parthenium= 
Fever  few: 

Pyrheliometer,  (pir-he-li-om'e-ter).    [Gk.  pyr, 


Pyramid. 


PYRIDINE 


279 


QUADRANT 


fire;   Heliometer,  q.v.}     An  apparatus  for 

measuring  the  quantity  of  the  sun's  heat 

received  upon  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Pyridine,  (pir'i-din).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire.]=C5H5N\ 
a  colourless  pungent  oil,  the  type  of  the 
pyridine  bases. 

Pyridine  series  of  organic  bases=CnH2n-5N : 
a  variety  of  nitrile  bases,  corresponding  to 
ammonia,  in  which  the  ammonia  has  been 
displaced  by  a  triad  hydrocarbon ;  includes 

pyridiue,  picoline,  &c.  obtained  from  coal  tar. 

Pyriform,  (  pii-'i-form  ).  [L.  pyrus,  pear; 
forma,  shape.]=Tapering:  pear-shaped. 

Pyrites,  (pi-ri'tez).  [L.  pyrites,  flint.]  A 
mineral  of  the  iron  group,  chiefly  di-sul- 
phide  of  iron,  FeSo,  crystallising  in  cubes: 
used  for  its  sulphur.  Arsenical  P.=Mis- 
pickel.  Copper  P.  =  Sulphuiet  of  copper 
andiron.  White  P.=Marcasite. 

Pyro-,  (pir'o).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire.]  A  prefix  im- 
plying some  relation  to  fire. 

Pyrocatechm=C6H6O2:=Oxyphenic  acid,  q.v. : 
obtained  from  catechin. 

Pyrochlore,  (pir'o-klor).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire.]?= 
Fluochlore:  a  mineral,  chiefly  titanate  of 
calcium. 

Pyrochroa,  ( pir-6-kro'a ).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire; 
c/iroa,  colour.]  Cardinal  beetle:  an  insect 
belonging  to  Coleoptera. 

Pyro-citric,  (pir-o-sit'rik).  [Pyro  and  Citric, 
q.v.]  P.  acid  obtained  by  heating  citric  acid. 

Pyro-electricity.  Electricity  excited  by  heat, 
as  when  tourmaline  becomes  electric  by 
being  warmed  between  10°  and  150°  C. 

Pyro-gallm,  (pir-6-gal'lin).  [Pyro  and  Gallic, 
g.i7.]=Pyrogallic  acid=C6H(j(>}:  a  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  gallic  acid  by  the 
action  of  heat. 

Pyroheliometer,  (pir-o-he-li-om'e-ter).  [Pyro 
and  Heliometer,  g.v.].=Pyrheliometer,  q.v. 

Pyrola,  (pi'ro-la).  [L.  pyrus,  pear. ]= Winter- 
green:  an  herb,  the  type  of  Pyrolacese,  named 
from  the  leaves  resembling  that  of  the  pear 
tree. 

Pyrolacese,  (  pi-ro-lu'se-e  ).  [Pyrola,  9.1?.]  = 
Winter-greens:  herbs  belonging  to  Ericales. 

Pyroligneous  acid,  (pir-5-lig'ne-us).  [Gk.  pyr, 
lire;  lignum,  wood.]  Impure  acetic  acid. 

Pyrolusite,  (pir-6-lo'sit).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire;  lysis, 
decomposition.]=MnO2'.  native  black  oxide 
of  manganese :  a  friable  metallic  mineral, 
much  used  in  chemical  processes;  belongs  to 
the  manganese  group. 

Pyrometer,  (  pir-om'e-ter ).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire; 
melroii)  measure.]  An  instrument  for  mea- 
suring the  temperature  of  furnaces,  &c. 
Daniell's  P.,  v.  Daniell's.  Jlouldsworth's  P. , 
a  modification  of  Daniell's.  Wedgewood's  P., 
by  contraction  of  baked  clay. 


Pyromorphite,    (pir-o-mor'flt)  =  Chlorophos- 

phate  of  lead,  one  of  the  ores  of  lead. 

Pyrope,  (pir'op).      [Gk.  pyropos,  fire-faced.] 

Fire-garnet:  a  variety  of  garnet. 

Pyrophorus,  ( pir-of'6-rus ).     [Gk.  pyr,  fire; 

phoreo,  I  bear.]   Any  substance  which  burns 

spontaneously  in  air. 

Pyrophyllite,   (  pir-o-fil'it ).      [Gk.   pyr,  fire; 

pkyllon,  leaf.]  A  variety  of  talc,  chiefly  sili- 
cate of  aluminium. 

Pyrorthite,  (pir'or-thit).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire.]  A 
mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  cerium. 

Pyrosoma,  (pir-os-6'ma).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire;  soma, 
body.]  A  phosphorescent  aggregation  of  bot- 
rylli,  found  in  some  compound  ascidians. 

Pyrostilpnite,  (pir-o-stilp'nlt)  =  Feuerbleude 
= Fire-blende:  a  mineral. 

Pyrotechny,  (  pir-5-tek'ni ).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire; 
techne,  art.]  Generally,  the  application  of 
fire  to  the  arts ;  specially,  the  art  of  making 
fireworks. 

Pyroxanthin,  (  pir-oks-an'thin  ).  [Gk.  pyr, 
fire;  xanthos,  yellow.] =C2iH18O4:  a  yellow 
crystalline  substance  obtained  from  wood- 
spirit. 

Pyroxene,  (pir'ok-sen).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire;  xenon, 
stranger.]=Augite:  a  mineral,  chiefly  silicate 
of  calcium,  magnesium,  and  iron. 

Pyroxylic,  P.  spirit =Methyl  hydrate=Wood 
spirit. 

Pyroxylin,  (  pir-oks'i-lin  ).  [Gk.  pyr,  fire; 
xylon,  wood.]=Gun-cotton:  cotton  that  has 
been  immersed  in  nitric  acid  and  so  oxidised: 
has  properties  of  combustion  aud  explosion 

'  resembling  those  of  gunpowder. 

Pyrrhoeoris=Scarlet  bug. 

Pyrrhosai     P.  tingens ,  gives  mace. 

Pyrrhula,  (pir'u-la)=Bullfinch,  q.v. 

Pyrrol,  (p!r'rol)=C4H5N :  an  oily  substance 
obtained  from  Dippel's  oil. 

Pyrus,  (pi'rus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Pear,  apple, 
&c.  :  a  plant  belonging  to  Pomacese.  P. 
aucuparia=Hoa.n  tree.  P.  aria=.Beam  tree. 
P.  e9mimtttu=Pear.  P.  malus=Apvle. 

Pythagorean,  (  pith-a-go-re'an ).  P.  bean= 
Nelumbium  speciosum. 

Python,  (pi'thon).  [The  Latin  name.]  = 
Coluber  javanicus;  v.  Pythons. 

Pythons,  (pi'thonz).  Large  snakes,  belonging 
to  Colubridse,  found  in  New  World. 

Pythonidse,  (pi-thon'i-de).  [Python, q. v.;  Gk. 
cidos,  form.]  Large  snakes,  of  which  the 
python  is  the  type. 

Pyx,  (piks).  [Pyxis,  the  Latin  word.]  A  gene- 
ral term  for  a  box  containing  any  valuable; 
especially  for  the  box  containing  sample 
coins  of  a  new  coinage. 

Pyxidium,  (piks-id'i-um).  [L.  pyxis,  box.]  A 
dry  dehiscent  fruit  with  a  kind  of  lid. 


Q. 


Quadrangle,  (kwod-rang'gl).  [Quadrangulus, 
the  Latin  word.]  A  plane  surface  enclosed 
by  four  straight  lines:  specially  used  as= 
rectangle;  also  for  a  four  cornered  court, 
surrounded  by  buildings. 


Quadrans  Muralis,  (kwod'ranz  mu-ril'lis.) 
[The  Latin  name.]=The  Mural  Quadrant, 
a  northern  constellation  of  small  stars  only. 

Quadrant,  (kwod'rant).  [L.  quadrans,  fourth 
part.]  1.  The  quarter  of  a  circle.  2.  v.  Sex- 


QUADRATE 


280 


QUATERNION 


Hartley's  Quadrant 


tant.  Q.  electrometer^ 
Henley's  electrometer: 
a  pith  ball  suspended 
beside  a  metal  rod,  its 
divergence  from  which, 
•when  electrified,  marks, 
roughly,  the  tension  of 
the  electricity. 

Quadrate  bone,  (kwod'- 
rat).  [L.  quadratus, 
squared.  ]=Os  quadra- 
turn,  v.  Quadrat um,  Os. 

Quadratic  equation,  (kwod-rat'ik).  [L.  quad- 
ratus, squared.]  One  in  which  the  highest 
of  the  terms  are  raised  to  the  square  or 
second  power.  Pure  quadratic  equation: 
one  in  which  the  square  only  of  the  un- 
known quantity  occurs.  Adfected  quadratic 
equation:  one  in  which  the  square  and  first 
power  both  occur. 

Quadrature,  Os.  A  square  bone  by  which 
the  mandible  is  joined  to  the  skull  in  birds 
and  reptiles;  in  Mammalia  its  homologue  is 
the  malleus. 

Quadrature,  (  kwod'ra-tur ).  [L.  quadratus, 
squared.  ]=.  Squaring.  Q.  of  circle:  the  find- 
ing a  square  equal  in  area  to  a  given  circle. 
v.  Squaring  the  circle. 

Quadrilateral,  (kwod-ri-lat'er-al).  [L.  quatuor, 
four;    latus,   side.]    A 
general    term  for  any 
four-sided  figure. 

Quadrivalent  =  Tetra- 
tonne,  q.v. 

Quadrumana,  (kwod-ro'- 
nia-na).     [L.  quatv.ort          Quadrilateral, 
four;  ?/ionus,hand.]  Monkeys,  apes,  baboons, 
&c. :  a  sub-division  of  Mammalia;  sometimes 
used  as  equivalent  to  Old  World  monkeys. 

Quadrumanous,  (kwod-ro'ma-nus).  [Quad- 
rumana, <?.v.);=Four-handed. 

Quadrupeds,  (kwod'ro-pedz).  A  general  term 
for  four-footed  animals ;  of  which  the  males 
are  usually  larger  and  fiercer  than  the 
females,  especially  seals  and  Scotch  deer- 
hoands;  fossil  remains  found  from  palaeo- 
lithic times  until  now. 

Quagmire,  (kwag'mlr).  [Quake  and  Mire.]  A 
soft  wet  piece  of  land. 

Quagga,  (kwag'ga)=Asinus  quagga:  the  wild 
assof  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  named  from  its  cry. 

Quail,  (kwal).      [Caille,  the  French  name.] 
=Coturnix:  a  bird  be- 
longing to  Tetraonidse. 
Tufted  £.=Lophortyx. 

Quails=Perdicidae,  q.v. 

Quaking  grass  =  Briza, 


Qualitative,  (kwal'i-ta- 
tiv).  [L.  qualitas,  qua- 
lity.] Q.  analysis:  de- 
termination of  the 
nature  of  the  consti- 
tuents of  a  compound.  Quail. 
cf.  Quantitative. 

Quality.  Q.  of  heat,  term  used  to  express 
its  penetration  of  various  diathermic  sub- 
stances. Q.  of  sound= Timbre,  q.v. 

Quantitative,  (kwon'ti-ta-tiv).   [L.  quantitas, 


extent.]  Q.  analysis:  determination  of  the 
relative  quantities  in  which  the  constituents 
of  a  compound  are  present  in  it.  cf.  Quali- 
tative. 

Quantities.  Scalar  Q.  can  be  defined  by  a 
single  numerical  specification.  Vector  Q. 
require  three  numerical  specifications. 

Quantity.  Q.  of  Voltaic  electricity=Curreni 
strength=Amount  of  chemical  action. 

Quaquaversal,  ( kwa-kwa-ver'sal ).  [L.  qua- 
qua,  on  every  side;  versus,  turned.]  Q. 
dip:  used  of  strata  inclining  in  every  direc- 
tion. 

Quarry,  (kwor'ri).  [Carriere,  the  French 
word.]  A  place  where  stones  are  quarried, 
i.e.,  excavated  and  rouphly  squared. 

Quartan,  (kwor'tan).  [Quartanus,  the  Latin 
word.]  Fourth. 

Quartane,  (kwor'tan).  [L.  quartus,  fourth.] 
=Ethyl,  q.v. ;  also  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quartation,  ( kwor-ta'shun ).  [L.  quartus, 
fourth.]  Separation  of  silver  and  gold,  by 
the  solution  of  the  former  in  nitric  acid; 
named  from  the  gold  never  being  more  than 
J  of  the  whole. 

Quartene,  (kwor'ten).     v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quarter,  (kwor'ter).  [L.  quartus,  fourth.]= 
28  Ibs.;  v.  Avoirdupois  weight. 

Quarters  of  the  Moon.  1st  quarter,  half  illu- 
minated. 2nd  quarter,  full  Mo,on,  the  side 
turned  to  us  being  fully  lighted.  3rd  quar- 
ter, half  illuminated.  4th  quarter,  new 
Moon,  almost  wholly  obscured. 

Quartine,  (kwor'tin).  [L.  quartus,  fourth.] 
=Crotonylene.:  €4^,  q.v.;  also  v.  Hydro- 
carbons. 

Quartone,  (kwor'ton).  [L.  quartus,  fourth.] 
v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quartune,  (kwor'tun).  [L<  quartus,  fourth.] 
v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quartz,  (kwortz').  [Quarz,  the  German  word.] 
=Spar:  native  silica,  a  mineral  crystallising 
in  hexagons;  infusible,  and  insoluble,  ex- 
cept in  hydrofluoric  acid;  when  pure,  colour- 
less. Amethyst,  cairngorm,  cornelian,  agate, 
onxy,  &c.,  are  varieties  of  quratz. 

Quartzite,  (kwort'sit).  [Quartz,  <?.v.]=Qnartz- 
rock:  a  com  pact  granular  metamorphic  rock, 
containing  crystals  of  quartz. 

Quassia,  (kwos'si-a).  [Quasu,  who  first  used 
it.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Simarubaceac, 
found  in  tropical  America.  Q.  a mara= Bit- 
ter wood. 

Quassiads,  (  kwos'si-adz  ).  [Quassia,  q.v.]= 
Simarubaceae. 

Quassin,  (kwos'sin).  [Quassia,  g.v.]=Quassite: 
CioHjaOs:  the  bitter  principle  of  quassia. 

Quata.    v.  Ateles. 

Quaternary,  ( kwa-ter'na-ri ).  [L.  quaterna- 
rius,  containing  four.]  —  Post  Tertiary,  and 
all  subsequently  deposited  rocks. 

Quaternions,  (kwa-ter'ni-onz).  [L.  quaterna- 
rius,  containing  four.]  A  branch  of  mathe- 
matics, applicable  to  three  dimensions,  by 
means  of  the  product  or  quotient  of  two 
lines  or  vectors,  depending  on  a  system  of 
four  geometrical  elements,  and  expressible 
by  quadrinomial  symbols;  also  called  Hamil- 
ton's triangle. 


QUATRE-FOIL 


281 


QUOTIENT 


auatre-foil,  ( ka'tr-foil ). 
feuille,  leaf.]=Quarter- 
foil :  an  architectural 
ornament  somewhat  re- 
sembling four  leaves. 

Quatsimas.  Au  Ameri- 
can race. 


[Fr.  quatre,  four; 


Quartrefoils. 


x^    Q.ieeu-post  Roof. 

AA,  queen -posts;  B,  tie- 
beam  ;  CO,  struts  or 
braces  ;  DD,  purlins  ;  E, 
straining  beam ;  FF, 
common  rafters ;  GG, 
wall-plates  ;  H,  ridge- 
piece. 


Quedius.     Q.  fulgidus=Horr\et-'beKt\e. 

Queen's  metal.  An  alloy  of  antimony,  tin, 
bismuth,  and  lead,  the  greater  part  being 
tin. 

Queen-posts.    Upright  beams  in  a  compound 
girder   or    trussed 
roof.  cf.  King-post. 

Queen  of  the  mea- 
dows. =  Spiraea  ul- 
maria,  q.v. 

Quercetates.  (kwer'- 
se-tats).  [Quercus, 
q.v.]  Compounds 
of  quercitric  acid 
and  bases. 

Quercitannic  acid, 
(kwer-si-tan'nik). 
[Quercus  and  Tan- 
nic, q.v.]  =  Tannic 
acid  of  oak.  v.  Tannic  acid. 

Quercite,  (kwer'sit).  [Quercus,  q.v.]=zCsHi<>O5; 
also  called  Q'uercin  and  Sugar  of  acorns :  a 
variety  of  sugar  obtained  from  acorns. 

Quercitrin,  (kwer'si-trin).  [Quercus  and 
Citron,  q.v.]  =  CssHgpO^.HoO  :  a  yellow 
colouring  matter  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
the  Quercus  tinctoria ;  also  called  Quercitric 
Acid. 

Quercitron,  (kwer'si-tron).  [Quercus  and 
Citron,  q.v.]  The  yellow  bark  of  Quercus 
tinctoria:  a  yellow  dye-stuff. 

Quercus,  (kwer'kus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Oak: 
.1  tree  belonging  to  Corylaceae,  the  timber  of 
which  is  valuable  for  its  durability.  Q.  ilex 
=  Evergreen  oak.  Q.  pedunculata  =  Com- 
mon oak.  Q.  silver=Cork  oak. 

Quernales,  (kwer-na'lez).  [Quercus,  q.v.]  Oak, 
beech,  walnut,  &c.:  trees  with  monochlamy- 
deous  male  flowers,  and  amygdaloid  embryos, 
forming  a  division  of  Diclinous  Exogens. 

Quesal=Trogon  resplendens:  the  royal  bird 
of  the  Aztecs. 

Quichuas.    An  American  race. 

Quick  grass=Triticum  re  pens. 

Quick  lime=Pure  lime;  v.  Lime. 

Quicksilver  =  Mercury,  q.v.;  named  from  its 
mobility  and  silvery  appearance.  Horn  Q.  =. 
Horn-mercury=Calomel.  Q.  horizon= Arti- 
ficial horizon,  q.v. 

Quill,  (kwill).    [L.  caulis,  stem.]    v.  Feather. 

Quill- wort=Isoetes,  q.v. 

Quina=Cinchona,  q.v. 

Quinates,  (kwin'ats).  [Quinic,  <?.r.]=Kinates: 
compounds  of  quinic  acid  and  bases. 

Quince,  (kwins).  [Cognassier,  the  French 
name.  ]=Cydonia  vulgaris:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Pomacese. 

Quindecagon,  (kwin-dek'a-gon).    [L.  quinque, 


five;  Gk.  deka,  ten;  gonia,  angle.]  A  figure 
having  fifteen  sides. 

Quinia,  (kwin'i-a).  [Quinine,  ?.'W.]=:Co0H24 
NoOa-SHoO:  an  alkaloid  crystalline  nitrile 
base*  found  in  cinchona  bark. 

Quinic  acid,  (kwin'ik).  [Quinine,  q.v.]= 
Kinic  acid  =  C7Hi2Og :  obtained  from  cin- 
chona bark. 

Quinicine,  (kwin'i-sin).  [Quinine,  q.v.]  = 
C2oH24N2O2:  an  alkaloid  obtained  from 
quinine. 

Quinidine,  ( kwin'i-dm  ).  [Quinine,  q.v.]  = 
C2oH24N2O2.2H2O:  a  base,  probably  quinine 
hydrate 

Quinine,  (kwin'in).  [The  French  word.]= 
C20H24N2P2:  a  bitter  alkaloid  substance, 
used  medicinally  for  its  antifebrile  qualities, 
obtained  from  cinchona  bark.  Hydro  Q.= 
Hydrated  quinine. 

Quinoidine,  (kwiu'oi-din).  [Quinine,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  A  compound  of  several  bases 
obtained  from  quinia. 

Quinoline,  (  kwin'o-lm ).  [Quinine,  q. v.]  = 
C9H7N=Leukol:  an  alkaline  oily  inflam- 
mable liqixid,  the  type  of  the  quinoline 
bases.  Q.  series  of  organic  bases— CnH2n  -  nN: 
include  cryptidine,  lepidine,  and  quinoline; 
a  variety  of  nitrile  bases. 

Quinone,  (kwin'on).  [Quinic,  g.v.]=C6H4O2 
=  Kinone:  a  yellow  crystalline  substance 
obtained  by  oxidising  quinic  acid. 

Quinonic,  (kwin-6'nik).  [Quinone,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to,  or  containing,  quinone. 

Quinotannic  acid,  (kwin-6-tan'nik).  [Quinine 
and  Tannic,  q.v.]  Ajf&riety  of  tannic  acid 
obtained  from  cinchona  bark. 

Quinoyl,  (kwin'oil).  [Quinone,  q.v.;  Gk. 
hyle,  material.]  The  radicle  of  the  quinoue 
series. 

Quinsy,  (kwin'zi).  [Esquino/iicte,  the  French 
word.]  A  diseased  condition,  of  the  tonsils 
of  the  throat. 

Quintal,  (kwin'tal).  [The  French  word.]=100 
kilograrus=2  cwt.  nearly. 

Quintane,  (kwin'tan).  [L.  quintus,  fifth.] rs 
Amyl  hydride;  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quintanes,  (kwin'tanz).  [Quintane,  q.v.] 
C5Hi2=Pejitanes;  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quintene,  (kwin'ten).  [L.  quintus,  fifth.]  V. 
Hydrocarbons. 

Quintine,  (kwin'tin).  [L.  quintus,  fifth.]= 
Valerylene:  CsHg;  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quintone,  (kwin'ton).  [L.  quintus,  fifth.]= 
Valylene:  CgHg;  v.  Hydrocarbons. 

Quintune,  (kwin'tun).  [L.  quintus,  fifth.]  v. 
Hydrocarbons. 

Quiscalinae,  (kwis-kal'i-ne).  [Quiscalus,  the 
typical  genus.]=Grakles:  a  family  of  star- 
ling-like birds,  belonging  to  Sturiiidaa. 

Quoins,  (kwoinz).  [F.  coin,  corner.] ^Corner- 
stones. 

Quotient,  (kwS'shent).  [L.  quoties,  how  many 
times.]  The  result  of  dividing  one  number 
by  another;  e.g.,  if  12  be  divided  by  3,  tho 
quotient  is  4. 


BABBIT 


282 


RAINBOW 


E. 


Rabbit,  (rab'bit).  [Robbe,  the  Dutch  name.] 
A  small  burrowing  animal,  resembling  the 
hare,  belonging  to  Rodentia.  R.  jisii  = 
Chimaera  monstrosa. 

Raccoon,     v.  Racoon. 

Race-horse,     A  bird.    v.  Micropterus. 

Racemates,  ( ras'e-ruats  ).  [Racemic,  q.v.  ] 
Compounds  of  racemic  acid  and  bases. 

Raceme,  (ra-sCm').  [L.  racemus,  grape-cluster.] 
R.  inflorescence:  in  which  the  flowers  are 
arranged  on  a  common  axis,  as  in  the  cur- 
rant!; the  corymb  and  panicle  are  varieties 
of  the  raceme. 

Racemic  acid,  (ra-sem'ik).  [L.  racemus,  grape- 
stalk.]  =  C4H6OB  =  Paratartario  acid  =  A 
modification  of  tartaric  acid,  found  in  grapes. 

Racemifera,  (ras-e-mif'e-ra).  [Raceme,  q.v. ; 
L.  fero,  I  bear.]  Ehreuberg's  term  for  star- 
fishes, jelly-fishes,  &c. 

Racemose,  (ras'e-moz).  [Raceme,  q.v.]  Hav- 
ing the  flowers  in  racemes.  R.  glands:  re- 
sembling a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Rack,  (rak).  [A.-S.  necan,  to  extend.]  In 
machinery,  aflat  bar  having  teeth  along  it,  so 
as  to  move,  or  be  moved  by,  a  toothed  wheel. 

Racoon,  (ra-koon')    [F.  raton,  small  rat.]    A 

badger-like  animal,          1^^^^=—^^^ 

belonging  to  Carni- 
vora,  found  in  N. 
America. 

Radial,  (rii/di-al). 
[Radius,  q.v.  ]  1. 
Related  to  the 
radius  or  fore-arm. 
2.  Related  to  the 
radius  of  a  circle. 

Radiaria,  (rii-di-a'- 
ri-a).  [Radius,  q. v.] 
Milne-Edwards's  term  for  'Radiata. 

Radiata,  ( ra-di-ti'ta ).  [Radius,  q.v.]  Origi 
nally  used  by  Cuvier 
for  a  sub-kingdom,  now- 
broken  up;  now  used 
generally  for  any  ani- 
mals having  a  radiate 
form.  Polyzoa,  Ccelen- 
terata,  Annuloida,  and 
Protozoa,  have  succes- 
sively been  removed 
from  Radiata.  and 
formed  into  other  divisions.  "Used  by  Milne- 
Edwards  as = Zoophytes. 

Radiated,  (ra-di-a'ted).  [Radius,  q.v.]  Issu- 
ing in  rays.  R.  cmijna£s=Radiata,  q.v. 

Radical= Radicle,  q.v. 

Radicle,  (rad'i-kl).  [L.  radix,  root]  1.= 
Young  root  of  a  plant.  2.  In  chemistry,  a 
group  of  atoms  capable  of  combining  with 
other  atoms  by  substitution.  Organic  R.= 
Compound  R.,  q.v.  3.  Used  generally  for  root, 
or  commencement,  of  any  organic  process. 
Compound  R.  =  A.  group  of  elements  which 
enters  into  various  combinations  without 
being  readily  decomposed  by  the  chemical 


Raccooiu 


liadiate. 


changes ;  e.g.,  ethyl,  methyl,  arnyl,  &c. 
Oxides  of  compound  .fis.=Ethers:  hydrated 
oxides = Alcohols. 

Radiola,  (ra-di'o-la).  [L.  radius,  ray.]  All- 
seed: a  small  herb  belonging  to  Linaceae. 

Radiolaria,  (  ra-di-6-la'ri-a ),  [L.  radiolus, 
little  radius.]  Sea-egg,  &c.:  animals  (mostly 
marine)  belonging  to  Protozoa,  consisting  of 
minute  masses  of  sarcode,  throwing  out 
pseudopodia,  and  having  sometimes  a  silici- 
fied  skeleton. 

Radiometer,  (ra,-di-om'e-ter).  [L.  radius,  ray; 
Gk.  iiietron,  measure.]  Light-mill:  an  appa- 
ratus, working  in  a  vacuum,  intended  to 
show  the  energy  of  the  sun's  rays;  also  called 
Crookes's  apparatus. 

Radish,  (rad'ish).  [L.  radix,  root.]=Raph- 
anus :  a  plant  belonging  to  Brassicaceaj. 
Horse  #.=Hyperanthera. 

Radius,  (ra'di-us).  [L.  radius,  spoke.]  1.  Tho 
inner  bone  of  the  fore- 
arm, which  carries  the 
hand.  2.  Any  straight  line 
drawn  from  the  centre  of 
a  circle  to  the  circum- 
ference. R.  vector:  an 
imaginary  line  drawn 
from  the  sun  to  a  planet. 

Radix,    (ra'dix).      [The 
Latin  word.]    Root.    R.  K.uliu8. 

swm6u/=Musk-root,  q.v. 

Rafflesia,  (raf-fle'si-a).  [Sir  T.  S.  Raffles.]  A 
plant,  the  type  of  Rafflesiaceae,  q.v. 

Rafflesiacese,  (raf-fle-si-a'se-e).  [RafBesia.  q.v.] 
•=Patna-worts:  stemless  plants,  parasitic  on 
trees,  belonging  to  Rhizogeus. 

Rag.  R.  stone:  a  siliceous  stone,  used  for 
sharpening.  JR.  worm=  Mudworm=Limi- 
colae,  q.v.  R.  wort =Senecio  Jacobaja. 

Ragged  Robin=Lychnis  flos-cuculi,  q.v. 

Raia,  (ra'i-a).  [The  Latin  name.]=Ray:  a 
fish,  belonging  to  Raiidse,  q.v.  R.  beatis= 
Blue-skate.  Electric  /?.=Torpedo,  q.v. 

Raiidse,  (ra'i-de).  [Raia,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  like.] 
A  family  of  fishes  belonging  to  Plagiostomi: 
includes  the  ray,  skate,  saw-fish,  torpedo,  &c. 

Rail,  (ral).  [Rallus,  Q.v.]=Rallus:  a  bird, 
the  type  of  Rallidae,  q.v.,  has  short  beak  and 
wings,  and  long  legs  and  feet.  Land  R.= 
Corn-crake=Crax  pratensis. 

Rain,  (rfm).  [Rene,  the  A.-S.  word.]  R.  cloud 
=Nimbus.  Fossil  R.:  small 
indentations,  especially  in 
some  New  Red  Sandstone 
rocks;  supposed  to  be  rain- 
marks.  R.  gauge  =  Ombro- 
meter: an  instrument  adapted 
to  the  measurement  of  the 
quantity  of  rain. 

Rainbow.  An  arch,  contain- 
ing the  colours  of  the  spec- 
trum, caused  by  the  refrac- 
tion of  the  sun's  light  in  drops 
of  rain ;  sometimes  called  Iris.  Rain-guage. 


RAISIN 


RATTLE-SNAKE 


Raisin.  (nVzin).  [Raizin,  the  French  word.] 
=Dried  fruit  of  the  vine. 

Rallidsc,  (ral'li-de).  [Rallus,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
like.]  Coots,  rails,  &c.:  a  famiJy  of  birds, 
belonging  to  Grallatores. 

Rallus,  (ral'lns).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  bird, 
the  type  of  Rallidse,  q.v. 

Ram,  (ram).  [The  A.-S.  name.]  l.=Aries, 
q.v.  2.  The  male  of  sheep,  &c.  Ilydrautie 
R. .  the  piston  of  an  hydraulic  press. 

Rammelsbergite,  (ram-melz-ber'git)  =  Chlo- 
anthite,  q.v. :  a  mineral,  chiefly  arsenide  of 
nickel. 

Ramphastidse,  (ram-fas 'ti-de).  [Ramphastos, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos,  like.]  Toucans:  a  family  of 
scansorial  birds. 

Ramphastos,  (  ram-fas'tos  ).  [Gk.  ramphos, 
bird's  beak.]=Toncan:  a  scansorial  bird,  hav- 
ing a  very  large  beak. 

Ramphorhynchus,  (  ram-fo-ringTcus  ).  [Gk. 
ramphos,  bird's  beak;  rhygchos,  snout.]  An 
extinct  flying  reptile,  known  by  fossil  re- 
mains found  in  Middle  Oolite  and  litho- 
graphic slate  rocks;  belongs  to  Pterosauria. 

Rampion,  (ram'pion).  [L.  rapum,  rape.]= 
Phyteuma,  q.v.;  also  =. Campanula  rapuu- 
culus. 

Ramus,  (ra'mus).  [L.  ramus,  branch. ]=Half 
of  the  mandible,  in  animals  belonging  to 
Mammalia.  In  Mammalia,  articulated  with 
the  temporal  bone ;  in  birds  and  reptiles, 
articulated  with  the  skull  by  means  of  the 
os  quadratum. 

Rana.  (ra'na).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  small 
animal  belonging  to  Amphibia,  unknown  in 
Australia  and  8.  America.  R.  bv.fo=Frog. 
R.  botnbina  —  Bombinator.  R.  ttiugiens=z 
Bull-frog. 

Ranales,  (ra-na'lez).  [L.  rana,  frog.]  Plants 
with  mouodichlamydeous  flowers,  forming  a 
division  of  Hypogynou«  Exogens. 

Rancidity,  (ran-sid'i-ti).  [L.  rancidus,  rank.] 
Mustiness:  not  observed  in  pure  oils  or  fats. 

Raniceps,  (ran'i-seps).  [L.  rana,  frog:  caput, 
head.]  Tadpole-fish  :  a  fish  belonging  to 
Gadidae. 

Ranunculaceae,  (  ra-nun'ku-la-ce-e  ).  Ranun- 
culus, q. v. ]  =  Crowfoots:  herbs,  acrid  and 
often  poisonous,  belonging  to  Ranales, 

Ranunculus,  (ra-nun'ku-lus).  [L.  rana,  frog.] 
=  Butter-cup,  crowfoot,  &c. :  an  herb,  the 
type  of  Ranunculaceae.  R.  acris— Crowfoot. 
R.  Jicarut=Pile-wort.  R.  Zr/igrwa=Serpeut's 
tongue. 

Rapa,  (ra'pa).  [The  Latin  nanie.]=Turnip:  a 
plant  belonging  to  Brassicaceaj. 

Rapaces,  (ra-pases).  [L.  rapax,  plundering.] 
An  order  of  birds  made  by  Milne  Edwards= 
Raptores,  q.v. 

Rape,  (rap).  [Rapum,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Brassica  napus:  a  plant,  resembling  the  cab- 
bage. R .  oil :  from  the  seeds. 

Rapes,  (raps).  Broom  R.  =  Orobanchacesc, 
q.v.  Fir  .ZJ.  =Monotropaceae,  q.v. 

Raphanus,  (raf'a-nus).      [Gk.  rha.  quickly; 
phaino,  I  appear.]  =  Radish  :  an  herb,  with 
edible  root,  belonging  to  Brassicaceai,  named 
from  its  rapid  growth. 
Raphides,  (rafi-dez).     [Gk.  rhapkis,  needle.] 


Crystals  found  in  the  cells  of  some  of  the 
higher  plants. 

Raphiolepia,  (  raf-i-6-lg'pi-a  )  =  Indian  haw- 
thorn. 

Raptores,  (rap-t5'rez).  [L.  raptor,  robber]= 
Birds  of  prey:  eagles,  kites,  vultures,  &c.;  a 
primary  division  of  birds. 

Raptoria,  (rap-to'ri-a).  [L.  raptor,  robber.] 
=Snatchers :  insects  belonging  to  Orthop- 
tera,  including  the  mantis;  not  known  in 
England. 

Ra-ra,  (ra'ra)=Phytotoma,  q.v. 

Ras  alagne.  [Arab.=Head  of  the  Serpent.] 
The  chief  star  of  the  constellation  Serpent 
bearer, 

Rasores,  (ra-zo'rez).  [L.  rado,  I  scrape.] 
=Fowls,  pigeons,  &c.  :  birds,  feeding  on 
seeds,  making  nests  on  the  ground,  and 
with  but  feeble  powers  of  flying,  v.  Gallin- 
aceous. 

Raspberry,  (rasp'ber-ri).  [Rasp  and  Berry.  ]= 
Rubusidasus:  A  plant  belonging  to  Rosacese. 

Rastegna.  A  French  edible  dish,  of  which 
the  opelet  ia  the  chief  constituent. 

Rat,  (rat).  [Rtet,  the  A.-S.  name.]  =  Mus 
rattus,  q.v.  Kangaroo  .R.=:Macropus  minor. 
Musk  R.  =  Ondatra.  Russian  musk  R.= 
Mygale.  R.  hare  =  Lagomys.  R.  mole  = 
Spalax. 

Ratchet,  (rach'et).      A  circular  wheel,  with 
teeth  on  the  circumfer- 
ence, by  which  it  can 
be  moved  or  its  motion 
stayed. 

Ratel,  (ra'tel)  =  Melli- 
vora  capensis:  a  weasel - 
like  animal,  belonging 
to  Ursidae;  also  called 
Viverra  mellivora. 

Ratio,  (ra'shi-o).  [The 
Latin  word.]  The  rela- 
tive values  of  two  quantities  of  the  same 
kind;  the  number  of  times  which  one  con- 
tains the  other.  Anharmonic  R.  ;  not  liar- 
harmonic;  v.  Harmonic  R.  Harmonic  R., 
v.  Harmonic.  Inverse  R. .  when  an  increase 
of  one  quantity  produces  a  decrease  of 
another,  as  when  more  power  requires  less 
time  for  a  given  quantity  of  Work. 

Ratitae,  (rat'i-te).  [L.  ratis,  raft]  Birds 
whose  sternum  is  flat ;  cf.  Carinatae  =  Os- 
triches, emus,  &c. ;  also  called  Struthionidse, 
q.v. 

Rattan,  (rat'tan).  [Rdtan,  the  Malay  name.] 
=Calamus:  a  small  variety  of  the  palm  tree, 
the  stem  of  which  is  used  for  walking-sticks 
&c. 

Rattle,  (rat'tl).  A  namo 
given  to  some  plants 
from  the  rattling  of  the 
ripe  seeds.  Red  .R.=Pedi- 
cularis,  named  from  its  red 
flowers.  Yellow  R.  =Rhin- 
anthus  Crista  galli,  has  yel-  • 
low  flowers. 

Rattle-snake=Crotalus  hor- 
ridus,  q.v.,  found  only  in 
America.  R.  fern  =  Bo- 
trychium  Virginicum.  R.  «-ecd=Eryngium. 


Ratchet-wheel. 


RAVELIN 


284 


HEED 


Ravelin. 

A,  ravelin  ;  B,  bastion  ; 
C,  glacis  ;      D,  covered 


Ravelin,    (rav'lin).      [The   French   word.] 

A  triangular  projecting 

portion  of  a  fortifica- 
tion. 
Raven,  (ra'vn).  [Hrcefen, 

the    A.-S.    name.  ]  = 

Corvus  corax:   a  bird, 

usually  black,  belong- 
ing to  Corvidse. 
Ray,  (ra).    [Radius,  the 

Latin  word.]    A  fish= 

Raia.        Beaked    R.  = 

Rhinobatis.  Eagle R.= 

Myliobatis.  Electric  R. 

= Torpedo.    Horned  R. 

=Cephaloptera.    Sting 

jR.=Trygon. 
Ray,  (ra).    [1.  Raia,  the       _ 

Latin  name;  2.  Radius,    way;    E,  cavalier;    F, 
the    Latin    word.]     1.   curtain ;  G,  ditch. 
=Raia,  &c.:  a  flat  fish,  belonging  to  Elas- 
mobranchii.     2.  A  line 
of  light.    Ordinary  R,  : 
in    double    refraction, 
the  ray  which   follows 
the  ordinary  rule  of  re- 
fraction.      Extraordi- 
nary R.:  in  double  re- 
fraction, the  ray  which 
does    not    follow    the  Ray. 

ordinary  rule  of  refraction.    JR.  grass=Rye, 

Ray's  classification  of  plants— 
Flowerlesa. 
Flowering. 

Dicotyledones. 

Monocotyledones. 

Rayed  animals =Radiata,  q.v. 

Rays,     v.  Actinic  R.  and  Herschelian  R. 

Razor,    R.  bill:  a  bird  belonging  to  Nata- 

tores.     R.  shell  =  Solen  ensis:  a  burrowing 

mollusc;  also  called  Razor  fish. 
Reading,  (red'ing).     [R.    in   Berkshire.]     R. 

beds,  v.  Woolwich  and  Reading  beds. 
Real,  (re'al).     [L.  res,  thing.]    R.  image,  v. 

Image.     R.  focus,  v.  Focus. 
Realgar,   (re-al'gar).     [The  French  word.]  — 

As2So=Redsulphide  of  arsenicum:  a  mineral, 

with~oblique  crystallization,  belonging  to  the 

arsenic  group. 
Reaumur's  thermometer,  in  which  the  freezing 

point  of  water  is  0"  and  the  boiling  point  80°, 

the  distance  between  being  divided  into  80 

equal  parts  or  degrees. 
Reaumuriaceae,  (ro-mu-ri-a'se-e).     [Reamur.] 

=Reaumuriads :    shrubs,    with    scale-like 

leaves,  belonging  to  Guttiferales. 
Recent,  (re'sent).     \Recens,  the  Latin  word.] 

R.  rocks,  with  fossil  shells  and  Mammalia, 

all  of  living  species. 
Receptacle,  (re-sep'ta-kl).  [Rcceptaculum,tl\e 

Latin  word.]=Torus:  the  disc  of  the  flower, 

which  supports  the  sexiial  organs. 
Reciprocals,  (re-si  p'ro-klz).     [L.  reciproco,   I 

interchange.]    The  quotients  of  the  division 

of  unity  by  a  given  series  of  numbers;  e.g.,  J 

and  £  are  the  reciprocals  of  2  and  5. 
Reckoning,    v.  Dead-reckoning. 


Rectangle,  (rek'tang-1). 
[L.  rectus,  right;  Angle, 
q. v.]= Oblong:  a  figure 
formed  by  four  straight 
lines,  all  the  angles  be- 
ing right  angles,  but 
the  opposite  sides  only 
being  equal.  Rectangle. 

Rectangular,  (rek-tang'u-lar).  [Rectangle, 
q.v.]  Oblong:  having  the  form  of  a  rectangle. 

Rectum,  (rek'tum).  [L.  rectus,  straight.]  The 
extremity  of  the  large  intestine  which  opens 
outwardly. 

Recurvirostra,  (re-ker-vi-ros'tra).  [L.  recur- 
vus,  bent  back:  rostrum,  beak.]  A  wading 
bird,  with  curved  beak;  also  called  Avocet, 
q.v. 

Red,  (red).  [Rad,  the  A.-S.  word.  ]  R. 
ant  =  Formica  sanguinea.  R.  antimony  = 
Kermesite,  q.v.  R.  bole:  a  clay  coloured 
by  oxide  of  iron.  R.  breast— Erythraca= 
Robin  red-breast.  jR.  coral,  v.  Coral.  R. 
crag.  One  of  the  older  Pliocene  beds,  with 
marine  shells,  found  in  Suffolk.  R.  dyes: 
madder,  alizarin,  logwood,  &c.  R.  flames, 
v.  R.  prominences.  R.  grouse  =  Lagopus 
Scoticus.  R.  feacl=Minium,  q.v.  R.  ochre; 
a  variety  of  red  haematite.  R.  phosphorus 
=  Amorphous  phosphorus.  R.  pigments 
=Ochre,  bole,  chrome,  mercury,  &c.  R. 
prominences:  seen  in  total  eclipses  of  the 
sun,  from  30  to  70  thousand  miles  in  extent. 
R.  races:  Andian,  Pampean,  Guarang,  &c. 
R.  sandstone,  v.  Red  Sandstone.  R.  silver 
ore:  Dark  R.=Pyrargyrite;  Light  R. :  Prous- 
tite.  R.  snow=Protococcus  nivali.  R.  stars; 
Aldebaran,  Antares,  Arcturus,  Fonialhaut, 
Betelguese.  R.  valerian 
=  Centranthus  ruber. 
R.  v&rioisBotryogen, 
q.v.  R.  ?eeec2=Papaver 
rheas=Red  poppy. 

Redan,  (re-dan').  [The 
French  word.]  A  field 
work,  shaped  like  a  V, 
with  the  apex  towards  Keilan. 

the  enemy. 

Redoubt,  (re-douf).      [Redoute,  the  French 
word.]    A  small  en- 
closed fort. 

Redruthite,  (red'io- 
thit).  [Redruth,  in 
Cornwall.]  A  va- 
riety of  chalcocite, 
q.v. ;  an  ore  of  cop- 
Reducing  flame  of 
blowpipe.  The  por- 
tion where  incom- 
plete combustion 
takes  place,  so  that  Redoubt, 

any  oxydised  substance  is  deprived  of  its 
oxygen. 

Reduvius,  (re-du-vi'us).     v.  Fly-bug. 

Reed,  (red).  [Hreod,  the  A.-S.  name.]  = 
Phragmites,  q.v.  Sea  /J.=Marram  crass, 
q.v.  R.  &ur=Sparganiatn.  R.  j>;are=Typha. 
R.  warMer=Salicaria  strepera.  R.  wnn= 
B.  warbler,  q.v. 


REEF 


285 


RESIDUAL 


[L.   refrango,  I 


Reef,  (ref).  [Riff,  the  German  word.]  A  range 
of  rocks  rising  but  little  above  the  surface  of 
the  water. 

Re-entering  angle.  One  of  which  the  angle 
points  inwards. 

Reflecting,  (re-flek'ting). 
[L.  reflecto,  I  turn  back- 
wards.] R.  surface:  one 
which      throws     back 
light,    heat,    <fec.       cf. 
Refraction.       R.    tele- 
scopes  =  Catoptric  tele-      .Re-entering  Angle, 
scopes:  in  which  the  image  is  reflected  from 
a  metallic  mirror  to  the  eye-piece. 

Refracted,  (re-frak'ted).  [L.  refractum,  broken 
up.]  v.  Refraction. 

Refracting,  (re-frak'ting).  [L.  refrango,  I 
break  up.]  Causing  refraction,  q.v.  R. 
telescopes=Dioptric  telescopes :  in  which  the 
rays  are  brought  to  a  focus  by  refraction 
through  lenses. 

Refraction,  (re-frak'shun). 
break  up.]  A  deflec- 
tion of  rays  of  light, 
sound,  or  heat,  when 
they  pass  from  one 
medium  to  another, 
as  from  air  to  water, 
in  a  direction  oblique 
to  the  common  sur- 
face. Double  R.  = 
When  two  rays  of 
light  come  to  the  eye 
from  one  point  in  Refraction. 

an  object  viewed  through  a  doubly-refract- 
ing substance,  such  as  Iceland  spar;  one 
being  called  the  ordinary  ray,  the  other 
the  extraordinary  ray.  Index  of  R.:  the 
ratio  between  the  sines  of  the  incident  and 
of  the  refracted  angles;  i.e.,  of  the  angles 
which  the  lines  make  with  the  common  sur- 
face of  the  two  media.  Prismatic  R.,  v. 
Spectrum. 

Regelation,  (re -je] -a 'shun).  [L.  re-,  again; 
gelatio,  freezing.]  The  freezing  together  of 
two  partially  thawed  substances,  as  of  two 
pieces  of  ice. 

Regions  of  plants.  Arranged  according  to 
their  general  character  and  locality.  Iberian 
R.  :  evergreen  plants  in  h  umid  districts. 
Forschammer's  R.  of  marine  plants.  &c. 

Regnault,  (ra'nault).  [M.  Regnault.]  R.'s 
hygrometer,  v.  Hygrometer. 

Regular  animals.  Burmeister's  term  for  Ra- 
diata,  Bryozoa,  and  Anthozoa. 

Regulus,  (reg'u-lus).    [L.  regulus,  petty  king.] 

1.  The    pure    metal 
obtained  by  smelting. 

2.  The  chief  star  in 
Leo;  also  called  Cor 
Leonis  and  the  Lion's 
Heart.   3.  A  bird,  be- 
longing to  Sylviadae. 

Rein  -  deer  =  Cladonia 
rangiferina  :  scarce, 
apparently  dying  out; 
the  only  deer  of  which 
bothsexeshavehorns. 


R.  period:  traces  of 


Reindeer. 


which  are  found  in  S.  of  France,  intermediate 
between  Paleolithic  and  Neolithic  :  marked 
by  remains  of  rein-deer,  mammoth,  &c.  R. 
moss=Cenomyce  rangiferina  :  a  lichen. 

Reinforce,  (re-in-fors').  The  thick  portion  of 
a  gun,  near  the  breech. 

Reiset's  bases.  1st  B.=Platodiammine,  q.v. 
2nd  B.=Platosammine,  q.v. 

Relay,  (re-la').  [F.  relais,  relaxation.]  A 
voltaic  or  magnetic  battery  which  is  set  in 
action  by  one  previously  at  work. 

Relief.  In  sculpture,  the  projection  of  figures 
from  the  groundwork.  High  R.=Alto  R., 
v.  Alto-relievo.  Low  .R.=Bas  R.,  v.  Basso- 
relievo. 

Remains.  Human  R.,  v.  Human  remains. 
Organic  72.=Fossils,  q.v. 

Remora,  (rem'6-ra).  [L.  remora,  obstacle.] 
=:Echeneis  remora:  a  fish  which  attaches 
itself  temporarily,  by  a  sucking  disc,  to  some 
large  fish,  for  purposes  of  locomotion. 

Renaissance,  (re-na'sanz).  [The  French  word.] 
A  style  of  architecture,  common  in  the  16th 
century,  which  followed  the  general  use  of 
Gothic  ai-chitecture;  named  from  being  to 
some  extent  a  revival  of  classic  styles. 

Renal,  (re'nal).  [L.  renes,  kidneys.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  kidneys. 

Reniform,  (ren'i-form).  [L.  renes,  kidneys.] 
=Kidney-shaped. 

Rennet,  (reu'net).  [Gerinnan,  A.-S.  to  curdle.] 
=The  inner  membrane  of  Abomasum :  used 
to  cause  milk  to  coagulate.  Cheese  R.= 
Galium  verani. 

Repeating  circle.  An  instrument  used  for 
surveying  instead  of  the  sextant. 

Reproduction,  (re-pro-duk'shun).  The  re- 
placing of  lost  portions,  or  increase  of  num- 
ber, of  individuals:  the  latter  takes  place 
when  growth  begins  to  cease.  Sexual  R.= 
Gamogenesis.  Non-sexual  R.  = Fission,  gem- 
mation, <fec. 

Reptiles,  (rep'tilz).  [Reptilis,  the  Latin 
name.]=Reptilia,  q.v.  Natural  history  of 
R.  =Herpetology. 

Reptilia,  (rep-ti'li-a).  [L.  repto,  I  crawl.] 
Tortoises,  crocodiles,  serpents,  &c.:  verte- 
brate animals,  usually  with  horny  epider- 
mis, four  limbs,  and  cold  red  blood ;  resemble 
Mammalia  in  having  an  amnion  and  an 
allantois,  but  differ  in  having  each  ram  us 
in  several  pieces  and  not  articulating 
directly  with  the  skull;  also  named  Lyren- 
cephala,  q.v.,  and  Muscle  Animals,  q.v. 

Repulsion,  (re-pul'shun).  Magnetic  R.=Dia.- 
magnetism,  q.v. 

Reredos,  (rer'dos,  or  re're-dos).  [Arrikre  dos, 
the  French  name.]  A  screen,  usually  of 
wood  or  stone,  placed  at  the  back  of  the 
altar,  above  it. 

Reseda,  (re-se'da)=Mignonette :  an  herb  with 
small  flowers,  the  type  of  Resedaceae.  R. 
Zwtea— Base  rocket. 

Resedaceae,  (re-se-da'se-e).  [Reseda,  q.v.]= 
Weld-worts :  herbs,  with  fleshy  petals,  be- 
longing to  Cistales. 

Residual  air,  which  remains  in  the  chest  and 
cannot  be  expelled=usually  about  SO  cubic 
inches. 


RESILIENCE 


286 


RHEOSTAT 


Resilience,  (re-zil'i-ens).  [L.  retilio,  I  spring 
back.  ]= ReboundinB=Elasticity. 

Resins,  (rez'inz).  \Resina,  the  Latin  word.] 
Brittle  inflammable  substances  obtained 
from  plants,  mostly  oxidised  essential  oils: 
when  subjected  to  friction  they  become  elec- 
tric. Fossil  R. :  amber,  asphalt,  ozocerite,  &c. 

Resinous  electricity  =  Negative  electricity: 
developed  on  resinous  surfaces  by  friction. 

Resist  pastes,  Substances  used  in  dyeing  to 
prevent  the  colouring  matter  acting  on  the 
parts  where  they  are  applied. 

Resistance,  (re-zis'tans).  Electric  R. :  the 
force  required  to  electrify  a  given  body,  and 
therefore  the  resistance  to  the  passage  of  a 
current.  Unit  of  R. :  Jacobi's,  French, 
Ohm's,  Ac.:  r.  Electro-magnetic  unite. 

Resonance,  (rez'o-nans).  [L.  retono,  I  resound.] 
The  prolongation  of  sound,  v.  Sound. 

Resorcin,  (re-sor'sin).  [Orcin,  g.v.^CgHgOo' 
:i  white  crystalline  substance. 

Respiration,  (res-pi-ra'shun).  [L.  retpiro,  I 
breathe  again.]  The  removal  from  the 
blood  of  carbonic  acid  and  steam,  and  the 
transfer  into  it  of  oxygen;  effected  by  lungs 
or  branchiae. 

Respirative,  (re-spi'ra-tiv).  [Respiration.  <?.r.] 
Performing  respiration.  R.  animals;  Okeu's 
term  for  Articulata. 

Respirator,  (  res-pi-ra'tor  ).  [L.  retpiro,  I 
breathe  again.]  An  apparatus  for  warming 
the  inhaled  fresh  air  by  means  of  the  heat 
contained  in  the  exhaled  breath. 

Rest-harrow  -  OiiMiiis :  named  from  its  long 
roots  arresting  the  harrow. 

Restiaceae,  (res-ti-a'se-e)  =  Cord  leaf* :  herbs, 
with  glumaceous  flowers,  belonging  to  Glu- 
males. 

Resultant,  (re-zul'tant).  [L.  retulto,  I  leap 
back.]  In  dynamics:  the  force  arising  from 
two  or  more  combined  forces  acting  on  one 
point;  which  is  equal  to  their  sum  only  when 
they  act  in  the  same  straight  line,  and  in  the 
same  direction. 

Retene,  (ret'en)=CigH18:  a  hydrocarbon,  ob- 
tained in  the  distillation  of  coal  tar:  also 
called  Tetramethyl  anthracene. 

Reticulate,  (re-tik'u-lut).   [L.  reticulum,  small 
net.]  The  same  as  fibrous, 
but  with  the  fibres  cross- 
ing   each    other   irregu- 
larly. 

Reticulum,  (re-tik'Q-lum). 
{L.  reticulum,  small  net.] 
The  2nd  stomach  of  Rumi- 
nants; named  from  its 
honeycombed  structure. 

Retina,  (ret'i-na).    [L.  rete,      Reticulate  leat 
net.]    The  termination  of  the  optic  nerve, 
which  spreads  over  the  interior  of  the  eye- 
ball in  a  thin  layer,  which  can  be  affected  so 
as  to  cause  the  sensation 
of  sight. 

Retort,  (re-tortO-  [L.  re- 
tortus,  bent  back.]  A 
vessel,  usually  of  glass, 
consisting  generally  of  a 
bulb  and  long  neck;  used  Retort. 

fpr  distilling  in  chemical  operations. 


Retrenchment,  (re-trench'ment).  A  work  of 
fortification  constructed  within,  or  behind, 
another. 

Return  shock.     In  electricity;  v.  Shock. 

Retuse,  (re-tus^.  [L.  rftusus,  blunted.]  Very 
blunt. 

Retzius's  division  of  the  human  race— 
With  long  heads=Dolichocephali. 
With  short  heads=Brachycep)i;Ui. 

Revetment,  (re-vet'ment).  [Ret element,  the 
French  word.]  A  facing  of  wood,  stone,  etc., 
used  to  give  permanence  to  the  steep  incline 
of  an  embankment. 

Revolutions  of  the  Moon.  Nodical  R.  in  27d. 
5h.  Cm.,  in  which  the  Moon  revolves  round 
the  Earth.  Synodical  R.  in  29d.  12h.  44in.,  in 
which  the  Moon  returns  to  the  same  position 
relatively  to  the  Sun.  Every  18  years  l!> 
days  the  Sun,  Moon,  and  Earth  return  to 
precisely  the  same  relative  positions;  this 
period  was  called  Saros  by  the  ancient 
astronomers. 

Revolver,  (  re-vol'ver.  ]  A  fire-arm  with  a 
number  of  chambers  fitted  to  ono  barrel,  so 
that,  all  being  loaded,  they  can  be  discharged 
in  rapid  succession. 

Reynard,  (ru'nard).  [Ger.  regin,  thought; 
hart,  strong.]  =  Fox,  q.v. ;  named  from  its 
cunning. 

Rhabdammina,  (rab-dam'min-Ji)  fGk.  rhab- 
dos,  rod.]  R.  abyssorum:  a  bright  orange 
rhizopod,  very  hard;  its  case  contains  phos- 
phate of  iron,  the  only  example  known. 

Rhabdocoeli,  (rab-do-sC-li).  [Gr.  rhabdo*.  rod.] 
Used  by  Siebold  for  a  sub-division  of  Turbel- 
larii:  animals  having  elongated  and  rounded 
bodies. 

Rhaetic  beds,  (re'tik).  [Rhnetia,  in  Lombardy.] 
=Penarth  beds  of  England  =  Fossiliferoua 
beds  of  limestone  between  the  Trias  and  Lias 
foi  iiiations. 

Rhamnaceae,  (ram-na'se-C).  [Rhamnus,  q.v.} 
=-Rhamnads:  shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to 
Rhamnales. 

Rhamnales,  (ram-na'15z).  [Rhamnus,  q.v.] 
Plants,  with  monodichlamydeous  flowers 
and  compound  ovary,  forming  a  division  of 
Perigynous  Exogens. 

Rhamnus,  (ram'nus).  [Gk.  rhamnox,  white 
thorn.]  =  Buckthorn  :  a  shrub,  with  small 
flower,  the  type  of  Rhamuaceaj.  R.  fran- 
gr«Za=Berry-bearing  alder. 

Rhamphastidae,  (rani-fas'ti-de).  [Gk.  rliam- 
phos,  bird's  beak.]  =  Toucans:  birds  with 
very  large  beaks,  belonging  to  Scansores. 

Rhamphorhynchus,  (ram-for-ing'kus).  [Gk. 
rhamphoi,  bird's  beak;  rhyrjchos,  beak.]  A 
pterosaurian,  or  flying-lizard ;  of  which  re- 
mains are  found  in  Oolite  rocks. 

Rhea,  (re"a).  l.=Rheas:  a  bird  belonging  to 
Struthionidae ;  called  American  ostrich.  2. 
A  star. 

Rheadic,  (re'a-dik).   R.  aeuZ=Papaveric  acid. 

Rheas.     v.  Rhea. 

Rhenite,  (ren'it).  [River  Rhine.]  A  mineral, 
chiefly  hydrated  phosphate  of  copper. 

Rheostat,  (re'6-stat).  [Gk.  rheos,  current; 
statos,  standing.]  An  instrument  for  mea- 
suring the  resistance  of  any  given  substance 


BHEOTOME 


287 


RHUMB 


to  the  passage  through  it  of  a  galvanic  cur- 
rent. 

Rheotome,  (rC'o-tom).  [Gk.  rheos,  current; 
tome,  cutting.]  v.  Break. 

Rhesus  monkey,  (rf/sus)=Macacus  rhesus. 

Rheum,  (re'um).  [Rheon,  the  Greek  name.] 
Rhubarb:  a  plant  belonging  to  Polygonacejo. 

Rhinaisthetics,  (ri-niL-sthet'iks).  [Gk.  rhin, 
nose;  aisthetis,  perception.]  Odour  sensations. 

Rhinanthus,  (ri-nan'thus).  [Gk.  rhin,  nose; 
anthos,  flower.]  Yellow-rattle:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Scrophulariacese. 

Rhine  loess.  Beda  belonging  to  Post-Pliocene 
rocks. 

Rhinencephalic,  (rl-nen-se-fal'ik).  [Gk.  rhin, 
nose;  enkephalon,  brain.] =Nasal:  belonging 
to  the  front  of  the  cranium. 

Rhinoceros,  (ri-nos'e-ros).  [Rhinokeros,  the 
Greek  name.]  A  f'-*^- 

large  quadruped  be-  ^&&£»+  . 
longing  to  Pachy- 
dermata;  found  in 
S.  Africa  and  India 
only;  fossil  remains 
found  in  Pliocene 
and  Pleistocene 
rocks.  R.  bird  = 
Buceros  rhinoceros: 
found  in  India.  Rhinoceros. 

Rhinocryptis,  (ri-nd-krip '  tis).  [Gk.  rhin, 
nose;  cryptos,  hidden.]=Mud-fish,  q.v. 

Rhinolophus,  (ri-nol'o-fus).  [Gk.  rhin,  nose; 
lophos,  crest .]= Vampire  bat:  a  variety  of 
the  bat,  q.v. 

Rhizanths,  (riz'anths).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root;  an- 
thos, flower.]  =  Rhizogens:  root  parasites; 
plants  which  have  no  foliage  leaves,  appa- 
rently intermediate  between  flowering  and 
flowerless  plants. 

Rhizobolaceae,  (riz-o-bol-ase-e).  [Gk.  rhiza, 
root ;  bole,  casting.]=Rhizobols:  large  trees, 
with  leathery  palmate  leaves  and  large 
flowers,  belonging  to  Guttiferales. 

Rhizocarpeae,  (riz-o-kar'pe-e).  [Gk.  rhiza, root; 
karpos,  fruit.]=:Marsileaceaj,  q.v.  Vascular 
cryptogamic  plants,  which  branch  like 
ferns. 

Rhizocephala,  (riz-o-sef  a-la).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 
kephale,  head.]  Crustacean  parasitic  ani- 
mals, which  bury  their  heads  in  the  bodies 
on  which  they  live.  A  division  of  Pecto- 
straca;  locomotive  when  young. 

Rhizodont,  (riz '  o-dont).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 
odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  with  branching  fangs, 
which  anchylose  with  the  jaw. 

Rhizogens,  (riz'6-jenz).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 
yennao,  I  produce.]  Parasitic  plants,  with 
scales  for  leaves,  forming  a  primary  division 
of  flowering  plants. 

Rhizoids,  (riz'oidz).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root;  eidos, 
form.]  Root-like  appendages. 

Rhizome,  (riz'om).  [Gk.  rhizoma,  rooting.]  A 
prostrate  stem,  which  throws  out  fresh  root- 
lets. 

Rhizomorpha,r(riz-o-mor'fa).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 
morphe,  shape.]     A  fungus,  sometimes  phos- 
phorescent; named  from  resemblance  to  a 
root. 
Rhizophaga,  (riz-ofa-ga).    [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 


phaga,  I  eat.]  A  division  of  Marsupialia, 
represented  by  the  wombat. 

Rhizophoracese,  (riz-of-6-ra'se-C).  [Gk.  rhizn, 
root;  phoreo,  I  bear.]=Mangroves:  tropi- 
cal littoral  shrubs  and  trees,  with  polypetal- 
ous  flowers,  the  seeds  of  which  germinate 
before  falling,  belonging  to  Myrtales. 

Rhizopoda,  (riz-op'o-da).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 
pous,  foot.]  Simple  gelatinous  bodies,  mostly 
microscopic,  forming  a  division  of  Protozoa, 
which  can  extend  at  will  any  portions  of  the 
body  as  pseudopodia,  which  resemble  roots 
in  appearance.  "  Life  without  organization:" 
a  class  of  Infusoria,  as  arranged  by  Hceven 
and  by  Ehrenberg. 

Rhizostoma,  (riz-os'to-ma).  [Gk.  rhiza,  root; 
stoma,  mouth.  ]  A  genus  of  Acalephee, 
q.v. 

Rhodi,  (ro'di).  [Rhodium,  q.v.]  A  prefix  im- 
plying the  presence  of  rhodium. 

Rhodium,  (ro'di-um).  [Gk.  rhodon,  rose.]= 
Rh  :  one  of  the  noble  metals;  a  very  hard, 
white,  almost  infusible  metal,  usually  found 
with  platinum. 

Rhododendron,  (ro-do-den'dron).  [Gk.rJiodon, 
rose;  dendron,  tree.]  An  evergreen  shrub, 
belonging  to  Ericaceae,  having  handsome 
flowers. 

Rhodomenia,  (ro-do-me'ni-a).  [Gk.  rhodon, 
rose.]  An  edible  sea-weed. 

Rhodonite,  (r5'don-it).  [Gk.  rhodon,  rose.]  A 
metallic  mineral,  with  oblique  crystalliza- 
tion, chiefly  silicate  of  manganese;  belongs 
to  the  manganese  group. 

Rhodospermese,  (ro-dos-sper'me-e).  [Gk. 
rhodon,  rose;  sperma,  seed.]  A  sub-division 


dymeniaceae,   (ro-di-men-i-a'se-e). 

forming  a  sub-division  of  Rhodospermeje.  It. 

palmata=DnlRe. 
Rhomb,  (romb  or  rom).     [Rhombus,  the  Latin 

word.  ]  A  figure  formed  by  four 

equal  straight  .lines,  the  angles 

of  which  are  not  right  angles, 

as  in  the  diamond.     Fresnel's 

R.,  v.   Fresnel.    R.  spar=A. 

mineral,  chiefly  carbonate  of 

calcium.  Rhomb. 

Rhombohedral  system,  (rom-bo-he'dral).    R. 

system  of  crystallization:  in  which  the  axes 

make  equal  angles  and  the  parameters  are 

equal. 
Rhombohedron,   (rom-bo-he'dron).     [Rhomb, 

q.v. ;  Gk.  hedra,  seat.]  A  solid  figure  bounded 

by  six  equal  rhombs. 
Rhomboid,  (rom'boid).      [Rhomb,   q.v. ;  Gk. 

eidos,   form.]      A    four-sided 

figure  in  which  none  of  the 

angles  are  right  angles,  and 

the  opposite  sides    only  are 

equal.  Rhomboid. 

Rhombus,  (rom'bus).     [The  Latin  name.  ]    A 

fish  belonging  to  Pleuronectidse.    R.  maxi- 

mus= Bannock  fleuk=Turbot. 
Rhubarb,  fro-barb).     [Rhubarbe,  the  French 

name.]=Rheum:  a  plant  belonging  to  Poly- 

gonaceae.     Monk's  .R.=Rumex  Alpinus. 
Rhumb,  (rum).     A  point  of  the  compass.     7?. 

line :  a  line  drawn  towards  a  given  point  of 


BHUS 


ROCK 


the  compass,  so  that  it  cuts  all  the  meridians 
it  crosses  at  the  same  angle. 

Rhus,  (rus).  Sumach:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Anacardiaceae. 

Rhynchsea,  (rin-ke"a).  [Gk.  rhygchos,  beak.]= 
Painted  snipe,  v.  Snipe. 

Rhynchophora,  (ring-kofo-ra).  [Gk.  rhygcho*, 
beak;  phoreo,  I  bear.  ]= Weevils:  a  primary 
division  of  beetles;  also  called  Tetramera. 

Laynchosaurus,  ( ring -ko- saw 'rus).  [Gk. 
rhygchos,  beak;  saura,  lizard.]  A  reptile, 
known  by  fossil  remains  found  in  Trias  rocks. 

Rhynconella,  (ring-ko-nel'la).  [Gk.  rhygchos, 
beak.  A  genus  of  Braehiopoda,  found  from 
Silurian  periods  until  now. 

Ribbands.  Pieces  of  quartering,  or  squared 
timber,  used  to  keep  the  timbers  of  a  ship 
in  their  places. 

Ribbon.  R.  ^«A=Gymnetrus.  R.  worm= 
Nemertida,  q.v. 

Ribes=Grossulariaceae:  shrubs  belonging  to 
Grossales.  R.  pros*wtaria=rGooseberry.  R. 
ri(6rw»u=Red  currant= Wild  currant. 

Rib-grass=Plantago=Plantain,  q.v. 

Rib-worts=Plantaginaceae,  q.v. 

Ribs.  Slender  curved  bones,  extending  from 
the  spine,  in  vertebrate  animals.  False  R.: 
that  do  not  reach  to  the  sternum  or  breast- 
bone. True  R.  connect  the  spine  and  breast- 
bone. 

Ricciace8B,(riks-i-a'se-e)=Cry8tAl-worts:  small 
aquatic  plants  belonging  to  Muscales. 

Riccioli.  R.'s  mapof  the  Moon:  in  which  the 
nomenclature  of  Lan  green  is  restored. 

Rice.  (ris).  [Oryza,  the  Latin  name.]=Oryza 
sativa:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Graminaceae,  grown  only  in 
warm  and  damp  districts,  the 
grains  of  which  are  much  used 
as  food,  being  chiefly  composed 
of  starch.  R.  6irti=Javaspar- 
row  =  Loxia  oryzivora.  R. 
grains:  a  name  used  for  the 
small  bright  spots  on  the  pho- 
tosphere of  the  sun,  or  in  its 
atmosphere.  R.  weevil  = 
Sitophilus  oryzae:  lives  on  rice, 
made  from  pith  of  Arabia  papyri fera. 

Ricinus,  (ris'in-us).  [L.  ricinus.]  Castor-oil 
plant. 

Ricochet,  (rik'o-sha).  [The  French  word.] 
Bounding.  R.  firing:  so  that  the  shots  strike 
the  ground  once  or  twice  before  the  object 
aimed  at  is  reached. 

Rifled  gun.  With  two  or  more  spiral  grooves 
in  the  surface  of  the  bore,  so  that  the  projec- 
tile has  a  rotatory  motion ;  shorter  than 
smooth-bore  guns  for  the  same  charge,  cf. 
Musket. 

Right,  (rit).  [Rilit,  the  A.-S.  word.]  R.  angled 
=rOrthogonal=Perpendicular.  R.  ascension: 
the  distance  of  a  heavenly  body  from  the  first 
point  of  Aries,  measured  along  the  celestial 
equator.  R.  handed=Dex.tral.  R.  whale,  v. 
AVhale. 

Rigor  mortis,  (risr'or  mor'tis).  [The  Latin 
words.]  The  stiffness  of  death. 

Rigel,  (ri'gel).  A  blue  star;  the  lower  western 
star  in  the  quadrilateral  of  Orion. 


Rilles,  (rilz).  Marks  on  the  Moon's  surface, 
probably  trenches. 

Rime,  (rim).  [Hrim,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Hoar- 
frost; congealed  dew. 

Ring.  Ji.  digit  =.  Fourth  finger.  R.  dove= 
Columba  palumbus.  R.  formations:  on  sur- 
face of  Moon,  supposed  to  be  not  volcanic, 
there  being  no  central  cone  ;  also  called 
Walled  Plains  and  Ramparted  Plains.  Ji. 
t/iints/t=Merula  torquata.  R.  vortex ;  repre- 
sented by  a  number  of  small  circles  placed 
side  by  side  so  as  to  form  a  larger  circle,  like 
beads  on  a  string. 

Ringed,  (ringd).  R.  snai-e=Coluber  natrix. 
R.  icorms:  Heaven's  term  for  Annulata. 

Rings,  (ringz).  Fairy  R.;  term  applied  to 
small  places  where  the  grass  is  especially 
luxuriant.  R.  of  Saturn ;  the  principal  are 
named  A,  B,  C;  v.  Saturn.  Neicton's  R.,  r. 
Newton's.  Nobili's  R.,  v.  Nobili's. 

Ringworm,  (ring'werm).  [Ring  and  Worm, 
q.v.]  An  eruptive  disease,  named  from  the 
circular  form  of  the  eruptions. 

Rinman's  Green.  A  pigment  owing  its  colour 
to  oxides  of  cobalt  and  zinc;  also  called  Co- 
balt-green. 

Ritteric  rays=  Actinic  rays  of  light,  q.v. :  those 
which  are  most  capable  of  chemical  action. 

River,  (riv'er).  R.  Ao<7=Potaniochaerus  peni- 
cillatus=:liydrochiV!rus.  R.  Aom=Hippo- 
potamus.  R.  niail5=:Paludina,  q.v. 

Rivinus's  classification  of  plants.  Made  in 
1690,  according  to  the  corolla. 

Roach,  (roch).     [Reohche,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Leuciscus  rutilus  : 
a  fish    belonging    to 
Cyprinidse. 

Road    metal  =  Stone  ' 
for  road  making. 

Roads,  (rddz).  Paral-  Roach. 

lei  R.  of  Glen  Roy :  three  parallel  lines  of 
beach,  f.  Roy. 

Roan,  (ro'an).  R.  tree:  a  tree  belonging  to 
Pyrus;  also  called  Mountain  Ash. 

Roast-beef  plant=Iris  fcetidissima. 

Robber,  (rob'ber).     R.  cj-a6s=Paguri(lo9,  q.v. 

Robert,  (rob'ert).  HerbR.= Gerauum  Roberti- 
annin. 

Robertsonia,  (rob-ert-so'ni-a).  R.  umbrosa= 
London  pride;  also  called  Saxifragaumbrosa. 

Robin,  (rob'in).  6'oWen  J'J.^Baltiinore oriole. 
Ragged  R. =Lyelmis  flos  cuculi.  R.  redbreast 
=Erythaca. 

Robinia,  (ro-bin'i-a).  [M.  Robin.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Leguminacefe.  R.  pxeudacacia 
=  Bastard  acacia;  also  called  Locust  Tree. 

Robur,  (ro'ber).  [The  Latin  word.]=British 
oak=Quercus  robur. 

Robur  Caroli,  (ro'ber  kar'o-li)=King  Charles's 
oak :  a  southern  constellation,  formed  by 
Halley  in  1676,  of  a  portion  of  Argo  Navis. 

Roccella,  (r5k-sel'la).  [Orchella,  the  Spanish 
word.]  A  lichen,  found  on  rocks  and  walls 
near  the  sea.  R.  fusi-formis  =  Mauritius 
weed.  R.  tinctoria=A.rcin'd.l,q.v.;  also  called 
Orchilla,  q.v. 

Rochelle  salt,  (ro-shel')-KNaC4H4O6.4HoO: 
hydrated  tartrate  of  sodium  and  potassium. 

Rock,  (rok).    [Roche,  the  French  word.]  Any 


BOCKS 


ROSANILINE 


solid  material,  whether  in  large  or  small 
pieces,  which  forms  part  of  the  earth's  crust. 
Farewell  R.  =Millstone  grit,  q.v.  R.  cork= 
A  fibrous  variety  of  asbestos.  .R.  cress= 
Arabis.  R.  crystal  =  A  pure  colourless 
variety  of  quartz.  R.  formation,  v.  Petro- 
logy. R.  hair  Zic/te)i=Alectoria  jubata.  R. 
leather,  v.  Asbestos.  R.  moss  =  Cudbear 
lichen =Lecanora  tartarea.  R.  oii=Mineral 
naphtha.  R.  ?-ose=Cistus,  now  called  Heli- 
anthemum.  R.  salt:  beds  of  chloride  of 
sodium,  or  common  salt.  R.  slaters  = 
Ligia,  crustaceans  belonging  to  Isopoda. 
R.  ?t>ar&ter:^Origma=Saxicola  solitaria. 
Rocks.  Classified  as  aqueous,  metamorphic, 
plutonic,  and  volcanic. 

Rocket,  (rok'et).  [Roquette,  the  French  name .] 
— Diplotaxis :  an  herb,  belonging  to  Brassi- 
cacese.    London  -R.=Sisymbiiuin  irio.     Sea 
R.  =Cakile.     Yellow  R.  =Barbarea. 
Rocking-stone=Logan,  q.v. 
Rod.     Golden  J?.=Solidago. 
Rodentia,  (rd-den'shia).    [L.  rodens,  gnawing.] 
— Glires:    gnawing    animals,   belonging    to 
Mammalia,  including  rats,  squirrels,  hares, 
beavers,  porcupines,  <fec. 
Rods  and  Cones  of  the  eye:  minute  cone-like 
bodies  and  rods  forming  the  surface  of  the 
retina  in  contact  with  the  pigment  .cells 
lining  the  choroid. 

Roe,  (ro),  [Ger.  rogen,  spawn.]  Ovary  and 
eggs  of  fish.  Soft 
.R.=Milt=Testes 
of  male  fish.  R. 
buck  (rdh,  the 
A.-S.  name],  an 
animal  belonging 
to  Cervidte.  R. 
stone=0olite, 
q.v.,  named  from 
the  egg-like  ap- 
pearance of  the 
concretions.  Roebuck. 

Roger's  nomenclature,  [Mr.  Rogers,  an 
American  geologist.]  Of  geology,  especially 
of  American  rocks. 

Rolandi.    Fissure  of  R. :  in  the  brain. 
Roller.  A  crow-like bird.belongingtoCorvidae. 
Rolleston's  classification:  of  animals.     [Pro- 
fessor R.  of  Oxford.] 
Vertebrata. 

Allan  toidea. 
Mammalia. 
Sauropsida. 
Anallantoidea. 

Icththyopsida. 
Mollusca. 

Odontophora. 
Anodontophcra. 
Molluscoidea. 
Arthropoda. 
Tracheata. 
Branchiata. 
Vermes. 

Annulata. 
Annuloida. 
Echinodermata. 
Ccelenterata. 
Protozoa. 


Mansard  roof. 


Roman.  R.  architecture;  derived  chiefly 
from  the  Greek;  marked  by  a  circular  arch 
and  profusion  of  sculpture.  R.  cement:  a 
compound  of  pozzuolana  and  lime. 

Romanesque,  (ro-ma-nesk').  [Roman,  3.17.] 
Related  to,  or  derived  from,  the  Roman.  R. 
architecture:  intermediate  between  Roman 
and  Gothic;  marked  by  circular  arches,  deco- 
rative doorways,  small  windows,  and  square 
massive  towers. 

Rood,  (rood).  [2.  A.-S.  r6d,  cross.]  l.=36J 
square  yards=£  acre.  2.  A  representation 
of  the  Holy  Cross.  R.  loft :  a  gallery  to  sup- 
port the  holy  rood. 

Roof,  (roof).  [Hrof,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
upper  and  outer  cover- 
ing of  a  building.  Curb 
R.  =  Mansard  R.,  q.v. 
Gable  R. ;  terminating 
in  a  gable,  q.v.  Lipped 
R.  formed  by  four 
sloping  sides.  Mansard 
R. :  formed  of  two  sets 
of  rafters,  the  upper 
being  the  more  inclined. 

Rook,  (rok).      [A.-S.  rouca,  chattering.] 
bird,  belonging  to  Cor- 
vidae. 

Root,  (root).  (Rod,  the 
Danish  word.]  1.  In 
mathematics:  the  num- 
ber required  as  the 
basis  to  produce,  by 
involution,  a  given,, 
number;  e.g.,  4  is  the 
square  root  of  42=4  x  4 
—16 ;  5  is  the  square  Rook. 

root  of  52=5x5=25;  2  is  the  cube  root  of 
23=2x2x2=8.  Square  root  written  thus: 
\J,  or  ity;  e.g.,  square  rootof  9  is  written  \/9, 
or  9;  cube  root  is  written  thus:  ^.  2.  In 
botany,  that  part  of  a  plant  which  fixes  it 
to  the  ground,  or  whatever  it  may  grow 
on ;  generally  descends  into  the  ground, 
and  never  has  leaves,  scales,  or  buds. 
Man  JR.=Ipomea  leptophylla,  v.  Man.  R. 
fibres  of  mushroom— Mycelium.  R.  hairs= 
*Rhizoid«. 

Roric  figures.  [L.  ros,  dew.]=Breath  figures, 
q.v. 

Rorqual,  (rorTcwal).  [Norw.  rorqualus,  a 
whale  with  folds.]=Balaenoptera  rnusculus : 
a  whale ;  v.  Cetacea. 

Rosa,  (ro'za).  [The  Latin  name.]=Rose:  a 
shrub  with  large  flowers,  the  type  of  Rosaceae, 
R.  canina=Vo£  rose.  R.  rubiginosa^Sweet 
briar. 

Rosace8B,(ro-za'se-e).  [Rosa,g.v.]=Rose-worts: 
herbs  and  shrubs  with  polypetalous  flowers, 
belonging  to  Resales:  include  strawberry, 
rose,  bramble,  apple,  pear,  plum,  &c. 

Resales,  (ro-za'lez).  [Rosa,  q.v.]  Plants  with 
monodichlamydeous  flowers  and  apocarpous 
fruits,  forming  a  division  of  Perigynous  Exo- 
gens,  and  including  Rosaceae,  Fabacese,  <fec. 

Rosaniline,  (ro-zan'i-lin).   [Rose  and  Aniline.] 
—Magenta  =  C2oHi9^3-HaO  =  Aniline  red, 
one  of  the  aniline  dyes. 
T 


ROSE 


290 


RUE-WORTS 


Rose,  (roz).  [Rosa,  <?.?;.]=:Rosa,  q.v.  China 
.R.  =Hibiscus  rosa-chinensis.  Christmas  R. 
Helleborous  niger.  Dog  jR.=Rosa  canina. 
R,  6ee(tcs=CetoniidaB.  R.  of  Jericlio=A.na8~ 
tatica  hierochuntina.  R.  Mary  =  Ros- 
niarinus  :  belongs  to  Lamiaceae.  R.  roo<= 
Sedum  rhodiola.  JR.  sawfly  =  Hylotoma, 
q.v.  R.  tangles=Cer&mi&CKfe,  v.  Algae.  JR. 
7cood=Tiiuber  of  Physocalymua  floribunda, 
&c.  JR.  wor£s=Rosacea}. 

Roseine,  (ro'zln). 
[Rose,  q.v.  ]  A  rose- 
coloured  dye-stuff  ob- 
tained from  aniline. 

Rosin,  (roz'in).  [Resin, 
q.v.  ]  =  Colophony  : 
the  solid  residue  of 
distilled  turpentine; 
a  compound  of  seve- 
ral hydrocarbons. 

Rosso-antioo,  (ros- 
so-an- te'ko).  [The 
Italian  name.]  A 
red-veined  variety  of 
marble. 

Rostellaria,  (ros-tel- 
la'ri-a),  A  gastero- 
pod,  having  a  long, 
spiral,  univalve  shell.  RortellarU. 

Rostrum,  (ros'trum).  [L.  rostrum,  beak.]  1. 
The  anterior  end  of  the  carapace  in  crusta- 
cean animals.  2.  Used  generally  as=Beak. 

Rot,  (rot).  [A.-S.  rotian,  to  putrefy.]  To 
decay.  Dry  R.  =  Polyporus  destructor, 
Merulius  lacrymans,  <Jic. :  fungi  which  de- 
destroy  wood.  White  R.  =  Hydrocotyle, 
q.v. 

Rotating  pendulum  =  Conical  pendulum  = 
Governor,  q.v. 

Rotatoria,  (ro-ta-to'ri-a).  [L.  rota,  wheel.  ]=. 
Rotifera,  q.v. 

Rotation,  (ro-ta'shun).  [L.  rota,  wheel.]  Re- 
volution upon  an  axis,  like  the  spinning 
of  a  top,  as  in  the  Sun.  Moon,  Earth,  and 
other  planets,  <fcc.  R.  of  crops :  a  recurring 
series  of  different  crops  grown  or  the  same 
ground. 

Rotatory,  (ro'ta-to-ri).  [L.  rota,  wheel.]  R. 
muscles;  v.  Muscles.  R.  polarization:  when 
a  ray  of  plane-polarised  light  changes  the 
plane  in  which  it  is  polarised  to  the  right  or 
to  the  left,  owing  to  its  passage  through  Ice- 
land spar,  sugar,  &c. 

Rothliegende=Red-layers:  a  rock  belonging 
to  the  Permian  system. 

Rotifera,  (ro-tif'e-ra).  [Rota,  wheel:  fero, 
I  bear.]  =  Wheel  animalcules  =  Rotatoria  : 
minute  aquatic  animals  (removed  from  In- 
fusoria to  Scolecida)  having  vibrating  cilia, 
in  appearance  resembling  wheels,  and  living 
in  colonies. 

Rottboella,  ( rot-bel'la  ).  [C.  Rottboll,  a 
Danish  botanist.] =Hard  grass:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Graminacese. 

Rotten-stone.  A  soft  earthly  mineral,  chiefly 
silicate  of  aluminum  and  carbon. 

Rouge,  (rozh).  [Fr.  rouge,  red.]  Ferric 
oxide,  used  as  a  red  cosmetic. 

Round,    R,  ?co?-Hi^=Ascaris  Jumbricoides, 


Rove-beetles =Brachelytra,  q.v. 

Rowan-tree=Pyrus  aucuparia. 

Roxburghiaceae,  (  roks-ber-gi-a'se-e  )  —  Rox- 
burgh-worts: twining  shrubs  of  India,  with 
large  showy  flowers  and  tuberous  roots,  be- 
longing to  Dictyogens. 

Royal,     R.  /crn=Osmunda. 

Roy.  Parallel  roads  of  Glen  Roy :  three  ter- 
races, varying  in  breath  from  10  to  70  feer,, 
and  following  the  contour  of  the  glen;  pro- 
bably three  lines  of  beach,  marking  succes- 
sive rises  in  the  land. 

Rubber.  Indian  /J.= Caoutchouc,  q.v.  Vul- 
canised Indian  R.  =•  Caoutchouc  and  sul- 
phur. 

Rubble,  (rub'bl).  Accumulations  of  angular 
rock  fragments;  also  used  for  rough  stone 
and  brick  work. 

Rubellite,  (ro'bel-llt).  [L.  ruber,  red;  Gk. 
lithos,  stone.]  A  red  variety  of  tourmaline. 

Rubeola,  (ro-be'o-la).  [L.  ruber,  red.]  An 
eruptive  disease,  resembling  scarlet  fever 
and  measles. 

Rubia,  (rS'bi-a).  [L.  rubeu*,  red.]=Mad<ler: 
an  herb  belonging  to  Galiacese,  which  gives 
a  red  dye. 

Rubiacese,  (ro-bi-i'se-e).  [Rubia,  q.  v.]  — 
Galiacese,  q.v. 

Rubiacio  acid,  (  ro-bi-a'sik  ).  [Rubia,  q.v.] 
=C32H18Oi7:  obtained  from  madder. 

Rubian,  (ib'bi-an).  [Rubia,  q.v.]  The  bitter 
principle  of  madder. 

Rubidia,  (rd-bid'i-a).  [Rubidium,  q.v.]  = 
RbvjO:  rubidic  oxide=Oxide  of  rubidium. 

Rubidic,  (rp-bid'ik).  [Rubidium,  q.v.]  Hav- 
ing rubidium  as  a  constituent. 

Rubidine,  ( ro'bi-dln ).  [L.  ruber,  red.]  = 
C'nH^N:  one  of  the  pyridine  bases. 

Rubidium,  (ro-bid'i-um).  [L.  rubidus,  dark 
red.]=Rb':  one  of  the  alkali  metals;  a  white 
soft  metal,  found  in  vegetables,  with  such 
intense  affinity  for  oxygen  that  it  burns  iu 
contact  with  either  air  or  water;  its  spec- 
trum has  dark  red  bands. 

Rubus,  (ro'bus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Black- 
berry,  Inc.:  an  herb  or  shrub,  belonging  to 
Rosaceae.  R.  cham(emorus=Clo\idben-y.  R. 
frv.ticosus  =  Blackberry.  R.  idceus  —  Rasp- 
berry. 

Ruby,  (ro'bi).  [L.  ruber,  red.]  A  red  trans- 
parent variety  of  corundum,  or  native 
alumina.  Oriental  .R.=Spinel.  R.  tailed 
flies  =  Chrysididae,  belonging  to  Hymenop- 
tera. 

Rudd,      [A.-S.  rud,  red.]      A  carp-like  fish, 
belonging  to  Leucis- 
cus ;  also  called  Red- 

'eye. 

Rudder.  [R6dher,  the 
A.-S.  word.]  An  ap- 
paratus to  govern  the 
direction  in  which  a 
moving  ship  goes.  RudJ. 

Rudistes,  (ro-dis'tes).  An  acephalous  mollusc, 
with  bivalve  shell,  peculiar  to  Upper  Cre- 
taceous beds. 

Rue.  (ro).     [Ruta,  the  Latin   name.]  =  Ruta 
raveolens:  an  herb  belonging  to  Rutacere, 
q,v. 


BUFF 


291 


SACCHARIMETER 


Ruff=Machetes  pugnax:  a  wading  bird,  very 
pugnacious ;  belongs  to 
Scolopacidse ;       named 
from  its  ruff-like  neck 
feathers. 

Ruffled.  R.  grouse  = 
Bonasa,  or  Bonasia.  q.  v. 

Rufigallic  acid=C8H404. 
H20  =  Parellagic  acid: 
obtained  from  gallic 
acid. 

Rugose,  (ro'gos).  [L. 
rugosus,  wrinkled.]  Ex- 
tinct corals,  named  from 
their  wrinkled  appearance.  Ruff. 

RuhmkorfFs  coil,  (rum'korfa).  [Herr  R.] 
An  apparatus  for  making  and  breaking  a  gal- 
vanic current  with  great  rapidity,  and  so 
generating  a  secondary  current;  consisting 
of  two  coils  of  covered  wire,  one  coil  being 
in  connection  with  a  galvanic  battery,  the 
current  through  which,  at  the  moment  it  is 
made  or  broken,  induces  a  secondary  cur- 
rent in  the  other  coil;  also  called  Induc- 
torium  and  Induction  Coil. 

Rule=Norma,  q.v. 

Rule-of-three.  The  problem  of  three  out  of 
four  terms  in  proportion  being  given  in 
order  that  the  fourth  may  be  found:  also 
called  Proportion. 

Rulers.     Marquoi's  R. ;  v.  Marquoi's. 

Rum.  [A  corruption  of  the  W.  Indian  word.] 
Spirit  distilled  from  sugar-cane,  molasses,  <fcc. 

Rumanyos.     A  European  race. 

Rumex,  (ro'meks).  [The  Latin  name.]  =  Dock: 
a  plant  belonging  to  Polygoiiaceaj.  R.  Al- 
pinMS=Monk's  rhubarb. 

Rumen,  (ro'men).  [L.  rumen,  throat.]  The 
first  stomach  of  ruminant  animals. 

Rumia,  (ro'mi-a).  JR.  crat«;<7ato=:Brimstone 
moth. 

Ruminantia,  (ro-min-an'shi-a).  [L.  ruminor, 
I  chew  again.]  Hoofed  animals,  such  as  the 
sheep,  which  have  a  series  of  four  stomachs, 
frontal  horns,  and  cloven  hoofs.  Ruminant 
animals  with  sharp  canine  teeth,  have  usu- 
ally no  horns,  v.  Rumination. 

Rumination,  (ro-mi-na'shun).  [Ruminatio, 
the  Latin  word.]  The  chewing  of  food  after 
it  has  been  swallowed;  practised  by  animals 
belonging  to  Ruminantia,  who  have  several 
stomachs,  from  the  second  of  which  the  food 
is  again  returned  to  the  mouth  for  remasti- 
cation. 

Runners=:Cur8ores,  q,v. 

Running  water.    Force  of  R. ;  v.  Force. 


Rupert's  drops.  Small  globules  of  suddenly 
cooled  glass,  having  a  long  thin  projection; 
when  the  end  of  this  is  broken  off  the  glo- 
bule breaks  up  into  small  fragments. 

Rupicapra,  (ro-pi-ka'pra).  R.  tragus  =  Ch&- 
mois,  q.v. 

Ruppellia,  (rup-pelli-a).  A  crab-like  animal. 

Rupture,  (rup'tur).  [L.  rumpo,  I  break.]  The 
breaking  of  any  portion  of  the  intestines: 

1  also  called  Hernia.   R.  wort=Herniaria,  q.v. 

Ruscus,  (rusTcusJ^Butcher's-broom  :  a  plant 
belonging  to  Liliacete. 

Rush,  (rush).  [Ruscum,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Juncus:  a  plant  belonging  to  Juncaceae. 
Dutch  .R.=Equisetum  hyemale.  Flowering 
/J.=Butomus.  Wood  R  .^Luzvda.  R.  grass 
:=Illecebrum. 

Rushes = Juncaceae,  q.v. 

Russet,  (rus'set).  [L.  russus,  red.]  A  colour 
compounded  of  orange  and  purple. 

Russia,    R.  leather;  v.  Leather. 

Russian.    R.  musk-rat=W.yga,lo;  v.  Desman. 

Rust,  (rust).  [The  A. -S.  word.]  Oxide  of 
iron,  especially  when  formed  by  the  exposure 
of  iron  to  damp  air ;  also  used  generally  for 
any  metallic  oxide  so  formed. 

Rusticated  masonry.  Having  the  intervals 
between  the  stones  marked  by  grooves. 

Ruta,  (ro'ta).  [The  Latin  name.]=Rue:  an 
herb,  the  type  of  Rutacese. 

Rutacese,  (  ro-ta'se-5  ).  [Ruta,  q.v.]  =  Rue- 
worts  :  trees  and  shrubs,  belonging  to  Rutalea. 

Rutales,  (ro-ta'lez).  [Ruta,  q.v.]  Plants  with 
monodichlamydeous  flowers,  forming  a  divi- 
sion of  Hypogynous  Exogens:  including 
Connaracese,  Aurantiacese,  Rutacese,  &c. 

Ruthenic,  (  ro-the'nik  ).  [Ruthenium,  q.v.] 
R.  anhydride=RnO3= Ruthenic  acid. 

Ruthenium,  (r6-the"ni-um)=Ru'" :  one  of  the 
noble  metals;  a  hard,  brittle,  almost  in- 
fusible metal,  usually  found  with  platinum. 

Rutic  acid,  (ro'tik).  [Ruta,  g.v.^CjoHooOa 
=  C8H]6O2  =  Capric  acid,  obtained  from 
cocoa-nut  oil,  butter,  &c. 

Rutile,  (ro'til).  [L.  rutilis,  red.]— Titanite,  q.v. 

Rutylene,  (ro'ti-len).  [Rutyl,  q.v.]=CiQU^: 
a  hydrocarbon  of  the  olefine  series. 

Rutyl,  (ro'til).  [Ruta,  q.v.;  Gk.  hyle,  mate- 
rial. ]=Capryl,  q.v. 

Rye,  (ri).  [Rige,  the  A.-S.  name.]  =  Secale 
cereale.  R.  grrass=Lolium. 

Rynchops,  (rin'kops).  [Gk.  rhygchos,  beak.] 
=Rhynchops:  an  aquatic  bird,  belonging  to 
Palmipedes,  with  very  long  bill;  also  called 
Shearwater,  from  its  habit  of  skimming  the 
surface  of  the  water. 


S. 


Sable,  (sa'bl).    [Zabel,  the  German  name.]    A 

weasel-like   animal 

belonging  to  Mus- 

telidae-Martes  zi- 

bellina.    American 

S.=Pine  marten. 
Sabot,  (sa-bo').     [F. 

Sabot,     shoe.]        A  Sable. 


wooden  stand  for  a  shell,  serving  to  keep  it 

steady  while  being  fired, 
Saccharic  acid,  (sak-karlk).     [L.  saccJiarum, 

sugar.J^CsHxoOg:  obtained  from  sugar. 
Saccharimeter,  (sak-ka-rim'e-ter).  [L.  saccha- 

rum,  sugar.]    An  instrument  for  analysing 

sugars,  by  examining  the  effect  upon  polar* 

ised  light. 


SACCHARINE 


BAUCAOU 


Saccharine,  (sak'ka-rin).  [L.  saccharum,sugax.] 
S.  group  of  organic  co?Jip0«nds=AmyJaceous 
group  =  Hydrates  of  carbon:  sugars  and 
starches:  sucrose,  lactose,  dextrose,  starch, 
gum  arabic,  &c. ;  found  abundantly  in 

Saccharomyces,  (sak-ka-ro-nri's5z).  [L.  sac- 
charum,  sugar;  mykes,  mushroom.l  Yeast- 
fungi=Ferment  of  beer,  of  flour-leaven,  of 
must  of  wine,  &c. ;  small  round  cells,  growing 
in  fluids,  and  causing  alcoholic  fermentation, 
belonging  to  Ascomycetes. 

Saccharose,  (sak'ka-ros).  [L.  saccharum.sng&r.] 
=Cane-sugai— Sucrose,  v.  Sugar.  Hydrated 
S.=Dextrose. 

Saccharous,  (sakTca-rus).  [L.  taecharum, 
sugar.]  Relating  to  sugar.  S.  fermentation: 
one  of  the  varieties  of  fermentation,  of  which 
sugar  is  one  of  the  chief  products. 

Saccharum,  (sak'ka-rum).  [L.  saccharum, 
sugar.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Graminaceae. 
S.  q$cinai«=Indian  salt.  S.  officinarum= 
Sugar-cane. 

Saccular,  (sak'ku-lar).  [L.  sacculus,  little 
sack.]  Sack-like. 

Sack-tree=Antiaris,  q.v.  The  bark  i>s  taken 
off  bodily  and  used  as  sacks. 

Sacrum,  (sa'krum).  [L.  os,  bone:  sacrum, 
sacred.]  The  vertebrae  which,  together  with 
the  ilia,  form  the  pelvis,  formed  by  the  an- 
chylosis of  the  sacral  vertebrae. 

Sadalmelik.  [The  Arabic  name.]=a  Aquarii: 
chief  star  of  the  constellation  Aquarius. 

Safety,  S.  lamp:  an  oil  lamp  surrounded  by 
a  fine  metallic  gauze,  which  ab- 
sorbs the  heat  of  the  flame  and 
prevents  it  lighting  any  exterior 
gas.  S.  valve :  an  opening  in  a 
steam-boiler,  covered  by  a  loaded 
Talve,  so  that  the  steam  can  es- 
cape when  its  tension  is  suffi- 
cient to  raise  it. 

Safflower,  (saf'flow-er).  [Saffron 
and  JF7ower.]=Carthamus  tine- 
tori  us,  from  which  a  red  dye- 
stuff  is  obtained.  Safety  lamp. 

Saffron,  (saffron).     [Safran,  the 
French  word.]  =  Dried  stigmas  of  Crocus 
sativa,  a  yellow  dye-stuff.    Bastard  S.=Car- 
thamus  itinctorius.     Meadow   S.  =  Colchi- 
cum. 

Sagina,  (sa-ji'na)=Pearl-wort:  a  small  herb 
belonging  to  Caryophyllacese. 

Sage,  (saj).  [The  French  name.]=Salvia:  an 
aromatic  herb  belonging  to  Lamiaceae.  Wood 
S.  =Teucrium  scorodonia. 

Sagging,  (sag'ging).  [A.-S.  sigan,  to  sink 
down.]  The  strain  in  a  ship's  timbers  which 
tends  to  break  it  in  half  across  the  keel,  as 
when  unduly'  laden  amidships,  cf.  Hogg- 
ing. 

Sagitta,  (saj'it-ta).  [  L.  sagitta,  arrow.  ]  1. 
=The  Arrow  :  one  of  the  northern  con- 
stellations, containing  a  rich  cluster  of 
stars,  Messier  Sagitta.  2.  =.  Chaetognatha, 
q.v. 

Sagittaria,  (saj-i-ta'ri-a).  [L.  sagitta,  arrow.] 
= Arrow-bead;  an  herb  belonging  to  Alia- 


Sagittarius. 

[The  American  name.] 


Sagoin. 


Sagittarius,  (saj-i- 
ta'ri-us).  [The 
Latin  name.]  The 
Archer:  the  ninth 
sign  of  the  zodiac; 
one  of  the  autu  m- 
nal  signs. 

Sago,  (  sa '  go  ). 
[Sagu,  the  Malay 
name.]  A  va- 
riety of  starch 
obtained  from 
the  sago  palm. 

Sagoin,   (sa-goin'). 
=Sagouin :    a  monkey 
belonging  to  Callithrix, 
q.v. 

Sahlite,  (sa'llt).  [Sahla, 
in  Sweden;  Gr.  lithos, 
stone.]=Malacolite :  a 
dark-green  variety  of 
pyroxene. 

Sail-fish  =  Selachus, 
maximus :  a  shark-like 
fish  belonging  to  Squa- 
lidae. 

Sailing.  Great  Circle  S. 
=Tangent  S.  Middle  latitude  £:  in  which 
the  mean  latitude  of  the  course  is  taken  as 
the  basis.  Oblique  S.:  finding  the  true  course 
of  a  vessel,  from  its  apparent  course  and 
the  force  of  a  given  current.  Plane  S. :  cal- 
culated on  the  assumption  that  the  earth  is 
flat.  Traverse  S. :  finding  the  distance,  in  a 
straight  line,  between  two  points  in  the 
course  of  a  ship.  Tangent  S. :  in  which  the 
course  is  a  series  of  tangents  to  a  great  circle 
of  the  globe. 

Sainfoin,  (san'foin).  [F.  sain,  wholesome; 
foin,  hay.]=Onobrychis  sativa:  a  plant  be- 
longing t«  Leguminaceae.  Moving  S.  =Hedy- 
sarum  gyrans. 

Sajou,  (sa'jew)=Cebus,  q.v. 

Saious,  (sa'jewz)=Cebidae,  q.v. 

Sakis,  (ea'kis).  Monkeys  having  long,  bushy, 
non-prehensile  tails,  especially  those  belong- 
ing to  Pithecia. 

Salamanders,  (sal-a-man'derz).  [Salamandra, 
the  Latin  name.] 
Amphibious  ani- 
mals belonging  to 
Urodela,  q.v. 

Salamandroids, 
(  sal  -  a  -  man  ' 
droidz).       [Sala- 
mander, q.v. ;  Gk.  Salamander. 
eidos,  form.]    Animals  belonging  to  Urodela, 
q.v.,  which  resemble  the  Salamander. 

Sal  ammoniac,  (sal  am-mo '  ni-ak).  [L.  sal, 
salt;  ammoniac,  of  ammonia.]=:NH4Cl=Hy- 
drochlorate  of  ammonium:  a  mineral  found 
in  cubic  crystals  in  volcanic  districts. 

Salep,  (sal'ep).  A  variety  of  starch,  from 
Orchis  mascula,  of  which  bassorin,  q.v.,  is 
the  chief  constituent. 

Sal  gem = Rock-salt. 

Salicaoese,  (sal-i-ka'se-S).  [L.  salix,  willow.] 
= Willow- worts:  trees  and  shrubs  with  apeta- 
loua  flowers,  belonging  to  Ameutales. 


SALICABIA 


SAND 


Salicaria,  (sal-i-ka'ri-a).  [L.  salix,  willow.]  A 
bird  belonging  to  Sylviadas;  v.  Warbler.  S. 
paiMsim:=Marsh  warbler. 

Salicin,  (sal' i- sin).  [L.  salix,  willow.]  = 
ClsHigC^:  a  crystalline  glucoside  substance 
found  in  the  bark  of  the  willow,  which  breaks 
up  into  glucose  and  saligenin. 

Salieornia,  (sal-i-kor'ni-a).  fL.  sal,  salt;  cornu, 
horn.  ]  A  plant  belonging  to  Chenopodiaceae, 
named  from  the  form  of  the  branches.  S. 
herbacea=~bla,rsh  samphire- Glass- wort. 

Salicylamicle,  (sal-i-sil'a-mid).  [Salicyl  and 
Amide,  3.v.]=C7H7NO2:  an  amide  of  the 
salicylic  series. 

Salicyl,  (sal'i-sil).  [Salix,  q.v.;  Gk.  Jiyle,  ma- 
terial. ]=C?H5O  :  the  radicle  of  the  salicylic 
series,  which  is  not  known  as  a  separate 
compound. 

Salicylates,  (sal '  i-si-lats).  [Salicylic,  g.v.] 
Compounds  of  salicylic  acids  and  bases. 

Salicyl  hydride=Salicylons  acid=G7H6O2= 
Oil  of  spiraea:  a  fragrant  oil  obtained  from 
the  plant  spiraea. 

Salicylic  acid,  (sal'i-sil-ik).  [Salicin,  q.v.]= 
C7H6O3:  a  crystalline  substance  obtained  by 
acting  on  salicin  with  caustic  potash. 

Salicylic  series  of  compounds,  having  salicyl 
as  a  constituent  compound. 

Salient,  (sa'li-ent).  [L.  saliens,  leaping.]  Pro- 
jecting. 5.  angle:  one  pointing  outwards; 
cf.  Re-entering  angle. 

Salimeter,  (sal-im'e-ter).  [L.  sal,  salt;  Gk. 
metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  mea- 
suring the  amount  of  salt  present  in  any 
given  solution. 

Saline,  (sa'lin  or  sa-lin').  [Salinus,  the  French 
word.]  Salt:  containing  salt  as  a  constituent. 
S.  earths:  nitre,  rock-salt,  borax,  natron,  &c. 

Saliva,  (sa-li'va).  [L.  saliva,  spittle.]  A  watery 
fluid,  which  converts  starch  into  gi-ape  sugar, 
secreted  by  the  parotid  submaxillary  and 
sublingual  glands. 

Salivation,  (sal-i-va'shun).  [Saliva,1  q. v.]  A 
profuse  discharge  of  saliva;  also  called  Ptya- 
lism. 

Salix,  (sa'liks).  [The  Latin  name.]=Willow: 
a  plant,  the  type  of  Salicacese,  S.  caprea— 
Sallow=Goat  willow.  S.  mirsinites=M.onn- 
tain  willow.  S.  purpurea:  violet  osier. 

Sallow,  (sal'16).  [Salowig,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Salix  caprea.  v.  Salix. 

Salmon,  (sam'un).     [Salmo,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Salmo   salar  :    a 
fish,    the   type    of 
Salmonidse,   found 
in  seas  and  rivers: 
begins  as  a  higher 
animal  than  a  frog 
and  ends  as  a  lower, 
grilse,  salmon. 


Salmon. 
Stages  of  S.:  parr, 


Salmonidse,  (sam'on-i-de).  [Salmon,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Salmons,  trouts,  &c.:  a  family 
of  fishes  belonging  to  Malacopterygii. 

Salpa,  (sal'pa).  A  molluscous  animal,  the 
type  of  Salpians,  q.v. 

Salpians,  (sal'pi-anz).  [Salpa,  q.v.~\  Acepha- 
lous mollusca,  forming  a  sub-division  of 
Tunicata,  in  which  there  are  alternate  gene- 
rations; i.e.,  a  solitary  S.  produces  a  chain 


of  embryos,  each  of  which,  in  turn,  produces 
a  solitary  salpian.  v.  Tunicata. 

Salpidse,  (sal'pi-de).  [Salpa,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]=Salpians,  q.v. 

Salsify,  (salsi-fi)  =  Tragopogon  porrifolius, 
q.v. 

Salsola,  (sal'so-la).  [L.  salsus,  salt.l=Salt- 
wort:  plants  found  on  sea-shores,  belonging 
to  Chenopodiaceae. 

Salt,  (sawlt).  [Sealt,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.= 
Chloride  of  sodium  :  common  salt.  2.  A 
chemical  term  originally  expresing  a  com- 
pound of  an  acid  and  a  base,  but  now  used 
in  a  much  wider  sense.  Hair  S.:  v.  Hair. 
Indian  S.=Saccharum  officinale.  S.  tree= 
Halimodendron,  q.v.  S.  -  icort  =  Salsola, 
q.v. 

Salts,  v.  Salt,  2.  Haloid  S.  resemble  sea- 
salt.  Hydro-S.  contain  an  acid  of  which 
hydrogen,  and  not  oxygen,  is  an  important 
constituent.  Neutral  S.:  those  that  are 
neither  acid  nor  alkaline.  Oxy-S.  consist  of 
an  acid  and  a  base,  each  containing  oxygen. 

Saltatoria,  (sal-ta-to'ri-a).  [L.  saltator,  jum- 
per.]=Jumpers:  a  division  of  Orthoptera, 
including  grasshoppers. 

Saltpetre,  (salt-pe'ter).  [Salt,  q.v.;  L.  petrce, 
of  the  rock.]=KNO3=Nitre=Potassic  ni- 
trate: a  crystalline  substance  used  in  gun- 
powder to  supply  the  oxygen  required  for 
the  complete  combustion  of  the  sulphur  and 
carbon,  which  are  the  other  ingredients. 

Salvadoracese,  (sal-va-do-ra'se-e).  [S.  Salva- 
dor. ]— Salvadorads :  shrubs  and  trees  with 
leathery  leaves,  belonging  to  Echialea.  S. 
Persica = Mu  stard-t*ee. 

Salvator,  (sal- va' tor).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Safe-guard:  a  large  American  lizard. 

Salver  -  shaped  =  Hypocrateriform  :  having 
somewhat  the  form  of  a  tray:  used  of  flowers, 
the  corollas  of  which  spread  open  widely. 

Salvia,  (sal'vi-a).  [L.  salvo,  I  heal.]=Sage: 
an  herb  belonging  to  Lamiaceae.  S.  verbenace 
= Clary. 

Samara,  (sa'ma-ra).  [L.  samara,  seed  of  elm.] 
A  thin,  wing-like,  indehiscent  fruit,  contain- 
ing but  few  seeds. 

Sambucus,  (sam-bu'kus).  [Gk.  sambyke,  sack- 
but.]=Elder:  shrubs  and  trees  belonging  to 
Caprifoliaceae.  S.  ebulus=. Dane- wort. 

Samiel=Sirocco,  q.v. 

Samolus,  (sam'o-lus)=Brook-weed :  an  herb 
belonging  to  Primulacese. 

Samphire,  (sam'fir)=Crithmum,  q.v.  Golden 
S.=Inula  crithmoides. 

Samydacese,  (sam-i-da'se-e)  =  Samyds:  trees 
and  shrubs,  chiefly  tropical,  with  apetalous 
axillary  flowers,  belonging  to  Violales. 

Sanadin,  (san'a-din).  A  crystalline  variety  of 
orthoclase,  or  potash  felspar. 

Sand,  (sand).  [The  A.-S.  name.]=Very  small 
stones.  Green  S.  :  rocks  between  Wealdea 
and  Chalk.  S.  battery:  a  weak  constant  bat- 
tery ;  zinc,  copper,  and  sharp  sand  in  dilute 
sulphuric  acid;  very  portable.  S.  box-tree= 
Hura,  q.v.  S.  cra&s=Oeypoda:  swift-footed 
crabs,  which  live  only  on  land.  S.  eel=Am- 
modytes  tobianus.  S.  leek=Allium  scorodo- 
pasum.  S.  toanZ=Lacerta  agilis.  S.  hopper 


SABTDAL 


294 


SARDINE 


=Talitrus  locusta: 
a  crustacean.  S. 
martin=Cotile  ri- 
paria:  bores  holes  in 
sand  rock.  S.  piper 
=Tringa.  S.  shot: 
small  balls,  from  1 J 
oz.  to  4  Ibs. ;  named 
from  being  at  one 


Sand-piper. 


time  cast  in  sand-moulds.  S.  stars,  v.  Ophi- 
uridae.  S.  tubes,  v.  Fulgurites.  S.  worm= 
Nereis  versicolor,  belongs  to  Errantia. 

Sandal,  (san'dal).  (The  Arabic  name.]  S. 
wood:  of  Santalum  album.  Red  S.=Ptero- 
carpus  santalinus. 

Sandarach,  (san'da-rak).  S.  tree  =  Callitris 
quadrivalvis,  yielding  a  resin  called  sanda- 
rach. 

Sandsmelt=Atlierina  presbyter,  q.v. 

Sandstone.  An  aggregation  of  grains  of  sand. 
Pebbly  S.=Puddingstone.  New  Red  S.= 
Trias,  q.v.  Old  Red  S.=Devonian,  q.v. 

Sanguiferous  system,  (sang-gwif  er-ous).  [L. 
sanguis,  blood ;  fero,  1  bear.]"  Includes 
heart,  ventricles,  aorta,  <tc  ;  the  system  of 
vessels  adapted  to  the  circulation  of  the 
blood. 

Sanguisorba,  (sang-gwis-or'ba)  =  Burnet :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Sanguisorbaceae ;  also 
called  Poterium. 

Sanguisorbacese,  (sang-gwis-or-ba'se-e).  [San- 
guisorba, q.v.]  =  Sanguisorbs  :  herbs  and 
shrubs,  with  small  apetalous  flowers,  be- 
longing to  llosales. 

Sanicle,  (san'i-kl).  [L.  sano,  I  heal.]  =  Sani- 
cula:  an  herb  belonging  to  Apiaceae. 

Santalaceae,  (san-ta-la'se-C).  [Santalum,  q.v.] 
=Sandalwork:  shrubs  and  trees,  with  small 
apetalous  flowers,  belonging  to  Asarales. 

Santalum,  (san'ta-lum).  A  tree  with  fragrant 
wood,  the  type  of  Santalaceae.  S.  album= 
Sandal-wood. 

Santonin,  (san'to-nin).  [Gk.  santonion,  worm- 
wood.] A  crystalline  substance  obtained 
from  wormwood. 

Sap,  (sap).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  1.  In  fortifi- 
cation, a  method  of  digging  trenches  by 
placing  baskets  full  of  earth  in  front  of  the 
men.  2.  The  fluid  which  plants  absorb  from 
the  earth,  corresponding  somewhat  to  the 
blood  of  animals.  Milky  S. :  a  sign  of  caout- 
chouc. S.  6a££o=Polyporei:  fungi  belonging 
to  Hymenomycetes. 

Sapajous,  (sap'a-jo).  [Saguassa,  the  Brazilian 
name.]  =  Cebus:  an  arboreal  monkey  of 
N.  America  having  a  long  tail;  mild  and 
lively  in  manner.  Brown  S.  =  Capuchin 
monkey. 

Sapan-wood,  (sa-pan').  [A  corruption  of  the 
Brazilian  name.]  A  dye-wood. 

Saphirine,  (safi-rin).  [Sapphire,  q.v.]  A  blue 
variety  of  spinel,  q.v. 

Sapindacese,  (sap-in-da'se-e).  [Sapindus,  3.1?.] 
=Soap-worts:  horse-chestnuts,  &c. ;  trees, 
shrubs,  and  herbs,  often  poisonous,  with 
small  irregular  flowers,  belonging  to  Sapin- 
dales;  also  called  ^Esculaceaj  and  Hippocas- 
tanese. 

Sapindales,  (sap-in-da'lez).  Plants  with  moiio- 


dichlamydeous  flowers,  forming  a  division  of 
Hypogynous  Exogens. 

Sapindus,  (sap-in'dus).  [Sapo  Tndicv.s,  Indian 
soap.]  A  tropical  plant,  the  type  of  Sapiri- 
dacese;  named  from  the  berries  being  used  as 
soap. 

Saponaria,  (sap-o-na'ri-a).  [L.  sapo,  soap.]= 
Soap-wort:  an  herb  belonging  to  Caryophyl- 
lacese.  named  from  the  leaves  being  used  as 
soap;  also  called  Fuller's  herb. 

Saponic  acid,  (sap'o-uik).  [Saponin,  q.v.]= 
Esculic  acid:  obtained  from  sapouiu;  also 
called  Polygalic  acid. 

Sapomfication,  (sap-on-if-i-ka'shun).  [L.  sapo, 
soap;  facio,  I  make.]  Conversion  into  soap. 
v.  Soap. 

Saponin,  (sap'6-nin).  [Saponaria,  <?.v.]= 
CsoHs^ig:  a  glucoside  substance  obtained 
from  the  soap  plant  Saponaria. 

Saponite,  (sap'6-nit).  [L.  sapo,  soap.]= 
Steatite,  q.v. :  a  mineral,  chiefly  siliuito  of 
magnesia. 

Sapota,  (sap'o-ta).  [L.  sapo,  soap.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Sapotacese.  -S.  3/ue^eri=Bully 
tree. 

Sapotaceae,  ( sap-o-ta'se-e ).  [Sapota,  q.v.]= 
Sapotad.s:  shrubs  and  trees,  chiefly  tropical, 
often  milky,  with  monopetalous  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Rhamnales. 

Sappan-wood.     r.  fSapan-wood. 

Sapphire,  (safflr).  [Sapphirus,  the  Latin 
name.]  A  transparent  variety  of  corundum, 
or  native  alumina,  usually  blue,  a  rare  gem. 

Sap-wood=Alburnnm,  q.v. 

Saracenic,  (sar-a-sen  ik)=Arabic.  S.  architec- 
ture—Arabian  architecture,  q.v. 

Sarcocollads,  (  sar-kd-kol'ladz ).  [Gk.  aarx, 
flesh:  kolla,  glue.]=Penseaceae,  q.v. 

Sarcodaria,  (sar-ko-da'ri-a).  [Gk.  sarx,  flesh.] 
Used  by  Milne-Edwards  for  Infusoria  and 
Sponges. 

Sarcode,  (sarTiod).  [Gk.  sarx,  flesh;  Jtorfox, 
way.]  Gelatinous  substances,  approxiinating 
to  flesh,  forming  the  body  in  Protozoa  and 
Infusoria  =  Rudimental  flesh :  a  variety  of 
muscular  tissue,  q.v. 

Sarcocephalus,  (.sar-ko-sefa-lus).  [Gk.  sarx, 
flesh;  kephale,  head.]  S.  csculcntus=Gumeiii 
peach. 

Sarcolemma,  ( sar-ko-lem'ma ).  [Gk.  sa.rx, 
flesh;  lemma,  skin.]  A  tough,  elastic  mem- 
brane, acting  as  a  sheath  or  covering  to  the 
muscles. 

Sarcophaga,  (sar-kofa-ga).  [Gk.  sarx,  flesh; 
phago,  I  eat.]=Sarcophile:  carnivorous  Mar- 
supialia ;  also  used  generally  for  any  flesh- 
eating  animals. 

Sarcorhamphus,  (sar-ko-ram'pus).  [Gk.  sarx, 
flesh.]  A  vulture-like  bird.  S.  papa=Kii\s 
vulture. 

Sarcosine,  (  sar-ko'sln ).  [Gk.  sarx,  flesh. ]= 
CsHyNOo:  a  crystalline  alkaloid  substance 
found  in  kreatine. 

Sarcostemma,  (sar-ko-stem'ma).  [Gk.  sarx, 
flesh ;  stemma,  crown.]  A  plant  belonging 
to  Asclepiadaceaa.  S.  ^iIaMCWHi=Ipecacuaiiha 
of  Venezuela. 

Sardine,  (sar'den).  [Sardinia.]  A  small  her- 
ring-like fish:=  Young  pilchards. 


SARDONYX 


295 


SAXIFRAGALES 


Sardonyx,  (sar'do-niks).  [The  Latin  name.] 
A  variety  of  the  onyx. 

Sargasso  Sea,  (sar-gas'so).  [Sp.  sn.rgazo,  sea 
weed.]  A  marine  prairie,  3,000,000  of  square 
miles,  in  the  middle  of  the  Atlantic,  v.  Sar- 
gassum. 

Sargassum,  (sar-gas'sum).  [Sp.  sargazo,  sea- 
weed.] An  edible  sea-weed:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Fucacese.  <S.  seas;  seas  of  gulf-weed. 

Sariama=Microdactylus,  q.v. 

Sarkine.  (sar'kin).  [Gk.  sarx,  flesh.]=Hy- 
poxanthine.  v.  Xanthme. 

Sarkolactic  acid,  (sar-ko-lak'tik).  [Gk.  sarx, 
flesh;  Lactic,  q.v.]  A  variety  of  lactic  acid 
obtained  from  flesh. 

Barkosine,  (sar'ko-sin).  [Gk.  sarx>  flesh.]= 
Sarcosine,  q.v. 

Saros,  (sil'ros)=Meton's  cycle=18  solar  years, 
15  days,  10  hours;  after  which  the  eclipses 
recur  *in  the  same  order  on  the  same  days. 

Sarothamnus,  (sa-ro-tham'nus).  A  plant  be- 
longing to  Leguminaceaj.  S.  scoparius  = 
Broom. 

Sarracenniaceae,  ( sar-ra-sen-ni-a'se-e )  =  Sar- 
raceniads :  N.  American  bog  herbs,  with 
pitcher-shaped  leaves,  belonging  to  Ranales. 

Sarsaparilla,  (sar-sa-pa-ril'la).  [Zarsapar- 
rilla,  the  Spanish  name.]=Smilax:  an  ever- 
green climbing  shrub,  the  root  of  which  is 
used  medicinally. 

Sarsaparillas=Smilace»3,  q.v. 

Basin,  (sas'in).  An  Indian  variety  of  the 
antelope. 

Sassolite,  (sas'so-llt). 
[Sasso,  in  Italy. ]= 
Sassolin:  a  mineral 
occurring  in  anor- 
thic  crystals,  which 
are  almost  entirely 
boracic  acid. 

Satellites,  (sat'el- 
lits).  [L.  safeties, 
companion.  ]  = 
Moons,  q.v.] 

Satin.  S.  bird:  a 
bird  belonging  to  Sasin 

Corvidse.  S.  spar:  l.=Fibrous  gypsum  :  a 
variety  of  native  sulphate  of  lime.  2.  A 
variety  of  arragonite,  or  native  carbonate  of 
lime.  S.  ?wocJ  =  Wood  of  Swietenia  chlo- 
roxylon. 

Saturation,  (sat-u-ra'shun).  [Saturatio,  the 
Latin  word.]  1.  When  one  substance  has 
absorbed,  or  dissolved,  as  much  of  another 
as  it  has  capacity  for  absorbing  or  dissolv- 
ing, it  is  said  to  be  saturated.  2.  When  an 
acid  is  entirely  neutralised  by  an  alkaline 
substance,  or  vice  versa,  it  is  said  to  be 
saturated. 

Saturn,  (sat'ern).  [Classical.]  One  of  the 
larger  planets :  the  sixth  planet  from  the 
Sun,  at  a  distance  of  about  872  millions  of 
miles;  diameter  about  70,000  miles;  year 
about  30  of  ours ;  has  eight  moons  and  three 
surrounding  rings.  S.  satellites  or  moons: 
Titan,  Japetus,  Khea,  Dione,  Tethys,  Ence- 
ladus,  Mimas,  and  Hyperion. 

Saturni,  (sa-ter'ni).  [Saturn,  q,v.]  Arbor  S. 
=Lead  tree,  q.v. 


Saturnia,  (sa-ter'ni-a).  [Saturn,  q.v.]  S.  atlas 
=Atlas  moth:  builds  pensile  nest.  /S.  pavo- 
nza=Emperor  moth. 

Saturnian,  (sat-er'ni-an).  [Saturn,  q.v.]  Be* 
longing  to  Saturn. 

Sauba,  (saw'ba)  .=  Leaf-carrying  ant  =  CEco- 
doma  cephalotes:  an  ant,  found  in  Amazonia, 
living  on  leaves  of  trees. 

Sauce-alone=Sisym  brium  alliaria. 

Sauria,  (saw'ri-a).  [Gk.  saura,  lizard.  ]= 
Lizards;  v.  Lacertilia.  Sometimes  used  as 
including  Lacertilia  and  Crocodilia. 

Saurian,  ( saw'ri-an  ).  [Gk.  saura,  lizard.] 
Reptilian:  relating  to  reptiles. 

Saurichthys,  ( saw -rik' this).  [Gk.  saura, 
lizard;  iddhys,  fish.]  A  fish  known  only  by 
fossil  teeth  found  in  Lias  rocks. 

Sauropsida,  (saw-rop'si-da).  [Gk.  saura,  lizard; 
opsis,  likeness.]=Reptiles  and  birds:  a  pri- 
mary division  of  Vertebrata,  marked  by  the 
presence  of  air-breathing  lungs,  amnion, 
allantois,  and  a  complex  ramus,  and  the  ab- 
sence of  branchiae. 

Sauropterygia,  (saw-rop-ter-ij'i-a).  [Gk.  saura, 
lizard;  pteryx,  wing.]  Extinct  aquatic, 
marine,  carnivorous  reptiles:  Nothosaurus, 
Pistosaurus,  <fec.  =  Plesiosauria  of  Huxley, 
with  long  necks. 

Saururacese,  ( saw-ro-ra'se-e  ).  [  Saururus, 
typical  genus.]  =  Saururads :  marsh  herbs, 
with  naked  flowers,  belonging  to  Piperales. 

SaurursB,  (saw-ro're).  [Gk.  saura,  lizard; 
oura,  tail.]  =  Archaeopteryx,  q.v. :  extinct 
birds,  having  lizard-like  tails;  only  one  spe- 
cies known. 

Saussure's  hygrometer— Hair-hygrometer. 

Saussurite,  ( saw'su-rit ).  [M.  Saussure.]  A. 
mineral,  a  variety  of  felspar;  chiefly  silicate 
of  aluminum;  also  called  Axe-stone. 

Sauvagesiaceae,  (saw-va-jes-i-a'se-e).  [M.  Sau- 
vages.]=Sauvageads :  tropical,  S.  American 
herbs  and  shrubs  with  polypetalous  flowers, 
belonging  to  Violales. 

Savoys,  (sa-voy').  S.  cabbage:  a  variety  of 
Brassica  oleraceae. 

Saw-fish=Pristis  antiquorum. 

Saw-fly =Tenthredo:  an 
insect  belonging  to  Hy- 
merioptera,  having  the ' 
ovipositor  modified  into 
a  double  saw. 

Saw  -  wort  =  Serratula, 
q.v. 

Saxicola,  (  saks-ik'o-la  ).  3 
[L.  saxum,  rock;  colo, 
I  inhabit.]    A  bird,  be-  Saw-fish, 

longing  to  Sylviadae.  S.  oenanthe— Wheat- 
ear.  S.  ritfrzco  to— Stone  chat.  S.  solitaria 
=Rock  warbler. 

Saxifraga,  (saks-ifra-ga).  [L.  saxum,  rock; 
frango,  I  break.  ]= Saxifrage:  a  plant,  chiefly 
found  on  rocks,  the  type  of  Saxifragaceae, 
secretes  a  fluid  w^hich  catches  flies.  S. 
•u?)i&rosa=Loiidon  pride. 

Saxifragacese,  (saks-i-fra-gii'se-e).  [Saxifraga, 
g.v.]=Saxifrages:  small  herbs  belonging  to 
Saxifragales. 

Saxifragales,  (  saks-i-fra-ga/lez  ).  [Saxifraga, 
q.v.  ]  Plants  with  monodichlamydeoua 


SAXON 


296 


SCEPACEJE 


flowers,  forming  a  division  of  Perigynous 
Exogens. 

Saxon.  S.  architecture:  characterised  by 
semicircular  or  triangular  doorways  and 
arches  and  small  windows. 

Scabbard  fish=Lepidopus  argyreus:  a  fish  be- 
longing to  Tsenioides. 

Scabiosa,  (ska-bi-6'sa).  [L.  scabies,  scab.]= 
Scabious:  an  herb  belonging  to  DipnOMB; 
named  from  being  used  in  skin  diseases.  S. 
succisa=~Devil's  bit. 

Scad,  (skad)  =  Horse  -  mackerel  =  Scomber 
trachurus=Caranx  trachurus:  a  fish  belong- 
ing to  Scorn bridse. 

Scagliola,  (skal  -  yo '  la).  [Scagliuola,  the 
Italian  name.]  Artificial  marble:  a  compo- 
sition of  gypsum,  isinglass,  glue,  &c.,  made 
to  imitate  marble. 

Scala  media,  (ska'la  me'di-a).  [The  Latin 
name.]  A  tubular  expansion  in  the  cochlea 
of  the  human  ear,  between  the  scala  vesti- 
buli  and  scala  cochleae,  serving  the  function 
of  a  key-board,  of  which  the  extremities  of 
the  auditory  nerve  are  the  keys. 

Scalar,  (sku'lar).  [L.  scala,  ladder.]  S.  quan- 
tity: does  not  involve  direction;  Ex.,  the 
volume  of  a  figure  or  mass  of  a  body. 

Scalarifonn,  (ska-lart-form).  [L.  scala,  lad- 
der. ] = Ladder-like. 

Scald-fish.     A  fish  belonging  to  Rhombus, 

Scale,  (skal).  [L.  scala,  ladder.]  1.  Any 
regular  succession  of  intervals.  2.  An  in- 
strument graduated,  usually  at  regular  in- 
tervals. 3.  v.  Scales.  Musical  S.:  a  succes- 
sion of  musical  sounds;  also  called  Keys. 
Chromatic  S.:  one  of  thirteen  consecutive 
semitones.  Diatonic  S.,  v.  Diatonic  Scale. 
Enharmonic  S.:  one  having  small  intervals. 
S.  of  hardness,  v.  Hardness. 

Scalene,  (ska-len').     [L.   scalenus,  unequal.] 
S.  triangle:  one  having  no  two 
of  the  sides  of  equal  lengths. 

Scales.     1.  Musical  S.,  v.  Keys: 
the  notes  of  musical  scales  are 
usually  expressed  by  signs  writ- 
ten on  staves  of  five  lines  for 
treble  and  five  lines  for   bass 
notes.    2.  Thermometric  S.:  Cel 
sus's  S.=Centigrade  S.,  Fahren~   Scalene  tri- 
heit's  S.  and  Reaumur  S. ,  v.  each       angle, 
word.     3.  A  variety  of  horn,  in  the  form  of 
plates,  found  on  fishes  and  some  other  ani- 
mals.   Ctenoid  S.:  with  rough  edges.    Cycloid 
S.:  smooth  and  horny.     Ganoid  S.:  covered 
with  enamel     Placoid  S.;  detached,  often 
spiny. 

Scale-insects^Coccidae:  kept  by  ants  in  their 
cells  for  the  honey-like  fluid  which  they 
exude. 

Scale  mosses=Jungermanniaceae=Hepatic8c: 
small  moss-like  plants. 

Scalenohedron,  ( ska-len-6-he '  dron  ).  [Gk. 
skalenos,  unequal ;  hedra,  seat.]  A  solid 
figure  bounded  by  twelve  equal  scalene 
triangles. 

Scallop,  (skallop).  [Escallop,  the  French 
name.]=Pecter  Jacobsea:  an  oyster-like  ani- 
mal. 


Scalops=Shrew  mole 
= Sorex  aquaticus :  an 
animal  belonging  to 
Insectivora. 

Scalpel,  (skal 'pel). 
[Scalpellum,  the  La- 
tin word.]  =  Dissect- 
ing knife. 

Scaly.       S.   lizard 
Zootoca  vivipara.  Scallop-shell. 

Scammonic,  (skam'mo-nik).  [Scammony.^.v.] 
S.  acid=Jalapic  acid:  obtained  from  scam- 
mony. 

Scammony,  (skam'mo-ni).  [Scammonia,  the 
Latin  name.]=Convolvolus  scammonia. 

Scandinavian  floral  region,  Characterised  by 
fir  trees  and  berries. 

Scandix,  (skan'diks).  [Gk.  scandix,  chervil.] 
=Shepherd's  needle:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Apiacse.  S.  pec<6n=Venus's  comb. 

Scansores,  (skan-so'rez).  [L.  scando,  I  climb.] 
A  sub-division  of  Incessores=Climbing  birds, 
woodpeckers,  cuckoos,  parrots,  trogons,  &c., 
all  of  which  build  closed  nests. 

Scansoria,  (skan-so'ri-a).  [L.  scando,  I  climb.] 
=Didelphis,  g.v. 

Scantlings,  (skan'tlingz).  [Fr.  chantel,  corner- 
piece.]  Pieces  of  wood,  such  as  rails,  &c.,  of 
small  size. 

Scaphite,  (skaf'it).  [L.  scapha,  a  boat.]  An 
ammonite-like  cephalopod,  found  only  in 
Cretaceous  rocks. 

Scaphoid,  (skafoid).  [Gk.  scaphe,  boat;  eidos, 
form.]  One  of  the  tarsal  bones,  q.v. 

Scapolite,  (skap'6-lit).  [Gk.  skapos,  rod;  lithos, 
stone.]=Wernerite.  A  mineral,  chiefly  sili- 
cate of  aluminum  and  calcium. 

Scapula,  (skap'u-la).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Shoulder-blade :  a  triangular  bone  at  the 
back  or  upper  side  of  the  thorax,  connecting 
the  arm  and  trunk;  in  birds  called  "side 
bone." 

Scapular,  (skap '  u-lar).  [Scapula,  q.v.]  S. 
arcA=Pectoral  arch,  q.v. 

Scapulars,  (skap'u-larz).  [Scapula,  q.v.]  Fea- 
thers "covering  the  humerus  and  scapula. 

Scarabseus,  (ska-ra-be'us).  [The  Latin  word.] 
A  beetle  found  in  warm  countries,  belonging 
to  Coleoptera. 

Scarf-skin,  [Scurf,  fl.v.]=Epidermis,  q.v.= 
Cuticle. 

Scarfing,  [Scarp,  q. v.]  Joining  two  pieces  of 
timber  by  cutting  away  a  part  of  each,  and 
fastening  by  glue,  nails,  bolts,  &c.,  so  that 
the  joint  is  not  noticeable. 

Scarlatina,  (skar-la-te'na).  [Scarlatine,  the 
French  word.]  Scarlet  fever:  a  contagious, 
eruptive,  febrile  phase  of  disease. 

Scarlet.  /S.  feMgr=Pyrrhocoris:  an  insect  be- 
longing to  Heteroptera.  S.  fever= Scarla- 
tina, q.v.  S.  rtt7mer=Phaseolus  multiflorus. 

Scarp = Escarp,  q.v. 

Scelidosaurus.  (skel-i-do-saw'rus).  [Gk.  skelis, 
leg;  saura,  lizard.]  An  extinct  reptile  be- 
longing to  Dinosauria,  known  only  by  large 
hollow  limb-bones  found  in  Lias  rocks. 

Scepacese,  (ske-pa'se-e).  [Gk .  skepa,  covering.  ] 
=Scepad:  tropical  trees  with  leathery  leaves, 
belonging  to  Euphorbiales. 


SCHEAT 


297 


SCOLOPENDRA 


Scheat=/3  Pegasi:  the  second  star  in  the  con- 

stellation Pegasus. 
Scheele's  green,  (she'lez).     [C.  W.  Scheele,  a 

Swedish  chemist.  ]=Cu2As2O5:    arsenite  of 

copper;  a  green  pigment. 
Scheelite,  (she'lit).  [C.  W.  Scheele,  of  Sweden.] 

=  CaWO  :    a  mineral,   chiefly   calcic  tung- 

state. 
Scheererite,  (sheVer-it).     [Herr  Scheerer.]    A 

mineral  resin;  also  sometimes  called  Naph- 

thalin. 
Schiller.    A  walled  plain  in  the  Moon,  more 

than  100  miles  in  diameter. 
Schist,  (shist).     [Gk.  schistos,  split.]    A  gene- 

ral term  for  foliated  clayey  rocks;  v.  Slate. 

Argillaceous  S.=Cla.y  slate.     Crystalline  £, 

v.  Hypogene.     Mica  S.,  v.  Mica. 
Schizandraceae,  (skiz-an-dra'se-e).  [Gk.  schizo, 

I  split;    aner,   man.]r=Kadsurads;    trailing 

shrubs  with  small  flowers,  belonging  to  Me- 

nispermales;  named  from  the  stamens  being 

joined  at  the  apex. 
Schizocarps,   (skiz'o-karps).       [Gk.   schizo,   I 

split;  karpos,  fruit.]     The  whole  of  a  com- 

pound fruit  when  the  parts  appear  sepa- 

rate. 


Schizodus,  (skiz'o-dus). 
odous,  tooth.]    A  bi- 


[Gk.  schizo^  I  split; 


Schizodus. 
A  commentary 


valve  mollusc,  known 

by    shells    found    in 

Permian  rocks. 
Schistose,    (skiz  '  tos). 

fGk.   schizo,  I  split.] 

Foliated  ;      splitting 

easily  into  layers. 
Scholium,  (sko'li-um). 

[Skolion,  the  Greek  word.] 

or  appendix. 
Schooner,  (sko'ner).     [The  Dutch  word.]    A 

small  vessel  with  two  or 

three  masts. 
Schorl,  (shorl).    [Sw.  skorl, 

brittle.]    A  black  opaque 

variety    of     tourmaline, 

common  in  tin  mines. 
Schorlomite,  (shorl'o-mlt). 

[Schorl,  q.  v.]    A  mineral, 

chiefly  silico-titanate  of 

iron  and  calcium. 
Schrankia.    S.  v.ncinata= 

Pink   sensitive   plant   of 

New  Mexico.  Schooner. 

Sciatic  nerve,  (si-at'ik).      [Gk.  ischion,  hip- 

joint.]    The  largest  human  nerve. 
Sciatica,  (si-at'i-ka).      [Sciatic,  q.v.]    An  in- 

flammatory aifection   of  the   sciatic  nerve; 

also  used  generally  for  any  rheumatic  dis- 

ease of  the  hip  or  thigh. 
Science,  (sl'ens).     [L.  scientia,  knowledge.]  = 

Classified  by   Herbert   Spencer   as  :   1.  Ab- 

stract S.=  Logic  and   mathematics;   2.  Ab- 

stract  Concrete  S.  =  Mechanics,   chemistry, 

physics,   &c.  ;    3.  Concrete  S.  =  Astronomy, 

geology,  biology,   sociology,   &c.     S.  of  lan- 

^wa^e=Glottology.    Medical  S.:  divided  into 

heteropathy  and  homoeopathy;    v.  Medical 

Science.      Natural    S.  =  Physical    S.  :    the 

knowledge  of  the  laws  governing  the  forces 

of  Nature. 


Scincidae,  (sing'si-de).  [Scincus,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  A  family  of  lizards,  which  con- 
nect lizards  with  serpents. 

Scincus,  (sirig'kus).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Skink :  an  African  reptile,  the  type  of 
Scincidae. 

Seisena  labrax,  (si-e'na)  =  Labrax,  q.v.  A 
fish ;  also  called  Bass, 

Scilla,  (sil'la).  [Classical.]  A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Liliacese.  S.  man£ima=Squill.  S, 


Scioptic,  (sl-op'tik).  [Gk.  skia,  shadow;  opti- 
kos,  belonging  to  sight.]  Relating  to  the 
camera  obscura,  q.v.  S.  ball=A.  ball,  hav- 
ing a  lens  fixed  in  it,  capable  of  motion  on 
its  axis;  used  to  admit  light  to  the  camera 
obscura,  q.v. 

Scirpus,  (sir'pus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  plant, 
belonging  to  Cyperacese.  S.  lacustris= Bul- 
rush. 

Scirrhus,  (skir'us).  [Skirros,  the  Greek  word.] 
A  hard  tumour:  a  phase  of  the  disease  called 
cancer. 

Sciuridse,  (si-u'ri-de).  [Sciurus,  q.v.]  Squirrels; 
a  family  of  Rodentia,  q.v. 

Sciurus,  (si'u-rus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Squir- 
rel :  a  small  gnawing  animal,  the  type  of 
Sciuridse.  S.  Madagascariensis  =  Aye-aye, 
q.v. 

Scleranthacese,  (skler-an-thii'se-e).  [Scleran- 
thus,  q.v.]  =  Scleranths:  small  weedy  herbs, 
belonging  to  Ficoidales. 

Scleranthus,  ( skle-ran'thus ).  [Gk.  skleros, 
hard;  anthos,  flower.]  =  Kn a wel:  a  small 
herb,  the  type  of  Scleranthaceze. 

Sclerobasic,  (  skler-o-ba'sik ).  [Gk.  skleros, 
hard;  basis,  foundation.]  A  coral  with  soft 
parts  round  a  hard  central  body. 

Sclerodermic,  (skler-6-der'mik).  [Gk.  skleros, 
hard ;  derma,  skin.]  Hard-skinned. 

Sclerotic,  (skle-rot'ik).  [Gk.  skleros,  hard.] 
The  white  opaque  part  of  the  eye-ball;  in 
some  lower  vertebrata  somewhat  bony;  con- 
tains the  vitreous  humour  of  the  eye.  v.  Scle- 
rotica. 

Sclerotica,  (  skle  -  rot '  i  -  ka.  )  [  Gk.  skleros, 
hard.]  The  eye-ball,  the  front  portion  of 
which  is  the  cornea '.  in  man  it  is  fibrous ; 
in  lower  animals  sometimes  partially  ossi- 
fied. 

Scolecida,  (sko-le'si-da).  [Skolex,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Entozoa,  &c. :  animals,  mostly 
parasitic,  having  a  water- vascular  system;  a 
division  of  Annuloida,  including  flatworms, 
threadworms,  and  Rotifera. 

Scolex,  (sko'leks).  [Gk.  skolex,  worm.]  Larva 
of  scolecida;  the  head,  or  root,  of  a  tape- 
worm. 

Scolopacidse,  (skol-5-pas'i-de).  [Scolopax,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  Woodcock,  plover,  snipe, 
&c.:  a  family  of  birds,  belonging  to  Gral- 
latores. 

Scolopax,  (skol'o-paks).  [The  Greek  name.] 
Woodcock:  a  bird,  the  type  of  Scolopacidse, 
q.v.  S.  gallinula= Jack-snipe. 

Scolopendra,  ( skol-6-pen'dra ).  [The  Greek 
name.]=Centipede  :  a  small  animal,  belong- 
ing to  Myriapoda,  having  a  slender  flattened 
body. 


SCOLOPENLRIDJE 


SEA 


Scolopendridae,  (skol-o-pen'dri-de).  [Skolo- 
pendra,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  carnivo- 
rous sub-division  of  Myriapoda,  q.v. 

Scolopendrium,  ( skol-6-pen'dri-um ).  [The 
Greek  name.]=Hart's  tongue,  q.v. 

Scomber,  (skom'ber).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Mackerel:  the  type  of  Scombridse.  S.  pelemys 
=Bonita. 

Scomberid8B=Scombrid88,  ff.v. 

Scombridae,  ( skom'bri-dS  ).  [Scomber,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  eidos,  for m.]= Scorn beridse:  mackerel, 
tunny,  sword-fish,  &c. ;  a  family  of  fishes, 
belonging  to  Acanthopterygii. 

Scopelus,  (skop'e-lus).  [L.  scopulus,  sea-rock.] 
A  salmon-like  fish,  belonging  to  Salinonidaj. 
S.  Humboldtii= Argentine. 

Scops,  (skops)=Strix  scops. 

Scops-eared  owl=Ephialtes  scops. 

Scoria,  (sko'ri-a).  [The  Latin  word.]  Cin- 
ders of  lavas:  used  generally  for  dross  or 
slag. 

Scorodite,  (sko'ro-dit).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
composed  of  iron  and  manganese. 

Scorpion,  (skor'pi-on).  [Scorpio,  the  Latin 
name.]  An  insect  belonging  to  Pedipalpi; 
the  largest  of  Arachnida,  q.v.  False  S.= 
Eophrynus:  belong  to  Arachnida.  S.  fiies= 
Panorpidse,  q.v.,  named  from  the  abdomen 
resembling  that  of  a  scorpion.  S.  grass= 
Myosotis,  q.v. 

Scorpio,  (skor'pi-o).     [The  Latin  name.]    1. 
=The  Scorpion:  the 
eighth  sign   of   the 
Zodiac,   one  of  the 
autumnal   signs,  of 
which  Antares  is  the 
chief  star.   2.  A  bur- 
rowing  stinging      ^-p.  »«      ^ 
spider.  gjy/  }]      Til 

Scotch.  S.^?7-=Pmu«<lp^ 
sylvestris.      S.  peb-  Scorpion. 

lies:  a  banded  variety  of  agate.  S.  sttcfly 
=Lophyrus.  /S.  f/tt«<te=Onopordon,  q.v. 

Scowed  anchor.  Having  the  cable  tied  to  the 
shank,  so  that  it  can  be  pulled  up  by  the 
shank  if  it  become  fixed. 

Screamer,  S.  6ird=Palamedea  cornuta,  q.v. 
A  bird  of  S.  America. 

Screen,  (skreu).      A  partition  in   a  bnild- 

.  ing  (especially  in  a  church)  reaching  only 
part  of  the  distance  from  the  floor  to  the 
roof. 

Screw,  (skvo).  [Smce.the  0.  E.  word.]  One 
of  the  mechanical 
powers,  q.v.  S. 
b  lade :  the  blade  of 
a  screw-propeller. 
iS.  jack:  an  appa- 
ratus for  lifting, 
heavy  bodies  a  shori 
distance.  S.  pro- 
peller: an  appara- 
tus by  which  the 
force  of  steam  is 
applied  to  moving 
vessels  in  water.  S. 
thread,  v.  Thread.  Screw-jack. 

S.  pile:  one  which  is  screwed  into  the 
ground.  S.  pines  =  Pandanacete,  q.v. 


Fossil  S.  ;    cast  of 

the  interior  of  a  spi- 

ral  univave  shell. 

Micrometer    S.t   v. 

Micrometer. 
Scrofula,     (skrof  '  u- 

la).       [The    Latin 

word.]    A  phase  of 

disease,    in    which 

tumours  and  ulti- 

mately ulcers    are 

formed.  Screw-propellet 

Scrophularia,   (  skrof-  u-la'ri-a  ).      [  Scrofula, 

q.v.] 
Scrophulariacese,  (skrof-u-la-ri-a'se-e).    [Scro- 

fula, q.v.]      Fig-worts  :    herbs    and  shrubs 

with    monopetalous    flowers,   belonging    to 

Bignonales. 
Scruple,   (skrS'pl).      [Scrupule,   the  French 

word.]=20  grains.    See  Apothecaries'  Weight 

in  Tables. 

Sculpin.  v.  Skulpin. 
Sculpture,      (skul- 

ptur).    [Sculptura,  . 

the    Latin    word.]] 

Representation 

form,  cf.  Painting, 

or     representation 

by  colour  and  form  ;  Sculpin. 

includes  carving,  engraving,  modelling,  &c. 

S.  irri(r/i(7=Hieroglyphic,  q.v. 
Scurvy,  (skeyvi).     A  phase  of  disease,  caused 

by  insufficient  nutriment,  characterised  by 

debility  and  internal  bleeding  from  various 

parts,  &c.,  especially  caused  by  want  of  vege- 

table food.     5.  jrT'assz^Cochlearia,  q.v. 
Scuta,  (sku'ta).     [L.  scutum,  shield.]    Plural 

of  Scxitum,  q.v. 
Scutella,    (sku-tel'la).     [L.    scutellum,    littlo 

shield.]  A  variety  of  sea-urchins:  animals  be- 

longing to  Echinodermata;  circular  in  form; 

intermediate  between  stir-fish  and  echinus. 
Scutellaria,   (skut-el-la'ri-a).       [L.   scutdla, 

scale.]  =  Skull-cap:    an  herb  belonging  to 

Labiatae. 

Scutes,  (sktlts).    r.  Scutum. 
Scuttles.     Openings  allowing  communication 

between  the  different  decks  of  a  ship. 
Scutum,  (sku'tum).    [L.  scutum,  shield.]  One 

of  the  bony  plates,  or  scutes,  into  which  tho 

derma  of  crocodiles,  &c.,  are  hardened. 
Scutum  Sobieski,  (sku'tum  s5-bi-es'ki).     [The 

Latin  name.]  =  The  Shield  of  Sobieski:  a 

northern  constellation,  of  small  stars  only. 
Scyllium,   (sil'li-um).      A   fish,  belonging"  to 

Squalidse;  also  called  Dog-fish  and  Bounce. 
Scylodermata,   (sil-16-der'ma-ta).     Leuckait's 

term  for  Holothurise  and  Sipunculida,  form- 

ing a  division  of  Coelenterata. 
Scytosiphon.    An  edible  sea-weed  belonging 


Sea.  The  great  body  of  water  covering  areas 
of  subsidence,  forming  the  greater  part  of 
the  earth's  surface,  having  an  average  depth 
of  about  2  miles,  but  a  great  part  of  which  is 
not  more  than  1500  fathoms  in  depth.  The 
temperature  of  the  sea  in  tropical  and  tem- 
perate regions  probably  averages  0°  C.,  but 
is  probably  never  below  -  3  '5°'  C.  The  plants 


SEAL 


299 


SEDGES 


are  few  below  50  fathoms;  noue  below  200 
fathoms.  At  extreme  depths  only  animals 
belonging  to  Protozoa  are  found.  S.  anemone 
=Actinidae.  S.  6enr=Otaria.=Phocaursina. 
/S.  blubber:  animals  belonging  to  Coelente- 
rata.  S.  bream=~Pa.gell\is  centrodontus.  S. 
c<z£/=Seal.  S.  caterpillars=Polynoe.  S. 
centipedes=Nereid3e:  animals  belonging  to 
Errantia.  S.  c0zo=Trichecus  manatus=Ma- 
natee.  S.  craz0/tsfc=Palinurus.  /S.  cucum- 
6ers=:Pentact83.  S.  daisy=Bellis.  S.  devil 
=Lophius  piscatorius.  S.  ducks=Falig\i- 
linje.  S.  c?tts£=Trichodesmium.  S.  eagle, 
v.  Halisetus.  S.  eg(j=Roo  of  Echinus:  edible. 
S.  /an=Gorgonia,  v.  Gorgonidse.  S.  fox,  v. 
Fox-shark.  S.  /iares=:Aphysia}.  S.  heatk= 
Frankenia.  S.  /iorses=Hippocampidse,  S. 
£aZe=Crambe.  S.  lavender=.  Aggregates.  S. 
league=3%  miles  nearly.  S.  leinons=Dovidx. 
S.  fo£ie.s=Encrinites:  resemble  sea-stars  and 
sea-urchins;  on  long  stems  fixed  to  the  sea- 
bottom.  S.  Zi0tt=Otariajubata.  S.  lizards 
=Ena)iosauria.  S,  {0acA=Rock  ling=Mus- 
tella  vulgaris,  6  to  IS  feeb  long.  S.  mat= 
Flustra.  <S.  mice  =  Aphroditacere.  S.  mile 
=Knot=6082  feet.  S.  moss=Bryozoa.  S. 
mouse,  v.  S.  mice.  S.  nest=Holtenia  Car- 
penter!:  a  siliceous  sponge,  somewhat  like  a 
bird's  nest  in  form.  S.  nettles:  belong  to  Ac- 
tinias, q.v.  S.  oMer=Lutra  marina.  S.  pens: 
animals  belonging  to  Actinozoa.  S.  pink= 
Armeria.  S.  reecZ=Marram  grass.  S.  rocket 
=Cakile:  a  plant  belonging  to  Brassicacerc. 
S.  s/irw&s— Gorgonidse.  S.  sluys=:Opistho- 
branchiata,  which  have  shells  when  young. 
S.  snaii=:Liparis.  S.  spicto-s=:Pantopoda. 
S.  swallows=T6Tna.  S.  unicorn= Narwhal. 
S.  wc/«tts=Echinidea.  S.  weeds=Algse.  S. 
?<n/e=Acantholabrus  Yarellii.  S.  -willow,  v. 
Gorgonia.  S.  woman,  v.  Fata  morgana.  S. 
worms:  belong  to  Errantia,  q.v,  S.  wracks= 
Zosteracese:  also=Fucacea9. 
Seal,  (sel).  [Seol,  the  A.-S.  name.]=:Phoca: 
a  carnivorous  aquatic  animal  belonging  to 
Pinnigrada. 
Snouted  S.  —  '~ 
Sea  elephant= 
Phoca  leonina. 
=  Phoci-  : 


Sealing-wax.  A 
mixture  of  shel- 
lac,turpentine, 
&c. 

Seasons.  Spring:  Seal. 

when  the  sun  passes  through  Aries,  Taurus, 
and  Gemini.  Summer:  when  the  sun  is 
highest  at  noon,  and  passes  through  Cancer, 
Leo,  and  Virgo.  Autumn:  when  the  sun 
passes  through  Libra,  Scorpio,  and  Sagit- 
tarius. "Winter:  when  the  sun  is  lowest  at 
noon,  and  p:tsses  through  Capricorn,  Aqua- 
rius, and  Pisces,  v.  Zodiac. 

Sebaceous  glands,  (se-ba'se-us).  [L.  sebum, 
tallow.]  Connected  with  the  hair;  secreting 
fatty  matter. 

Sebacic  acid,  (se-btVsik).  [L.  sebum,  tallow.] 
=CioHig04:  obtained  from  olein. 

Sebastes,   (se-bas'tes).     A  fish  belonging  to 


Secant. 


Acanthopterygii.     S.  Norvegicus  =  Norway 

haddock. 

Sebetens=Cordiacese,  g.v. 
Secale,  (se-kfi'le).    [The  Latin  name.]  A  grass- 
plant  belonging  to  Grarninacese.    S,  cereale 

=Rye. 
Secant,  (se'kant).     [L.  seco,  I  cut.]    1.  In  any 

right-angled  triangle 

the  secant  of  any  one 

of  the  angles  is  the 

ratio    of    the    hypo- 

thenuse  to  the  side 

joining  the  angle  with 

the  right  angle,  e.g., 

CD  ,       „  . 

—  =  secant  of  angle 

AU 

DCA.     2.  Generally, 
any  cutting  line. 

Secondary.  S.  acids:  derived  from  organic 
acids  by  the  substitution  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  an  alcoholic  radicle  for  two  of 
hydrogen.  S.  battery:  a  number  of  metal 
plates,  usually  platinum,  with  pieces  of 
moistened  cloth  between,  which,  after  being 
connected  for  a  time  with  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery, become  in  turn  the  origin  of  a  current. 
<S.  colours:  orange,  green,  purple.  S.  cur- 
rents: 1.  In  voltaic  battery,  smaller  currents 
within  the  battery ;  2.  Induced  currents, 
q.v.  S.  notes:  softer  notes  produced  when  a 
musical  note  is  sounded.  S.  s£ra<a=Meso- 
zoic=Cretaceous,  Jurassic,  and  Triassic;  ori- 
ginally used  for  all  aqueous  and  fossiliferous 
strata;  not  found  iu  any  oceanic  island, 
except  New  Zealand. 

Secretary-bird  =  Gypogeranus  serpentarius, 
q.v. 

Secretions,  (se-k're'- 
shunz).  [L.  secerno, 
I  separate.]  Sali- 
vary S.,  v.  Saliva. 
Gastric  S.,  v.  Gas- 
tric juice.  Pan- 
creatic S.,  v.  Pan- 
creatic fluid.  Renal 
S.:  of  urine,  by  the 
kidneys.  Skin  S. 
=Perspiration ;  the 
last  two  are  also 
called  excretions. 

Sectility,  (sek-til'i- 
ti).  [L.  seco,  I  cut.] 
easily  cut  into  slices. 

Sector,  (sek'tor).     [The  Latin  word.]    1.  An 

instrument  for  geometri-          D c 

cal  drawing.   2.  The  por-      /*<          St 
tion  of  a  circle  included     /    \         /  \ 
between  two  radii.  /         \  /          \ 

Sectorial  teeth=Dens  car-  I  V 

nassiers  =  Cutting  teeth.  1  A  ] 

Secular,  (sek'u-lar).    [Secu-  \  / 

laris,   the   Latin    word.]     \v  / 

Periodical;    occui'ring  at  ^ 

or  through  long  intervals         CAB,  sector. 
of  time. 

Sedge,  (sej).  [Se.cg,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Carex: 
q.v.  S.  ?octr&/e?-=Salicariaphragnutis:  found 
near  river  sides. 

Sedses=Cyperace;e,  q.v. 


Secretary-bird. 
The  property  of  being 


SEDILIA 


300 


SENSITIVE 


Segment. 

a  b,  chord  ;  a  b  c, 

Segment. 


Sedilia,  (se-dil'i-a).  [L.  Sedilium,  the  Latin 
word.]  Seats  near  the  altar,  on  the  south 
side  of  a  chancel. 

Sedimentary  formations,  v.  Aqueous  forma- 
tions. 

Sedum,  (se'dum).  [The  Latin  name.]=:Or- 
pine,  stone-crop:  a  succulent  herb  belonging 
to  Crassulaceae. 

Seed,  (sed).  [Scerf,  the  A.-S.  name.]=0vule 
and  contents;  resulting  from  fertilisation: 
consists  of  an  embryo  and  its  receptacle  or 
envelope.  The  portion  of  a  plant  which  is 
capable  of  development  into  a  similar  plant. 
S.  buds— Ovules.  S.  Inc,  v.  Lac. 

Segment,  (seg'ment).  [Segmentum,  the  Latin 
word.]  A  portion  cut  off. 

Segmentation,  ( seg-men- 
ta'shun).  [Segment,  q.v.] 
1.  Specially =Division  of 
yelk:  earliest  stage  of  de- 
velopment. 2.  Generally: 
any  division  into  parts. 

Seine,  (sen).  [The  French 
word.]  A  draught  net. 
v.  Nets. 

Seismic,  (sls'mik).  [Gk. 
seismos,  earthquake.]  Re- 
lating to  earthquakes. 

Seismology,  (sis-mol'6-ji).  [Gk.  seismos,  earth- 
quake ;  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of  the 
causes  and  effects  of  earthquakes,  or  '•  wave- 
shells"  of  motion  of  the  earth's  surface. 

Selachia,  (se-lashi-a).  [Selachus,  g.v.]=^Pla- 
coidei :  sharks,  dog-fishes,  &c. :  fishes  form- 
ing  a  sub-division  of  Elasmobranchh. 

Selachus,  (sel'a-kus).  [Gk.  telachos,  a  car- 
tilaginous fish.]  A  large  shark  ;  belongs  to 
Squalidw.  S.  maximus  =  Basking  shark= 
Squalus  maximus. 

Selaginacese,  (sel-aj-in-a'se-e).  [Gk.  selagon, 
lycopodium.]  — Selagids:  herbs,  chiefly  of 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  between  Eschiales  and 
Bignonales. 

Selection,  (se-lek'shun).  [Selectio,  the  Latin 
word.]  Natural  S. :  the  survival  of  those 
plants  and  animals  best  fitted  for  continuous 
existence  under  given  conditions,  and  the 
gradual  extinction  of  those  not  so  adapted. 
v.  Darwinism. 

Seleniates,  isei-e'ni-ats).  [Selenic  acid,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  selenic  acid  and  bases. 

Selenic  acid,  (se-len'ik).  [Selenium,  q.v.]  = 
Dihydric  8eleniate=H2SeC>4:  an  acid  resem- 
bling sulphuric  acid.  Hydro  £=H2Se:  an 
inflammable  gas;  also  called  seleniuretted 
hydrogen. 

Selenides,  (sel'e-nidz).  [Selenium,  q.v.]  Rare 
mineral  substances :  compounds  of  selenium 
and  another  element. 

Selenite,  (sei'd-nit).  A  crystalline  variety  of 
gypsum,  q.v. 

Selenites,  (ael'e-nits).  '  [Selenium,  q.v,]  1. 
Compounds  of  selenious  acid  and  a  base.  2. 
Name  used  for  the  imaginary  inhabitants  of 
the  Moon. 

Selenitic,  (sel-e-nit'ik).  [Selenite,  q.v.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  containing,  selenite.  S.  cement: 
a  compound  of  lime,  gypsum,  and  sand. 

Selenium,  (sel-e'ni-ura).     [Gk.  sdene,  moon.] 


=Se":  one  of  the  sulphur  group,  q.v.  A 
solid  substance,  resembling  sulphur,  but 
darker  and  heavier. 
Seleniuretted  hydrogen=Hydroselenic  acid= 
Dihydric  selenide  =  HoSe :  a  colourless  in- 
flammable gas,  resembling  hydrosulphuric 
acid. 

Selenography,  (  sel-e-nog'ra-fi  ).  [Gk.  selene, 
moon ;  grapho,  I  write.]  The  description  of 
the  Moon. 

Selenographies!,  (sel-e-no-grafi-kal).  [Seleno- 
graphy, q.v.]  Relating  to  the  description  of 
the  Moon. 

Selen-sulphur.      A  mineral  containing  sele- 
nium and  sulphur. 
Selipsh.    An  American  race. 
Bella  Turcica,  (sel'la-ter'si-ka).      [The  Latin 
1 1 am e.]= Turkish  saddle:  a  depression  in  the 
sphenoid  bone. 

Semaphore,  (sem'a- for).  [G.«ema,sign;  phoreo, 
I  bear.  ]  An  apparatus 
for  showing  signals  to 
be  seeu  at  a  distance. 

Semicircle,  (sem-i-s§r/ 
kl).  [L.  semi,  half; 
Circle,  «7.v.]  =  Hemi- 
cycle,  half  a  circle. 

Sermlunar  valves.  Be- 
tween the  ventricles 
of  the  heart  and  the 
great  arteries. 

Semitic,  (sem-it'ik). 
[Shem,  a  son  of  Noah.] 
S.  languages:  Arabic,  Semaphore 

Babylonian,  Ethiopian,  Hebrew,  and  Syrian. 

Semitone,  (sem'i-ton).  [L.  semi,  half;  Tone, 
q.  v.]= Half  atone,  v.  Tone. 

Semnopithec  us,  ( sem  -  no-pi-theTc  us  ).  [G  k. 
semnos,  venerable;  pithekos,  ape.]  A  large 
long-tailed  Asiatic  monkey,  having  short 
arms,  a  small  thumb,  and  ischial  callosities; 
walks  on  all  fours. 

Sempervivum,  (sem-per-viv'um).  [L.  semper, 
always;  vivo,  I  Jive.]=House-leek;  a  succu- 
lent herb  belonging  to  Crassulaceae. 

Senebiera,  (vsen-e-bi-a'ra).     [Senebier,  a  Sv 
botanist.]=:  Wart  -cress;  an  herb  belonging  to 
Brassicacese. 

Senecio,  (sen-e'si-6).  [L.  senex,  old.]  An 
herb  belonging  to  Asteraceae.  S.  vulgarise 
Groundsel. 

Senna,  (sen'na).  A  purgative  drug,  obtained 
from  the  plant  Cassia,  belonging  to  Legum- 
inaceap;  and  from  others. 

Sensation,  (sen-sa'shun).  [Sensut,  the  Latin 
word.  ]= Feeling:  mental  impressions  derived, 
by  means  of  the  senses,  from  external  objects. 
v.  Senses. 

Sensations=0psaistbenics— Feeling,  v.  Sen- 
sation. 

Sense  animals=Sensual  animals:  Oken's  term 
for  Mammalia. 

Senses,  (sen'ses).  [L.  senms,  perception.]  Five 
S.:  seeing,  hearing,  smelling,  tasting,  and 
feeling,  v.  Sensation. 

Sensible.     S.  horizon,     v.  Horizon. 

Sensitive,  S.  animals:  v.  Lamarck's  classi- 
fication. S.  flames:  which  quiver,  and  are 
sometimes  extinguished,  when  a  suitable 


SENSORY 


301 


SEXTANT 


musical  note  is  sounded.  S.  plants:  whose 
leaves  move  when  stimulated  by  touch  or  by 
the  chemical  action  of  corrosive  substances, 
e.g. ,  mimosa,  dionsea,  &c.  Pink  S.  plant= 
Schrankia  uncinata. 

Sensory  organs.  The  organs  of  the  senses  of 
hearing,  seeing,  tasting,  smelling. 

Sensual.  S.  animals:  v.  Okeu's  classification. 

Sepal,  (sep'al).  [Sepalum,  the  Latin  terin.J  A 
calycine  leaf.  v.  Calyx. 

Sepia,  (se'pi-a)t  [  The 
Latin  name.]  l.=Cut- 
tle-fish,  v.  Sepiadse.  2. 
=Indian  ink,  a  black 
secretion  of  the  Indian 
cuttle-fish.  S.  colour' 
ing  matter  of  china= 
Oxide  of  iron. 

Sepiadse,  (se-pi'a-de). 
[Sepia,  q.v.]  Cuttle-  aaa  Sepals, 

fishes,  q.  v. '.  a  sub-division  of  Cephalopoda,  q.v. 

Sepiostaire,  (se'pi-o-star)=Cuttle-bone:  inter- 
nal shell  of  a  cuttle-fish. 

Sepoy,  (se'poy).  [Sepahai,  the  native  word.] 
A  native  of  Hindostan  employed  in  the 
British  army. 

Septa,  (sep'ta).  [The  Latin  word.]  Radiating 
plates  of  a  coral  cell,  or  any  small  division. 

Septane=Heptane,  q.v. 

Septine  =  Heptine  :  a  hydrocarbon  of  the 
Acetylene  series,  v.  Hydrocarbon. 

Septum,  (sep'tura).  [The  Latin  word.]  Singu- 
lar of  septa,  q.v. 

Seralbumin,  (ser-al-bu'min). 
[Serum  and  Albumin.]  A 
variety  of  Albumin,  q.v. 

Seraphim.  A  Scotch  local 
name  for  pterygotus,  an  Old 
Red  Sandstone  crustacean. 

Serein.  Rain  falling  from  a 
cloudless  sky. 

Serenitatis,  (ser-S-ni-ta'tis). 
[L.  serenitas,  clearness. ]= Mare  Serenitatis: 
an  elliptical  plain  on  the  Moon's  surface, 
about  430  miles  in  diameter,  supposed  to 
have  been  the  bed  of  a  former  sea. 

Series.     1.   In  mathematics ;    a  number  of 
terms,  increasing  or  decreasing  according  to 
""some  law.     2.  A  group  of  compounds,  each 
containing  the  same  radicle. 

Seriform.     v.  Altaic. 

Serous  membranes.  Membranes  secreting  a 
serous  fluid;  lining  the  cavities  of  the  chest, 
lungs,  &c. 

Serpens,  (ser'penz).  [The  Latin  name.]=The 
Serpent:  a  large  northern  constellation,  of 
which  Unakalkay  is  the  chief  star. 

Serpent,  (ser'pent).  [Serpens,  the  Latin  name.] 
v.  Ophidia.  Glass  S.  =Anguis  ventralis.  v. 
Ophisaurus. 

Serpentarius  =  The  Serpent-bearer  =  Ophiu- 
chus,  q.v. 

Serpentine,  (ser/pen.-tm)=MgFeSiO3 :  i.  A 
compact  amorphous  rock,  usually  of  varie- 
gated colours,  chiefly  silicate  of  magnesium, 
containing  oxide  of  iron;  one  of  the  meta- 
morphic  rocks:  named  from  the  serpent-like 
veins;  also  called  Green  Marble.  2.  Ophio- 
lite:  a  crystalline  variety,  crystallising  iji 


rhombs,  belonging  to  the  Serpentine  group. 
S.  group  of  minerals;  includes  serpentine, 
talc,  steatite,  and  kaolin;  all  soft  and  light 
substances,  which  have  a  greasy  feel:  sili- 
cates of  aluminum  or  magnesium. 

Serpentis,  (ser-pen'tis).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Belonging  to  the  serpent. 

Serpents,   v.  Ophidia.  S.  e?/es=Bufonites.  q.v. 

Serratula,  (ser-rat'u-la).  [L.  serratula,  little 
saw.]  =  Saw-wort:  an  .  herb  belonging  to 
Asteraceae. 

Serricornes,  (ser-ri-kor'nez).  [L.  serra,  saw; 
cornu,  horn.]=Sternoxi:  a  family  of  beetles, 
belonging  to  Coleoptera. 

Serryia.    An  African  people. 

Sertularian,  (ser-tu-la'ri-an).  [L.  sertula,  a 
garland.]  Belonging  to  Sertularidae. 

Sertularidae,  (ser-tu-lar'i-de).  [Sertularia,  the 
typical  genus;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  sub-divi- 
sion of  Hydrozoa:  also  called  Thecaphora. 

Serum,  (se'rum).  [L.  serum,  watery.]  A  clear 
liquid,  of  yellowish  colour,  one  of  the  con- 
stituents of  coagulating  blood— the  plasma 
after  fibrin  is  taken  from  it  by  the  corpuscles 
in  coagulating:  a  compound  of  water,  albu- 
men, and  various  salts. 

Service-tree=Pyrus  torminalis. 

Seselinese,  (ses-e-li'ne-e).  A  sub-division  of 
Umbelliferse. 

Sesleria,  (ses-le'ri-a).  [Sig.  Sesler,  an  Italian 
botanist.]  Moor-grass:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Graininaceae. 

Sesqui,  (ses'kwi).  [The  Latin  word.]  A  pre- 
fix implying  a  combination  of  two  chemical 
elements  in  the  ratio  of  2  to  3:  as  Fe2S3. 

Sesqui-oxides.  Of  the  type  HgOs:  in  which 
two  atoms  of  a  metal  combine  with  three 
atoms  of  oxygen. 

Sessile,  (ses'sil).  [L.  sedo,  I  sit.]  Having 
no  stalk.  S.  cirripedes—BalKnidBi.  S.  leaf: 
one  having  no  stalk. 

Seta,  (se'ta).  [L.  seta,  bristle.]  Any  stiff 
hair-like  process. 

Setaceous,  (se-ta'she-us).  [Seta,  q.v.]  Bristle- 
like. 

Setae,  (se't5).     [Seta,  q.v.]    Bristles. 

Setigerous,  (se-tij'er-us).  [L.  setce,  bristles; 
gero,  I  carry.]  Having  bristles:  used  especi- 
ally of  some  locomotive  Annelidae. 

Setter,  (set'er).  A  variety  of  the  dog,  trained 
to  find  birds. 

Seventh.  In  music,  the  interval  between  any 
note  and  the  one  six  notes  above  it,  as  be- 
tween A  and  G,  B  and  A,  &c. 

Sex.     v.  Sexes. 

Sexagesimal,  (seks-a-jes'i-mal).  [L.  sexayesi- 
mus,  sixtieth.]  Belonging  to  60:  used  for  the 
English  system  of  arc  measurements,  in 
which  a  degree  equal  60  minutes,  and  a 
minute  equal  60  seconds. 

Sexes,  (seks'es).  [Sexus,  the  Latin  word.] 
Male  and  female:  marked  chiefly  by  differ- 
ence in  generative  functions,  but  also  usually 
by  many  secondary  differences. 

Sextane=Hexane,  q.v. 

Sextant,  (seks'tant).  [L.  sextans,  sixth  part.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  angular 
distance  of  objects;  resembles  the  quadrant, 
but  measures  only  60°  instead  of  90°. 


SEXTINE 


302 


8extine=Diallyl,  q.v. 

Sexton.  S.  &ee*k=Burying  beetle,  v.  Necro- 
phorus. 

Sexual,  (seks'u-al).  [Sexes,  q.v.]  Relating  to 
differences  of  sex.  S.  affinity:  power  for 
hybridization.  S.  reproduction  =  Gamo- 
gunesis,  r.  Genesis. 

Bhackle-ioint     v.  Joint. 

Shad,  (shad).    [Sckadt,  the  German  name.] 
Clupeaalo&a:  a  her- 
ring-like  fish,  be- 
longing    to     Clu- 

Shaddock,  (shad1- 
dok).  [Captain 
Shaddock.]  Citrus 
decumana:  an  8h«d. 

orange-like  plant,  belonging  to  Anrantiaceffl. 

Shades.  Colours  mixed  with  black,  ef.  Hues 
and  Tint. 

Shaft,  (shaft).  (Sceaft,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1. 
= Axis:  a  general  term  for  a  long  cylindrical 
body ;  of  small  diameter:  small  shaft  = 
Spindle.  2.  The  upright  portion  of  a  column, 
between  the  base  and  the  capital.  S.  The 
vertical  entrance  to  a  pit  or  mine. 

8haftuig=Shaft,  q.v. 

8hag=Pelecanus  cristatus. 

Shagreen.  (sha-grfin*).  [Chagrin,  the  French 
word.]  Dried  skins  covered  with  small  bony 
processes,  as  in  the  shark,  ray,  &c. 

Shale,  (shal).  [Ger.  tchale,  shell.]=Consoli- 
dated  mud:  clay  condensed  by  pressure; 
usually  in  lamina;,  which  are  plastic  in  waj 

Shamoy=Chamois,  q.v. 

Shamrock,    (sham'rok).      [Irish,  {? 
l.]=Trifi 


trefoil.] 


folium 


teamrog, 
repens. 

Shark,  (shark).    [Carcharut,  the 
Latin  name.]  A  carnivorous  fish,    Bhami 
belonging  to  Squalidte,  having  an  elongated, 

tapering  body,  and     ^^^        *._ 

several     rows     of 
teeth.    Basking  S. 
=  Squalus     maxi- 
inus.   FoxS.—C&r- 
charias  vulpes.  -v, 
Hammer-headed  S.   • 
=Zygiena  malleus. 

Sharp,  (sharp).  lu  music,  a  note  raised  half 
a  tone. 

Shears,  (sherz).  An  apparatus,  consisting 
essentially  of  two  or  more  pieces  of  timber, 
joined  at  the  top,  used,  with  tackle,  for  rais- 
ing or  lowering  heavy  weights. 

Shear-steel.     Steel  adapted  for  cutting  tools. 

Shear- water =Rynchops,  q.v. 

Sheep,  (shSp)=Ovis:  an  animal  belonging  to 
Ruminantia.   S.'tbit         _ 
=  S.'s   scabious  = 
Jasione.  S.  ro«=Hy- 
drocotyle  vulgaris. 

Sheer-plan.  Of  a  ship: 
vertical  and  length- 
ways. 

Sheer- water  =  Shear- 
water, q.v. 

Sheet-anchor.  The  Rocky  Mountain  Sheep, 
heaviest,  used  in  extreme  cases. 


m 


Sheldrake,  (shel'drak).  [Sheld=variegated, 
and  Drake.  ]  =  Tadorna  :  a  variety  of  the 
duck;  a  bird  belonging  to  Anatidae. 

Shell,  (shel).  (Scell,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.  A 
general  term  for  a  hard  covering,  as  of  an 
oyster,  a  nut,  Ac.;  v.  Shells.  2.  In  artillery, 
a  hollow  iron  shot,  filled  with  explosive  sub- 
stances, v.  Bomb;  when  small  enough  to 
be  thrown  by  hand  =  Grenade.  Mortar.  S., 
v.  Mortar.  Razor  S.,  v.  Razor.  S.  insects^. 
Entoinostraca,  </.<•.  S.  /i//uA'fone=Muschel- 
kalk,  q.v. 

Shellac,  (shellak).    v.  Lao. 

Shells  1.  Coverings,  formed  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  secreted  by  molluscous  and  other  ani- 
mals, v.  Shell.  2.  Hollow  projectiles,  tilled 
with  explosive  combustibles  or  bullets.  Ear 
£.=HaliotidfB,  q.v. 

Shepherd's.  S.  needle—  Sctaidii.  S.  purses= 
CwMlla. 

Sherardia,  (she-rar'di-a).  [Mr.  Sherrard.]= 
Field-madder;  an  herb  belonging  to  Rubiacece. 

Shickard.  A  walled  plain  in  the  Moon, 
more  than  100  miles  diameter. 

Shield.  S.  fern  =  Aspidium.  Water  S.  = 
HydropeltidsB. 

8hift=  Fault,  q.v. 

Shmgle=  Pebbles,  7.1-. 

Ship,  (ship).  [>'<•!/>,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A  large 
vessel  of  wood  or 
iron,  adapted  for 
a  means  of  trans- 
port across  the 
water.  Guinea 
S.,  v.  Guinea. 

Shock.  Electric 
8.:  in  static,  or 
frictional,  elec- 
tricity, the  dis- 
charge  of  an  ac- 
cumulation  of 
electric  force 
through  the  body:  in  dynamical,  or  chemi- 
cal, electricity,  the  series  of  shocks  of  a  HCI  i.-n 
of  secondary  currents,  v.  Galvanic  8.  lie- 
turn  S.  :  when  a  discharge  of  electricity  be- 
tween the  earth  and  a  cloud  is  immediately 
followed  by  a  second  discharge,  between  the 
earth  and  another  cloud,  the  second  dis- 
charge is  called  the  return  shock. 

Shoddy,  (shod'di),  Old  wool,  obtained  from 
worn-out  blankets,  carpets,  &c. 

Shooting  stars=Meteors=Bolides,  q.v. 

Shore-  weed=  Li  torella,  q.v. 

Short.  S.  headed  =  Brachycephalic,  q.v.  S. 
»ight=JAyopy,  q.v. 

Shot,  (shot).  [A.-S.  scyte,  a  blow.]  Case  S.t 
v.  Case-shot.  Qra.pt  S.,  v.  Grape-shot. 

Shrapnel-  shell.  [Named  from  the  inventor.] 
Filled  with  bullets,  which  are  dispersed 
when  the  shell  bursts. 

Shrew,  (shroo).  [Screawa,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Sorex=Shrew-mouse,  .small  animals  be- 
longing to  Insectivora;  also  called  Erd- 
ehrew.  Elephant  S.  =  Macroscelides.  S. 


Shrikes,  (shriks).  Laninz:  a  migratory  bird 
belonging  to  pentirostrea  ;  also  cajled  But- 
cher-bird, 


SHRIMP 


303 


SILICATES 


Shrimp. 


Shrimp,  (shrimp).  [A.-S.  terymman,  to  dry 
up.]  l.=Crangon:  a 
small  crustacean  ani- 
mal, the  type  of 
Crangonidse,  belong- 
ing to  Podophthal- 
mia,  q.v.  2.  Fairy  S. 
=Chirocephalus  dia- 
1  thai i us.  Fresh-water 
£.=Gammarus  pulex. 
Glass  S.=  Erich  thus. 
Opossum  S.=Mysis. 

Shrouds,  (shroudz).     Long  ropes,  extending 
from  the  mast-head 
to  the  sides  of  a  ship. 
Shrub,  (shrub).  [Scrob,  %$> 

the  A.-S.  name.]  A 
plant  of  smaller  size 
than  a  tree,  but 
larger  than  an  herb. 
Sea  -  shrubs  =  Gor- 
•oaite. 

Shunt,  (shunt).  [Shun.] 
In  electricity,  a  wire 
diverting   a  part   of 
the  current. 
Shushwaps.  An  Ame- 
rican people.  Shrouds. 
Siamang.     A  variety  of  the  gibbon,  q.  v. 
Sibbaldia,  (sib-baldi-a).      [Mr.  Sibbald.]    A 
plant  belonging  to  Rosaceae. 
Sickle.     A  group  of  stars,  of  which  Regulus 
is  the  chief,  in  the  constellation  Leo,  having 
the  form  of  a  sickle. 

Sidereal,  (si-de're-al).  [L.  sidus,  stars.]  Re- 
lating to  the  stars.  S.-day:  the  time  occu- 
pied by  the  rotation  of  the  Earth,  as  mea- 
sured by  the  recurrence  of  the  first  point  of 
Aries.  S.-time:  the  angular  distance  of  the 
first  point  of  Aries  and  the  meridian  of 
Greenwich.  S.-year=iho  time  occupied  by 
a  complete  revolution  of  the  earth,  as  mea- 
sured by  the  recurrence  of  some  fixed  star= 
3(i5  days  6  h.  10  m.  nearly. 
Siderite,  (sid'er-it).  [Gk.  sideros,  iron.]  A 
variety  of  chalybite,  q.v. 
Siderolites,  (sid'er-6-lits).  [Gk.  sideros,  iron; 
lithos,  stone.  ]==  Meteorites,  when  chiefly  of 
iron. 

Sideroxylon,  (sid-er-oks'i-lon).     [Gk.  sideros, 
iron;  xylon,  wood.]    An  evergreen  tree,  be- 
longing to  Sapotacete;  also  called  Iron-wood. 
Sidus,  (si'dus).     [The  Latin  word.]    A  star,  or 
a  group  of  stars. 

Siebold's  classification  of  animals — 
Vertebra  ta. 
Mammalia. 
Aves. 
Reptilia. 

JVIonopnoa. 

Monimostylica. 
Streptostylica. 
Dipnoa. 
Pisces. 

Teleostei. 

Ganoidei. 

Elasmobranchii. 

Marsipobranchii, 

Leptocardii. 


Arthropoda. 
Insecta. 
Arachnida. 
Crustacea. 
Mollusks, 

Cephalopoda. 
Cephalophoru. 
Acephala. 
Veruies. 

Annulati. 
Rotatorii. 
Tui-bellarii. 
Helmiuthes. 
Zoophyte. 

Echinodermata. 
Acalephse. 
Polypi. 
Protozoa. 

Rhizopoda. 
Infusoria. 

Gicmen's  unit  of  resistance=l  metre  of  pnro 
mercury,  1  sq.  millimetre  in  section,  at  32J 
I«\='95(5  Ohm. 
Sienite= Syenite,  q.v. 
Sighing.     A  prolonged  inspiration. 
Sight,  (sit).     [Sikt,  the  A.-S.  word.]    Percep- 
tion by  means  of  the  eye.    Long  &=Pres- 
bytism.     Short  S.=Myopy. 
Sigillaria,   (sij-il-la'ri-a).      [L.   sigilla,  small 
image.]    Coal-plants:  the  bark  and  sfoma  of 
which  are  found    in  carboniferous  strata, 
with  roots  passing  down  into  fire-clay  be- 
neath.  Named  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf- 
scars. 
Sigmoid,  (sig'moid).     [Gk.  sifjma,  the  Greek 

S ;  eidos,  form.]    Curved  like  the  letter  S. 
Signature,  (sig^na-tur).     In  music,  the  marks 
at  the  beginning  of  each  stave,  showing  how 
many  of  the  notes  are  to  be  raised  or  lowered 
a  semitone. 

Signs  of  zodiac.  The  twelve  divisions  of  tho 
Ecliptic,  each  occupying  30°.  Northern: 
Aries,  Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo. 
Southern:  Libra,  Scorpio,  Sagittarius,  Capri- 
cornus,  Aquarius,  Pisces,  v.  Zodiac. 
Silaus,  (si-la'us).= Pepper-saxifrage:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Apiaceae. . 

Silenaceae,  (si-len-a'se-e).  [Silene,  q.v.']  A 
sub-division  of  Caryophyllacese. 
Silenales,  (sl-le-na'lez).  [Silene,  q.v.]  Plants, 
with  monodichlamydeous  flowers  and  com- 
pound fruits,  forming  a  division  of  Hypo- 
gynous  Exogens. 

Silene,  (si-le'ne).     [Classical.]     Catchfly,  q.v. 
S.  ocaM;is=Moss  campion. 
Silex,   (si'leks).      [L.   silex,   flint  ]      Impure 
silicic  acid:  flint. 

Silhouette,  (sil'oo-et).  [M.  Silhouette.]  A 
profile  likeness,  usually  black. 
Silica,  (sil'i-ka).  [L.  silex,  flint.] =SiC>2:  silicic 
anhydride=Silicic  dioxide=Silicic  acid :  a 
crystalline  substance,  of  which  quartz,  agate, 
amethyst,  and  chalcedony,  are  nearly  pure 
specimens.  S.  group  of  minerals:  includes 
quartz,  chalcedony,  and  opal. 
Silicates,  (sil'i-kats).  [Silica,  g.».]=Felapar, 
mica,  hornblende,  clays,  &c.:  natural  mineral 
compounds  of  silicic  acid  with  one  or  more 
metallic  bases.  0r£/to-£,=Normal  S. 


SILICEOUS 


304 


SIPHON 


Siliceous,  (si-lish'us).  [Silex,  q.v.]  Flinty. 
S.  rocks:  sandstones  of  flint -grains. 

Silicic,  (si-lis'ik).  [Silica,  q.v.]  S.  acieZ=SiO2 
=  S.  anhydride  =  Silica:  has  feeble  acid 
properties.  S.  ether  =  (C^R5)^SiOs  = 
Diethyl  silicate.  S.  tetra-fluoride=¥luoride 
of  silicon :  a  fuming  gas,  which  acts  on 
gloss. 

Silicides,  (sil'i-sldz).  [Silica,  q.v.]  Compounds 
of  silicon  with  a  metal. 

Silicium,  (si-lisb'i-um).  [Silica,  g.v.]=Silicon, 
q.v. 

Silicon,  (  sil  i-kon).  [Silica,  q.v.]= Silicium = 
Si"":  the  chief  constituent  of  flint :  a  very 
abundant  solid  element.  S.  group  of 
7Jiinmifs=Silicon,  titanium,  tin,  zirconium : 
tetrad  elements. 

Silicula,  (si-lik'u-la).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
fruit,  consisting  of  a  frame  and  two  valves, 
a  short  variety  of  the  siliqua. 

Siliqua,  (sil'ik-wa).   [The  Latin  word.]  A  long 

fruit,  consisting  of  a  frame,  to  which  the 
seeds  adhere,  and  two  valves,  which  open 
one  on  either  side. 

Siliquosse,  (sil-i-kwo'se).  [Siliqua,  q.v.}= 
Crucifers.  v.  Brassicacew. 

Silk,  (silk).    [Seolc,  the  A.-S.  word.]    A  fine 
strong    thread, 
produced      by 
the   silkworm. 
S.  cotton =Bom- 
bax  ceiba.     S. 
7HO<A=Bombyx 
c  i  n  t  h  i  a.    5. 
worm  =  Bom- 
byx  mori. 

Sillago,     (sil'la-  Silkworm.  , 

go).     S.  dowitna=Lady-flslj. 

Sillimanite,  (sil'li-man-It).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
silicate  of  aluminum. 

Sillock,  (siriok)t=Merlangnscarbonarius:  also 
••all.-il  Coal-tish. 

Silurian,  (si-lu'ri-anX  [Silures,  ancient  in- 
habitants of  Shropshire,  &c.]  A  division  of 
Primary  rocks,  between  the  Devonian  and 
Cambrian,  occupying  nearly  all  Wales,  and 
large  tracts  in  N.England,  Scotland,  Ireland, 
and  in  Europe  generally;  also  in  America 
and  Australia:  characterised  by  abundance 
of  brachiopod  fossils. 

Siluridse,  (si-lu'ri-de).  [Silurus,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]  Sheat  fishes:  a  family  of  fishes 
belonging  to  Malacopterygii. 

Siluroid,  (si-lu'roid).  [Silurus,  q. v.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  S.  fishes=Si\UTidsB,  q.v. 

Silurus,  (si-lu'rus).  A  large  fish,  the  type  of 
Siluridse. 

Silver,  (sil'ver).  [Silfor,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Argentum=Ag/:  one  of  the  noble  metals;  a 
white,  hard,  malleable,  tenacious,  lustrous 
metal;  valuable  for  its  beauty,  and  as  a  good 
conductor  of  heat  and  electricity.  S.  fir=. 
Abies  picea.  S.  fulminate,  v.  Fulminates. 
S.  fir£an<;e=Sulphide  of  Silver=Ag2S=Argen- 
tite,  q.v.  S.  group  of  minerals:  includes 
silver,  kerate,  argentite,  stephanite,  pyrar- 
gyrite,  and  proustite.  S.-haired  monkey = 
Grison.  S.  <ree=Arbor  Dianae,  q.v.  S.  iceed 
=Potentillaansepina.  Horn  S.  =Kerargyrite. 


Nickel  S.=German  S.:  an  alloy  of  copper, 

nickel,  and  zinc.- 
Simaruba,    (8im-a-r6'ba)=Qua8sia,    q.r. :    the 

type  of  Simarubacese. 
Simarubaceae,  (sim-a-ro-ba'se-e).     [Simaruba, 

r/.v.  —  Quassiads  :   bitter    tropical   trees   ami 

shrubs,  belonging  to  Ku tales. 
Simia,  (sim'i-a).     [The  Latin  name.]=Pitho- 

cus,  q.v.  S.  wa«ra=Negro  monkey.    S.  syl- 

vanws=Barbary  ape. 
Simiadae,  (si-mi'a-de).  [Simia,  q.v.;  Ok.  eido*, 

form.]  Apes  and  monkeys;  a  sub-division  of 

Primates,  q.v. 
Simoom,   (ai-moom').      [Arabic,  samma,  pot.] 

A  hot  dry  wind,  blowing  from  April  to  June. 
Simosaurus,    (  sim-o-saw'rus  ).      [Gk.    timnx, 

snub-nose,  tnura,  lizard.]  A  genus  of  Plesio- 

sauria,  q.i\:  extinct  marine  reptiles. 
Simple  equation.     One  in  which  all  the  terms 

are  of  the  first  power  only,  as  *H-9=8ar-24. 
Sinai.     Manna  o/S.=Manna. 
Sinapine,  (sin'a-pin).     [Sinapis,  q.v.]= :C]fiHo3 

NO.v    An  alkaline  substance  found  in  wniM 

mustard. 
Sinapis,  (si-na'pis).     [The  Latin  name.]  Wus- 

tai-d:  a  plant  belonging  to  Brassicaceae;  also 

considered  as  a  sub-genus  of  Brassica,  q.v.    S. 

dibit:  white  mustard.    S.  arv«i*w=Charlock. 
Sinapoline,  (sin-ap'o-lln).     [Sinajns,  q.v.]    A 

crystalline  base,  obtained  from  mustard. 
Sincipital,  (sin-sip'i-tal).    [Sinciput,  q.v.]   Re- 
lating to  the  sinciput. 
Sinciput,  (sin'si-put).     [L.  semi,  half;  caput, 

head.]    The  upper  part  of  the  In-ail. 
Sine,  (sin).     [L.  sinus,  curve.]   In  any  right- 
angled  triangle,  the  ratio     ,/ 

of  the  side  opposite  an 


angle  to  the  hypothennse 
is  the  fiine  of  that  angle; 


e-ff->  sF* 


at  angle 
of   angle 


dab;  also  ^= Sine  of  angle 

adb.  S.  compass :  a  mag- 
netised needle  suspended  Sine, 
at  the  centre  of  a  vertical  circuit,  so  arranged 
that  when  a  current  passes,  and  the  coil  and 
needle  are  in  the  same  vertical  plane,  the  sine 
of  the  angle  through  which  the  needle  is  de- 
flected is  the  measure  of  the  intensity  of  the 
current. 

Sinew,  (sin'Q).  [Sinewe,  the  A.-S.  word.]— 
Tendon,  q.v. 

Singing.  In  liquids  that  are  approaching  the 
boiling  point,  caused  by  the  rapid  production 
of  bubbles  of  vapour  and  their  immediate  ra- 
condensatvon  by  the  cooler  liquid  above  them. 

Singing-flame.  A  flame  in  a  tube,  over  which 
the  air  in  passing  vibrates  legularly,  so  as  to 
produce  musical  sounds. 

Smistrorsai.  (sin-is-tror'- 
sal).  [L.  sinister,  on  the 
left  hand;  orsus,  bejrun.J 
=Left-handed  spiral. 

Sioux,  (se'o).  A  tribe  of  N. 
American  Indians. 

Sipeira= Green-heart,  q.v. 

Siphon,  (si'fon).  [Gk.sip/ion, ' 
tube.]  A  bent  tube, having  Siphon. 


SIPHONACEJE 


305 


SLIVEE 


one  arm  longer  than  the  other.  S.  barometer: 
one  in  which  the  tube  is  bent  upwards. 

Siphonaceae,  (sT-fon-il'se-e).  [Siphon,  q.v.]  A 
sub-division  of  Algee,  q.v. 

Siphonia,  (si-fo'ni-a).  1.  A  sponge-like  zoo- 
phyte. 2.  A  plant  belonging  to  Euphorbiaceaa. 
S.  elastica  =  India-rubber  tree  :  resembles 
ash-tree  in  appearance,  found  only  iii  the 
lowlands  of  the  river  Amazon. 

Siphonophora,  (sl-fon-ofo-ra).  [Gk.  siphon, 
tube;  phoreo,  I  carry.]  A  primary  division 
of  Hydrozoa. 

Siphonops,  (si'fon-ops).  [Gk.  siphon,  tube ; 
ops,  face.]  A  snake-like  batrachian  animal. 

Siphonostoma,  (si-fon-os'to-ma).  [Gk.  siphon, 
tube;  stoma,  mouth.]  A  sub-divisiou  of 
suctorial  crustacean  animals. 

Siphonostomata,  (sl-fon-o-sto'ma-ta).  [Gk. 
siphon,  tube.]  Carnivorous,  marine,  mol- 
luscous animals,  having  the  shell  prolonged, 
more  or  less,  into  a  tube.  cf.  Holostomata. 

Sipping.     S.  insec£s=Lepidoptera. 

Sipunculidae— Sipunculoidea,  q.v. 

Sipunculoidea,  (si-pun-ku-loi'de-a). ,  [Sipun- 
culus,  q.v.\  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  sub-division 
of  Eehinodermata. 

Sipunculus,  (si-pun'ku-lus).  [Gk.  siphon, 
tube.]  A  leech-like  animal  belonging  to 
Annelida. 

Siredon,  (sl-re'don)  =  Axolotl,  q.v.  S.  pisci- 
/or»ie=:Mexican  axolotl. 

Siren,  (si'ren).  [Gk.  seiren,  mermaid.]  1. 
An  eel-like  reptile  resembling  a  fish,  2  or  3 
feet  long,  with  feet  for  fins.  2.=Syren,  q.v. 

Sirenia,  (sl-re'ni-a).  [Gk.  seiren,  mermaid.] 
Siren,  g.v.=Dugong,  Manatee,  <fec.:  herba- 
ceous cetacean  animals,  of  which  the  type  is 
the  dugong,  from  the  name  of  which  (Hali- 
core=Sea  maiden)  comes  the  term  siren ia. 

Siricidae,  (si-ris'i-de).  [Sirex,  q.v.]  A  family 
of  insects,  belonging  to  Hymenoptera,  in- 
cluding the  wasps. 

Sirius,  (sirl-us).  [The  Latin  name.  ^Dog- 
star:  in  Canis  Major,  the  brightest  star  in 
the  heavens:  once  red,  now  green,  discovered 
in  18(52  to  have  a  satellite  star;  is  three 
times  as  bright  as  an  ordinary  sun  star. 

Sirocco,  (si-rok'k5).  [The  Italian  name.]  A 
hot  moist  wind,  blowing  from  Africa  over 
Sicily,  &c. 

Sisitote,  (sis'i-tot).  A  black  and  orange  bird 
of  Nicaragua. 

Siskin,  (sis'kin).  [Siska,  the  Swedish  name.] 
=Fringilla  spinus:  a  small  singing  bird; 
also  called  Aberdevine. 

Sison.  A  plant  belonging  to  Apiaceae.  S. 
amomum=Hoi\e-vfOTt. 

Sisymbrium,  ( si-sim'bri-um  ).  [The  Latin 
narne.]=Hedge-mustard:  an  herb,  with  yel- 
low flower,  belonging  to  Brassicacese.  iS. 
a^icma=Garlic  mustard.  S.  ms=Londou 
rocket.  S.  0#ici7iaZe=Bauk-cress. 

Sisyrinchium,  (sis-i-ring'ki-um).  [Gk.  sisyra, 
hairy.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Iridaceae. 

Sitta,  (sit'ta).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  bird  be- 
longing to  Certhidse,  a  family  of  Insessores. 
S.  Suropcea=^\i  thatch. 

Sium,  (si'um).  Water  parsnips :  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Apiacese. 


Sivatherium,  (siv-a-thS'ri-um).  [Siva,  a  Hin- 
doo deity;  Gk.  thcrion,  beast.]  A  large  four- 
horned  antelope,  known  by  fossil  remains 
found  in  Pliocene  rocks  of  Hindostan. 

Six's  thermometer.  A  self-registering  ther- 
mometer, v.  Miller-Casella  Thermometer. 

Sixth,  In  music,  the  interval  between  any 
note  and  the  fifth  note  above  it. 

Size,  (siz).  [W.  syth,  glue.]  A  variety  of 
gelatin  obtained  from  skins;  used  as  glue 
and  in  painting. 

Skate,  (skat).      [L.  squatina.]  =  Raia  batis: 
a  fish  belonging  to 
Raiidae.  } 

Skeat,  (sket).  [The 
Arabic  name.]  A '-. 
star=/3  Pegasi. 

Skeleton,  (skel'e- 
ton).  [Gk.  skele- 
ton, a  dried  body.] 
1.  The  bones  and 
cartilages  forming  Skate. 

the  hard  portion  and  framework  of  a  verte- 
brate body.  2.  Skia  hardened  into  bony  plates. 

Skimmer.    A  bird=Rynchops  nigra. 

Skin,  (skin).  [Scinn,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Also 
called  Integument:  a  tough  membrane  cover- 
ing every  part  of  the  body;  divided  into  two 
lasers,  called  Dermis  and  Epidermis. 

Skin  animals.  Oken's  term  for  worms.  S. 
«ato-s=Dermestidae,  q.v.  S.  plants=T)Qr~ 
matophytes=:  Feathers. 

Skink,  (skink)=:Scincus,  q.v. 

Skua  gull=Lestris  cataractes:  a  bird  belong- 
ing to  Laridse,  nearly  extinct. 

Skull,  (skul).  Four  vertebrae,  greatly  modi- 
fied, forming  a  bony  case  which  encloses  the 
brain.  S.  cap=Scutellaria,  q.v. 

Skulpin,  (skul'pin)=Callionymus  lyra:  a  fish 
belonging  to  Gobiidse. 

Skunk=Mephitis,  q.v. 

Sky.  S.  Ja?-£=A]auda,  q.v. 

Slag,  (slag).  (Slagg,  the 
Swedish  word.]  1.  The 
dross  left  in  the  process, 
of  refining  metals.  2. 
Viti'ified  cinders,  v.  Sco- 
ria. 

Slaked.    S.  Zime=Hydrate 
of  calcium  :  a  light  powder,  formed  by  the 
addition  of  water  to  lime. 

Slate,  (slat).  [Sclate,  the  O.-B.  word.]  A 
clayey  rock,  which  splits  into  thin  leaves. 
Generally,  any  rock  which  has  a  laminar 
structure. 

Slaters.  Small  crustacean  animals  belonging 
to  Isopoda.  Box  S.  =  Idothea.  Rock  S.= 
Ligia.  Water  S.=Aaelli. 

Sleet,  (slet).  [Sliht,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Snow 
flakes  that  have  fallen  through  moist  air. 

Slickensides,  (slik'en-sidz).  The  smooth  sur- 
faces of  a  fissure,  polished  by  friction. 

Slide-rule.  A  mathematical  instrument,  one 
part  of  which  slides  upon  the  other,  by 
which  problems  in  the  elementary  rules  of 
arithmetic  can  be  solved. 

Sliver,  (sll'ver).  [A.-S.  slifan,  to  split.]  A 
long  thin  piece  of  anything:  especially  of 
cotton  or  wool  when  being  spun. 


SLOOP 


306 


SOAP 


'Bloth. 


Sloop,  (sloop).     [Sloep,  the  Dutch  word.] 
ship  having  one  mast, 
and   a    large  mainsail 
fastened  below  to  a  long 
boom. 

Sloe,  (slo).  [Sla,  the 
A.-S.  name.]  =  Prunus 
spinosa:  a  variety  of 
the  plum. 

Slot,  (slot).  A  groove 
or  slit,  especially  in 
machinery. 

Sloth,  (sloth).  [A.-S. : 
slewdh,  slow.]=Brady- 
pus,  q.v. 

Slovak.  A  European 
people. 

Slow.  S.  lemurs:  ani- 
mals belonging  to  Nyc- 
ticebinae.  S.  worm  = 
Blind-worm,  q.v. 

Slug.  A  snail-like  ani- 
mal belonging  to  1'u  1- 
mogasteropoda,  q.v.  v. 
Liniacidsa.  Sea  S.  = 
Opisthobranchiata,  q.v., 
animals  belonging  to 
Gasteropoda. 

Small.  S.  intestines  = 
Duodenum,  jejunum,  and  ileum,  7.1-.:  con- 
nect the  stomach  with  the  large  intestines. 
S.  circles  of  a  sphere:  one  the  plane  of  which 
does  not  pass  through  the  centre.  S.-pox: 
an  eruptive  contagious  febrile  phase  of  dis- 
ease; also  called  Variola. 

Smalt,  (smawlt).  [Schmalte,  the  German 
word.]  A  blue  glass  coloured  by  cobalt. 

Smaltite,  (smawlfit).  [Smalt,  </.?.]  =  Smal- 
tine:  a  mineral  of  the  cobalt  group,  chiefly 
arsenide  of  cobalt,  CoAso. 

Smaragdite,  (sraar'ag-dlt).  [L.  smaragdus, 
emerald.]  A  variety  of  augite,  including  the 
emerald. 

Smee's  battery.  [Dr.  Smee.]  A  galvanic 
battery  consisting  of  plates  of  zinc  and  pla- 
tinum in  sulphuric  acid :  the  platinum  is 
covered  with  minute  pieces  of  platinum,  so 
as  to  present  a  roughened  surface,  from 
which  the  evolved  hydrogen  readily  escapes. 

Smell,  (sruel).  The  sensation  produced  by 
the  excitement  of  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  nasal  cavities,  in  which  terminate  the 
olfactory  nerves. 

Smelt,  (smelt).    [A.-S.  smel,  small.]    A  small 
fish,   belonging   to 
Salmonidoe. 

Smelting,       ( smel'- 
ting).  [Smelten,  the 
Dutch  word.  ]= Re- 
duction:     the  re-  Smelt, 
moval  of  the  oxygen  from  metallic  oxides, 
usually   by  means  of   carbon    and  certain 
fluxes,  so  as  to  leave  the  metal  free. 

Smilacese,  (snn-la'se-C).  [Smilax,  <?.?;.  ]=Sar- 
saparillas  :  herbs,  sometimes  with  fleshy 
tubers,  belonging  to  Dictyogens. 

Smilax,  (smi'laks).  [The  Latin  name.]  Sar- 
saparilla:  an  evergreen  plant,  the  type  of 
Smilaceae. 


Smithsonite=Electric-calamine:  a  mineral  of 

the    zinc    group,   crystallising    in   rhumbs, 

composed  of  silicate  and  hydrate  of  /.inc. 
Smoke,  (smok).     [Smocca,  the  A.-S.  \\oid.] 

The  thick  vapour  arising  from  some  burning 

substance.    S.  ball :  projectiles  which  evolve 

dense  smoke;  used  in  mines,  <fcc.,  for  sullb- 

cating. 

Smut=Ergot,  q.v. 
Smyrnium,   (  smer'ni-um  ).      [Snamiinn,  the 

Greek  name.]    A  plant  belonging  to  Apiu- 

cese ;  also  called  Alexanders. 
Snail,  (snal).     [Snagel,  the  A.-S.  word.]    1. 

=Helix,  q.v.    River  S.=Paludina,  q.v.    Sea 

S.  =  Liparis.      2.  A  wheel  in  a  clock-work 

train,  especially  in  the  striking  portion  of 

the  machinery  of  a  clock,  named  from  its 

shape. 
Snake,  (snak).    [Snaca,  the  A.-S.  word.]=An- 

guis  =  Natrix.     v. 

Ophidia.    Rattle  S. 

=  Crotalus    horri- 

dus.     Ringed  S.= 

Coluber  natrix.    S. 

flsh=C^ol&,  a  fish 

belonging  to  Taeni- 

oidei.     S.  root  =  S. 

weed  =  Polygonum 

bistorta.     S.  wood 


Ophioxylon,      q.v. 
S.s   head  =  Fritil- 


5.^ 

laria  meleagris.    S.'s  <07?<7U«=Oi)liioglossvim. 

Snapdragon=Antin-hinum,  q.v. ;  named  from 
the  shape  of  the  flower. 

Snatchers=Raptoria,  q.v. 

Sneeze.     S.  'iCorf=Achillea  ptarmica. 

Snipe,  (snip).  [Schnepfe,  the  German  name.] 
A  bird  belonging  to  Scolopacidrc,  ij.r.  Pain  ><  <t 
5.=Rhynch»ea.  S.^«/4=Centriscus  scoloiKix ; 
named  from  ita  snout. 

Snow,  (sno).  [Snaw,  the  A.-S.  word.]   Frozen 
rain, crystallising 
in  a  great  variety 
of  forms.    S.  ball 
tree  =  Viburnum 
opulus.    S.  berry 
=  Chiococca,     a  ^ 
plant    belonging  ©Ej 
to  Cinchonacese. 
S.  bunting=Ploc- 
trophanes    niva- 
lis.      S.    drop  = 
Galanthus.       S. 
flake=Liencojil'ni '.  Snow-crystal«. 

a  plant  belonging  to  Amaryliidacere.  S. 
goose  =  Anser  hyperboreua.  5.  line:  the 
height,  at  any  given  place,  above  which  the 
snow  does  not  melt,  and  below  which  it  melts 
in  summer.  Green  and  Red  S.:  due  to  pre- 
sence of  a  microscopic  organism,  called  Pro- 
tococcus  nivalis. 

Snowdon.     A  mountain  peak  in  the  Moon. 

Snuff,  (snuf).  {Schnuppe,  the  German  word.  ] 
Tobacco,  powdered,  which  has  undergone 
a  long  fermentation,  by  which  its  nicotylia  is 
destroyed. 

Soap,  (sop).  [Sape,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A  mix- 
ture of  potash  or  soda  with  stearine,  mar- 
v arine,  oleine,  &c. ;  used  iu.  washing.  Hard 


SOBIESKI 


307 


SONG-THRUSH 


S.:  that  of  which  soda  is  the  base.  Soft  S.: 
that  of  which  potash  is  the  base.  S.  berry= 
Sapindus.  S.  stone  =  Steatite.  S.  wort= 
Saponaria.  S.  worts=Sa.pind&cess. 

Sobieski,  Shield  of=Scutum  Sobieski:  a  smaU 
constellation. 

Soda,  (so'da).  [The  German  word.]=Na2O= 
Sodic  oxide:  a  solid  compound  of  sodium  and 
oxygen  which  absorbs  water  and  becomes 
caustic  soda,  which  is  used  in  soap  making. 
S.  alum:  a  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated  silicate 
of  aluminum.  S.  water:  water  impregnated 
with  carbonic  acid. 

Sodic,  (s5'dik).  [Sodium,  q.v.]  S.  nitre= 
Cubic  nitre.  S.  <mde=Soda.i 

Sodium,  (so'di-um).  [The  Latin  form  of  soda.] 
=Natrium=Na:  one  of  the  alkali  metals:  a 
soft  bluish-white  metal,  lighter  than  water, 
with  a  great  affinity  for  oxygen,  obtained 
chiefly  from  common  salt.  S.  alcohol=Ethy- 
late  of  sodium. 

Soffit,  (soffit).  [Soffita,  the  Italian  word.] 
The  under  part  of  a  vault,  arch,  or  cornice. 

Soft.  S.  grass=TLo\c\is  mollis.  S.  icater= 
rain  water:=Pure  water,  containing  little,  if 
any,  mineral  substance  in  solution. 

Sol.  1.  Sun,  q.  v.  2.  A  note  in  vocal 
music.  • 

Solan-goose,  (soaan).  [Sula,  the  Icelandic 
name.]=Sula  alba=Gannet:  a  bird  belong- 
ing to  Pelecanidae. 

Solanaceae,  (so-la-na'se-5).  [Solanum,  9.1?.] 
=  Nightshades:  potatoes,  tomato,  &c.;  herbs 
and  shrubs,  often  poisonous,  with  regular 
flowers,  belonging  to  Solanales. 

Solanales,  ( so-la-nu'lez ).  [Solanum,  q.v.] 
Plants  with  dichlamydeous  monopetalous 
flowers,  forming  a  division,  of  Perigynous 
Exogens. 

Solano,  (so-la'no).  [The  Spanish  name.]  A 
S.E.  wind,  of  a  hot  and  dusty  character, 
known  in  Spain,  and  coming  from  Africa. 

Solanum,  (so-la'num).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Nightshade:  an  herb  or  shrub,  the  type  of 
Solanacese.  S.  lycopersicum  =  Tomato.  S. 
tuberosum=~Pota.to. 

Solar,  (so'lar).  [L.  sol,  Sun.]  Related  to  the 
Sun.  S.  cycle=28  years,  after  which  the 
days  of  the  week  correspond  to  the  same  days 
of  the  month.  S.  day:  the  time  of  one  re- 
volution of  the  Earth  round  the  Sun.  S. 
eclipse:  when  the  Moon  comes  between  the 
Earth  and  the  Sun.  S.  microscope :  used  in 
a  dark  room,  and  illuminated  by  sunlight, 
so  that  the  image  of  the  observed  object  can 
be  thrown  on  a  screen.  S.  plexus:  one  of  the 
ganglions  of  the  sympathetic  nerve-system, 
placed  behind  the  stomach.  S.  prominences: 
red  flame-like  masses,  seen  in  the  atmosphere 
of  the  Sun  at  a  total  solar  eclipse.  S.  spectrum: 
a  band  of  colour,  passing  from  red,  thi-ough 
orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  and  indigo,  to 
violet,  which  is  seen  when  a  single  ray  of 
sunlight  is  passed  through  a  prism.  S.  system: 
the  Sun  planets  and  their  satellites;  includes 
the  Sun,  Mercury,  Venus,  Earth,  Mars, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  Neptune,  with  the 
moons,  &c.,  belonging  to  these,  and  the 
Asteroids. 


Solders,  (sol'derz).  [L.  solidus,  solid.]  Alloys 
used  to  unite  metals. 

Soldiers= White  ants,  q.v. 

Soldiers  and  sailors=Telephorid£e,  q.v. 

Sole,  (sol).     [Solea,  the  Latin  name^Solea : 
a  flat  fish,  belonging 
to  Pleuronectes. 

Solenhofen  stone.    [S. 
in  Bavaria.]  Used  for 
lithograph  v:    a   sub-i 
division     of    Middle 
Oolite,      remarkable  Sole. 

for  its  numerous  fossils. 

Solenodon,  (so-le'no-don).  [Gk.  solen,  tube; 
odous,  tooth.]  An  insectivorous  animal; 
somewhat  resembling  the  shrew. 

Solenoid.  [Gk.  solen,  tube.]=Sphondyloid:  a 
piece  of  copper  wire  arranged  in  a  spiral 
round  part  of  itself,  with  a  galvanic  current 
passing  through  it;  it  then  acts  in  ruauy 
respects  as  a  magnet. 

Soles,  (solz).    v.  Sole. 

Sol-fa,  (sol'fa).     [Sol  and  Fa.]  v.  Solmisation. 

Solid.  S.  angle:  one  formed  by  the  meeting 
of  three  or  more  plane  angles  at  one  point., 
S.  geometry :  the  geometry  of  solids. 

Solidago,  (sol-i-da'go).  A  plant  belonging  to 
Asteraceae.  S.  virgarirea=G olden  rod. 

Solidungula,  (sol-id-ung'u-la).  [L.  solidus, 
solid;  ungula,  hoof. ]= Horse,  zebra,  ass,  &c.: 
a  sub-division  of  Mammalia. 

Solifrigse,  One  of  Hceveu's  sub-divisions  of 
Arachnids. 

Solitary  ant  =  Mutillidae  :  whose  larvae  are 
parasitic  on  humble-bees. 

Solmisation,  (sol-mi-za'shun).  [Sol  and  Mi.] 
=Sol-faing:  the  application  of  the  sounds 
Do  Re  Mi  Fa  Sol  La  Si  to  the  seven  notes  of 
the  musical  scale. 

Solstice,  (sol'stis).  [L.  sol,  Sun;  sto,  I  stand.] 
The  two  periods  in  the  year  when  the  Sun 
attains  its  greatest  declination  ai-e  so  called. 
Summer  S. :  about  June  22,  in  N.  hemisphere. 
Winter  S.:  about  December  22,  in  N.  hemi- 
sphere. 

Solution,  (so-lu'shun).  [L.  solvo,  I  loosen.]  A 
liquid  containing  a  solid  in  small  particles, 
generally  diffused.  S.  of  triangles :  the  de- 
termination of  the  numerical  values  of  the 
sides  and  the  angles. 

Solvents,    (sol'vents).     [L.   solvo,    I    loosen.] 
Water,  hydrochloric  acid,  nitric  acid,  aqua 
regia,  &c. :  used  for  purposes  of  solution. 
Somatada.    A  sub-division  of  Infusoria,  by 
Siebold. 

Somateria,  (so-ma-te'ri-a).    A  bird  belonging 
to  Anatidse.   S.  woZmMnrt:=Eider-duck. 
Somatic,(so-mat'ik).[Gk.so7na,body.]=Bodily. 
Somite,  (sS'mit).     [Gk.  soma,  body.]    A  seg- 
ment of  an  articulate  animal. 
Sommering.    Yellow  spot  of  S.:  in  eye.   Fora- 
men of  S. :  in  eye. 

Somnii,  (som'ni-i).    Palus  S.:  a  plain  on  the 
Moon's  surface,  of  a  ruddy  tint. 
Sonchus,  (song'kus).      An  herb,  with  milky 
juice,  belonging  to  Asteraceae.    S.  oleraceus 
= Sow-  thistle. 

Song-thrush=Turdus  musicus:  builds  a  basin- 
formed  nest  of  clay  and  wood. 


SONOMETER 


308 


SPECIFIC 


Sonometer,  (son-om'e-ter).  [L.  sonus,  sound; 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument,  con- 
sisting of  one  tightly  stretched  string  or  wire, 
for  measuring  the  transverse  vibrations  of 
strings,  &c. 

Soot,  (soot).  [Sot,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The  un- 
burnt  remains  of  fuel  usually  black,  and  of 
complex  composition. 

Sophrosyne,  ( so-fros'i-ne ).  [Classical.]  A 
Minor  PJanet.  No.  134,  discovered  in  1873. 

Sorbio  acid,  (sor'bik).  [Sqrbus,  <j.v.]=C«H8O2: 
a  crystalline  acid  substance  obtained  from 
sorbus  berries. 

Sorbin,  (sor'bin).  [Sorbus,  q.tf.]=CflHi2Ofi: 
a  variety  of  sugar,  prepared  from  fruit  of 
Sorbus  aucuparia. 

Sorbus,  (sor'bus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  sub- 
division of  Pyrus,  q.v. ;  also  called  Service- 
tree. 

Sorex,  (so'reks).  [The  Latin  name.]=Shrew: 
the  type  of  Soricida),  q.v. 

Sorghum,  (sor'gum).  A  grass-plant,  belonging 
to  Gramiuacete  ;  also  called  Audropogou  sor- 
ghum and  Indian  millet. 

Soricidae,  (so-ris'i-de).  [Sorex,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidot, 
fonu.]=Shrews:  small  mice-like  animals  be- 
longing to  Insectivora. 

Sorrel,  (sor'rel).  [A.-8.  tur,  sour.]=Rumex 
acetosum.  Mountain  /S.=Oxyria.  Wood  S. 
=Oxalis. 

Sorus,  (so'rus).  [Gk.  »oros,  heap.]  An  aggre- 
gation of  spore  cases,  in  ferns,  Ac. 

Soubresauts= Jumping  ebullition. 

Sound,  (sound).  [Soun,  the  O.  E.  word.]  The 
perception,  by  means  of  the  ear,  of  the  vibra- 
tion of  elastic  bodies  when  these  vibrations 
are  more  than  16,  and  fewer  than  36,000, 
double  vibrations  per  second.  Prolongation 
ofS.= Resonance.  S.  .figures:  regular  figures, 
formed  by  fine  sand  when  strewn  on  vibrat- 
ing plates.  S.  wave,  v.  Wave. 

Sounding-lead.  A  weight  let  down  into  water 
to  measure  the  depth  by  the  length  of  the 
rope  drawn  after  it  as  it  goes  to  the  bottom. 
v.  Deep-sea  sounding. 

Sour-sop=Anona  nmricata. 

Southern  fish=Piscis  Australis,  q.v. 

Southern-wood—- Artemisia  abrotonura. 

Sow,  (sow).  [Sugu,  the  A.-S.  name.]  The 
female  of  the  hog,  v.  Sus.  S.  6reati=Cycla- 
men.  S.  (Autte=Sonchu8  oleraceus. 

Spadix,  (sp.Vdiks).  [L.  spadix,  palm  branch 
and  fruit.]  A  variety  of  the  spike  form  of 
innoresence.  v.  Spike. 

Spalacotherium,  (spal-a-ko-the'ri-um).  [Gk. 
spalax,  mole;  therion,  beast.]  An  insecti- 
vorous marsupial  animal,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains  found  in  Purbeck  rocks. 

Spalax,  (spa'laks).  [Gk.  spalax,  mole.]=Blind 
rat:  a  rat-like  animal  belonging  to  Muridte; 
having  a  large  head, 
no  eyes,  and  very 
short  legs. 

Spandrels,      (span'- 
drelz  ).        [  Span.  ] 
Triangular  spaces  on] 
each  side  of  an  arch, 

or     between     two  S  S,  Spandrels, 

arches. 


Spaniel,  (span'yel).  lEspaniel.  the  old  French 
name.]  A  variety 
of  the  dog,  used  in 
sporting,and  not- 
ed for  its  sagacity 
and  beauty. 

Spanish.  S.  fly= 
Cantharis.  S.  MOM 
=cLycopodium 
denticulatum.  Spaniel  (King  Charles'). 

Spar,  (spar).  [Spath,  the  German  word.]  A 
general  term  for  crystalline  minerals,  v. 
Iceland  spar,  Rhomb  spar,  Fluor  spar,  &c. 

Sparganium,  (spar-ga'ui-uin).  [Gk.spari/i'in>-», 
band.]  =  Reed-bur :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Typhaceaj,  named  from  the  form  of  the  leaf. 

Sparidse,  (spa'ri-de).  [Spams,  q.r.;  Gk.  n,/,,*, 
form.]  A  family  of  fishes  belonging  to  Ai-an- 
thouteryxii. 

Spark,  (spark).  [Spfarca,  the  A.-S.  wor.l.J  A 
particle  of  incandescent  matter.  Elect,  <c  S. , 
r.  Electric  spark. 

Sparrow,  (spar'o).    [Spance,  the  O.  E.  name.] 
=  Passer   domesti- 
cus.        S.   hawk  = 
Accipiter  nisus. 

Sparry  iron  ore.  A 
crystalline  variety 
of  chalybite,  q.v. 

Sparteia,  (spar'ti-a). 

./u/x,  aj>lant.]| 
=C1jjU26N2 :  a  na- 
tui.il  organic  base 
obtained  from  Spar- 
tium,  q.v. 

Spartium,  (sixir'phi-um).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Cytisu8=I3room-plant. 

Sparus,  (spa'rus).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  fisli, 
T)I.-  type  nt'  Sjiarid:**,  q.v.  S.  JM^rvfacBwdcer. 

Spatangoid,  («pa-tang'uid).  [.S/.^/'»/if//'.<,  tin- 
typical  genus;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  S.  sea- 
urchins:  a  sub-division  of  Echinidie. 

Spatangus,  (spa-tan g'us).  Ilt-art-urfhin:  & 
radiate  animal,  belonging  t<>  Iv-liiniu:*?. 

Spathe,  (spaTH).  [N/'"'/"',  the  Latin  \\onl.J 
A  sheath-like  involucrum. 

Spathic,  (spath'ic).  [Ger.  spatlt,  spar.]  Spar- 
like  :  crystalline  and  foliated. 

Spatula,  (spat'u-la).  [L.  spatula,  spoon. ]= 
Mn>veller=Ana8  clypeata:  a  variety  of  tlie 
duck,  named  from  the  form  of  his  bill. 

Spatularia,  (  spat-u-la'ri-a  ).  [  L.  tjtatuln, 
spoon.]  A  sturgeon-like  fish,  named  from 
its  broad  snout. 

Spawn,  (spawn).  1.  Young  stem  of  a  fungus. 
2.  Eggs  of  fish,  frogs,  <tc. 

Speaking  trumpet.  An  instrument  for  carry- 
ing vocal  sounds  to  a  great  distance. 

Spear.  S.  wi?i«=Mentha  viridis.  S.-icort= 
Ranunculus  lingua. 

Species,  (spe'shi-ez).  [The  Latin  name.]  In 
biology:  forms  that  differ  by  characters  never 
varying  in  the  same  group,  and  never  found 
connected  by  intermediate  states;  differs 
from  varieties  only  in  greater  distinctness 
and  less  fluctuation. 

Specific,  (spe-sifik).  [Species,  q.v.]  Peculiar: 
belonging  only  to  given  species  or  kind.  S. 
gravity  .•  the  weight  of  a  solid  or  liquid  body 


SPECTACLE 


SPHEHOSTILBNITE 


as  compared  with  the  weight  of  distilled 
water;  or  of  a  gas  as  compared  with  the 
weight  of  hydrogen.  S.  gravity  flask :  used 
to  determine  the  specific  gravity  of  a  powder 
or  of  a  liquid.  S.  heat :  the  quantity  of  heat 
required  to  raise  a  substance  through  any 
given  range  of  temperature,  as  compared 
with  the  quantity  required  to  do  the  same 
for  water,  v.  Dulong  and  Petit's  Law. 

Spectacle.     S.  s?ia£e=Naia=:Coluber  naja. 

Spectra,  (spek'tra).  [Spectrum,  q.v.]  Plural 
of  spectrum,  q.v. 

Spectral,  (spek'tral).  S.  analysis:  based  on 
the  lines  in  a  spectrum,  q.v. 

Spectrometer,  (spek-trom'e-ter).  [Spectrum, 
q.v.;  Gk.  metron,  measure.]  For  mapping 
out  a  spectrum;  attached  to  a  spectroscope. 

Spectroscope,  (  spek'tro-skop  ).  [Spectrum, 
q.v. ;  Gk.  skopeo,  I  view.]  An  instrument 
for  examination  of  spectra,  and  the  measure- 
ment of  the  lines  present;  of  great  value  in 
chemical  analysis. 

Spectrum,  (spek'trum).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
beam  of  light  passing  through  the  colours 
red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and 
violet,  caused  by  the  prismatic  refraction  of 
white  light,  and  its  dispersion  on  a  screen. 
The  primary  colours  of  the  spectrum  are  said 
to  be  red,  yellow,  and  blue;  the  other  colours 
being  mixtures  of  two  or  more  of  these. 
Each  spectrum,  of  solar,  stellar,  or  artificial 
light,  is  crossed  by  innumerable  black  lines; 
and  as  each  chemical  elementary  substance 
has  always  the  same  lines  in  the  same  rela- 
tive positions,  the  spectrum  of  an  incan- 
descent substance  will  show,  by  the  lines, 
what  is  its  chemical  composition. 

Specularia,  (spek-u-la'ri-a).  A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Campanulacese ;  also  considered  as  a 
sub-genus  of  Campanula. 

Specular  iron,  (spek'u-lar).  [Speculum,  q.v.] 
A  variety  of  haematite. 

Speculum,  (spek'u-lum).  [The  Latin  word.] 
A  mirror,  especially  of  metal ;  used  in  tele- 
scopes and  other  optical  instruments.  S. 
metal:  an  alloy  of  tin  and  copper. 

Speed  pullies.  Pullies  used  to  transfer  motion 
from  one  part  of  a  machine  to  another,  with 
increase  or  diminution  of  velocity. 
Speedwell= Veronica,  q.v. 
Speeton  clay,   (spe'ton).      [S.  in  Yorkshire.] 
Beds,  with   numerous   fossils,  belonging  to 
Neocomian  series. 
Speiss,  (spis).      [Ger.   speise,  mixed  metals.] 

=Impure  arsenic  sulphide  of  nickel. 
Spelt,  (spelt).      [The  German  name.]=Triti- 
cum  spelter :  a  corn-plant ;  also  called  Ger- 
man wheat. 
Spelter,  (spel'tgr).  [Spelter,  the  German  word.] 

=Unreflned  zinc. 

Spergula,  (sper'gu-la).  [L.  spargo,  I  scatter.] 
— Spurrey :  an  herb  belonging  to  Illece- 
bracese ;  named  from  the  dispersion  of  the 
seeds. 

Spergularia.  (sper-gu-la'ri-a).  [Spergulo,  q.v.] 
=Sand-wort  spurrey:  an  herb  belonging  to 
Carophyllacete. 

Sperm-oU=:  Liquid  fat  of  spermaceti  whale. 
Spermaceti,  (sper'ma-se-ti).  [Gk.  sperma,  seed; 


cetus,  whale.]=C32H6402=Cetin:  solid  cry- 
stalline fat,  from  brain  of  spermaceti  whale. 
S.  iohale=Physeter  macrocephalus. 
Spermatia,  (sper-ma'shi-a).  [Gk.  sperma,  seed.] 
Small  rod-like  spores,  in  fungi;  probably 
barren  basidia,  q.v. 

Spermatophores,  (sper'ma-to-forz).  [Gk. 
sperma,  seed;  phoreo,  I  bear.]  Worm-like 
filaments,  covering  the  eggs  of  Cephalopoda. 
Spermatozoa,  (sper-ma-to-z5'a).  [Gk.  sperma, 
seed  :  200/1,  auimal.]=Sperm  corpuscles  in 
animals:  microscopic  organisms  found  in  the 
sperm  cells  of  animals. 

Spermatozoon,  (sper-ma-to-zo'on).  [Gk.  sper- 
ma, seed;  zoon,  animal.]  Singular  of  Sper- 
matozoa, q.v. 

Spermophila,  (sper-mofi-la).  [Gk.  sperma, 
seed;  phileo,  1  love.]  A  bird  belonging  to 
Fringillidse. 

Spermophilus,  (sper-mofi-lus).    [Gk.  sperma, 
seed;  phileo,  I  love.]=Arctomys,  q.v. 
Spermophore,    (spe/mo-for).      [Gk.    sperma, 
seed;  phoreo,  1  bear.]  The  portion  of  a  fruit 
to  which  the  seeds  are  attached. 
Sphagnacese,  (sfag-na'se-e).   [Sphagnum,  q.v.] 

A  primary  division  of  mosses,  called  Bog- 
moss. 
Sphagnum,  (sfag'num).    [Sphaynos,  the  Greek 

name.]    The  only  genus  of  Sphagnacese. 
Spheniscus,  (sfe-nis'kus).  [Gk.  sphen,  wedge.] 

= Penguin :  a  bird,  with  very  short  wings, 

belonging  to  Natatores. 
Sphenodon,  (sfe'no-don).     [Gk.  spJien,  wedge ; 

odous,  tooth].    A  reptile,  known  only  by 

fossil  remains. 
Sphenoid,  (sfe'noid).  [Gk.  sphen,  wedge;  eidos, 

form.}    Wedge-like.     5.  bone:  a  large  bone, 

of  irregular  shape,  in  the  skull. 
Sphenophylia,    (sfe-no-fiTla).      [Gk.    sphen, 

wedge ;   phyllon,    leaf.]      Plants,  allied  to 

Lycopods,  known  by  fossil  remains,  found  in 

coal. 
Sphenopteris,    (sfe-nop'ter-is).      [Gk.    sphen, 

wedge;  pteris,  fern.]    Fossil  fronds  of  tree 

ferns,  found  in  coal. 
Sphere,  (sfer.)    \Sphcera,  the  Latin  word.]= 

Globe:  a  solid  body,  of  which  all  points  of 

the  surface  is  equidistant  from  the  centre. 
Spherical,  (sfer'i-kal).    [Sphere,  q.v.]  Belated 

to  a  sphere.     £.  aberration,,  v.  Aberration. 
Spherograph,  (sfer'o-graf).    [Sphere,  q.v.;  Gk. 

grapho,  I  write.]    An  instrument,  used  in 

navigation,  for  the  construction  and  calcula- 
tion of  spherical  triangles. 
Spheroid,  (sfe'roid).    [Sphere,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 

form.]    A  solid  body,  the 

form  of  which  is  nearly 

spherical. 
Spheroidal,    (  sfer-oid'al ). 

[Sphere,  q.v.;  Gk.  eidos, 

form.]     S.    condition,    of 

water  or  any  volatile  liquid 

when  thrown  on  a  highly 

heated  metal  surface:  in 

flattened    globules,     sur-  Spheriod. 

rounded  by  their  own  vapour,  so  as  not  to  be 

in  contact  with  the  metal. 
Spherostilbnite,(sfe-ro-stilb'mt).  [Sphere,  q.v. ; 

Gk.    stilbe,  lustre.]      A  lustrous   mineral, 


^HhjijijJ! 


SPHEX 


310 


SPONGILLA 


chiefly  hydrated  silicate  of  aluminum,  named 

from  occurring  in  globular  masses. 
Sphex,  (sfeks).    [Gk.  sphex,  wasp.]   An  insect 

belonging  to  Hymenoptera. 
Sphincter,  (sfingk'ter).    [Gk.  sphigkter,  clasp.] 

S.  muscles:  those  which  contract  and  close 

apertures;  such  as  the  mouth,  eyes,  &c. 
Sphingidse,  (sfin'ji-de).      [Sphinx,  q.v. ;  Gk. 

eulos,  form.]=!5phiux-iuoth8 :    a  family  of 

crepuscular  insects,  belonging  to  Lepidoptera. 
Sphinx,  (sfingks).   [The  Latin  name.  ]  Hornet 

moth,  &c.,  the  typo  of  Sphingidie,  q.v.    S. 

atropus:  death's  head  hawk-moth. 
Sphygmograph,  (sfig'm6-graf).  [Gk.  sphygmos, 

pulse;  yrapho,  I  write.)    An  instrument  to 

write  pulse  waves,  on  smoked  glass  or  paper, 

so  as  to  show  the  character  of  the  pulse. 
Sphyrsena,  (sfi-ro'na).     A  fish  belonging  to 

Percidse. 
Spica,  (spi'ka).   [L.  spica,  spike.]=a  Virginia, 

the  chief  star  in  the  constellation  Virgo. 
Spicula,  (spik'u-la).  [L.  spicula,  small  thorn.] 

Any  small  hard  organic  substance  having  a 

pointed  form. 
Spider,  (spi'der).    [Spinner.]  Epeira  diadema: 

an  aniniiil  belonging  to  Araneida,  q.v.;  also 

called  Tegeneria  domestica.     S.  cra6=Maia. 

6'.  i)ufw=GanasidaB.     S.  wonJley=Ateles.  S. 

orc/<t«=Ophrys  araneifera.    <S'.  tcorto=Cotu- 

Tuelynacete. 
Spiders,  (spi'dgrz).     [Spider,  g.r.]=Araneida, 

q.v.     Sea  S.=Pantopoda. 
Spiegeleisen.    (spe-je-li'sen).      [The   German 

name.]  — Mirror  iron:  a  hard  fusible  vari.-ty 

of  cast-iron  containing  a  large  percentage  of 

manganese. 
Spigelia,  (spl-j6li-a).     [Spigelius,  a  Belgian 

botanist.]    Worm-grass:  a  plant,  the  type  of 

Spigeliacete. 
Spigehaceae,  (spi-jel-i-a'se-S).     [Spigelia,  q.v.] 

A  family  of  American,  plan  ts= Logan  iaceaj, 

q.v. 

Spigelian.    S.  lobe:  in  the  liver. 
Spignel=Meum,  q.v. 
Spike,  (spik).   [L.  spica,  ear  of  corn.]  S.  horn 

5«cA:=CervuB  Virginianus:  has  a  very  sharp 

horn.     S.  infloreience :  in  which  the  flowers 

are  sessile,  on  a  common  axis,  as  in  grasses. 
Spikenard  =  Nardostachys    jatamansi,    q.v. 

Ploughman's  £.=lnula  conyza. 
Spinach,  (spin'aj)=Spinacia,  q.v. 
Spinacia,  (spi-na'shi-a).  [The  Latin  name.] 

A  plant    belonging  to  Chenopodiacese.     S. 

o(fracea=:Gardeu  spinach. 
Spinal,  (spin'al).     [L.  spina,  thorn.]    Related 

to  the  spine.  S.  cord:  of  soft  grey  substance, 

extending  from  the  brain  to  the  lumbar 

region.   S.  nerves,  branching  from  the  spinal 

cord. 

Spinax,  (spi'naks).    A  fish  belonging  to  Squa- 
lid* ;  also  called  Piked  dog-fish. 
Spindle,  (spin'dl).     [Spindle,  the  A.-S.  word.] 

=Shaft,  especially  when  of  small  size.  S.  tree 

— Euonymus,  q.v.  S.  trees=Celastracea3,  q.v. 
Spine,  (spin).     [L.  spina,  thorn).     l.=Back- 

bone,  q.v.     2.  Sharp  projections,  as  of  the 

sterna  of  some  plants. 
Spinel,  (spinel).    [Spindle,  the  French  word.] 

A  mineral,  crystallising   in  cubes,   chiefly 


aluminate  of  magnesia,  the  purer  varieties 

of  which  are  valuable  for  ornameiit. 

Spinning.     The  process  by  which  the  short 

fibres  of  wool,  cotton,  flax,  &c.,  are  twisted 
into  long  threads. 

Spiracle,  (spi'ra-kl).  [Spiraculum,  the  Latin 
word.]  Side  openings  of  the  tracheal  tubes 
in  insects. 

Spiraea,  (spi-re'a).  [Gk.  speira,  cord.]  A  plant 
belonging  to  Rosace®.  S.  ulmaria  ^Meadow- 
sweet. Oil  o/S.=Salicyl  hydride. 

Spiral,  (spi'ral).     [Spire,  q.v.]  A  curve  which 
winds,  screw-like,  round 
an  axis.    S.  wheel:  one 
of  which  the  teeth  are 
inclined  to  the  axis. 

Spiranthes.(spi-ran'thez). 
[Gk.  tpeira,  twist;  an- 
thos,  flower.)  =  Lady's 
tresses:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Orchidacese. 

Spire,  (spir).  [Spira,  the         Spiral-wheel. 
Latin  word.)    The  termination  of  a  tower, 
when  tapering. 

Spirifer,  (spl'ri-f?r).  [L.  tpira,  coil;  J era,  I 
bear.)  A  genus  of  Brachiopoda,  found  in 
Devonian, Carboniferous,  and  Permian  rocks. 

Spirit,  (spi'rit).  [L.  spiritus,  breath  of  life.] 
1.= Alcohol.  2.  A  general  term  for  essence, 
and  for  any  substance  capable  of  being  puri- 
fied by  distillation.  S.  level:  a  tube  nearly 
filled  with  spirit,  the  remaining  space  being 
filled  by  a  small  quantity  of  air,  which  is  at 
the  centre  of  the  top,  when  the  tube  is  hori- 
zontal. Wood  S. =Methyl :  alcohol. 

Spirting  cucumber ^Elateriuin  agreste=Mo- 
mordica  elaterium. 

Spittle.    A  secretion  of  the  salivary  glands. 

Splachnum,  (splak'num).  [Gk.  splachnon, 
moss.]=Gland-mo88 :  a  plant  belonging  to 
Mosses. 

Splanchna-  (splangk'na).  [Gk.  tplagchnon, 
entrail.]  Relating  to  the  alimentary  canal. 

Spleen,  (splen).  [Splen,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Milt:  a  kidney-shaped  red  body  near  the 
stomach,  the  use  of  which  is,  possibly,  the  pro- 
duction of  the  white  corpuscles  of  the  blood. 

Spleen-wort=Asplenium,  q.v. 

Splenic,  (splen'ik).  [Spleen,  q.v.]  Related  to 
the  spleen.  S.  artery:  supplies  the  spleen 
with  blood  direct  from  the  aorta.  S.  vein: 
conveys  the  blood  from  the  spleen  to  the 
liver,  through  the  vena  portse. 

Split  mossesr=Andr8eacea5,  q.v. 

Spodumene,  (spod'Q-inen).  [Gk.  apodos,  ashes.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum. 

Sponge,  (spunj).  [Spongia,  q.v.]  v.  Spongida. 
S.  <:/•«£»= Dromia. 

Spongia,  (spun'ji-a).  [The  Latin  name.]  The 
typical  genus  of  Spongida,  q.v. 

Spongiaria,  (spun-ji-fi'ri-a).  [Spongia,  q.v.] 
Used  for  sponges  by  Milne-Edwards. 

Spongida,  (spun'ji-da).  [Gk.  spoggos,  sponge.] 
fcjpongiadte^Sponges:  a  division  of  Protozoa; 
gelatinous,  marine  and  fresh-water,  animals, 
traversed  by  numerous  canals,  and  usually 
extended  over  fibrous  siliceous  skeletons, 
divided  into  horny,  flinty,  and  limy  sponges. 

Spongilla,    ( spuu-jil'la ).      [Sponjia,   q.v.]  = 


SPONGIOLES 


311 


ST.  CUTHBERT'S  BEADS 


SpoonbilL 


Common  fresh-water  sponge:   the  type  of 
Spongida,  q.v. 

Spongioles,  (spun'ji-51z).  [Sponge,  q.v.]  The 
extremities  of  the  fibres  of  a  plant-root. 

Spongy,  (spun^i).  [Sponge,  q.v.]  S.  pla- 
tinum: platinum  in  a  soft  porous  state, 
occurring  in  the  course  of  its  extraction  from 
the  ore. 

Spontaneous,  (  spon-ta'ne-us  JL  [L.  sponte, 
voluntarily.]  S.  combustion:  as  of  phospho- 
rus in  sunlight,  when  no  artificial  heat  is 
applied.  S.  generation  =  Archebiosis  and 
Heterogenesis,  q.v. 

Spoon.     S.  6iM=PJatalea  leucorodia,  q.v. 

Spoor,  (spoor).  [Spor, 
the  Dutch  word.]  = 
Tracks,  as  of  game. 

Sporadic,  (spo-rad'ik). 
[Gk.  sporadikos,  scat- 
tered.] Scattered ;  oc- 
curring in  only  a  few 
instances,  or  places. 

Sporangia,  (spo-rau' 
ji-a).  [Gk.  spora, 
seed;  aggos,  vessel.] 
Spore-cases:  on  tip 
of  fine  threads,  in 
Physomycetes;  found 
fossil  in  coal. 

Sporangium,  (spo-ran'ji-um ).  [Gk.  spora, 
seed  ;  aggos,  vessel.  ]  Singular  of  sporan- 
gia, q.v. 

Spores,  (sporz).  [Gk.  spora,  seed.]  Naked 
embryos:  reproductive  bodies  of  fungi:  germ 
cells  wot  produced  in  cysts,  r.f.  Sporidia. 

Sporidia,  (spo-rid'i-a).  [Gk.  spora,  seed;  eidos, 
form.]  Reproductive  bodies  in  fungi :  germ 
cells  produced  in  cells  or  cysts,  c/.  Spores. 

Sporophores,  (sp5'r6-fdrz).  [Gk.  spora,  seed; 
phoreo,  I  bear.]=Basidia  :  stalks  supporting 
spores,  in  ferns. 

Sporting  plants.  Those  which  produce  a  bud 
of  a  character  different  from  the  other  buds. 

Sporules.  (spo'rulz).  [Spore,  g.i;.]=Spores,  q.v. 

Sprat,  (sprat).  [Sprot,  the  O.  E.  name.]= 
Clupea,  sprattus :  a  small  fish  belonging  to 
ClupekUw. 

Sprengel's  air  pump,  by  which  the  air,  dif- 
fused through  a  barometer  tube,  down  which 
mercury  drops  at  intervals,  is  carried  out 
by  the  descending  mercury,  until  a  vacuum 
is  produced. 

Spring.  1.  The  earliest  of  the  four  Seasons, 
q.  v.  2.  Rain  water,  which  having  percolated 
some  of  the  earth's 
strata,  conies  again 
to  the  surface,  at 
some  lower  point. 
3.  An  elastic  sub- 
stance or  body, used 
as  a  mechanical 
agent.  Minerals.; 
spring -water  im- 
pregnated  with 
mineral  matter. 
S.-bok  =  Antidorcaa 
melampus :  a  S. 
African  antelope. 
S.  Odes,  v.  Tides. 


Spring-bok. 


Spur-wheel. 


Spruce  fir,  (sproos).  [The  O.  E.  name.]  A 
tree  belonging  to  Abies,  q.v. 

Spurge,  (sperj).  [Epurge,  the  French  name.] 
=  Euphorbia,  q.v.  S.  hawk-moth  =  Deile- 
phyla  euphorbia.  S.  laure J=Daphne  laureola. 
<S.-wor(s=Euphorbiacea;. 

Spur-valerian  =  Ceutranthus :  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Valerianacese. 

Spur-wheel.     A  wheel  having  teeth  project- 
ing radially  from  the  cir- 
cumference. 

Spurry=:Spergula,  q.v.  Knot- 
ted S.  =  Sagina  nodosa. 
Sandwort  S.=Spergularia. 

Squalidae,  ( skwa '  li  -  dC ). 
[Squalus,  q.v. ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.  J= Sharks:  a  family  of 
fishes  belonging  to  Elasmobranchia. 

Squalus,  (skwa'lus).  [The  Latin  name.J= 
The  typical  genus  of  Squalidse. 

Squama,  (skwa'ma).  [L.  squama,  fish  scale.] 
A  general  term  for  any  scale-like  process  in 
a  plant  or  animal. 

Squamifora,  (skwa-mif'e-ra).  [Squama,  q.v.; 
Jero,  I  bear.]  De  Blainville's  term  for 
reptiles. 

Squamosal,  (skwa-mo'sal).  [L.  squama,  scale.] 
A  membraneous  part  of  the  temporal  bone, 
overlapping  the  parietal  bone.  S.  suture: 
by  overlapping  of  bevelled  margins. 

Square,  (skwar).     1.  A  figure  formed  by  four 
equal  straight  lines,  all  the 
angles  being  right  angles.  2.  A 
carpenter's  tool,  for  drawing 
lines  at  right  angles  to  others. 
3.  The  product  of  a  number 
multiplied     by    itself  =  2nd 
power.     S.  root;  the  number 
which    when    multiplied    by         Square 
itself  becomes  any  giveii  num-    (carpenter's), 
ber,  is  the  square  root  of  that  number:  5  is 
the  square  root  of  26;  written  5=«/25.    S. 
«<ern=Transom  stern. 

Squaring  the  circle.  The  determination  of 
the  relation  between  the  area  of  a  circle  and 
its  diameter:  a  problem  apparently  incap- 
able of  exact  solution. 

Squids,  (skwidz)=Teuthidse,  q.v. 

Squinancy,  !(skwin'an-si).  [F.  esquinancie. 
8.  wor<=Asperula  cynanchica. 

Squill,  (skwil).  [Scuilla,  the  Latin  name. 
=Scilla,  q.v. 

Squill*,  (skwine).  [Scuilla,  the  Latin  name. 
Animals  belonging  to  Stomapoda. 

Squinting,  (skwin'ting=Strabi8inus,  q.v. 

Squirrel,  (skwir'rel).  [Gk.  skia,  shade;  ouf(tt 
tail.  ]  =  Sciurus :  a 
small  gnawing  ani- 
mal, belonging  to  Ro- 
dentia;  builds  nest 
in  trees;  named  from 
its  bushy  tail.  S. 
monkey=Sa.imiri :  in- 
sectivorous =  Chryso- 
thrix. 

St.  Anthony's  fire.    A 
name  for  erysipelas. 

St.   Cuthbert's   beads.  Squirrel.' 

Separate  joints  of  the  stem  of  Encrinites. 


ST.  ELMO'S  FIRE 


312 


STARBOAED 


St.  Elmo's  fire.  A  variety  of  brush-formed 
discharge  of  lightning,  seeii  oo  masts  of  ahipa 
and  other  pointed  bodies. 

St.  Ignatius's  beans=Ignatiaamara. 

St.  John's  Wort=Hypericum. 

St.  Patrick's  cabbage— Saxifraga  umbrosa. 

St.  Vitus's  dance.  Chorea,  a  disease  in  which 
the  muscles  are  affected. 

Stable.     S.  equilibrium,  v.  Equilibrium. 

Stachys,  (sta'kis).     [Gk.  slachys.}= Wound- 
wort:  an  herb  be- 
longing to  Lamiaceai. 

Stackhousiaceas, 
(stak-ho  w-si-a'se-e. ) 
[Mr.  Stackhouse.] 
=  Stack  housiads  :    • 
herbs  with  mono-/ 


the 


petalous  flowers,  be- 
longing to  Rhaiu- 

nales. 
Stag  (stag)  [Steggr 

the  Icelandic  name.] 

A  general  term  for 

a    male    deer.      S. 

beetle  =  Lucanus   cervoa  =  Iloru-bug : 

largest  British  beetle; 

lives  in  rotten  wood. 
Staganolepis,    (  stag  -  a- 

nol'e-pis).    A  crocodile- 
like  reptile,  known  by 

fossil  remains  found  in 

Trias  rock. 
Stagmaria,    (  stag  -  mu'- 

ri-a).        [Gk.  stagma, 

drop.]    A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Terebintbacew;  named  from  the  trees 

exuding  resin. 
Stalactites,  ( sta-lak'tlts ).     [Gk.  italasso,  I 

drop.]  Pendant  masses 

of  carbonate  of  lime, 

usually   found    in 

caverns    where    calca- 
reous water  percolates 

through  the  roof. 
Stalagmites,    ( sta-lag7- 

mits).    [Gk.  stalagma,    . 

drop.]      Carbonate  of  W™ 

lime  projections,  rising  Stalactites. 

from  the  floor  of  caverns  where  calcareous 

water  falls  from  the  roof. 
Stalk-eyed  prawn :  passes  through  the  forms  of 

Nauplius,  Zoea,  and  Mysis,  before  becoming 

fully  developed  Palaemon. 
Stallion,   (stal'yun).      [Etalon,  the  French 

name.]    An  entire  horse ;  a  male  horse  used 

for  breeding. 
Stamen,    (sta'men).      [L.  stamen,  upright 

thread.  ]      The  male  organ  of 

flowers:  consists  of  a  head,  or 

anther,  containing  pollen,  usu- 
ally at  the  extremity  of  a  stalk 

or  filament.     Polyadelphous  S.: 

having  the  stamens  united  by 

the  filaments. 
Standard,  (standard).      S.  gold: 

of  22  carats=f£  pure  gold.  stamens. 

S.  temperature :  for  measures  of  length,  62°  F. 

in  Britain;  03C.   in  France.     S.  of  length: 

the  yard  in  Britain;  metre  in  France.     S.  of 


weight:  the  pound  avoirdupoise  in  Britain; 
the  kilogramme  in  France. 

Standards.  Pieces  to  connect  the  stern-post 
of  a  ship  to  the  deck-beam. 

Stanhope.  [Lord  Stanhope.]  S.  lens:  a  hand 
lens  for  examining  microscopic  objects.  S. 
Itvers:  in  S.  printing  pi-ess,  by  which  great 
pressure  is  obtained  for  a  short  interval  of 
time. 

Stannate,  (stan'nat).  [Stannic,  q.v.]  A  com- 
pound of  stannic  acid  with  a  base.  S.  of 
gold  and  £in=Purple  of  Cassias. 

Stannic,  (stan'nik).  [L.  stannum,  tin.]  Used 
for  the  persalts  of  tin.  S.  oci(i=H2SnO3: 
h  yd  rated  stannic  oxide.  S.  oxide=tii\Q<>= 
Binoxide  of  tin=Tin-stone,  the  usual  ore" of 
tin.  S.  «wIpAirfe=Mosaic  gold=SnJ>2:  a  scaly 
substance  used  to  imitate  bronze. 

Stannous,  (stan'nus).  [L.  stannum,  tin.]  S. 
ozide=SnO=Protoxide  of  tin. 

Stannum,  (stan'uum).  [The  Latin  word.]= 
Sni»=Tin,  q.v. 

Stapedius,  (sta-pC'di-us).  [L.  stapes,  stirrup.] 
A  muscle  in  the  ear,  which  tightens  the  tym- 
panic membrane. 

Stapelia,  (sta-pe'li-a).  [J.  Stapel,  a  Dutch 
botanist.]  An  African  plant  belonging  to 
Asclepiadaceae. 

Stapes,  (stii'pGz).  [L.  stapes,  stirrup.)  A 
stirrup-shajwd  bone  in  the  tympanic  cavity 
of  the  human  ear. 

Staphyleaceoe,  (staf-i-le-a'se-e).  [Gk.  staphyle, 
bunch  of  grapes.  ]=Bla(lder-nuts:  shrubs  with 
terminal  flowers  and  oily  seeds,  belonging  to 
Sapindales. 

Star.  r.  Stars.  Pole  S.t  y.  Pole-star.  S.  apple 
=Chrysophyllum  cainito:  belongs  to  Sapo- 
tacese.  S.  clusters:  nebulous  groups  of  stars, 
such  as  the  Pleiades,  Hyades,  Prsesepe,  &c. 
S.  fishes= Attendee,  q.v. 
S.  /rui<=Actinocarpos, 
q.v.  S.  pazer=Urano- 
scopus.  S.  reed=Aris- 
tolochia  bnicteatii.  /S. 
icheel=A.  wheel  having 
the  teeth  cut  deeply, 
so  as  to  resemble  a  star 
in  form.  S.  icorts~ 
Callitrichaceoj,  q.v. 

Stars, (starz).  [4s<«r,theGreek  Star-fish, 
word.]  Luminous  bodies,  all  at  a  vast  distance 
from  the  earth,  about  20  millions  in  number: 
from  1st  to  14th  magnitude:  those  below  6th 
magnitude  are  telescopic:  only  about  0000  are 
visible  to  the  unassisted  eye,  between  1st  and 
6th  magnitudes.  Double  S.;  two  stars  which 
appear  to  be  one,  from  being  in  the  same 
line  of  sight :  in  some  instances  two  stars  re- 
volving round  a  common  centre.  PardlaxS.; 
having  a  sensible  parallax:  Arcturus,  Caprlla, 
Polaris,  Sirius,  &c.  San  S.:  a  term  some- 
times applied  to  those  which  appear  to  be 
the  centres  of  systems  resembling  our  solar 
system:  Arcturus,  Capella,  Sirius,  &c.  Vari- 
able S.:  those  which  vary,  periodically  and 
regularly,  in  magnitude. 

Starboard,  (star'bord).  [Steorbonl,  the  A.-S. 
word.]  On  the  righthand  side  of  a  vessel, 
looking  at  the  bows.  cf.  Port. 


STARCH 


STEREOCHROMY 


Starliiig. 


Starch,  (starch).  [Starke,  the  German  word.] 
=Amylaceous  matter=Fecula=C6H10O5 :  a 
white  organised  farinaceous  substance,  oval 
grains  of  which  are  found  in  plants,  but  not 
in  animals.  S.  gum= British  gum.  S.  hya- 
ciH</t=Muscari  racemosum. 
Starling,  (star'ling).  [Steer,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Sturnus  vulgaris: 
takes  nests  of  other 
birds. 

Starry  puff-balls  = 
Geaster:  belonging 
to  Gasteromycetes, 
q.v. 

Statice,  (sta'ti-se).= 
Sea  lavender  :  a 
plant  belonging  to 
Plumbaginaceae. 

Statics,    (stat'iks). 
[Gk.   statikos,   sta- 
tionary.] The  science 
of  the  laws  of  forces  manifested  by  matter  in 
solid  masses  that  are  in  equilibrium. 

Statoblasts,  (sta'to- blasts).  [Gk.  states,  sta- 
tionary; blastos,  sprout.]  Egg-like  bodies, 
developed  in  many  polyzoa:  a  form  of  dis- 
continuous gemmation. 

Statuary  bronze.  An  alloy  of  copper,  tin, 
zinc,  and  lead. 

Stealers.   Tapering  ends  of  strakes,  7.1?. 

Steam,  (stem).  [A.-S.  stem,  vapour.]  Water 
in  the  form  of  vapour,  especially  when  pro- 
duced by  direct  application  of  heat  for  that 
purpose;  is  highly  elastic,  and  has  agreat  capa- 
city for  absorbing  heat.  High  pressure  S.: 
having  a  pressure  above  30  Ibs.  to  the  square 
inch.  Low  pressure  S.:  having  a  pressure  be- 
low 30  Ibs.  to  the  square  inch.  S.  engine:  an 
apparatus  for  utilising  the  elastic  force  of 
steam  as  a  motive  power. 

Steamer-duck=Micropteru8  brachypterus. 

Stearic  acid,  (ste'a-rik).  [Stearin,  q.v.]-= 
CisHsqOa  :  a  white,  crystalline,  fatty  acid, 
found  in  most  fats. 

Stearic  series  of  acids— Acetic  series,  q.v. 

Stearin,  (  ste'a-rin  ).  [  Gk.  stear,  suet.  ]= 
CgyHuoOg:  a  white  crystalline  substance, 
the  chief  constituent  of  fats  and  fixed  oils. 

Stearates,  (ste'a-ruts).  [Stearic,  q.v.]  Coni- 
poixnds  of  stearic  acid  with  bases. 

Stearopten,  (ste-a-rop'ten).  [Gk.  stear,  tal- 
low.] The  solid  portion  of  cooled  essential 
oils. 

Steatite,  (ste'a-tit).  [Gk.  stear,  tallow.]  3MgO, 
4SiOo=French  chalk =Soapstone:  a  variety 
of  silicate  of  magnesium  ;  a  soft  variety 
of  talc;  a  mineral  substance,  with  a  soap- 
like  surface,  belonging  to  the  Serpentine 
group. 

Steatornis,  (ste-a-tor'nis).  [Gk.  stear,  fat, 
ornis,  bird.]=Guacharo  bird,  q.v. 

Steel,  (stel).  [Stel,  the  A.-S.  name.]  A  com- 
pound of  iron  with  a  small  quantity  of  car- 
bon: hard  and  elastic,  used  for  cutting  tools, 
machinery,  &c.  Bessemer  S.,  v.  Bessemer. 
Cast  S. :  steel  fused  and  run  into  moulds. 
Indian  S.r=Wootz.  Shear  S. :  hammered 
steel:  of  fine  texture,  and  tougher  than  ordi- 
nary steel. 


Steelyard. 


Steelyard.    An  apparatus  for  weighing  :  has 

only  one  weight,  which 

slides  along  the  longer 

arm  of  a  lever  until  it  < 

balances  the  body  to  be 

weighed,  which  hangs 

from  the  shorter  arm. 

Danish  S.:  in  which  the  fulcrum  is  movable, 

so  that  no  separate  weight  is  required. 
Steer,   (ster).      [Steor,  the  A.-S.  name.]    A 

young  ox,  castrated. 

iteganophthalmous,    (  steg-a-nof-thal'mus  ). 

[Gk.  steganos,  covered;  ophthalmos,  eye.]= 

Acraspedote  Medusae:  those  having  the  eyes 

covered,    v.  Medusa). 
Stein-bok,  (stin'bok)=rCalotragus  campestris: 

an  animal  resembling  the  antelope. 
Stellar,  (stellar).     [L.  Stella,  star.]    Relating 

to  the  stars. 
Stellaria,   (stel-la'ri-a).      [L.    stella,    star.]= 

Stitch-wort:  an  herb  belonging  to  Caryophyl- 

laceaa;  named  from  the  form  of  the  flowers. 
Stellates,  (stel'lats).     [L.  stellatus,  starry.]= 


y 
St 


Stem,  (stem).    [Sterna,  the  A.-S.  word.]   That 

part  of  a  plant  which  grows  upwards  from 

the  root,   bearing  the   leaves  and  flowers, 

usually  green;  sometimes  underground,  then 

usually  brown. 
Stemmata,  (stem-ma'ta).     [Gk.  stemma,  gar- 

land.]   Term  used  for  the  circular  arrange- 

ment of  simple  eyes  in  insects. 
Stemmatopus,  (stem-at'6-pus).     [Gk.  stemma^ 

garland;  ops,  eye.] 

=Phoca  cristata. 
Steneosaurus,  (sten- 

e-o-saw'rus).     [Gk. 

stenos,       narrow  ; 

saura,  lizard.]    A 

reptile,  resembling 

the    crocodile,     of-': 

which  fossil  remains 

are  found  in   the 

Oolite  rocks.  Stemmatopua. 

Stenography,  (sten-og'ra-fi).    [Gk.  stenos,  nar- 

row; grapho,  \  write.]    Short-hand  writing: 

the  use  of  abbreviations  and  arbitrary  sym- 

bols for  words. 
Stephanite,   (stefa-nlt).      [Stephen.  ]=Brittle 

silver  ore;    chiefly  sulphide  of  silver  and 

antimony. 
Step-wheels.    Wheels  having  several  sets  of 

teeth  on  the  circumference,  forming  a  series 

of  steps. 
Steppes,  (steps).    [Stepj,  the  Russian  word.] 

Plains  of  vast  extent,  in  N.E.  Europe  and  N. 

Asia,  are  so  called,    cf.  Prairie  and  Pampas. 
Sterculiacese,   (ster-ku-li-a/se-e).     [L.  stercus, 

manure.]  =Sterculiads:   baobab,   &c.  ;  trees 

and    shrubs,   chiefly  tropical,   belonging  to 

Mai  vales;  named  from  the  strong  odour  of 

some  species. 
Stere,  (  ster  ).     [  Gk.  stereos,  solid.  ]  =  Cubic 

meter=1000  cubic  decimetres:   measure  of 

bulk. 
Sterelmintha,  (ster-el-min'tha).     [Gk.  stereos, 

solid,  helmins,  worm.]     A  primary  division 

of  Entozoa,  as  arranged  by  Rudolphi. 
Stereochromy,  (ster-e-6-kro'mi).    [Gk.  stereos, 


STEEEOGNATHUS 


314 


STOMATODA 


solid  ;  chrome,  colour.]    A  process  in  fresco- 

painting  by  which  the  colours  are  covered 

with  a  varnish  of  soluble  glass. 
Stereoguathuf,     (  ster-e-og-nath'us  ).       [  Gk. 

stereos,  solid;  gnathos,  jaw.]  A  small  animal, 

belonging  to  Mammalia,  a  fossil  jaw  of  which 

was  found  in  the  Stouesfield  slates. 
Stereography,  (ster-e-og'ra-nX      [Gk.  ttereot, 

solid;  grapho,  1  write.]    The  delineation,  on 

plane  surfaces,  of  the  forms  of  solid  bodies. 
Stereoscope,    (  ster'e-O-skOp  ).      [Gk.  stereos, 

solid  ;  skopeo,  I  view.] 

An  instrument  in  which 

two  photographs,  or  pic- 

tures, nearly   but  not 

quite  alike,   look    like 

one,  the  figures  looking 

like  solid  bodies:  «ach 

picture  is  what  one  eye 

would  see  if  looking  at  Stereowope. 

the  actual  objects  represented,  so  that  the 

two  together  give  a  real  picture. 
Stereotype,  (ster'e-o-tip).     [Gk.  stertos,  solid; 

Type,  q.v.]    A  plate  of  metal,  cast  from  a 

page  or  pages  of  movable  type,  which  can 

be  printed  from. 
Sterna,  (ste.r'na).    [Gk.   sta-non,  breast.]    v. 

Sternum. 
Sternbergia,  (st?rn-b?r'ji-a).     Fossil  pith  of 

trees,  found  in  coal. 
Stern-sheets.    The  hind-part  of  a  boat,  be- 

tween the  rowers  and  the  stern. 
Sternum,  (sternum).      [Gk.  fternon,  breast- 

bone. ]=  Breast-bone:  the  central  bone  formed 

by  the  meeting  of  the  ribs. 
Stethoscope,    (steth'5-skop).      [Gk.   ttethos, 

breast;  tiopeo,  I  view.]  A  medical 

apparatus,  consisting   essentially 

of  a  tube  of  wood,  by  which  the 

pulsations  of  the  various  parts  of 

the  body  can  be  measured,  sounds 

being  conveyed  from  withiu  the 

chest  to  the  ear. 
Bthenic,  (sthen'ik).    [Gk.   sthenot, 

strength.]      Belated  to  excessive  Stethoscope. 

action,  of  the  heart,  &c.    cf.  Asthenic. 
Stibium,    (stib'i-um).      [The  Latiu  word.]= 

Antimony,  q.v. 
Stick  insects  =Phas- 

mida),  q.v.    S.  lac, 

v.  Lac. 
Stickle-back=Gaster- 

osteus     trauhurua: 

a  small  pond-fish. 
Stigma,  (stig'ma).     [Gk.  stigma,  mark.] 

upper  portion  of  a  pistil, 

upon  which  the  pollen 

is  received. 
Stigroaria,  (stig-mii'ri-a). 

[  Stigma,    q.v.]      Roots 

of  Sigillaria,  found  in 

the    tire  -clay  beneath 

the  coal-beds. 
Stigmata,    (  stig'ma-  ta  ).  «,  Stigma, 

[Gk.  stigma,  mark.]=Spiracula;  in  insects. 
Stilaginaceae,  (ati-la-jtn-a'se-e).     [Stilafio,  the 

typical  genus.  ]=Autidesmads  :    tre«8    and 

shrubs  with  leathery  leaves,   belonging  to 

Urticales. 


Stickle-back. 


The 


Stilbaceac,  (stil-ba'se-6).      (Stilbe,  the  typical 

genus.]  =  Stilbids :    resinous    shrubs,   \\ith 

narrow  leathery  leaves,  belonging  to  Genti- 

anales. 
Stilbene,  (stil'bCn)=C14lIio:  a  hydrocarbon, 

belonging  to  the  Stilbic  series. 
Stilbic  acid,  (stil'bik).     [Gk.  ttilbe,  lustre.]= 

Benzilic  acid,  q.v. 
Stilbite,  (stil'bit).     [Gk.  ttilbe,  lustre.  l=Hy- 

dtated  labradorite:  a  mineral  of  the  Zeolite 

group,  a  silicate  of  alumina  and  lime,  found 

in  Porphyritic  rocks. 
Stilbyl,  (stirbil).      [Stilbic,   q.v.:   Gk.   liilt, 

material]  =  C^H^O*  :    the   radicle  of  the 

Stilbic  series;  also  called  I5--n.'il--. 
Stilbylic  acid,  (stilbi-lik)=Still>ic  acid. 
StiU,  (stil).     [L.  stilla,  drop.]    An  apparatus 

for  distillation. 
Stillingia,  (stil-lin'ji-a).      [Dr.  BtUltoffiM*.] 

A   plant  belonging    to    Euphorbiac, 

w6i/«ra=Tallow  tree. 
Stilpnosiderite,   (stilp-no-side-rlt).     A  dark 

variety  of  limonite,  one  of  the  iron  group 

of  minerals. 
Stilt  plover.     A  variety  of  the  plover,  named 

from  ita  long  legs. 
Sting.  <S.-6u^=Trachinus  draco. 

S.-Jish  =  Trachinus  vipera.    S.- 

ray=Trygon  pastinaca. 
Stiperstones  group.    Lowest  beds  , 

of  Lower  Silurian=Lower  Llan- 

deilo. 
Stipules,  (stip'ulz).     [L.  ttipula. 

Scales   at    the    bases    of   some 

leaves.  )n<Aou«S.=Exstipulate. 
Stitch-wort=Stellaria,  q.v. 
Stoat,  (stot)=Mus- 

tela    errainea :     a 

small    animal    be- 
longing to  Muste- 

lidaa. 
Stock  =  Matthiola, 

q.v.    8.  rforc=The 

wild  pigeon. 
Stockade,  (stok-ad'). 

A    fortification   of 

rough-hewed  wood. 
Stolon,  (sto'lon).  [L.  stoln, 

shoot-fork.]    An  offshoot: 

a  connecting  band  or  tube 

in  Ascidians,  et«. 
Stomach,  (stum'ak).  [Stom-, 

achus,  the  Latin  word.] 

An  enlargement  of    the, 

gullet,  in  which  the  food 

is  digested   with    gastric 

juice,  and  converted  into 

chyme. 

Stomach  animals.   Oken's  term  for  Infusoria. 
Stomapoda,  (sto-map'6-da).  [Gk.stoma,  mouth ; 

poda,  feet.]=Stomatopoda:  Crustacean  ani- 
mals with  a  cephalic  carapace  and  stalked 

eyes. 
Stomates,   (sto'mats.)     [Gk.   stoma,   mouth.] 

Openings  in  the  epidermis  of  plants:   not 

found  in  cryptogamic  plants,   iior  in  any 

plants  growing  in  darkness. 
Stomatoda,   (st6-mat'6-da).     One  of   Ehreii- 

berg's  divisions  of  Infusoria. 


a,  Stipule. 


Stockade. 


STOMATOPODA 


315 


STUFFING-BOX 


Stomatopoda,  (sto-ma-top'o-da).  [Gk.  stoma, 
mouth;  pous,  foot.]  One  of  Hoeven's  sub- 
divisions of  Crustaceans,  v.  Stomapoda. 
Stone,  (ston).  [Stan,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.  A 
general  term  for  hard  earth,  when  put  to 
use,  as  for  building,  road-making,  &c.  2. 
A  concretion  of  inorganic  matter;  also  called 
Calculus,  sometimes  formed  in  the  body, 
either  by  mechanical  aggregation  or  as  sedi- 
ment from  the  secretions.  S.  bed :  A  bed  of 
flints,  below  the  Norwich  Crag,  containing 
fossil  remains  of  mastodon,  <fcc.  S.  chat= 
Saxicola  rubicola.  S.crop=Sedum,  q.v.  S. flies 
=Semblis.  S.  ficAe7i=Parmelia  fahlunensis. 
Stonesfield  slate.  A  bed  of  limestone  belong- 
ing to  Great  Oolite,  containing  many  fossil 
remains:  especially  remarkable  for  the  mam- 
malian fossils  found  in  it. 
Stools  of  trees.  Roots  and  lower  portions  of 
trunks. 

Stope,  (st5p).  A  piece  of  ground  to  be  worked 
as  a  miiie=Ore  when  still  in  the  mine. 
Storax,  (sto'raks).     v.  Styrax. 
Storax-worts,  (sto'raks).  =Styracea8,  q.v. 
Stork,   (stork).     Ciconia 
alba.     S.'s  bill  =  Ero- 
dium. 

Strabismus,  (stra-biz- 
mus).  [L.  strabo,  squin- 
ter.  )  =  Squinting:  an 
imperfection  in  eye- 
sight, caused  by  the 
axes  of  the  two  eyes  not 
being  symmetrically 
directed. 

Strakes.(straks).  [Streak. 
The  long  planks  at  the 
side  of  a  ship. 
Stramonium.   ( stra-mo'-  Stork, 

ni-uin).     [The  Latin  name.]=Daturia  stra- 
monium ;    also  called  Thorn  apple. 
Strap-wort=Corrigiola :  an  herb  belonging  to 
Parouychiacefe. 

Strata.     Plural  of  stratum,  q.v. 
Stratification,  (strat-i-fl-ka'shun).     [Stratum, 
q.v.',  L.  facio,  I  make.]     Division  into  dis- 
tinct layers;  used  especially  in  geology. 
Stratiotes,  (strat-i-5'tez).     [Gk.  stratioles,  sol- 
dier.] —  Water-soldiers;    aquatic  herbs  be- 
longing to  Hydrocharidacese. 
Stratum,   (stra'tum).       [The   Latin  word.]= 
Bed :   any  thing  strewn  over  a  surface,  or 
spread  out,  as  a  layer. 

Stratus,  (stra'tus).     [L.  stratum,  a  layer. ]= 
Cloud  of  night :  a  widely  extended  cloud. 
Strawberry,  (straw'ber-ri).  [Straw  aiid  Berry; 
or  Stray-  berry.  ] = Fragaria, 
q.v.      S.  -  tree  =  Arbutus 
Unedo :  named  from  the 
form  of  its  fruit. 
Straw-fiddle.    A  variety  of 
Claque-bois,  q.  v .,  in  which 
the  wooden  bars  rest  on 
twisted  straw. 
Streak,  (strek).  The  colour 
of  a  mineral  when  pow- 
dered ;     usually    darker 
than  the  mineral,   if  it 
lighter,  if  non-metallic. 


.rawberry. 

be  a  metal;  and 


5tream-tin=Alluvial  tin-ore. 
Strepsiptera,  (strep-sip'ter-a).     [Gk.  strepsis, 
twisting;  pteron,  wing.]   Insects  whose  ante- 
rior wings  are  twisted,  parisitic  on  bees  and 
wasps. 

Strepsirhina,  (strep-si-ri'na).  [Gk.  strepsis, 
twisting ;  rkin,  nose.]  A  sub-division  of 
quadrumana  by  Owen,  represented  by  the 
lemur. 

Streptospondylus,  (strep- to-spon'di-lus).  [Gk. 
streptos,  twisted;  spondylus,  an  upper  ver- 
tebra.] A  saurian  animal,  known  only  by 
fossil  bones  and  teeth,  found  in  Oolite 
rocks. 

Stretcher.  In  brickwork,  a  brick  placed 
lengthways. 

Stridulation,  (strid-u-la'shun).  [L.  ttridulv*, 
creaking.]  In  insects,  such  as  the  cricket, 
grasshopper,  &c. ;  the  sound  made  by  the 
movements  of  the  wing-cases,  legs,  etc. 
Strigidse,  (strij'i-de).  [Strix,  q.v.]  Owls, 
&c.:  a  family  of  birds,  chiefly  nocturnal,  be- 
longing to  Raptores. 

Strike,  (strik).  Direction  of  strata  at  right 
angles  to  their  dip;  if  the  dip  be  represented 
by  the  slope  of  the  slates  of  a  house-roof,  the 
direction  of  the  ridge  will  represent  the 
strike. 

String.     S.  boards:   long  boards  supporting 
the  ends  of  a  flight  of  steps,  &c.     S.  courses: 
projecting  lines  of  masonry  in  a  wall. 
Strix,  (striks).     [The  Latin  name.]    Owl:  a 
nocturnal  bird,  the  type  of  Strigidae. 
Strobila,  (strob'i-la).    [Gk.  strobilos,  fir-cone.] 
The  collective  name  for  a  scolex  and  all  the 
successive  proglottides  which  have  budded 
from  it. 

Strontia,  (stron'shi-a).     [Strontian,  in  Argyle- 
shire.]=SrO:   oxide  of  strontium,  a  white 
substance  resembling  baryta  in  properties. 
Strontic,  (stron'tik).     [Strontium,  q.v.]    Con- 
taining strontium  as  the  chief  constituent. 
Strontium,    (stron'shi-ura).       [Strontia,   q.v.] 
=Sr":    one  of   the  alkaline   earth -metals, 
found  in  limestones;  a  yellow  malleable  sub- 
stance, which  decomposes  water  by  contact, 
owing  to  its  affinity  for  oxygen. 
Struthio,    (stro'thi-6).      [The  Latin  name.] 
Ostrich :  the  type  of  Struthionidae,  q.v. 
Struthionidse,   (  stto-thi-on'i-de  ).      [Struthio, 
q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]     A  family  of  birds, 
having  long  legs  and  very  short  wings;  in- 
cluding the  ostrich,   emu,   cassowary,   and 
apteryx. 

Struthious  birds,  (stro'thi-us).  Ostrich,  emu, 
cassowary,  &c. 

Strychnia,  (strik'ni-a).  [Strychnos,  q.v.]  = 
C2iH22N2Oo :  a  powerful  alkaline  base,  very 
poisonous,  found  in  the  seeds  of 
strychnos. 

Strychnos,  (strik'nos).  [The  Greek 
name.  ]  A  tropical  plant,  the 
seeds  of  which  are  very  poisonous. 
S.  nux-vomica:  an  Indian  tree 
with  small  flowers  and  very  poi- 
sonous seeds. 

Stufling-box.     A  small  enclosure 
to  prevent  the  escape  of  steam,    stuflius- 
&c.,  at  a  joint  in  machinery. 


box 


STURGEON 


316 


SUGAR 


Sturgeon,  (sterj'on).  [Esturgeon,  the  French 
name.]=Accipenser 
Sturio:  a  fish,  the 
type  of  Sturionida;, 
from  the  roe  of 
which  caviare  is  Sturgeon, 

prepared,  and  from  the  swim  bladder  isin- 
glass. 

Sturionidse,  (  stu-ri-on'i-de ).  [Sturio;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.)  A  family  of  large  fishes  be- 
longing to  Ganoidei. 

Sturnidae,  (  ste,r'ni-dS ).  [Sturnus,  q.v.]  A 
family  of  birds  belonging  to  Conirostres. 

Sturnus,  (ste^nus).  [The  Latin  name.]  Star- 
ling: a  song  bird,  the  typo  of  Sturnid:i>. 

Style,  (stil).  [L.  ttyhtt,  pillar.]  The  thread- 
like portion  of  a  pistil,  q.v. 
Old  S.:  the  method  of  esti- 
mating the  Julian  year  which 
was  general  up  to  1582  A.D., 
now  almost  obsolete  in  Eu- 
rope. JVVw  5.:  according  to  the 
Gregorian  correction,  made 
1582  A.D.,  by  which  ten  days 
were  omitted  to  bring  the 
civil  and  astronomical  yean 
into  accordance. 

StylidiacesB,  (stI-li-di-a'se-6).=       ft.  Style. 
Style -worts:     herbs,    with    tnouopetalous 
flowers,  belonging  to  Campanales. 

Stylobate,  (strio-bat).  fOk.  »tylo$,  pillar; 
basis,  base.]  A  continuous  pedestal  support- 
ing a  row  of  columns. 

Btyloid,  (sti'loid).  [Gk.  stylot,  pillar;  eido*. 
form.]  Pillar-like;  used  of  small  columnar 
projections. 

Styphnic  acid,  (stifnik)=0xypicric  acid,  q.v. 

Styraoese,  (sti-ra'se-fi).  [Styrax,  g.v.]=Storax- 
worts:  shrubs  and  trees,  witli  axillary  mo  no- 
pe talons  flowers,  belonging  to  Rhanmales. 

Styracin,(8ti'ra-sin).  fStyrax,g.r.]=Ci8Hi8O;j: 
a  crystal  Usable  substance  found  in  balsam 
of  Peru. 

Styrax,  (sti'raks).  [The  Latin  name.]  A 
plant,  the  type  of  Styraceaj.  S.  bfnzoin=. 
Gum  Benjamin  tree. 

Styrol,  (stl'rol).     [Styrax,  q.v.]    v.  Styrolene. 

Styrolene,  (sti'ro-len).  [Styrol,  q.v.]=C^s 
=Styrol=Cinnaraol,  q.v. 

Suseda,  (sd-6'da).  Sea-blite:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  Chenopodiacese. 

Sub-,  (sub).  [L.  tub,  under.]  A  prefix,  im- 
plying an  inferiority  of  position  or  consti- 
tution. 

Sub-chlorides=Bassic  chlorides:  compounds 
of  one  atom  of  a  dyad,  or  two  atoms  of  a 
monad,  with  one  atom  of  chlorine. 
Sub-dominant.     The  fourth  note  of  a  musical 
scale.     In  the  key  of  C,  the  sub-dominant  is 
F,  and  the  dominant  is  G. 
Sub-duplicate  ratio.     The  ratio  of  the  square 
roots  of  two  numbers  is  the  sub-duplicate 
ratio  of  the  numbers. 

Suber,  (su'ber).  [L.  tuber,  cork  tree.]  Cork. 
Quercus  S. :  Cork  tree;  an  oak  tree.  v. 
Cork. 

Suberic  acid,  (su-ber'ik).  f  Suber,  q.v.  ]  = 
^8^1404.'  a  crystalline  acid  substance  ob- 
tained by  the  sublimation  of  cork,  fats,  &c. 


Sublimation,  (sub-lim-a'shnn).     [L.  «u6[i>ui«, 
lofty.]    Distillation  of  a  solid:  convt-! 
a  solid  into  a  vapour  and  re-condetisatiuii 
into  the  solid  form. 

Sublingual  gland.    Below  the  tongue. 

Submagnet=  Armature,  q.v. 

Submaxillary  glands,  At  the  lower  side  of 
the  face. 

Suboxides.     Of  the  type 
H2O,      feebly   basic,    in  c 

which  two  atoms  of  < 
element  unite  with  one 
of  oxygen. 

Subgalts=Basic  salts,  q.v.       "^ It 

Subtangent.    The  line  un- 
der a  tangent.     AC  being 
the   tangent,   CE   is  the        BubUngenl 
stibtangent. 

Subtrahend,  (sub'tra-heml).  Anything  to  be 
withdrawn  or  subtracted.  In  is-  1-J,  1-  is  t  ho 
subtrahend. 

Sub-triplicate  ratio,  The  ratio  of  the  cube- 
roots  of  two  members  is  the  sub-triplicate  of 
the  numbers. 

Subularia,  (su-bQ-LVri-a).     [L.  lubula,  awl  1 
A  plant  belonging  to  Brassicaoeaa,  MBMd 
from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.    S.  «-, 
nwl-wort. 

Subungulati,  (  snb-un-gwa-lfi'ti  ).  [  L.  sub, 
under;  ungual,  claw.]  Animals,  such  a-  'h>< 
Paca  and  Cutia,  found  only  in  S.  AHUM  i.-.i, 
which  connect  the  Pachydermata  with  the 
Rodentia. 

Succinamide,  (suk-sin'a-mid).  [Succinic,  q.v. 
and  ^Htttfc.[=C4HgX<jOo.  a  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  by  the  action  of  ammonia 
on  succinic  acid. 

Succinates,(8uk'sin-ats).  [Succinic.g.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  succinic  acid  and  bases. 

Succinic    acid,   (suk-sin'ik).      [L.   sv.r-- 
amber.]  =  0411^04:  a  crystalline  sui 
found  in  amber  and  in  wormwood  Jc;i\. •.-•, 
belonging  to  the  Oxalic  series. 

Succory,  (suk'o-ri).  [Chicory,  q.v.]  Chicory: 
Cichorium  intibus;  a  plant  belonging  to 
CichoraceoB. 

Sucking.      S.  fshes:   Discoboli,  having  tho 
ventral  fins  terminating 
in  a  sucker,  by  which ^ 
they  adhere  to  rock,  &C.,, 
S.  tH«ecf«=Haust«llata. 

Sucrose,  (so'kros).  [Sac-  Snckcr  or  Sucking  Fish. 
charose,  q. r.]=Cane  sugar =Ci-j II j-j<'n  :  ;i 
variety  of  sugar  obtained  from  su- .-n --ran.'. 

Suction  pump.  By  which  water  is  drawn  up 
by  means  of  a  vacuum. 

Suctoria,  (suk-to'ri-a).  1.  One  of  Ilajvm's 
sub-divisions  of  insects.  2.  One  of  Hoeven'a 
sub-divisions  of  ringed  worms. 

Sudoriparous  glands.  (.-6-do-rip'a-rus).  [L. 
sudo,  I  perspire.]  Those  which  excrete  IK.T- 
spi  ration. 

Suet,  (su'et).  [Sebum,  the  Latin  word.]=Fat 
of  ox  or  sheep ;  in  the  Litter  nearly  all 
stearin. 

Sugar,  (shoo'gar).  [Sucre,  the  French  wonl  1 
A  sweet  anti.-c-jitic  substance  found  in  most 
plants,  especially  in  the  sugar-cane.  Cane  S. 
=Sucroae:  from  sugar-cane.  Grape  S.= 


SUID.E 


317 


SWEAT 


Glucose=  Dextrose:  from  fruit,  starch,  &c. 

Honey  S.:  resembles  manna.    Maple  S.:  from 

acer  saccharinum.  Milk  S.=Lactose. 

=Celtis    occidenta- 

lis.     S.    ca/ie—  Sac- 

charum  officinarum. 

S.    lice  =  Lepisma. 

£.  of  lea<l=Norm&l 

plumbic  acetate.  S. 

of  milk  =  Lactin= 


found  only  in  milk. 

S.    squirrel  =  Pet- 

aurus  sciureus. 
Suidse,(so'i-de).  [Sua, 

q.v.  ;      Gk.     eidos,  Sugar-cane. 

form.]  A  family  of  Pachyderrnata,  including 

all  the  varieties  of  Swine. 
Sula,  (sil'la).     [The  Latin  name.]    A  bird  be- 

longing to  PelecanidJC.  S.  aZ6a=Solan  goose. 
Bulphacetic  acid,  (sul-fa-8S'tik)=C2H4O:>SO;j: 

a  ci  v.stalline  dibasic  acid. 
Sulphate,  (sul'fat).     [Sulphur,  q.v.]     A  com- 

pound of  sulphuric  acid  with  a  base.     S.  of 

cnpper=l&lne  vitriol. 
Sulphate  of  mercury  battery  =  Marie  Davy 

battery,  q.v. 
Sulphide,  (sul'fid).  [Sulphur,  <?.v.]=Sulphuret: 

a  compound  of  sulphur  with  a  metal,  usually 

solid.     S.  of  lead.     l.=PbS=Protosulphide 

=Galena.     2.=P1>2S  =  Subsulphide  =  Lead 

matt. 
Sulphocyanogen=:  SCy  :  a  sulphide  of  cyanogen  ; 

a  compound  radicle. 
Sulpho-salts.  Compounds  resembling  oxysalts, 

but  with  the  oxygen  replaced  by  sulphur. 
Sulphur,  (sulfer).     [The  Latin  word.  J=SV:  a 

highly    inflammable    brittle    mineral    sub- 

stance; one  of  the  constituents  of  gunpowder; 

usually  found  near  volcanoes.     Flowers  of 

£.=SublimedS.     Stick  &=Brimstone.     S. 

fl/co/to£=Mercaptan=:Sulph-hydrate  of  ethyl; 

a  white  fluid,  the  vapour  of  which  produces 

dreaminess  and  a  sense  of  fatigue.  S.  group: 

sulphur,  selenium,  and  tellurium;  all  hav- 

ing a  strong  attraction  for  oxygen.     S.-icort: 

Peucedanuni  officinale. 
Sulphuretted,  (sul-fu-ret'ed).     [Sulphur,  q.v.] 

Impregnated  with  sulphur:  containing  sul- 

phur as  a  constituent.   S.  hydroyen=.Hydi:o- 

sulphuric  acid,  q.v. 
Sulphuric,   (sul-fu'rik).      [Sulphur,  q.v.]     S. 

acid  =  H2SC>4  =  Dihydric  sulphate=Oil  of 

Titriol:   an  oily,  colourless,   caustic   liquid, 

•with  a  great  attraction  for  water,  and  much 

used  in  manufactures.    S.  ether=\ 


=Diethyl  sulphate:  an  oily  liquid,  obtaim 
by  combining  sulphuric  anhydride  and  ether. 

Sulphurous  acid,  (sul'fu-rus).  [Sulphur,  q.v.] 
S02:  a  colourless  suffocating  gas,  having 
strong  bleaching  properties;  now  called  Sul- 
phurous anhydride. 

Sumach,  (su'mak).  [Sumac,  the  French  name.] 
=Rhus:  a  N.  American  plant,  having  a 
milky  juice,  with  strong  medicinal  proper- 
ties, from  which  tannic  acid  is  obtained. 

Summer,     v.  Seasons. 

Sun,  (sun),  [tiunne,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
centre  of  the  solar  system:  91  millions  of 


miles  distant  from  the  earth;  having  a  dia- 
meter of  850,000  miles;  considered  as  one  of 
the  stars,  the  Sun  is  a  variable  star,  with  a 
period  of  14  years.  Mean  S.:  an  imaginary 
sun,  whose  motion  through  the  heavens  is 
at  a  uniform  rate.  S.  &trcis=Proineropid3e. 
S.  fish  =  Orthagoriscus: 
named  from  its  globu- 
lar form.  S.  ftowei'— 
Helianthus.  S.  spots  : 
hollows  in  the  photo- 
sphere of  the  sun.  S. 
stars:  very  distant; 
such  as  Capella,  Arc- 
turns,  Sirius,  &c.,  v. 
Stars.  S.  stone:  a  beau- 
tiful variety  of  felspar. 

Sun  and  planet  wheels.  Sunflsh. 

Two  wheels  of  different  sizes,  the  smaller  of 
which  travels  round  the  circumference  of  the 
larger. 

Sundews =Droseracefe,  q.v. 

Superncies^su-per-fibh'i-ez).  [The  Latin  word.] 
Surface. 

Supination,  (su-pin-a'shun).  [L.  supinus,  bent 
back.]  Generally:  lying  with  the  face  up- 
wards; of  the  hand,  with  the  palm  upwards. 

Supplemental.  -S.  air:  which  remains  in  the 
chest,  in  addition  to  the  residual  air,  and 
can  be  expelled  only  by  an  extraordinary 
effort=about  80  cubic  inches.  S.  triangle.- 
a  spherical  triangle,  formed  by  joining  the 
poles  of  three  great  circles;  also  called  Polar 
triangle. 

Supra-occipital,  (  sil-pra-oks-sip'i-tal  ).  [L. 
supra,  above;  occiput,  back  of  head.]  Above 
the  occiput.  S.  bone:  the  uppermost  bone 
of  the  first  cranial  segment. 

Surd,  (serd).  [L.  surdug,  indistinct.]  A 
number  which  cannot  be  exactly  determined. 

Surf-duck,     Oidemia  perspicillata. 

Surveying,  (ser-va'ing).  The  determination 
of  the  form  and  extent  of  any  portion  of  the 
earth's  surface.  Trigonometrical  S.:  in  which 
the  calculations  are  made  by  dividing  the 
given  surface  into  triangles. 

Sus,(sus).  [The  Latin  name.]=Hog.  v.  Suidae; 
the  female  of  s\is=Sow. 

Suture,  (su'tur).     [L.  siitura,  seam.]    1.  The 
union  of  two  pieces  of 
bone.      2.    The  sowing 
together  of  two  edges  of' 
a  wound. 

Swallow,  (swol'lo).  [Swa- 
leioe,  the  A.-S.  name.]' 
=Hirundo,  q.v.  S. 
hawk  :  a  variety  of  the 
hawk.  Sea  su-allou-= 
Tern.  S.-worts=A&cle- 
pias. 

Swan=Cygnus,  q.v, 

Swash-plate.  A  plate  set 
obliquely  on  a  spindle, 
and  by  its  revolution 
moving  a  sliding  bar  to 
and  fro. 

Sweat,  (swet).  [Swat,  the 
A.-S.  word.]  =  Perspira- 
tion, q.v. 


Swan. 


SWEET 


318 


SYNOVIA 


Bwift 


Sweet  S.  &<77/=Lauru8  nobilis.  8. 
Pancreas.  S.  6riar=Rosa  rubiginosa.  S. 
calamus=Acoraa.  S.  /«.or=Acorua.  S.  ga.le 
=Myrica.  £.  «7um=Liquidambar.  <S'.  potato 
= Batatas  edalis.  S.  «op=Anonus.  S.  Wil- 
Ziam=Dianthus  barbatns. 

Swietenia,  (swi-e-U'ni-a).  [Heir  Swieten.] 
A  tree  belonging  to  Cedrelacese,  the  wood  of 
which  is  mahogany,  q.v. 

Bwift,  (8wift)=Hirundo  apus. 

Swim-bladder.  An  air- 
vessel  in  most  fishes,  by 
compression  or  expan- 
sion of  which  they  can 
sink  or  swim  in  water. 

Swimming.  S.  btll  = 
Nectocalyx.  S.  birds= 
Natatores. 

Swine,  (swTn).      [Sunn, 
the      A.-S.     word.  ]  = 
Suid.-B,  q,v.    S.   ttcme: 
a  variety  of  marble  having  A  somewhat  foetid 
odour.     S.'t  »i'.ccoj-i/= Arnoseris. 

Swinging  a  ship.  The  correction  of  the  com- 
pass, by  ascertaining  the  amount  of  local 
deviation,  as  the  ship's  head  is  brought  to 
each  point  of  the  compass  in  succession. 

Sword  fish.  l.  =  Dorado,  q.v.:  an  unimportant 
southern  constella- 
tion. 2.  =  Xiphias 
gladius,  a  fish  belong- 
ing to  Scorn  bridae, 
having  a  sword-like 
beak.  SwonMUh. 

Sycamore,  (aik'a-mor).  fGk.  fykon.fig:  moron, 
mulberry.]  =  Acer  pseudo- 
platanus:  a  large  tree:  also 
called  Plane-tree.    S.  ftg= 
Ficus  sycomorus. 

Sychondrosis.  (si-kon-d  ro'ais). 
[Ok.  tyn,  with;  chondrot. 
cartilage.]  A  method  of 
union  between  two  bones. 

Syenite,  (si'e-nit).      (Syene, 
in   Egypt.]     A  rock,  resem-        Sycamore, 
bling  granite,  composed  of  quartz,  felspar, 
and  hornblende:  one  of  the  Plutonic  rocks. 

Sylvia,  (sil'vi-a).  [L.  tylva,  forest.]  The  type 
of  Sylviadse,  q.v. 

Sylvi'adse,  (sil-vT'a-de).  [Sylvia,  ff  r.;  Gk. 
eidox,  form.)  A  family  of  birds  belonging  to 
the  dentirostral  division  of  Insessores;  in- 
cludes the  robin,  nightingale,  &c. 

Sylvian  fissure,  (sil'vi-an).  A  fissure  in  the 
brain. 

Sylvic  acid.  (8il/vik).=C2oH^(,O1>:  a  resinous 
acid  found  in  brown  rosin. 

Sylvanite,  (sil'va-nit).  [Trans?/?i?ania.]  A 
mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  tellurium,  gold, 
and  silver. 

Symbol,  (simTjol).  [Symbolum,  the  Latin 
word.]  In  mathematics,  the  letters  and 
other  signs  used  in  expressing  unknown 
quantities  and  their  relations. 

Symmetrical  animals.  Burmeister's  term  for 
Vertebrata,  Arthrozoa,  and  Mollusca. 

Symmetry,  (sim'met-ri).  [Symiuetria,  the 
Greek  word.]  Harmony:  the  due  proportion 
pf  tfte  parts  of  a  body  to  each  other. 


Sympathetic,  (sim-pa-thet'ik).  [Gk.  syn,  with  ; 
pathos,  feeling.]  S.  ink-,  a  dilute  solution  of 
cobaltic  chloride,  which  is  invisible  on  ]>;t|»T 
until  it  be  heated.  S.  nervous  ,\ 
Splanchnic  nervous  system:  the  sympathetic 
ganglia,  lying  in  front  of  the  spinal  column, 
with  the  nerve*  and  the  connecting  nervous 
cords. 

Symphiais,  (sim'fl-sis).  [Gk.  symphi/sif,  growth 
together.]  A  union  of  plates  with  int. 
membrane. 

Symphytum,  (sim'n*-tum)=Comfrfy:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Boraginaceee. 

Sympiesometer,  (sim-pi-e-som'e-ter).  [Gk.  *?/n, 
with;  piezon,  I  press.]  A  barometer  of  ;ur 
and  glycerin,  depending  upon  compression 
of  air. 

Symplocarpus,  (sim-plo-kir'pus).  A  plant 
belonging  to  Araoeae. 

Synacmy,  (sin-nk'mi).  [Gk.  «yn,  with:  til-me, 
maturity.]  When  the  pistils  and  stanu-ns  of 
a  flower  ripen  together. 

Syntptase,  (sin-ap'tasX     [Gk,  tyn,  to- 
apto,   I  unite.]  =  Emulsin :   a  ferrnonting 
matter  found  in  almonds. 

Synapticulae,  (stn-ap-tik'u-le).  [Gk.  *>/,>.  to- 
gether; apto,  I  unite.]  Minute  cross-bars 
uniting  Mffck 

Syncarpous,  (sin-kur'pus).  [Gk.  tyn,  to^fthi-r: 
IMMHII,,  fruit.]  Having  the  carpels  united 
in  the  ovary. 

Synclinal,  (sin-kli'nal).  [Gk.  tyn,  with;  l-lino, 
I  incline.]  S.  line:  an  imaginary  line  di;i\vn 
through  the  lowest  part  of  a  valley  formed 
by  the  curvature  of  strata.  S.  curve:  of 
strata  that  curve  concavely  upwards. 

Syncope,  (sinTco-pC).  (Gk.  tynkope,  cutting 
off.]  1.  Fainting:  suspension  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood.  2.  A  general  term  for 
cutting  through. 

Syndactyles,  (sin-dak'ti-U'z).  [Gk.  *?/»,  to 
get ;  her,  dathylot,  finger.)  A  sub-dm-icm 
of  Mursupialia  represented  by  kangaroos, 
<tc. 

Syngenesious,  ( Rin-je-ne'zi-an  ).  [Gk.  tyn. 
together;  Genesis,  q.v.]  Having  the  stamens 
muted. 

Syngnathus,  (fling-nath'us).  [Gk.  tyn,  witli; 
ynathn*,  j aw. ]= Pipe-fish:  a  fish  having  a 
long  slender  body  and  snout,  the  type  of  the 
family  Syngnathidae,  which  includes  pipe- 
fishes and  sea-horses. 

Synodic  period,  (Hin-od'ik).  fGk.  *yn,  with; 
hodox.  road.]  1.= Lunation = Lunar  month. 
2.=The  time  between  any  given  heavenly 
body  returning  to  the  same  position  with 
respect  to  the  Sun:  in  the  case  of  the  Moon 
=-J'.id.  12h.  44ni. 

Synodical,  (sin-od'i-kal)— Synodic,  q.v. 

Synoecious,  (sin-e'si-us).  [Gk.  tyn,  with  ; 
oikox,  house.]  Having  m;ile  and  female 
fruit  in  the  same  head.  cf.  Dioecious. 

Synoptic,  (sin-op'tik).  [Gk.  synopsis,  a  peno- 
ral  view.]  A  general  view  of  the  whole  of 
any  subject. 

Synovia,  (sin-o'vi-a).  [Gk.  syn,  with;  ovum, 
egg.]  A  fluid  secreted  by  the  synovial  mem- 
brane for  the  lubi  iuaiou  of  the  joints  of  the 
bones, 


SYNOVIA!  MEMBRANE 


319 


TAIIS 


Bynovial  membrane,  (sin-6'vi-al).  [Synovia, 
q.v.]  Covering  the  bones  at  the  joints,  and 
secreting  synovia. 

Synthesis,  (aiii'-the-sis).  [Gk.  synthesis,  a  put- 
ting together.]  Formation  of  a  compound 
by  the  direct  union  of  the  constituents,  cf. 
Analysis. 

Syntonin,  (sin'to-nin).  [Gk.  syn,  with;  teino, 
I  extend.]  A  variety  of  tibriu,  the  chief  con- 
stituent of  muscular  fibre. 

Syphon,  (si'fon).  A  bent  tube,  of  which  the 
legs  are  of  unequal  length ;  if  the  shorter 
end  be  immersed  in  a  liquid,  and  the  air  ex- 
hausted from  the  syphon,  the  liquid  will 
rise  and  flow  through  the  syphon.  S.  6aro- 
weter:  a  modification  of  the  cistern  baro- 
meter, in  which  the  cistern  is  replaced  by  a 
short  tube. 

Syren,  (si'ren).  [Gk.  siren,  water  nymph.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  number  of 
vibrations  required  to  produce  a  given 
musical  note. 

Syringa,  (si-ring'a).  [Gk.  syrinx,  pipe.  ]= 
Lil.u; ;  a  plant  belonging  to  Oleaceae. 

Syringe,  (sir'inj).  [Gk.  syrinx,  pipe.]  A 
small  pipe,  terminating;  iu  a  small  opening, 


with  a  piston  working  in  it;  used  for 
injection  of  liquids.  Pneumatic  S.,  v.  Pneu- 
matic. 

Syrinx,  (si'rinks).  [Gk.  syrinx,  pipe.]  Tha 
lower  part  of  the  larynx ;  a  modification  of 
the  trachea  at  its  junction  with  the  bronchi. 
The  organ  of  song  in  birds. 

Syrup,  (sir'up).  A  solution  of  sugar,  usually 
flavoured  by  some  other  substance;  e.g., 
Syrup  of  violets,  &c. 

System,  (sis'tem).  [Systema,  the  Greek  word.] 
A  number  of  things  having  some  general 
relation  to  each  other ;  arrangement  of 
things  in  order,  according  to  some  compre- 
hensive plan.  Botanical  S.,  v.  Botanical. 
Linncean  S.t  v.  Linnaeus's.  Natural  S.,  v. 
Lindley's. 

Systemic,  ( sis-tem'ik ).  [System,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  a  system. 

Systoles,  (sis'to-lCz.  [Gk.  syxtello,  I  contract.] 
Contractions:  used  for  the  contractions  of 
the  auricles  and  ventricles  of  tho  heart. 

Syzygies,  (siz-i'jCz).  [Gk.  syzygia,  union.]= 
Linear  relations;  used  to  express  the  Sun 
Moon  and  Earth  being  in  one  line. 

Syzygy,    {Singular  of  Syzygies,  q.v. 


T. 


Tabanus,  (ta-ba'nus.)  [The  Latin  name.]  = 
Horse-flies:  an  insect,  the  type  of  Tabamdae, 
a  family  belonging  to  Diptera. 

Tabbinet,  (tab'bi-net).  A  variety  of  watered 
silk. 

Tables.    See  pages  351,  352. 

Tabular,  ( tab'u-lar ).  [L.  tabuia,  board.] 
Occurring  in  plates  or  small  tables. 

Tabulae,  (tab'u-le).  [The  Latin  word.]  A 
general  term  for  small  plates ;  as  plates 
found  in  Aporose,  Perforate,  and  Rugose 
corals. 

Tabulata  corals,  (tab-u-la'ta).  A  sub-division 
of  Zoantharia ;  a  group  of  corals,  removed 
from  Madreporaria;  having  horizontal  plates 
dividing  the  corallite  into  compartments; 
abundant  in  Palaeozoic  and  in  Tertiary 
strata,  but  absent  in  Secondary. 

Taccaceae,  (tak-ka'se-e).  [Tacca,  the  typical 
genus.  ]=Taccads:  large  tropical  herbs,  with 
tuberous  roots,  belonging  to  Narcissales. 

Tachometer,    ( tak-om'e-ter  ).       [Gk.    tachos, 
speed;  metron,  measure.]    An 
apparatus    for    measurement 
of  velocity,  especially  in  ma- 
chinery. 

Tachypetes,  (tak-ip'e-tez).  [Gk. 
tacky s,  quick;  petao,  I  fly.] 
= Frigate-bird,  q.v. 

Tachysaurus,  ( tak-i-sau'rus  ). 
[Gk.  tachys,  swift;  saura, 
lizard.]  T.  japonicus=Grsss 
lizard,  q.v. 

Tacking,  (tak'king).  The  zig- 
zag course  taken  by  a  vessel 
sailing  against  an  adverse  wind.  Tachometer. 


Tactile  corpuscles,  (tak'tll).  [L.  tactilis, 
touchable.]  Oval  swellings  of  the  nerves  of 
touch,  where  that  sense  is  delicate;  as  iu  the 
tongue,  fingers,  &c. 

Tauorna,  (ta-dor'na).  [Tadorno,  the  Spanish 
narae.]=Sheldrako  or  Shelduck:  a  bird  be- 
longing to  Anatidse. 

Tadpole,  (tad'pol).  [A.-S.  tade,  toad;  poln, 
young.]  A  young  frog,  in  the  first  stage  of 
its  development.  T.  ^'«/i=Raniceps  trifur- 
catus. 

Taenia,  (tC'ni-a).  [L.  tcenia,  ribbon.  ^Tape- 
worm :  an  intestinal  worm,  the  type  of 
Treniada. 

Taeniada,  (t5-m'a-da).  [Tscnia,  q.v.  ;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  =  Tape-worms  and  bladder-worms: 
a  division  of  Scolecida,  internal  parasitio 
hermaphrodite  animals,  which  have  no  ali- 
mentary canal  ;  also  called  Cestoidea. 

Tsenioidea,  (t5-ni-oi'de-a).  [L.  tcenia,  ribbon; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]=l.  Riband  fishes:  a  family 
of  mackerel-like  fishes,  belonging  to  Acan- 
thopterygii.  2.  Sometimes  used  as=Taeniada. 

Taenite,  (  te'nit  ).  [L.  tcenia,  ribbon.]  An 
alloy  of  iron. 

Tail,  (tal).  [Tcegl,  the  A.-S.  word.]  In 
whales,  dolphins,  &c.,  a  horizontal  expan- 
sion of  the  skin;  in  fish  vertical  and  with 
fin  rays.  Homocercal  T.,  v.  Homocercal. 
Heterocercal  T.,  v.  Heterocercal  :  in  sharks, 
dogfish,  sturgeon,  &c.  Prehensile  T.  :  found 
only  in  American  Primates.  Tailed  am- 


Tail-race.    The  stream  of  water  running  from 
a  water-wheel,  which  has  been  moved  by  it. 
Tails.    £T0?-se-r.=:Equisetace£e. 


TAIL-WORTS 


320 


TAR 


Tail-worts=Triuridaoe«. 

Talbotype,  ( tal'bo-tlp ).  [Mr.  Talbot.]  A 
method  of  photography,  in  which  the  image 
is  taken  on  paper  coated  with  iodide  aud 
nitrate  of  silver. 

Talc,  (talk).  (Talk,  the  German  word.]= 
=4MgO,5SiOa :  a  soft  variety  of  silicate  of 
magnesium,  crystallising  in  hexagons;  a 
mineral  belonging  to  the  Serpentine  group. 

Talegalla,  (tal-e-gal'la).  A  turkey-like  bird, 
found  only  in  Australia  aud  the  Indian 
islands. 

Talitrus.  A  small  crustacean,  belonging  to 
Amphipoda.  T.  ioeu«*a=Sund-bopper. 

Tallow,  (tal'16).  [Telg,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 
general  term  for  solid  oil  or  fat,  especially  of 
the  higher  animals.  Mineral  T.=. Hatchet- 
tite.  a  solid  variety  of  bitumen.  T.  tree 
=  Pentadesnia  butyracea;  also  =  Stillingia 
sebifera. 

Talpa,  (tal'pa).  [The  Latin  name.]=Mole:  a 
small  insectivorous  quadruped,  the  type  of 
Talpidae.  has  a  long  head,  rudimentary  eyes, 
and  short  fore  legs. 

Talpida,  (tal'pi-de). 
[Talpa,  q.v.:  Gk. 
eidon,  form.  ]  = 
Moles:  a  sub-divi- 
sion of  Insectivora. 

Talus,  (talus).  [The 
La  tin  word.]  Ankle: 
ankle-bone. 

Tamandua,  (U-man'- 
dd-a).  [The  Por- 
tuguese  name.]  An 
ant  -  eating  quadruped 

jubata. 

Tamaricacess,  (tam-a- 
ri-k;Vse-€).  [Tama- 
risk, <i.v.\  —  Tama- 
risks :  shrubs  Mid 
herbs,  belonging  to 
Violales. 

Tamarin,  (tam'a-rin). 
=  Midas  rosalia:  a 
South  American  mon- 
key. 

Tamarindus,    ( tam-a-         Silky  Tmnarhx 
rind'us).      [Ar.   tamarJnndi,    Indian  date.J 
=Tamarind:  a  tree  belong- 
ing to  Leguminacese.      T. 
Indiea  =  Indian  date. 

Tamarisk,  ( tarn ' a  •  risk  ) . 
[Tamai-itcus,  the  Latin 
name.]  =  Tamarix:  a  tree, 
the  type  of  Tamaricacete, 
one  variety  of  which  gives 
Mount  Sinia  manna. 

Tamping,    (  tam'ping ).      In     Tamarind  tree, 
blasting,  the  filling  up  of  the  hole  made  in 
boring,  so  that  the  force  of  the  gunpowder, 
etc.,  shall  not  escape. 

Tamus,  (ti'mus)= Black  bryony:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Dioscoreacete. 

Tan,  (tan).  [The  French  word.]  The  bark  of 
the  oak,  elm,  &c.,  ground;  used  in  tanning. 

Tanacetum,  (tan-a-8e'tum)=Tansy :  an  herb 
belonging  to  Asteraceae. 

Tanager,    (  tan'a-jgr  )  =  RUamphocaelus  pas- 


serini=Tanagra:  a  polygamous  l>ii.l.  i.f  tro- 
]>icul  America,  having  brilliantly-coloured 
plumage. 

Tangent,  (tan'jent).     [L.  tango,  I  touch.]    In 
any  right-angled  tri- 
angle the  tangent  of 
any  one  of  the  angles 
is  the  ratio   of  the 
Bide  opposite  to  the 
angle  to  the  side  join- 
ing it  with  the  right       «.  e.  Tangent 
angle.      T.  compatt  =  T.  galvanometer :  a 
•mall  magnetic  needle  in  the  centre  of  a 
large  copper  hoop,  in  which  A  galvanic  cur- 
rent passing  is  measured  by  the  tan 
the  angle  through  which  the  needle 
fleeted.     T.  tailing,  v.  Sailing. 

Tangle*,  (tang'lz).  [Ger.  tang,  sea-weed.  ]  = 
Algae,  q.v. 

Tank- worms.    A  stage  of  the  Guinea  worm. 

Tannic  acid,  ( tan'nik  ).  [Tan,  q.v.]  1.= 
CjffHsaOir  =  Gallotannic  acid = a  substance 
obtained  from  gall  nuts,  and  used  in  tl.o 
conversion  of  skins  into  leather.  •_'.  A  pi.,- 
ral  term  for  moritannic,  japonic,  imni'j- 
tannic,  and  other  varieties. 

Tannin,   ( tan'nin ).      [Tan,   q.v.]     (.'< 
name  for  several  varieties  of  the  aatrinp-iit 
principle  found  in  oak  bark,  ic.,  ami  u  <  .1 
in  tanning  hides,  and   now  called    tannie 
acid  ;  breaks  up  into  glucose  and  gallic  acid. 

Tanning,  (tan'ning).  [Tan,  9.1-.]  The  con- 
version of  animal  skin  into  leather  by  the 
combination  of  taunic  acid  with  it. 

Tanrec,  (tan'rek).     Heraicentetes,  q.v. 

Tansy,  (Un'zi).  [Tanairie,  the  French  word.] 
=1  Tanacetum :  an  herb  belonging  to  As- 
teracMfc 

Tantalum.  Ibis :  a  family  of  birds  belonging 
toGrallatores. 

Tantalite,  (tan'ta-llt).  A  mineral,  from  which 
tantalum  is  obtained. 

Tantalum,  (tan'ta-lum).  [Tantalite,  q.r.]=. 
Ta:  a  rare  metal,  obtained  from  t;mtul.te; 
formerly  confounded  with  columbium. 

Tantalus,  ( tan'ta-lus.  )  A  bini,  resembling 
the  ibis,  belonging  to  Scolopacidse. 

Tap.  T.  root :  such  as  the  roots  of  the  pars- 
nips, turnip,  carrot,  ic. 

Tape-woons=Ta5niada,  q.v. 

Tapioca,  (tap-i-6'ka).  A  variety  of  starch; 
from  roots  of  mandioc,  jatropha,  &c. 

Tapir,  ( ta'pgr ).  [  Tupyra,  the  Brazilian 
name.]  An  animal 
belonging  to  the  Peris- 
sodactyle  division  of 
Ungulata;  the  last  re- 
presentative of  an  ex- 
tensive Eocene  group 
of  animals. 

Tapirinae,  (tfi-pi-ri'ne). 
[Tapir,  q.v.]   A  group  Tapir. 

of  animals  nearly  extinct,  the  tapir  being 
the  only  existing  representative. 

Tar,  (tar).  [Tent,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1.  Coal 
T.:  a  black  viscid  resinous  substance,  ob- 
tained from  coal,  and  from  which  naphtha 

and  pitch  are  separable.  2.  Wood  T.:  ob- 
tained by  distillation  of  wood. 


TARANDUS 


321 


TEETH 


Tarandus,  (ta-ran'dus).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=The  Reindeer,  a  northern  constellation,  of 
small  stars  only. 

Tarantula,  (ta-ran'tu-la.)  [Taranto,  in  Italy.] 
=  Aranea     taran- 
tula:  a  spider-like 
animal,    belonging 
to  Araneida. 

Taraxacum,  (ta-raks  '- 
a-kuin  ).  [Gk.  ta- 
rasso,  I  shake.]  = 
Dandelion:  an  herb, 
with  milky  juice, 
belonging  to  Aster- 
aceae.  Tarantula. 

Tardigrada,  (tar-di-grfi'da).  [L.  tardut,  slow; 
gradior,  1  move.]  =  Water  sloths  =  Water 
bears  =.Arctisca,  q.v. 

Tare,  (tar)=Vicia,  q.v. 

Tarpaulin,  ( tar-pa w'lin  ).  [Tar  and  Pall.] 
Canvas  made  waterproof  by  a  coating  of  tar. 

Tarsal  bones,  (tar'sal).  [Tarsus,  q.v.}  Seven 
bones  forming  heel,  ankle,  and  part  of  sole. 

Tarsipedes,  (tur-sip'e-dez).  [L.  tarsus,  sole; 
pes,  foot.]  Marsupial  animals  belonging  to 
Syndactyles. 

Tarsius,  (tar'si-us).     One  of  the  half-apes. 

Tarso-metatarsus.  A  bone  made  up  by  the 
union  of  the  tarsus  and  metatarsus. 

Tarsus,  (tar'sus).  [Gk.  tarsos,  sole.]  The 
bones  forming  the  ankle  and  heel. 

Tartar,  (tar/ter)=Hydropotassic  tartrate. 

Tartar-emetic  =^  Potiussio  antimonious  tartrate. 

Tartarian-lamb,  ( tar-ta'ri-an  ).  [Found  in 
Tartary.]=Aspidium  barometz:  a  fern,  the 
rhizome  of  which  has  a  resemblance,  in  form, 
to  a  lamb. 

Tartar ic  acid,  ( tar-tar'ik  ).  [Tartar,  q.v.]= 
C-iHgOg  =  Hydric  tartrate  =  a  transparent 
crystalline  substance,  found  in  the  grape, 
and  also  obtained  from  succinic  acid,  ho- 
T.  =Tartrelic  acid.  Pa.ra.-T. =Racemic  acid. 

Tartini's  tones,  (tar-tS'ni)=.DifFerence  tones, 
q.v. 

Tartralic  acid,  (tar-tral'ik).  [Tartar,  q.v.]= 
Ditartaric  acid,  q.v. 

Tartrates,  (tai'li-its).  [Tartaric,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  tartaric  acid  and  bases. 

Tartrelic  acid,  (tar-trel'ik).  [Tartar,  g.v.]= 
Iso-tartaric  acid. 

Tarumas.     An  American  race. 

Taste,  (tast).  [F.  tdter,  to  try.]  The  sensa- 
tion excited  in  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
tongue,  probably  exists  only  in  Mammalia. 

Tatouay,  (tat'66-a).     An  animal  belonging  to 
Edentata— Dasypus 
tatouay. 

Taurin,  (tau'rin).  [L. 
taunis,  bull.]  = 
CoH7NO3S:  a  crys- 
talline substance 
obtained  from  tau- 
rocholic  acid. 

Taurocholic  acid, 
(  tau  -  ro  -  kol '  ik  ).  Tatouay. 

[Gk,  tauros,  bull;  chole,  bile.]=Choleic  acid 
=  C26H45N07S :  found  in  the  bile  of  the 
ox,  &c. 

Taurus,  (tau'rus).    [The  Latin  name.]=The 


Taurua. 


Bull :   the  second  sign 

of  the  Zodiac,  contains 

Aldebaran,  the  Pleiades, 

and  the  Crab  cluster. 
Tawing,        ( taw '  ing ). 

[Tawian,     the     A.-S. 

word.]      A    process  in 

tanning,  in  which  alum 

and    oil    are    incorpo- 
rated with  the  hide. 
Taxacese,  (taks-a'se-C).    [Taxus,  g.v.]=Taxads 

= Yews:  resinous  trees  and  shrubs,  with  nar- 
row leaves  and  naked  flowers,  forming  a 

division  of  Gymnogens. 
Taxodium,  (taks-6'di-um).      [Taxus,  q.v.]    A 

plant  belonging  to  Coniferse.     T.  distickum 

= Deciduous  cypress. 
Taxonomic,    ( taks-on'o-mik  ).      [Taxonomy, 

'/.<•)    Relating  to  arrangement  or  classifica- 
tion,   cf.  Ataxic. 
Taxonomy,    (taks-on'o-mi).      [Gk.   taxis, 

arrangement ;   nomos,   law.]      Principles  of 

arrangement  or  classification. 
Taxus,  (taks'us).     [Gk.  toxon,  bow.]=Yew:  a 

plant  belonging  to  Couifene ;  the  wood  is 

used  for  making  bows. 
Taygete,       (ta-ij'e-te). 

[Classical.]     One  of  the 

Pleiades,  3.17. 
Tea,    (te).        [  Tsai,   the 

Chinese    name.]  =  Thea, 

q.v.     Paraguay  r.=Ilex 

Paraguayensis.  Brazilian 

T.  =.  Stachytarpheta  Ja- 

maicensis.    Honey  2'.,  v. 

Honey  tea. 
Teak,  (t«k).     [Theka,  the         Tea-plant 

Malabar  name.]=Tectonis  grandis:  an  East 

Indian  tree  with  very  durable  timber. 
Teal,  (tel).     [Teelirtg,  the  Dutch  name.]    A 

duck-like  bird=Anas  crecca. 
Tealby  series,(tel'biX 

[T.  in  Lincolnshire.] 

Beds  of  sand,  with- 
out fossils,  and  clay 

and  limestone  with 

fossils,  belonging  to 

Middle  Neocomian. 
Tears,  (t6rz).    [Tcer, 

the     A.-S.    word.] 

The  overflow  of  the 

lachrymal  secretion,  which  cannot  be  carried 

away   by  the   lachrymal  duct;    excited   by 

emotion  or  by  strong  odours. 
Teat,  (tet).     (Tit,  the  A.-S.  word.]    A  small 

variety  of  the  duck.    v.  Boscha. 
Teazel,  (te'zl).     [Tcesel,  the  A.-S.   name.]= 

Dipsacns,  q.v.    Fuller's  T.^Dipsacus   ful- 

lonum. 

Teazel-worts=Dipsacaceae,  q.v. 
Tectibranchiata,    (tek-ti-brang-ki-a'ta).      [L. 

tecto,  I  cover;  Branchia,  q.v.]    A  division  of 

Gasteropoda,  the  animals  of  which  have  a 

shell,  and  the  branchiae  are  covered  by  the 

shell,  or  by  a  mantle. 
Tectona,  (tek'to-na).      [The  Latin  name.]= 

Teak :  a  large  tree,  with  long  leaves,  and  hard 

durable  timber,  belonging  to  Verbenaceae. 
Teeth,  (tcth).     [Tooth,  q.v.]    Bony  develop- 
X 


Teal. 


TEIDJE 


322 


TENSION 


ments  of  the  skin,  found  in  the  mouth  of 
higher  animals:  used  for  prehension  and 
mastication;  classified  as  molars,  pnemol.us. 
canine,  and  incisors,  q.v.  Man  has  twelve 
molars,  eight  praemolars,  four  canine,  and 
eight  incisors.  Golden  T.t  v.  Golden  teeth. 
Involute  T.,  v.  Involute  teeth.  Laniary  T. 
= Canine  T.  Milk  r.=peciduous  T.:  tem- 
porary teeth  appearing  in  infancy,  and  re- 
placed by  permanent  teeth. 

Telda,  (te'i-de).  [Teius,  the  typical  genus; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  family  of  lizards. 

Telegram,  (tele-gram).  [Gk.  tele,  far  off; 
gramma,  a  writing.]  A  message  conveyed  by 
means  of  telegraphic  apparatus;  especially 
one  in  which  words  are  written  by  the 
apparatus  or  by  hand. 

Telegraph,  (tel'e-graf).  [Gk.  tele,  far  off; 
gnt/>/to,  1  write.]  An  apparatus  for  the  rapid 
conveyance  of  intelligence,  cf.  Semaphore. 
Electro  T.,  v.  Electro-telegraph.  Morte's  T., 
v.  Morse's  telegraph.  T.  batteriet:  usually 
Daniell's,  Le  Clanche,  or  Marie  Davy's. 

Teleology,  ( tel-e-ol'6-ji ).  [Gk.  telot,  end; 
logos,  discourse.]  The  science,  or  study,  of 
final  causes. 

Teleosauria,  (tel-o-o-saw'ri-a).  [Teleosaurus, 
q.v.]  Extinct  animals,  of  which  the  teleosau- 
rus  is  the  type. 

Teleoiaurus,  (tel-e-fl-saw'rus).  [Gk.  teleot, 
complete;  saura,  lizard.]  A  marine  croco- 
dile, known  only  by  fossil  remains  in  Oolite. 

Teleostei,  (tel-e-os'te-i).  [Gk.  teleot,  perfect; 
osteon,  bone.]=Bony  fishes:  a  primary  divi- 
sion of  fishes,  including  most  of  the  existing 
genera  of  bony  fishes. 

Telephone,  (telWon).  [Gk.  tele-,  far  off;  phone, 
sound.]  An  apparatus  by  which  sounds  can 
be  conveyed  through  long  distances,  being 
converted  into  electricity  and  reconverted 
into  sound. 

Telephorida,  (tel-e-forl-de).  [Gk.  tele-,  fur  off, 
phoreo,  I  carry.]  A  family  of  insects,  belong- 
ing to  Larnpyridte;  also  called  Soldiers  and 
Sailors. 

Telerpeton,  (tel-er'pe-ton).  [Gk.  tele-,  far  off; 
herpeton,  reptile.]  A  reptile,  known  only  by 
fossil  remains  found  in  Triassic  rocks. 

Telescope,  ( tel'es-kop  ).  [Gk.  tele-,  far  off; 
ni-opeo,  I  view.]  An  appa- 
ratus for  the  better  obser- 
vation of  objects  at  a  dis- 
tance, especially  of  celes- 
tial objects.  Astronomical 
T.:  adapted  to  observa- 
tion of  heavenly  objects. 
Catoptric  T.  =  Reflecting 
T.,  q.v.  Dioptric  T.= 
Refracting  T.,  q.v.  Gali- 
lean T.,  v.  Galilean  tele- 
scope. Gregorian  T.,  v. 
Gregorian  telescope.  Her- 
schelianT.,v.  Herschelian  Telescope, 
telescope.  Newtonian  T.,  v.  Newtonian  tele- 
scope. 

Telford's  gradient,    v.  Gradient. 

Tellurates,  (tel'lu-rats).  [Telluric,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  telluric  acid,  with  bases. 

TeUuretted  hydrogen,  (tel-lu-ret'ed).     [Tellu- 


rium,  g.».]  =  Dihydric  tt-lluiidc  —  H.,T,  :   r\ 
combustible  gas,  wit hslightl)  ;u-i<i  pi.  ; 

Tellurethyl,  (tel-u-re'thil).  [Tellt- 
</.v.]=C4HioTe:  a  feebly-acid  gas,  with  fa-till 
odour. 

Telluric,  (  tel-lfi  'rik  ).  [Tellurium,  q.v.] 
Relating  to  tellurium,  or  containing  it  as 
an  important  constituent  T.  acid = H2TeO4 : 
a  crystalline  substance.  T.  iron:  iron  ore  con- 
taining tellurium.  T.  «i2ver=Hessite,  Q.V. 

Tellurides,  ( tel'lu-ridz ).  [Tellurium,  o.v.  ] 
Rare  substances,  compounds  of  tellurium 
with  another  element. 

TeUurites,(tenu-ritz).  [Telluroua.g.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  tellurous  acid  with  bases. 

Tellurium,  (tel-lu'ri-um.)  [L.  ttllus,  the  earth.] 
=Te":  one  of  the  sulphur  group:  a  rare  nie- 
tallic-hke  substance,  resembling  sulphur  in 
its  properties.  Graphic  r.=Sj'lvamte. 

Telostei=Teleostei,  q.v. 

Telson,  (tel'son).  [Gk.  ttlton,  limit.]  Tho 
centre  of  the  terminal  somite  in  Cm-- 

Tempera,  (tem'ptr-a)=Distemper.     I'.untint; 
\\itli  o|>aque  colours  mixed  with  ei. 
Fresco,    v.  Painting. 

Temperament,  ( tem'pgr-a-ment ).     A  slight 
alteration  in  two  musical  notes  very  n« -.uly 
alike  so  as  to  make  one  sound  serve  for  hoth: 
as  when  F  sharp  and  G  flat  are  n -\ -\ 
by  the  same  sound. 

Temperate,  ( tem'per-at ).  [L.  temperatus, 
moderate.]  Moderate.  T.  zonet:  Ijetwmi  the 
tropics  and  polar  circles,  v.  Zones. 

Temperature,  (tern 'p?r-a-tur).  [L.  lem-peratus, 
moderate.]  Intensity  of  radiant  heat.  v. 
Thermometer. 

Tempered.  7.  steel.-  steel  hardened  by  being 
suddenlv  cooled  when  heated. 

Temporal,  (tem'por-al).  [L.  tempera,  fon-h.  .nl.] 
T./oMa.-ahollowin  which  the  temporal  ma*,  lu 
lies. 

Temporary  stars;  those  which  become  visible 
for  a  time,  usually  by  a  temporary  n 
of  brightness. 

Tench,  (tensh).  [Tinea,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Tinea,  q.v. 

Tendo  Achiilis,(t  «•!,•- 
do  fi-kil  Us).  [The  : 
LAtin  name.  ]  A  ; 
tendon  connecting 
the  heel  and  calf  of 
the  leg.  Tench. 

Tendon,  (ten'don).  [L.  tendo,  I  stretch.] 
Cords  of  fibrous  tissue  connecting  the  musc'lc.s 
with  the  bones,  &c.  cf.  Ligament. 

Tendrac,  (ten'drak)=.Tenrec,  q.v. 

Tendril,  (ten'dril).  [Tendrillon,  the  French 
word.]  Elongated  thread-like  processes  of 
l>l.-ints,  especially  of  climbing  plantn,  wliich 
twist  round  other  plants,  trellis-work,  &c. 

Tenebrio.     T.  molitm-.  flour  beetle. 

Tennantite,  ( ten'nan-tit ).  [  Tennant.  ]  A 
variety  of  copper  pyrites. 

Tenrec,  (ten'rek)=Centete3:  a  hedge-hog  like 
animal  belonging  to  Insectivorn. 

Tension,  (ten'shun).  [L.  (>,,<lo,  I  stretch.] 
Kxp;ti)sibility,  or  elastic  force,  of  gaseous 
bodies.  Electric  r.=Electro-motive  force= 
Intensity  of  chemical  action. 


TENTACLES 


323 


TERTIARY 


Tentacles,  (ten'ta-klz).  [Tentaculum,  q.v.]= 
Feelers;  organs  of  sensations,  sometimes  also 
of  prehension;  in  Cyaiuea,  30  to  40  ft.  long. 

Tentaculum,  (  ten-tak'u-lum  ).  [  The  Latin 
wor<l.]=Feeler.  v.  Tentacles. 

Tenthredo,  (ten-threAlo).  [The  Greek  name.] 
=  S;iw  fly:  an  insect,  the  type  of  the  family 
Tenthridinidse,  belonging  to  Hymenoptera. 

Tentorium.(ten-to'ri-um).  [L.  tentorium,tent.] 
A  membrane  in  the  brain,  dividing  the  cere- 
brum from  the  cerebellum. 

Tenuirostres,  (ten-ii-i-ros'trez).  [L.  tenuit, 
slender;  rostrum,  beak.]  Perching  birds  with 
slender  beaks,  forming  a  sub-division  of 
Insassores,  q.v. 

Ter,  (ter).  [L.  ter,  thrice.]  A  prefix  imply- 
ing three,  as  ter-stearin,  ter-valent,  &c. 

Terbia,  (ter'bi-a).  A  supposed  metallic  oxide 
r=a  compound  of  erbia  and  vttria. 

Terbium,  (te/bi-um).  [Terbia,  q.v.}  The 
supposed  metallic  base  of  terbia,  q.v. 

Terchloride,  (ter-klo'rld).  [Ter  ami  Chloride, 
q.r.]  =  Trichloride:  a  compound  of  three 
atoms  of  chlorine  with  one  of  another  ele- 
ment, as  SnClj. 

Terebenes,  (ter'e-benz).  [Terebinth,  q.v.]=. 
G'ioHi8=. Camphogens;  a  group  of  isomeric 
hydrocarbons,  of  which  oil  of  turpentine  is 
the  type,  which,  when  combined  with  water, 
form  crystalline  camphor -like  substances; 
also  called  Camphenes. 

Terebenthene,  (ter-e-ben'then).  [Terebinth, 
q.v.]  A  hydrocarbon  found  in  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. 

Terebic  acid,  (ter'e-bik).  [Terebene,  q.v.]= 
C/HioO^  a  crystalline  substance  obtained  by 
acting  on  rosin  with  nitric  acid. 

Terebinth,  (  terVbinth  ).     [  Terebinthos,  the 
Greek   name.]=Tiirpentine 
tree:    a  tree  belonging   to 
Pistiaceae. 

Terebra,  (terVbra).  [  L. 
terebro,  I  bore.]=Subula:  a 
boring  molluscous  animal. 

Terebrantia,  (ter-e-bran'shi-a. ) 
(L.  terebro,  I  bore.  ]= Borers: 
insects  belonging  to  Hyme- 
noptera. 

Terebratula,   ( ter-e-brat'ii-la  ). 
borer.]    Lamp-shell:  a  genus  of  marine  bra- 
chiopoda. 


Terebratula  Fimbria.  Terebratula  Carinata. 

Terebratulidae,  (ter-e-bra-tu'li-de).  [Terebra- 
tula, q.v.;  Gk.  eidos,  form.]  A  family  of 
animals  belonging  to  Brachiopoda,  of  which 
the  lamp-shell  is  the  type:  found  from 
Devonian  to  present  time. 

Terecamphen,  (ter-e-kam'fen).    [Terebene  and 


Cam;>hene.]  C10H16:  a  white  camphor-like 
substance,  obtained  from  oil  and  turpentine. 

Teredo,  (te-re'do).  [Teredo,  the  Latin  name.] 
A  molluscous  animal  belonging  to  Pholadid.'c, 
a  family  of  Lamellibrauehiata.  T.  navalis= 
Ship-worm. 

Tergal,  (ter'gal).    Related  to  the  tergum,  q.v. 

Tergum,  (ter'gum).  [L.  tergum,  back.]  In 
Crustacea,  the  convex  upper  plate  of  each, 
segment. 

Terminations.  In  chemistry,  -tc  (e.g.,  pallad- 
ic,  nitric,  <fco.)  is  used  to  express  the  most 
highly  oxidised  compound  of  a  series;  and 
•oun  for  the  next  less  highly  oxidised  com- 
pound of  the  same  series;  e.g.,  palladioxis, 
nitrous,  &c. 

Termes,  (tfr'mCz).  [L.  tarmes,  a  wood  worm.] 
= White  ants:  insects  belonging  to  Neurop- 
tera.  v.  Termites. 

Terminology,  (ter-min-ol'o-ji).  [L.  terminus, 
term;  Gk.  logos,  discourse.]  The  science  of 
technical  terms. 

Termitarium,  (ter-mi-ta'ri-nm).  [Termes,  q.v.] 
Dwelling  of  a  colony  of  tonnes,  or  white 
ants. 

Termites,  (ter'mi-tez).  [Termes,  <7.v.]=White 
ants:  small  soft-bodied  insects,  living  in  com- 
munities, belonging  to  Neuroptera. 

TermitinsB,  (ter-mi-ti'ne").  [Termes,  q.v.]= 
Corrodentia:  a  division  of  Neuroptera,  in- 
cluding white  ants. 

Tern,  (tern).  [Terne,  the  Danish  name.]= 
Sterna  hinindo:  a  bird  belonging  to  Natato  res; 
also  called  Sea-swallow. 

Ternate,  (t^r'nat).  [L.  terni,  three  each.] 
Three-fold:  triple.  T.  leaf:  a  compound  leaf 
having  three  leaflets. 

TernstromiacesB,  (tern-stro-mi-a'se-e).  [Tern- 
strom,  a  botanist. ]=Theads=rTea,  &c.:  trees 
and  shrubs,  with  leathery  leaves,  belonging  to 
Guttiferales. 

Terpine,  ( teiyp5n  ).  [  Terebene,  q.v.  ]  — 
Ci0H162H2O=a  variety  of  hydrated  oil  of 
turpentine. 

Terpinol,  ( ter'pi-nol  ).  [  Terebene,  q.v.  ]= 
C2oH32.H2O=a  variety  of  hydrated  oil  of 
turpentine. 

Terra  cotta,  (ter'ra  ko'ta).  [The  Italian  name.] 
Baked  clay :  used  for  pottery,  small  statuary, 
&c. 

Terrapin,  (ter'ra-pSn).  [Terrapene,  the  French 
name.]=Emys,  q.v. 

Terrestrial,  (ter-res'tri-al).  [L.  terra,  earth.] 
Related  to  the  earth. 

Terrier,  (ter'ri-er).     [The  French  name.]    A 
variety  of  the  dog, 
characterised  by  its 
courage  and    anti- 
pathy to  vermin. 

Tertians,  (ter'shi-anz).  j 
[L.   tertius,  third.] 
Curves  of  third  de- 
gree. 

Terti  ary,  (ter'shi-a-ri). 
[L.   tertius,    third.]  Scotch  Terrier. 

=Cainozoic:  a  general  term  for  all  the  rocks 
between  Secondary  and  Recent,  now  includes 
Eocene,  Miocene,  and  Pliocene,  originally 
given  to  alluvial  and  similar  beds.  T.  colours 


TESSELATED 


324 


THEBAIA 


=  Primary  hues:  made  by  nnioti  of  secondary 
colours;  a  general  term=third. 

Tesselated,  (tes-se-la'ted).  [L.  tesseUa,  small 
cube.]  Formed  in  small  squares  like  a  chess- 
board; also  used  generally  for  patterns  in  tile 
work. 

Test,  (test).  [1.  The  French  word;  2.  L. 
testa,  shell.]  1.  A  substance  used  to  detect 
the  presence  of  some  given  supposed  consti- 
tuent in  a  chemical  compound;  also  called 
Re-agent.  2.  A  shell  or  thick  coveting,  v. 
Teatacea. 

Testacea,  (tes-ta'se-a).  [L.  testa,  shell.]  Mol- 
lusca  having  shells. 

Testudo,  (tes'ttt'do).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Tortoise:  an  animal  belonging  to  Chelonia, 

Tetanus,  (tet'a-nus).  [Gk.  teino,  I  stretch.] 
1.  A  general  term  for  a  convulsive  affection  of 
the  muscles  of  volition.  2.  =  Locked  -jaw:  an 
affection  of  the  muscles  of  the  lower  jaw 
which  prevents  mastication  and  swallowing. 

Tethys,  (tc'this).     [Classical.]    A  star. 

Tetra-  (tet'ra).    [Gk.  tetra-,  four.]    A  prefix 


implying  fonr. 
Tetrabranchiata, 


Tetrabranchiata,  (tet-ra-brang-ki-a'ta).    [Gk. 

tetra-,  four;  bragchia,  gill.]  Molluscs  having 

four  gills,  a  less  highly  organised  division 

of  Cephalopoda,  having  numerous  anus,  but 

no  suckers  or  ink-bag. 
Tetrachlcrides=Compounds  of  four  atoms  of 

chlorine  with  one  atom  of  a  metal. 
Tetracrylic  acid=C4H6O2=Solidcrotonic  acid. 
Tetrad,  (tet'rad).    [Gk.  tetra,  four.]  A  chemi- 

cal element,  one  atom  of  which  is  equivalent, 

in  combination,  to  four  atoms  of  hydrogen. 
Tetradecapoda,  (tet-ra-de-kap'o-da).     [Tetra 

and  Decapoda,  q.v.}  De  Blainville's  term  (or 

Am  i  ili  i  pi  ni,  -i  and  Isopoda. 
Tetradymite,  (tet-rad'i-mit).   [Gk.  tetradymot, 

fourfold.]  A  mineral,  chiefly  telluride  of  bis- 

muth and  sulphur. 
Tetragon,  (tet'ra-gon).  [Gk.  tetra-,  four;  gonia, 

angle.]     A   four-cor 


Tetragons. 


nered    figure  :    espe- 

cially a  square. 
Tetragoni»ceae,(tet-ra- 

gou-i-a'se-e).     [  Tet  ra- 

gonia,     the     typical 

genus.  ]  =  Aizoons  : 

herbs,  with  succulent 

leaves,   belonging   to 

Ficoidales. 
Tetragonolepis,    (  tet-ra-gon-ol'e-pis  ).     [  Gk. 

tetra,   four;  gonia,   angle;   lepis,  scale.]    A 

ganoid  fish  found  fossil  in  Lias  rocks. 
Tetrahedron,   (tet-ra-he'dron).     [Gk.    tetra-, 

fonr:  hedra,  face.]  A  solid 

figure    bounded    by  four 

triangular  surfaces. 
Tetrao,   (  tet'ra-o  ).      [The 

Greek  name.]  =  Grouse:  a 

bird,  the  type  of  Tetra- 

onidae,  q.v. 
Tetraonid8e,(tet-ra-on'i-de). 

[Tetrao,   q.v.;  Gk.   eidos,        Tetrahedron. 

form.]  A  family  of  birds  belonging  to  Rasores, 

including  the  grouse,  ptarmigan,  &c. 
Tetratomic.    v.  Tetrads. 


Tetryl,  (tet'ril).  [Tetrylic,  q.v.  ]=C8H18= 
Butyl=Ditetryl:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon  ob- 
tained by  the  distillation  of  coal,  and  fium 
potassic  valerate,  &c. 

Tetrylene,  (tet'ri-len).  [Tetrylic,  9-r.]=C4II8 
=Butylene=Oil  gas:  a  gaseous  ludioeai  i><>n 
of  the  oil-fine  series,  first  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  oil. 

Tetrylia,  (tet-ri'li-a).  [Tetrylic,  9.t'.]=C4TInX. 
an  alkaline  base  obtained  from  ti-u  \  1  .tlmlml: 

Tetrylic,  (te-trilik).  A  new  name  for 
butylic. 

Teucrium,  (tu'cri-um).  [Teucer.]=Germander: 
an  herb  belonging  to  Laruiaceaa.  T.  scorodonia 
=Wood  sage. 

Teuthidae,  (to/thi-de).  [Gk.  teuthis,  sleeve- 
fish;  eidos,  form.]  Calamaries:  a  sub-divi- 
sion of  Sepiadse. 

Textile,  (teks'tll).  (Textilis,  the  Latin  word.] 
Woven.  T.  fabrics:  cotton,  linen,  woollen, 
and  other  cloths  formed  by  weaving. 

Thalamiflorae,  (thal-a-nii-flo're).  [Thalamus, 
<?.r.J  Plants  having  the  stamens  free  tnnii 
the  calyx  and  generally  inserted  on  a  u- 
ceptacle  or  disc. 

Thalamus,  (thal'a-mus).  [Gk.  thalamos,  bridal 
chamber.]  The  portion  of  a  flower  stem  from 
which  the  calyx,  corolla,  <tc.,  grow  out. 
Thalassicolla,  (thal-a-sik'ol-a).    [Gk.  */<«/<».«</, 

sea;  kullu,  glue.]=Transparent,  colourless, 
gelatinous  masses,  found  floating  in  sea 
water,  belonging  to  Protozoa. 

Thalictrum,  (thal-ik'tmm).  [Thaliktrnn,  the 
Greek  name.]  An  herb  belonging  to  llanun- 
culaceie. 

Thallioui,  (thal'li-us).  [Thallium,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  thallium,  q.v. 

Thallium,  (thnl'li-um).  [Gk.  thaUos,  a  green 
twig. ]=Tl':  a  heavy  lead-like,  diamagnetio 
in-t.il,  named  from  a  brilliant  green  line  in 
its  spectrum;  found  in  iron  pyrites. 

Thallogens,  (thal'16-jenz).  [Thallus.  q.v.]= 
Fungi,  lichens,  &c.  :  flowerless  plants,  of 
cellular  structure,  having  no  proper  stem. 

Thallophytes,  (thal-16-fi'tez).  [Gk.  thullos, 
green  twig;  phyton,  plant.]  Cryptogiiiiiou.s 
plants  in  which  the  stem  and  foliage  are  not 

distinct. 

Thallus,  (thal'lus).     [The  Latin  word.]    The 

portion  of  a  flowerless  plant  which  produces 

the  reproductive  organs. 
Thanatophidia,(than-a-to-fid'i-a).    fGk.  tJtona- 

tos,  death;  Ophidia,  q.v.]    Poisonous  snakes 

of  India. 
Thanet  beds,  (than'et).    [Isle  of  Thanet.]   The 

lowest  of  the  Lower  Eocene  strata,  resting  on 

the  chalk. 
Thapsia,  (thap'si-a).     [Gk.  thapto,  I  bury.]= 

Deadly  carrot:  a  plant  belonging  to  Apiaceje. 
Thaumatrope,  (thaw'ma-trop).     [Gk.  thauma, 

wonder;  tropeo,  I  turn.]   An  optical  apj)aia- 

tus,  in  which  a  number  of  rigures  pass  rapidly 

before  the  eye,  and  appear  like  one  in  which 

the  parts  are  in  motion. 
Thaumops.    [Gk.  thamnops,  strange  face.]   An 

amphipod  crustacean,  discovered  in  1873. 
Thea,  (te'a).    [Tsui,  the  Chinese  name.]= Tea- 
plant:  a  plant  belonging  to  Ternstrcemiaceic. 
Thebaia=Ci9HoiN03=Parauiorpbia:  an  alka- 


THEBIT 


325 


THIRD 


line,  poisonous,  crystalline  base,  obtained 
from  opium. 

Thebit.  A  crater,  32  miles  in  diameter,  in 
the  Moon. 

Theca,  (the'ka).  [Gk.  theke,  sheath.]  1.  A 
pteropod  animal,  known  by  fossil  remains  in 
Silurian  rocks.  2.  In  ferns=rSporangium : 
the  case  containing  the  spores;  generally  a 
strong  fibrous  case  enclosing  a  soft  body. 
Thecaphora.  (thg-kafo-ra).  [Gk.  theke,  sheath; 
phoreo,  I  bear.]=Sertularidse,  q.v.'.  a  sub- 
division of  Hydrozoa. 

Thecidium,  (the-sid'i-um).  [Gk.  thekidion, 
small  sheath.]  A  molluscous  animal,  known 
by  fossil  remains  in  Trias  rocks. 

Thecodont,  (thek'o-dont).  [Gk.  theke,  case; 
odoits,  tooth.]  T.  teeth:  teeth  that  are  fixed 
in  alveoli  or  sockets. 

Thecodontosaurus,  ( thek-o-don-to-sau'rus  ). 
[Thecodont,  q.v. ;  Gk.  saura,  lizard.]  A 
reptile,  known  only  by  fossil  remains  found 
in  Triassic  rocks,  named  from  its  thecodout 
teeth. 

Theine,  (theln).     [Thea,  g.v.]=Caffeine,  q.v. 

Thelphusidae,  (thel-fu'si-de).  [Thelphusa,  the 
typical  genus;  eidox, 
form.]  A  family  of 
crab-like  animals 
belonging  to  Brachy 
ura. 

Thenard,  (ta'nard). 
[M.  Thenard.]  T.'s 
blue :  a  pigment 
deriving  its  colour 
from  cobalt.  Thelphusian. 

Theobroma,  (the-o-bro'ma).  [Gk.  theos,  god; 
broma,  food.]  A  tree  belonging  to  Sterculi- 
aceae,  from  which  cocoa  is  obtained.  F.  cacao 
=Chocolate  nut  tree. 

Theobromine.  ( the-o-br5'mln  ).  [Theobroma, 
g.v.j=C7H8N4O2:  an  alkaline  base  found  in 
chocolate. 

Theodolite,  (the-od'6-llt).  An  instrument  for 
the  measurement  of 
horizontal  angles,  con- 
sisting essentially  of  a 
telescope  mounted  so  aa 
to  move  on  a  pivot  both 
horizontally  and  verti- 
cally. 

Theophilus.  A  crater, 
(54  miles  in  diameter, 
in  the  Moon. 

Theorem,  (the'6-rem).  In 
mathematics,    a    truth 
which  is  proved  by  refer- 
ence to  already  admitted          Theodolite, 
truths. 

Thermal,  (ther'mal).  [Gk.  therme,  heat.]  Re- 
lating to  heat.  T.  unit:  in  Britain,  the 
quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  one  pound 
of  water  from  0°  to  1°  centigrade ;  in  France, 
the  quantity  required  to  raise  one  kilogramme 
of  water  the  same. 

Thermo-,  (ther'nio).  [Gk.  thermos,  heated.] 
A  prefix  implying  some  relation  to  heat. 

Thermochrosis,  (ther-mo-kros'is).  [Gk.  thermo, 
heated;  chros,  colour.  ]= Heat  tint:  coloration 
by  heat. 


Thermo-dynamicB,  ( ther  -  mo-  dl  -  nam'iks.) 
[Thermo  and  Dynamics,  q.v.]  The  science  of 
the  relations  of  heat  and  work. 

Thenno-electric,(tlier-m6-e-lek'trik).  [Thermo 
and  Electric,  q.v.]  Related  to  thermo-elec- 
tricity. T.  current:  produced  when  two 
metals  having  different  capacities  for  heat 
are  joined,  and  warmed  at  one  end  while  the 
opposite  end  is  cooled.  T.  battery:  a  number 
of  thermo-electric  couples.  T.  series:  metals 
arranged  in  order  of  their  capacity  to 
generate  a  thermo-electric  current  when 
heated. 

Thermo-electricity,  ( ther-mo-e-lek-tris'i-ti  ). 
[Thermo  and  Electricity,  q.v.]  Electricity 
generated  by  the  action  of  heat,  or  derived 
from  heat. 

Thermograph,  (ther'mo-graf).  [Thermo,  q.v. ; 
Gk.  prop/to,  I  write.]  A  record,  usually 
automatic,  of  the  variations  of  temperature. 

Thermometer,  (ther-mom'e-t§r).  [Thermos, 
heated;  Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An  ^fr=^ 
instrument  for  measuring  the  rise 
and  fall  of  temperature,  usually 
by  means  of  the  expansions  and 
contractions  of  mercury,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  rise  and  fall  of  a  fine 
column  of  the  metal  in  a  glass 
tube.  Maximum  and  minimum 
T.:  one  which  registers  the  highest 
and  lowest  temperatures  in  a  given 
period.  Differential  T.,  v.  Differ- 
ential thermometer.  Breguet's  T , 
v.  Breguet's  thermometer. 

Thermometric,     (ther-mo-met'rik). 


ge 
Thi 


[Thermometer,  9.  v.]  Related  to  the  Thermo- 
thermometer.  T.  scales,  y.  Cel-  ^eter. 
sius,  Centigrade,  Fahrenheit,  and  Reaumur. 

Thermopile,  (ther'mo-pil).  [Thermo,  q.v.,  and 
Pile.  ]=  Ther  mo-electric  battery,  q.v. 

Thermopegology,  (ther-mo-pe-gol'6-ji).     [Gk. 
thermos,  hot;  pege,  spring;  logos,  discourse.] 
=Scienca  of  the  phenomena  of  hot  springs, 
ysers,  &c. 

iacetic  acid,  (tln-a-se'tik).  [Gk.  theion, 
sulphur;  Acetic,  o.v.]=C2H4OS  :  a  liquid 
obtained  by  the  action  of  sulphide  of  phos- 
phorus on  acetic  acid. 

Thialdine,  (thi'al-din).  [Gk.  theion,  sulphur.] 
=CeHi3NS2  :  an  alkaline  base  obtained  by 
the  action  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  on  alde- 
hyde of  ammonia. 

Thigh,  (thi).  [Theoh,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
upper  portion  of  the  leg,  above  the  knee. 

Thio-  (thi'o).  [Gk.  theion,  sulphur.]  A  pre- 
fix implying  the  presence  of  sulphur  as  an 
important  constituent  of  a  compound. 

Thiobenzol,  (thi-o-ben'zol).  [Thio  and  Benzol, 
3.v.]=3C7HeS=Benzoyl  hydride  in  which  the 
oxygen  has  been  replaced  by  sulphur. 

Thioformic  acid,  (thl-o-for'mik).  [Thio  and 
Formic,  5.v.]=:CH2SO:  formic  acid  in  which 
part  of  the  oxygen  has  been  replaced  by 
sulphur. 

Third.  In  music,  the  interval  between  any 
note  and  the  one  two  notes  higher.  Major 
2T.=rTwo  whole  tones.  Minor  T.=A.  tone 
and  a  half;  e.g.  ,  from  A  to  C  is  a  minor  third; 
from  C  to  E  is  a  major  third. 


THISTLE 


326 


THYSANOPTERA 


Thistle,  (this7!).     [ThisUl,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 

Carduua  :    a  plant 

belonging  to  Aster- 

aceae.     Cotton  T.= 

Onopordon.  Plume 

:T.=Cuicus.       Sow 

2*.=Sonchus.   Star 

T.=Ceutaurea  cal- 

citrapa. 
Thlaspi,     (thUs'pi). 

[Gk.  t/ilan,  I  com- 
press. ]  =  Penny 

Cress,  an  herb,  be- 
longing to   Brassi- 

cacete.     T.  amuse 

=Mithridate  mustard. 
Thomson's  electrometer.     fSir  W.  Thomson.] 

A  combination  of  a  Ley den  jar  and  *  sus- 
pended needle,  the  deflection  of  which  is  the 

measure  of  electrical  tension. 
Thomson's  galvanometer.    Its  indications  are 

given  by  reflection  on  a  graduated  scale,  of  a 

ray  of  light. 
Thoracic   duct,  (th5-ra'sik).      (Thorax,  q.v.] 

The  main  trunk  of  the  lymphatic  system,  a 

largo  tube  in  front  of  the  back  bone. 
Thorax,  (tho'raksX  [Ok.  thorax,  breast-plate.] 

1.  In  insects,  the  three  segments  supporting 

the  leg.    2.=Thechest. 
Thorina,  (tho-ri'na).    (Thorite,  $.r.]=ThOa= 

Dioxide  of  thorinum. 
Thohnum,  (thd-rrnum).  (Thorina,  9.r.]=Th'»: 

a  rare   metal  obtained  from  thorite;  also 

called  Thorium. 
Thorite,  (thd'rit).    (Thor,  a  Norwegian  deity.] 

A  resinoua  mineral,  from  which  thoriuum  is 

obtained. 
Thorn,  (thorn).    (The  A.-S.  name.]  A  general 

term  I<T  hawthorn  and 

white  thorn,   v.  Crataa- 

gua.  T.  apple= Datura. 

T.  6ac*=Raia  clavata: 

a  fish. 
Thorough-base.  A  method 

of  writing  a  harmony, 

in  which  the  notes  of 

one  part  only  are  writ- 
ten, the  relations  of  the  , 

other  parts  to  this  base 

being  expressed  by  figures.         TbornUck 
Thousand-legs=Millipedes,  q.v. 
Thread,  (thred).     (Thrad,  the  A.-S.  name.] 

T.  cells:  thread-like  stinging  processes  found 

in  liydrozoa,  Ac.     T.  wornu=Nematoidea, 

q.v.     T.  of  tcreiD:  the  projecting  worm-like 

portion. 
Three-fourth  oxides.     Of  the  type  H3O4:  in 

which  three  atoms  of  a  metal  combine  with 

four  atoms  of  oxygen. 
Three,  Rule  of  =  Proportion.  An  arithmetical 

process  by  which  the  fourth  of  a  series  of  four 

proportional    numbers  is  found  when  the 

other  three  are  given. 
Thrift,  (thrift)=Armeria  maritima:  an  herb 

belonging  to  Plumbaginaceac. 
Thrips,   (thrips).      An    insect,    the   type  of 

Physopoda,  g.v.=Thysanoptera. 
Throstle,  (thros'l).     (1.  The  A.-S.  word;    2. 

Named  from  its  sound  when  working.  ]= 


Song-thrush=Turdus  musicus.     T.  frames* 

Water-spinning  frame. 
Throttle  valve.     A  valve  working  in  a  pipp, 

soas  to  regulate  the  quantity  of  ft  run.  M.IUT, 

Ac.,  passing  through  in  a  given  time. 
Throw=Fault,  (7.1*. 
Thrush,  (thrush).    (Thrysce,  the  A.-S.  nam.-  ] 

=Turdus.  a  small 

bird  belonging  to 

Merit  lida>.     Sonff 

T.  =Turdus  musi- 

cus;   also   called 

Throstle.  T.fun- 

OK4=Oidium  al- 

bicans:  found  in 

infantile   disease. 

of  the  thrash. 
Thrutchers.  Aux- 

iliary high  pres- 

sure non-condensing  engine. 
Thuban=a  Draconis  :  formerly  the  brightest 

star  in  the  constellation,  now  of  only  thir.l 

magnitude.    Some  5000  years  since  it  \v.-w 

tfct  pole-star. 
Thuja,  (thu'ja).  (Gk.  thyan.  odour.]  A  tree  be- 

longing to  Ooniferm;  also  callc<i 
Thumb,  (thum).     (Thuma,  the  A.-S.  word.]  = 

Pollex:   opposable  in  man,  monkeys,  and 

lemurs. 
Thunder,  (thnn'd?r).  (The  A.-S.  word.]  An  ex- 

plosive sound  sometimes  following  lightuing. 
Thuringite.     An  ore  of  iron. 
Thuya,  (thu'ya)=  Thuja,  o.v. 
Thuytcs.  (tht'tez).     (Thuja,  q.v.  ]=T1 

a  coniferous  plant,  known  by  fossil  reiiiun.H 

found  in  Oolitic  rocks. 
Thwaites'  fluid.     For  preserving  animal  MI!>- 

stances:   a   compound    of   water,    alcohol, 

creosote,  and  chalk. 
Thylacine,  (thi'la-sin).    [Ok.  thylakos,  pouch  : 

kyon,  dog.]    The  most  carnivorous  of  mu- 

supialian  animals.      T.  cynocephalus=.T;ia- 

manian  wolf. 
Thy  lac  other  ium,    (thT-]a-ko-the'ri-nm)=Am- 

phitherium:  an  extinct  maruspial  ;iiiini,il. 
Thymallus.     A  salmon-like  fish  belonging  to 

Salmouidaa.     T.  ru/«7am=Graylin:.'. 
Thyme,  (t'm).    [Thynius,  9.r.]asThyinu8, 

Oil  of  T.:  a  c 

mene,  q.v. 
Thymelaceae.  (  ti-me-la'se-5  ).     [  Thymel.va  = 

Daphne.  ]=aDaphnads:  shrubs,  with  c;i\istic 

bark,  belonging  to  Daj)hnales. 
Thymene,  (ti'men).     (Thymus,  7.r.]=C]nIIi4t 

a  solid  crystalline  hydrocarbon  found  in  oil 

of  thyme. 
Thymol,  (ti'niol).     (Thymus,  tf.r.]=Oxidised 

thyraene=CioH14O.     v.  Thyniene. 
Thymus,(ti'mus).  [TheGreek  name.]=Thyme: 

a  small  fragrant  herb,  belonging  to  I.aini- 

.•xcese.     T.  plant!  :  at  the  base  of  the  heart; 

gradually  disappears  with  age. 
Thyroid,  (thi'roid).     (Gk.  thyra,  door;  eiilos, 

form.]    T.  gland:  below  the  larynx,  the  use 

of  which  is  not  clearly  known.   T.  cartilage: 

a  V-shaped  piece  of  gristle  partially  enclosing 

the  glottis,  and  attached  to  the  top  of  the 

windpipe;  also  callad  Adam's  apple. 
Thysanootera,    (thi-san-op'te-ra).     [Gk.    thy- 


,  <?.?•. 
thy- 


THYSANURA 


327 


TOLUOL 


sanos, fringe;  pteron,  wing.]=Thrips:  minute 
insects,  forming  a  sub-division  of  Mandi- 
bulata. 

Thysanura,  (thi-sa-nu'ra).  [Gk.  thy  sanos, 
fringe;  oura,  tail.]  Ametabolous  insects, 
with  scaly  bodies,  biting  jaws,  and  no  wings; 
named  from  having  fringed  appendages. 

Tibia,  (tib'i-a).  [The  Latin,  name.]  The 
shin-bone. 

Ticks,  (tiks).  [Tique,  the  French  name.]  Small 
spider-like  animals  belonging  to  Trachearia. 

Tidal  air.  The  air  which  passes  in  and  out  in 
breathing=about  25  cub.  in.ateach  breathing. 

Tides,  (tidz).  [Tid,  the  A.-S.  name.]  Move- 
ments by  which  the  level  of  the  sea  is  con- 
stantly changing,  rising  in  one  place  and 
falling  in  another.  Neap  T.  =  Low  tides. 
Spring  T.=High  tides. 

Tiger,  (ti'ger).  [Tigris,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Felis  tigris:  a  carnivorous  animal  belonging 
to  Felidae,  q.v.  Camel  T.  —  Maneless  lion. 
T.  6ee(ie«=Cicindelid8e  :  a  family  of  insects 
belonging  to  Coleoptera.  T.  6i««m=Tigri- 
soma,  q.  v.  T.  sharks = A  variety  of  the  shark , 
found  near  Norfolk  Island. 

Tigrisoma,  (ti-gri-so'ma).  [L.  Tigris,  tiger; 
Gk.  soma,  body. ]=Tiger- bittern.  A  bird 
belonging  to  Ardeidse. 

Tiles,  (tilz).  [L.  tegula,  roofing-tile.]  Thin 
plates  of  baked  clay:  used  for  roofs  and  pave- 
ments, <tc. 

Tilestones.  Beds  of  sandstones  and  grits,  be- 
longing to  Upper  Ludlow  formations. 

Tilia,  (til'i-a).  [The  Latin  name.]=Lime-tree 
= Linden:  a  tree,  the  type  of  Tiliaceie. 

Tiliaceae,  (til-i-a'se-€).  [Tilia,  7.r.]=Linden- 
blooms:  shrubs  and  trees,  with  tough  inner 
bark,  belonging  to  Mai  vales. 

Till,  (til).  A  tough,  stony,  unstratified  clay 
rock,  characteristic  of  the  Lower  Drift, 
usually  inland:  implying  the  existence  of 
intense  cold  at  the  time  of  formation. 

Tillandsia,  (til-land'si-a).  [Prof.  Tillands,  of 
Sweden.]  A  plant  belonging  to  Bromeliaceae. 
T.  utriculata='Wild  pine  of  Jamaica. 

Tilt.  T.  hammer:  a  large  hammer,  tilted  up 
by  machinery.  T.  steel  =  Forged  8teel= 
Hammered  steel. 

Timber,  (tim'ber).  [Timbor,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
Kinds  of  T.:  planks,  11  inches  wide;  deals, 
9  inches  wide;  battens,  7  inches  wide. 

Timbre,  (tim'br).  [The  French  word.]  The 
peculiar  quality  of  a  note,  which  distin- 
guishes any  given  note  on  one  instrument 
from  the  same  note  on  another. 

Time,  (tim).  [Tima,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Sidereal 
T. :  reckoned  with  reference  to  the  position 
of  the  first  point  of  Aries.  Solar  T.:  1. 
Apparent  S.  T.;  reckoned  with  reference  to 
the  position  of  actual  Sun;  2.  Mean  S.  T.: 
reckoned  with  reference  to  the  position  of 
Mean  Sun.  T.  ball:  one  which  is  let  fall, 
down  a  staff,  at  some  observatories,  usually 
at  1  P.M.,  as  a  standard  of  time.  T.  measure, 
v.  Tables.  T,  fuze :  a  tube  filled  with  nitre, 
gunpowder,  &c.,  which  burns  at  the  rate  of 
1  inch  in  5  seconds,  so  that  a  shell  can  be 
exploded  at  any  given  time  after  discharge. 

Timorese.     An  Oceanic  race. 


Timothy-grass.  [Mr.  Timothy  Hanson.]  = 
Phleum  pratense. 

Tin,  (tin).  [The  A.-S.  word.]=Sn^:  one  of  the 
Silicon-group  of  elements ;  a  soft  white, 
brilliant,  malleable  metal,  much  used  as  a 
protective  coating  for  more  oxidisable  metals, 
and  as  an  ingredient  in  pewter,  bell-metal, 
bronze,  &c.  Alloys  of  T. :  Britannia  metal, 
pewter,  Queen's  metal,  solder,  bronze,  &c. 
T.  pyrites=1iu  ore :  chiefly  sulphide  of  tin, 
with  copper  and  iron. 

Tinea,  (tin'ka).  A  fish  belonging  to  Cyprinidse. 
T.  vulgaris=Tench. 

Tincal,  (ting'kal).  [Tingkal,  the  Malay  name.] 
= Borax,  q.v. 

Tinctures,  (ting'turz).  [Tinctura,  the  Latin 
word.]  Coloured  solutions  of  animal  and 
vegetable  principles. 

Tinnunculus,(tin-nung'ku-lu8).  A  bird  belong- 
ing to  Falconidee.  T.  alaudarius=Ke&trel. 

Tint,  (tint).  [L.  tinctus,  tinged.]  Intensity 
of  colour,  cf.  Hue. 

Tipulidae,  (tip-u'li-dC).  [Tipula,  the  typical 
genus;  Gk.  eidos,  form.  ]  =  Crane-flies :  a 
family  of  insects  belonging  to  Diptera. 

Titania,  (ti-ta'ni-a).     A  satellite  of  Uranus. 

Titanic  acid,  (ti-tan'ik).  [Titanium,  q.v.]= 
TiOz'  peroxide  of  titanium;  also  called  Rutile 
and  Titanite. 

Titanite,  (ti'tan-it).  A  mineral,  composed 
chiefly  of  titanic  acid;  also  called  RutiJe. 

Titanium,  (ti-ta'ni-um)=Ti:  one  of  the  silicon 
group  of  elements.  A  rare  metal. 

Tit.  T.  ZarAr=Anthus  pratenisis  :  a  lark-like 
bird;  also  called  Meadow  pipit.  T.  mouse= 
Panis :  a  bird,  the  type  of  Paridaj.  T. 
war&ter=Sylvicola  minuta. 

Tits=Paridae,  q.v. 

Toad,  (tod).  [Tadie,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Bufo 
=Rana  buib :  a  small  amphibious  animal, 
belonging  to  Batrachia.  Great  T.= Surinam 
T.=Pipa  Americana.  Indian  27.=Glypho- 
glossus,  q.v.  T.  flax='Linaiia.,  q.v.  T.  stools 
=Hymenomycetes,  q.v. 

Toads=Bufonidie.  A  family  of  amphibous 
animals,  belonging  to  Batrachia. 

Toad's-eye  tin.  A  variety  of  wood-tin ;  found 
in  small  spherical  masses. 

Tobacco,  (to-bak'ko).  [Tabaco,  the  Indian 
name.]  Foliage  of  Nicotiana,  used  for  smok- 
hig;  has  narcotic  properties.  Garden  T.= 
Arnica  montana.  Indian  T.  —  Cannabis 
Indica.  Powdered  T.=Snuff. 

Toddy,  (tod'di).  A  fermenting  drink:  the 
sweet  juice  of  the  cocoa-nut  trees.  T.  bird^= 
Baya  sparrow;  found  in  India  and  Ceylon. 

Toe,"  (to).     Great  T.  =Hallux. 

Toggle-joint,  (togl).  Knee-joint:  a  bar  jointed 
in  the  middle.  f 

Toise.     v.  Length. 

Tolmen,  (tol'men).  [Celt,  daul,  table; 
maen,  8tone.]=Dolmen,  q.v. 

Toluic  acid,  (tol'Q-ik).  [Toluol,  q.v.]= 

aH8O2;  also  called  Toluylic  acid. 
uidine:=Benzylamine  =  Toluylia, 
1.v. 

Toluol,  (toru-ol)=C7H8=Benzoene= 
Retinaphtha:  a  liquid  hydrocarbon  Toggle^ 
obtained  from  coal-tar.  joint. 


TOLUYLIA 


TOTIPALMES 


Toluylia,  (tol-u-il'i-a).     [Toluol,  o.v.]=C7H»N 
=ToJuidine:  a  fusible  crystalline  solid,  one 
of  the  aniline  bases. 
Tolyl= Benzyl,  q.v. 

Tomatoes,    (to-ma'toz).     Fruit  of  Solanum 
lycopersicum;  also  called  Love-apples. 
Tomentose,  (to-men'tos).   [L.  tomentum,  stuff- 
ing of  a  cushion.]    Downy:  covered  with 
hairs. 

Ton,  (tun).  [L.  tonna,  large  cask.]  1=20 
hundredweight=2240  Ibs.  avoirdupoise.  2.  A 
measurement  of  the  capacity  of  a  vessel  for 
cargo=40  cubic  feet. 

Tone,  (ton).  [Gk.  tonot,  a  sound.]  The  inter- 
val between  one  musical  note  and  the  next 
above  or  below  it.  Harmonic  T.t  v.  Har- 
monic tones.  Over  T.,  v.  Overtones.  Semi- 
T.=Half  a  tone;  e.g.,  the  interval  between 
B  and  C,  and  between  £  and  F. 

Tones.  1,  v.  Tone.  2.  Colours  mixed  with 
white. 

Tongue,  (tung).  [Tunge,  the  A.-8.  word.]  A 
very  sensitive  muscular  extensile  body  at 
the  base  of  the  mouth  in  man:  the  chief 
means  of  speech;  used  also  for  taste.  In 
some  frogs  fastened  only  to  the  front 
of  the  mouth  ;  in  some  birds  horny ;  and 
in  some  fishes  covered  with  teeth.  Ox  T. 
=Helminthia,  Snakt't  T.  =  Ophioglos- 
sum. 

Tonic,  (ton'ik).  (Tonikoi,  the  Greek  word.] 
1.= Key-note:  the  chief  note  of  a  musical 
scale.  2.  A  medicine  which  strengthens. 

Tonka  bean=Tonquin  bean,  q.v. 

Tonquin  bean=Dipterixodorata=Coumarotua 
odorata. 

Tonsils,  (ton'silzX  [Tontillff,  the  Latin  word.] 
Two  glands  at  the  back  of  the  mouth,  near 
the  fauces. 

Tooth,  (tooth).  [Todh,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
Singular  of  teeth,  7.1?.  T.  wort:  Lathraa,  q.v. 

Top.     T.  shells=Tnrbimdx,  q.v. 

Topaz,  (td'naz).  [Topasnn,  a  Red  Sea  island.] 
A  mineral  substance,  chiefly  silicate  of  alu- 
mina, crystallising  in  rhombs.  Blue  T.= 
Brazilian  sapphire.  Crimson  T.  =  Topaza 
pella:  a  humming  bird.  False  T.rzCitrine, 
q.  v.  T.  group  of  minerals :  includes  to- 
paz, andalusite,  beryl,  tourmaline,  and 
olivine. 

Topography,  (tS-pog'ra-fi).  [6k.  topos,  place; 
lire  filio,  1  write.]  Description  of  places,  such 
as  towns,  villages,  castles,  Ac.,  as  distinct 
from  geography,  q.v. 

Toque =Macacus:  a  monkey  named  from  hay- 
ing a  cap  of  hair. 

Tor,  (tor).  [The  A.-S.  word.]  A  local  west 
of  England  term  for  a  large  block  of  rock 
which  has  assumed  some  special  shape  owing 
to  the  action  of  the  weather. 

Tordylium,  ( tor-dil'i-um  ).  [Tordylion,  the 
Greek  name.]=Hart-wort:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Apiaceae. 

Torilis,  (to-rllis).  Hedge-parsley:  a  plant  be- 
longing to  Apiacere. 

Tornado,  (tor-na'do).  [Sp.  tornada,  return.] 
A  whirlwind  of  short  duration,  and  usually 
covering  only  a  limited  area. 

Torpedo,  (tor-pe'do).     1.  An  apparatus  for  ex- 


Twnk. 


ploding  under  water. 

2.=Raia  torpedo:   a* 

fish  belonging  to  Raii- 

d»,    which   has   the; 

property    of    giving! 

electric  shocks.  i 

Torricelli's  experiment, '<* 

(tor-ri-chel'liz).  [Prof. 

Torricelli.]     The  in-   Torpedo.  OP  Cnunp-flsh. 

version  in  mercury  of  a  tube  filled  with  im-r- 

cury,  when  the  column  of  mercury  falls  until 

its  weight  is  equal  to  the  pressure  of  thy 

air  without. 
Torricellian  vacuum,  (tor-ri-cheni-an).   [Prof. 

Torricelli.]    The  vacuum  in  the  upper  part 

of  the  tube,  when  the  above  experiment  id 

tried:  partially  filled  with  the  vapour  of 

mercury. 
Torrid,  (tor'rid).  [L.  torridns, dried  up.]   Hot: 

parched.     T.  zone:  between  the  tropics,  v. 

y.  mm, 

Torsion,  (taur'shun).  [L.  torqueo,  I  twist.] 
Force  of  twisting.  T.  balance:  used  to  measure 
the  intensity  of  magnetic,  electric,  <tc.,  at- 
tractions and  repulsions;  e.g.,  a  magnetised 
needle  is  moved  by  twisting  its  suspending 
thread  to  the  right  or  left,  and  the  amount  of 
torsion  required  is 
the  measure  of  the 
intensity  of  the  at- 
traction or  repul- 
sion to  be  overcome. 

Torsk,  (taursk)=' 
Brosmius:acod-like 
fish  belonging  to  G  ' 

TortoUe,  (tortis).  [L.  torlui,  twisted. ]=Tes- 
tudo:  an  animal  be- 
longing to  Chelonia, 
q.v.  Box  2T.=Tes- 
tudo  Carolina.  Mud 
T.  =  Kinosternon 
Pennsylvanicum. 
Lettered  T.  =  Emys 
scripta.  T.encrinite  TortolM. 

=  Marsupites:  crinoidea  found  in  chalk. 

Tortoises.  Land  T.:  Testudinida;.  MudT.= 
Soft  7T.=Trionycidse:  carnivorous  fresh-water 
tortoise* 

Tortoise-shell.  Horny  plates:  modifications 
of  skin  in  tortoises.  T.  butterfly= Vanessa. 

Tortrix,  (tAur'triks).  1  A  snake  having  rudi- 
mentary hind  limbs,  the  type  of  the  family 
Tortricidse,  2.  A  moth,  of  which  the  hazel 
moth  and  oak  moth  are  examples. 

Torula,  (tor'u-la).  [L.  torulus,  a  small  twisted 
fillet.]  A  microscopic  fungus  causing  mouldi- 
ness,  belonging  to  Coniomycetes.  T.  casei= 
Cheese  mould. 

Torvulse=Mycoderma,  q.v. 

Torus,  (to'rus).  (L.  torus,  swelling.]  1.  Re- 
ceptacle, q.v.  2.  A  moulding. 

Total.  T.  reflection:  an  example  of  refraction, 
when  the  ray  is  refracted  back  again  through 
the  same  medium,  v.  Critical  angle. 

Totipalmes,  ( to-ti-pam'Cz  ).  [  L.  totus,  all: 
palma,  palm  of  hand.]  A  general  term  for 
birds  whose  toes  are  all  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane: includes  cormorants,  pelicans,  <fcc., 
and  forms  a  sub-division  of  Natatores. 


TOUCAN 


329 


TRANSPARENT 


Toucan,  (toolcan).     [The  Spanish  name.]= 
Rhamphastus  :      a 
bird,  with  very  large 
beak,  belonging  to 
Scansores. 

Toucana,  ( too-k  a'n  a). 
[Latin  form  of  Tou- 
can, q.v.  ]  =  The 
American  Goose:  a 
small  constellation 
near  the  south  pole, 
of  which  Achernar  Toucan, 

is  the  chief  star. 

Touch,  (tuch).  [Toucher,  the  French  word.] 
Sensation  of  contact,  of  which  the  skin  is  the 
chief  organ.  T.  animals,  v.  Oken.  T.  paper: 
which  burns  slowly  from  being  dipped  in  a 
solution  of  nitre. 

Touch-me-not=Impatiens  noli-me-tangere;  a 
sensitive  plant. 

Touracou,  (too-raTco).  =  Plaintain  eater:  an 
African  bird  whose  red  feathers  give  to  water 
a  rose  colour. 

Tourmaline,  (tor'raa-llu).  [Tournamal,  the 
Cingalese  name.)  A  mineral  of  the  topaz 
group,  chiefly  a  silicate  of  alumina,  iron,  <fcc. : 
when  pure  brilliantly  transparent;  it  absorbs 
the  ordinary  ray  of  a  doubly-refracted  ray  of 
light.  Black  T.=Sc\wr\.  -BJueT^Indicolite. 

Tournefourt's  classification  of  plants  (1684). 
According  to  the  Corolla. 
Apetalous. 

Apetalae  proper. 
Amentaceae. 
Petalous. 

Monopetalous. 
Polypetalous. 

Tourniquet,  (toor'ni-ket).  [The  French  name.] 
A  bandage  applied  to  prevent  the  flow  of 
blood  through  an  artery,  as  in  surgical  opera- 
tions. Jfi/ilraulic  T.,v.  Hydraulic  tourniquet. 

Tow,(to).  [The  A. -S.  word.]  Coarse  hemp  or  flax. 

Toxodon,  (toks'6-don).  [Gk.  toxon,  bow;  odous, 
tooth.]  An  animal,  known  only  by  fossil 
rem.iins,  supposed  to  connect  Rodentia  with 
Paohydermata  and  Cetacea  by  possessing 
some  of  the  characteristics  of  each;  the  type 
of  Toxodontia. 

Toxodontia,  (toks-o-don'shi-a).  [Toxodon,  7.1;.] 
Large  fossil  ungulate  animals,  known  by  fossil 
remains  found  in  Pliocene  rocks. 

Toxotes,  (toks'o-tcz).  [Gk.  toxon,  bow.]  = 
Archer-fish,  q.v. 

Trabeculae,  ( tra-bek'u-le ).  [  L.  trabecula, 
small  beam.]  Cartilaginous  bars  in  the  skull, 
•when  in  the  embryo  condition,  enclosing  the 
"Turkish  saddle." 

Tracery,  (tra'ser-i).  Ornamental  work  in  the 
head  of  a  Gothic  window,  door,  panel,  &c. 

Trachea,  (trak'e-a).  [Gk.  trachea,  windpipe.] 
=Windpipe=Air  tube;  in  higher  animals  the 
tube  leading  to  the  lungs;  in  insects  the  tubes 
conveying  air  throughout  the  body. 

Tracheal  animals.     Oken's  term  for  insects. 

Trachearia,  ( tnik-e-a'ri-a  ).  [  Gk.  trachea, 
windpipe.]  A  primary  division  of  Arachnida, 
including  mites,  ticks,  &c.,  which  respire 
generally  by  means  of  tracheae. 

Tracheata,  (trak-e-a  ta).     [Gk.  trachea,  wind- 


pipe.] A  sub-division  of  Arthropoda,  includ- 

ing Insects,  Myriapoda,  and  Arachnida. 
Tracheotomy,  (trak-e-ot'om-i).    [Trachea,  q.v.; 

Gk.   tome,  cutting.]    In  surgery  a  cutting 

into  the  trachea. 
Trachymedusaj,    (  trak-i-me-du'se  ).     [  Gk. 

trachyi,  rough;  Medusa,  q.v.]  A  sub-division 

of  Hydrozoa,  q.v. 
Trachyte,  (tra^kit).     [Gk.  trachys,  rough.]    A 

coarse  volcanic  rock,  chiefly  felspar,  less  com- 

pact than  porphyry. 
Trachypterus,  (trak-ip'ter-us).     [Gk.  trachys, 

rough;  pfmm.fin.]  T.bogmarus=Deal  fish,  q.v. 
Trachytic  rocks,  (tra-kit'ik).     [Trachyte,  q.v.] 

A  division  of  trappean  or  volcanic  rocks, 

somewhat    resembling    granite,    compound 

chiefly  of  silica. 
Track=Spoor.     T.  discovered  animato=Lith- 

ichnozoa,  q.v. 
Trade-winds.  Constant  winds,  always  blowing 

in  the  same  direction.   North  T.  W.  between 

9"  and  30°  in  Atlantic;  between  9°  and  26U  in 

Pacific.     South  T.  W.  between  4°  and  22°  in 

Atlantic;  between  4°  and  23°  in  Pacific. 
Tragacanth,  (trag'a-kanth).    [Gk.  tragos,  goat; 

akuntha,  thorn.]    A  gum  obtained  from  the 

plant    astragalus;    also  called  Gum-dragou 

and  Bassorin. 
Tragopogon,  (tra-go-po'gon).  [Gk.  tragos,  goat; 

pofjon,  beard.]=Goat's  beard:  a  milky  herb 

belonging  to  Cichoraceae.     T.  porrifolius= 

Salsify. 
Tragulidae,  (trag-u'li-de).    [Gk.  tragos,  goat.] 

Extinct  hornless  mammalians. 
Trammel,  (tram'ml).   [F.  trois,  three;  mailles, 

meshes.]    A  loose  net  of  small  meshes  be- 

tween two  tighter  nets  of  large  meshes. 
Tram-weavers=Labyrinthulae,  q.v. 
Transcalent,  (trans-ku'lent).  [L.  trans,  across; 

calor,  heat.]=Diathermic:  allowing  the  pas- 

sage of  heat. 
Transcendental.   A  term  used  in  mathematics 

to  describe  problems,   for    the  solution  of 

which  the  ordinary  methods  of  calculation 

are  inapplicable. 


The  passage  of  an  inferior  planet  across  the 

disc  of  the  sun,  when  in  inferior  conjunction  : 

observed  especially  with  a  view  to  the  mea- 

surement of  the  distance  of  the  sun  from  the 

earth.     T.  instrument:  an  apparatus  used  for 

the  observation  of  transits. 
Transition.     T.  rocks:  those  connecting  Pri- 

mary and  Secondary.    Below  Carboniferous 

and  Old  Red  Sandstone:  also  called  Grau- 

wacke  and  Silurian. 
Translucent,  (trans-lu'sent).    [L,  trans,  across; 

luceo,  I  shine.]    Permitting  the  passage  of 

light,  but  not  of  optical  images,  as  with  oiled 

paper  and  ground  glass. 
Transoms,  (tran'somz).  [L.  transenna,  a  rope.] 

Cross  -  pieces:    horizontal 

bars  in  a  window,  at  a 

ship's  stern,  &c.     T.  stern 

=Square  stern, 
Transparent=Diaphanous: 

allowing    light    to    pass 

through,  so  that  the  form 

of  objects  can  be  discerned.    «,  a,  a,  Transoms. 


TRAP 


330 


TRICHIURUS 


Trap,  (trap).  [Sw.  tmppa,  stair.]=Green- 
stone:  an  ancient  volcanic  rock,  a  compound 
of  felspar  and  horubleude=Lava  that  has 
been  injected. 

Trap-door  spider.     A  burrowing  spider. 

Trapa,  (tri'pa)=Water  caltrops:  an  aquatic 
plant  belonging  to  Una- 


Trapezium,  (tra-pe'zi-um). 

[The  Latin  name.]     Any 

plane   figure   formed    by 

four  straight  lines:  used 

only  when  it  has  no  re- 

gular form,  none  of  the 

sides  being  parallel. 
Trapezoid,  (trap  e-zoid).      [Trapezium,  q.v.; 

Ok.  eidot,  form.]    A  plane  figure  formed  by 

four  straight  lines,  two  of 

which  are  parallel. 
Trapezohedron,  (trap-«-z6- 

hGd'ron  ).      [  Trapezium. 

g.v.:    Ok.    hedron,   face.) 

A  solid  figure  formed  by 


\ 


twenty-four  equal  trapeziums. 

Trappean  rocks,  (trap'e-an).  [Trap,  q.v.]  Un- 
Gratified  rocks,  including  basalt,  greenstone, 
iHirphyry,  Ac.  =  Volcanic  rocks. 

Trass,  (tra«).  (Tarratt,  the  German  word.]  A 
stratum  of  rolcanic  deposit  resembling  puz- 
zuolana. 

Traveller's  joT=Cl«nJiti«.  9.9. 

Traverse  sailing,     v.  Sailing. 

Travertin,  (trav'cr-tlnY.  [The  FVench  word.] 
LJ»Bs»to<s»d»yositsdnomejJoM»joM  spring* 

Trawl,  (trawl).  A  large  bag  net,  dragged  along 
the  bottom  of  the  water. 

Treacle,  (tnTkl)=  Molasses,  7.9.  T.  muttard 
=  Erysimum,  q.v. 

Tread,  (tred)=Cicatricnla,  q.v. 

Tree,  (tru).  [Trto,  the  A.-S.  name,]  A  plant 
of  large  size,  having  a  perennial  stem  or 
trunk:  also  considered  as  a  colony  of  plants. 
Cotton  r.=Gossypiuint  q.v.  Cotton  T.  of 
India  =  Bombax.  Fire  T.  =  Nuytia,  q.v. 
Ortua  T.  =  Xanthorrhrea,  q.  r.  Gum  T.  = 
Eucalyptus.  Hand  7\=Cheiro«temon  plata- 
noides.  Lead  7*.=  Arbor  Saturni,  v.  Lead 
tree.  Mammoth  T.,  v.  Mammoth  tree.  Man- 
go r.  =  MangiferaIndica.  Paint  T.,v.  Pal- 
inacefla.  T.  c{uH&er=Auabas,  q.v.  T.  cro6= 
Birgus,  q.v.  T.  /<rrn=Cyathea.  T.  frog— 
Hyla,  q.v.,  found  especially  in  8.  America: 
adapted  to  tree-life  by  the  digit*  ending  in 
suckers.  T.  fn-nMAo/xrr  =  »Ieconema  varia, 
T.  tanparoo=Phalangista.  Cuscns,  and  other 
genera.  T.  waftoie=Lavatera,  q.v.  T.  naiU: 
long  wooden  bolts  used  in  shipbuilding,  &c. 
T.  »erj>eH<*=Leptophina,  q.v.  T.  KO»P= 
Vespa  arborea. 

Tree-like=  Dendriform. 

Trefoil  =Thfolium.  Birtfsfoot:  l.=Ornitho- 
pus:  2.  =  Lotus.  Hop  T.  =  Trefolram  pro- 
cumbens. 

Trefolium=Trefoil=Trifolium,  q.v. 

Trehalo8e=Mjcose,  q.v. 

Tremadoo  slates,  (trC'ma-dok).  [T.  in  Car- 
narvonshire. ]  The  uppermost  division  of  the 
Cambrian  group. 

Tremandrac8e,(trC-man-dra'se-e).  [Tremandra, 


the  typical  genus.] = Pore- worts:  slender  hairy 
shrubs  with  showy  flowers,  belonging  to 
Saptndales. 


(trt-mvto'da).  [Ok.  Irtmatodtt, 
full  of  holes.  ]=TremaUxfes=  Flukes:  animals 
belonging  to  Bootofiirli.  having  but  one  open- 
ing: a  division  of  Sterelmintba,  q.v. 

Tremohte,  (trem'6-lit).  (Tremola.  in  Switzer- 
land.]  A  mineral  of  the  Amphibole  group, 
a  white  variety  of  hornblende. 

Trepan,  (tre-pan').  [The  French  word.]  A 
•BTgioal  instrument  used  for  the  removal  of 
a  jwrtion  of  bone. 

Trepanga,  (tre-pnngzO-  Animals  belonging  to 
Holothurtdea  ;  used  for  food, 

Trephine,  ftre-fen').  [Trepan,  g.v.]  A  modi- 
fication of  the  trepan,  q.v. 

Tresses.     Lad  ft  3*.  =8piranthes  auturonalia. 

Tr«wiaowB,  (tro-i-l'se^f.  [Dr.  Trewof  N  urem- 
burg.)  Tropical  plant*  belonging  to  1 
biaceie,  sometimes  considered  as  a  separate 
order. 

Tri-  (tri).  (L.  trtt,  three.]  A  prefix  implying 
three. 

Triada,  (triadx).  [Tri,  o.r.]=Triatomic=Ter- 
valent;  chemical  elementa,  one  atom  of  «  hu-li 
is  equivalent  to  three  atoms  of  hydrogen, 
boron,  gold,  thallium,  Ac. 

Thanudea,  (tri'a-midz).  (Tri  and  Amides,  q.  v.] 
Compound*  of  three  atoms  of  amnx 
whiA  the  hydnifeu  is  partly  or  wholly  re- 

Tnammoaias,  (  tri-am-ma'ni-az  ).    [Tri  and 

Amn)onia,7.p.)=Triatomicbases=Triamiues: 

bases  formed  from  triatomic  alcohols. 
Triangle,  (tri-ang'glX  [Tria*g*l*in,  the  Latin 

word.]    A  figure  formed 

by  three   straight   lines. 

each  intersecting  both  the 

Others;  which,  if  it  were 

to  revolve  round  one  ex- 

tremity  of  the  base,  would 

form  a  cone.  Itotctltt  T.: 

one  of  which  two  of  the 


aides  are  equal.  Ratio*  of  a  T.,r.  Sine,  Conine, 
Tangent,  Cotangent,  Secant,  Cosecant.  Solu- 
tion of  a  T.,  v.  Solution. 

Triangulum,  (  tri-ang'Q-lum  ).  [  The  Latin 
wonl.]=The  Triangle:  a  small  northern  con- 
stellation. 

Triangulum  Australis=  the  Southern  Tr 
a  small  constellation  near  the  South 
having  three  bright  stars. 

Trias,  (tri  as).  [Ok.  tritu,  triple.]  =New  Red 
Sandstone:  a  series  of  strata  intermediate 
between  the  Carboniferous  and  Lias  forma- 
tions: divisible  into  three  groups,  of  which 
only  the  highest  and  lowest  are  known  in 
England.  Upper  2r.=Keuper.  Middle  T. 
=  Muschelkalk.  Lover  T.=Bunt«r. 

TrichechusXtriTce-kus).  (Ok.  frfeft0rAtt.li.ivi  ng 
hair.  ]  Morse,  sea-cow,  sea-horse,  Ac.  ;  an  aqua- 
tic mammalian  an  imal  ,  belongi  ng  to  I'l  , 

Trichina,  (trik-i'na).  [Ok.  trichina*,  hairv  .] 
A  microscopic  parasitic  worm,  found  in 
human  muscles,  belonging  to  Entozoa. 

Trichiurus,  (  trik-i-Q'rus  ).  [  Gk.  trichiu, 
hairy;  ouro,  taiL]=IIair-tail:  a  fish  belong- 
ing to  Tamioides. 


TRICHLORIDES 


331 


TRISECTION 


Trichlorides,  (tri-klo'ridz).  [Tri  and  Chloride, 
0.v.]=Terchlorides:  compounds  of  one  atom 
of  a  metal  with  three  atoms  of  chlorine. 

TrichocephaluB,  (trik-d-sefa-lus).  [Gk.  thrix, 
hair;  kephale,  head.]  A  nematoid  worm. 

Trichodesmium,  (  trik-6-dez'mi-um  ).  [  Gk. 
thrix,  hair;  desme,  bundle.]  A  plant  belong- 
ing to  Algae;  also  called  Sea-dust. 

Trichomei,  (trik'omz).  [Gk.-  trichonut,  hairy- 
ness.]  Hairs  on  roots,  underground  stems, 
bases  of  leaf-stalks,  «tc. 

Trichoptera,  (trik-op'ter-a).  [Gk.  thrix,  hair; 
ptcron,  wing.]=Caddis  flies:  name  proposed 
for  a  new  order,  separated  from  Neuroptera. 

Trichospermi,  (  trik-d-sper'nij ).  [Gk.  thrix, 
hair;  spernia,  seed.]  Puff-balls,  &c.:  fungi 
belonging  to  Gasteromycetes. 

Trichotomy,  (tri-kot'6-mi).  [Gk.  tricha,  in 
three;  temno,  I  cut.]  Continual  division  into 
threes,  cf.  Dichotomy. 

Trichroism,  ( tri-kro'izm  ).  [Gk.  tri,  three; 
chroma,  colour.]  Having  three  colours,  ac- 
cording to  direction  of  view. 

Triclinic,  (tri-kli'nik).  [Gk.  tri,  three;  klino, 
I  bend.]  T.  minerals  have  three  axes,  each 
oblique  to  the  others. 

Tricuspid,  (tri-kus'pid).  [L.  tres,  three;  cuspi*, 
point.]  Three-pointed.  T.  valve:  in  the 
heart. 

Tridymite,  (trid'i-mlt).  A  mineral,  belonging  to 
the  quartz  group,  composed  chiefly  of  silver. 

Tnesneter.  A  crater  in  Moon  20  miles  in 
diameter. 

Triethylic  ether=C7Hi8O3:  a  heavy  aromatic 
fluid;  a  powerful  anaesthetic. 

Trifolium,  (tri-fo'li-um).  [Tri,  q.v.',  L.  folium, 
leaf.]=Trefoil,  clover,  &c. :  a  small  herb  be- 
longing to  Fabaceae. 

Triforium,  (tri-fo'ri-um).  [Tri,  q.v.;  L.  forig, 
door.]  A  gallery  in  the  side  of  the  nave  of  a 
church. 

Trigeminal  nerves,  (tri-jem'i-nal).  [Tri,  fl.r. ; 
L.  gemini,  double.]  The  fifth  pair  of  cerebral 
nerves;  large  nerves  supplying  the  jaws,  &c. 

Trigla,  (trig'la)=Gurnard:  a  fish  belonging  to 
I/oricati, 

Trigonella,  (tri-gp-nella).  [Gk.  treit,  three; 
ftonia,  angle.J=Fenugreek:  a  plant  belonging 
to  Leguminacejw. 

Trigonia,  (tri-g6'ni-a).  [Gk.  treis,  three;  gonia, 
angle.]  A  mollus- 
cous animal, shells 
of  which  are  found 
in  Cretaceous  and 
Jurassic  rocks. 

Trigonicarpa,  (tri- 
gon-  i  -kar'pa). 
[Gk.  treis,  three; 
gonia,  angle;  kar- 
pos,  fruit.]  Nuts 
of  coniferous 
plants  found  fos- 
silised in  coal. 

Trigonometry,(trig- 
6-nom'e-tri).  [Gk. 
treis,  three;  gonia,  Trigonia  costata. 

angle;  metron,  measure.]  Originally  used 
for  the  measurement  of  triangles;  now  used 
also  for  other  mathematical  calculations. 


Trilliaceae,  (  tril-li-a'se-6  ).  [  Trillium,  the 
typical  genus. ]=Parids:  herbs  with  large 
flowers,  forming  a  division  of  Dictyogens. 

Trilobita, (tri-lob'i-ta).  (Gk.  treis,  three;  lobos, 
lobe.]=Trilobites:  fossil  crustaceans,  of  many 
genera:  three  lobes  and  sessile  eyes,  may  have 
had  legs,  and  belonged  to  Isopoda;  extinct 
since  Primary  period,  the  last  being  found 
in  carboniferous  rocks;  e.g.,  asaphus,  caly- 
mene,  phacopa,  and  trinucleus  are  trilobites. 


Pi..-,  ;. 


Trinucleus  flmbriixtus. 


Trimera.  (tri-mo'ra).  [Gk.  treit,  three;  inerot, 
part.]  Ladybirds,  Ac.:  small  beetles,  belong- 
ing to  Coleoptera. 

Trimeresuri.  A  poisonous  snake  of  India, 
belonging  to  Crotalidae. 

Trimetrio,  ( tri-met'rik ).  [Gk.  treis,  three; 
metron,  measure.]  T.  crystals;  those  having 
three  unequal  angles. 

Trimorphism,  (tri-morfizm).  [Gk.  treis,  three; 
morphe,  form.]  Having  three  forms,  as  in 
some  butterflies,  Crustacea,  and  plants,  cf. 
Dimorphism. 

Tringa,  (tring'ga).  Sand-piper:  a  bird  belong- 
ing to  Charadriadae.  T.  canutus :  knot-piper, 
belongs  to  Scolopacidee. 

Trinia,  (trin'i-a).  A  plant  belonging  to  Api- 
aceaj;  also  called  Hone-wort. 

Trinitrocellulose,  (tri-ui-tro-sel'u-los)  =  Gun- 
cotton,  q.v. 

Trinitroresorcin,  (tri-ni-tro-re-sor'sin)  =  Oxy- 
picric  ncid,  q.v. 

Trionycidae,  (tri-6-ni'si-de).  [Trionyx,  q.v.; 
Gk.  eidos,  form.]  =  Mud-turtles=Soft  tor- 
toises: fresh -water  carnivorous. 

Trionyx,(trl'6-niks).  [Gk. £r£,three ;  onyx,  claw.] 
Mud-turtle;  a  variety  of  the  turtle.  v.Chelonia. 

Tri-oxides:  of  the  type  H603;  metallic  anhy- 
drides of  strongly  acid  character. 

Tripe  de  roche.  [The  French  name.]=Gyro- 
phora:  a  lichen,  also  called  Lecanora. 

Triphane,  (trl'fan).  [Gk.  triphunes,  thrice.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  silicate  of  aluminum  and 
lithium. 

Triplicate  ratio,  (trip'li-kiit).  [L.  triplicate, 
threefold.]=Threefold:  the  ratio  of  the  cubes 
of  two  numbers  is  the  triplicate  ratio  of  the 
numbers  themselves. 

Tripoli,  (trip'6-li).  [Tripoli  in  Africa.]=Moun- 
tain  meal=:Infusorial  earth:  a  siliceous  stone 
composed  of  remains  of  microscopic  plants. 

Tripod  of  life.  Term  used  by  Bichat  for  brain, 
heart,  and  lungs. 

Trisection,  (  trl-sek'shun ).    [L.   tra,  three; 


TRISETUM 


332 


TUBERACEJE 


ttctio,  cutting.]    Division  into  three  equal 
portions. 

Trisetum,  (tri-sS'tum).  [L.  tri,  three;  xtum, 
bristle.]  Yellow  oat:  a  variety  of  the  oat. 

Tristearin,  (tri-sttfrin).  [Tri  and  Stearin,  q.v.] 
= Natural  stearin. 

Tristichous,  (tris'ti-kus).  [Ok.  trtin,  three; 
stichoi,  row.  )=Three- ranked;  in  three  rows. 

Tnticum,  (trit'i-kum).  (The  Latin  name.]= 
Wheat:  a  grass-plant  belonging  to  Graniin- 
aceaj,  from  the  seeds  of  which  wheaten  floor 
is  obtained. 

Triton,  (tri'ton).  [Classical.]  L  A  variety  of 
the  newt.  2.  A  molluscous  animal  belong- 
ing to  Si  phonos  tomato. 

Trityl,  (tri'til)=Dipropyl.  q.v. 

Tritylene,  (trl'ti-lOii).  (Trityl,  j  IT  l~fjlfs» 
Prupylene:  a  gaseous  hydrocarbon  of  the  Ole- 
tine  serin. 

Tritylia,  (trt-tili-a).  [Trityl,  o.«.]=sCsH9N= 
Propylamine:  an  alcoholic  base  found  inbuilt 

Tritylio,  (trl-ti'lik).  [Trityl,  o.«.J=Propylic: 
related  to  propyl. 

Triuridacess.  (tfi-0-ri-da'se-e).  (Trinris,  the 
typical  genus.  ]:=  Tail-worts:  small  herbs  be- 
longing to  Dictyogens. 

Trochal-disk,  (trdkall  (Ok.  troehot,  wheel.] 
The  surface  bearing  the  cilia  round  the  mouth 
of  wheel  animalcules. 

Trochaloptera,  (trd-ka-lop't{r-a)=Garrulax:  a 
bird,  also  called  Laughing  Thrush,  found  in 
Hindostan  and  China. 

Trochanter,  (tro-kan't^r).  [Ok.  trochazo,  I 
turn  round.]  The  projection  of  bone  on  the 
femur,  to  which  the  thigh  muscles  are 
attached. 

Trochidss,  (tro"ki-dc).  (Trochns,  the  typical 
genus;  Ok.  eidot,  form.]  A  family  of  mollus- 
cous animals  belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 

Trochilidas,  ( tro-kil'i-de  ).  (Trochilus,  the 
typical  genus.]  Humming-birds,  9.*.:  a 
family  of  insectivorous  birds,  remarkable 
for  their  small  size,  brilliant  plumage,  short 
feet,  and  long  wings;  found  chiefly  in  the 
tropical  parts  of  America. 

Trochlea,  (trok'le-a).  (Gk.  troehot,  pulley.] 
A  bony  process,  somewhat  resembling  a 
pulley  in  shape. 

Trochloar,  (trokle-ar).  T.  nerve  —  Fourth 
nerve,  v.  Nerves. 

Trochoid,  (trokoid).  (Ok.  trofhot,  wheel; 
eidot,  form.]  The  curve  described  by  a  point 
in  a  wheel  rolling  on  a  straight  line. 

Troglodytes,  (trogad-dits).  [Gk.  ttvgle,  a  cave.] 
1.  Gorilla,  chimpanzee,  Ac.:  an  arboreal, 
vegetarian  ape  found  in  W.  Africa.  2. = Wren: 
an  insessorial  bird. 

Trogon,(tro'gon).  [Gk.tro0o,Ignaw.]  A  perch- 
ing, insectivorous  bird,  known  chiefly  in  S. 
America  and  India;  has  beautiful  plumage. 

Trollius,  (troni-us)=Globe  flower:  an  herb 
belonging  to  Ranunculaceaa. 

Trolly,  (trol'li)= Bogie,  q.v. 

Trombididae,  (trom-bid'i-de).  [Trombidium, 
the  typical  genus.]  =  Garden-mites:  small 
spider-like  animals,  living  on  plants,  belong- 
ing to  Acarina. 

Trompe,  (tromp).  [F.  trombe,  water-spout.] 
An  apparatus  for  blowing :  contrived  to 


maintain  a  stream  of  air  at  any  required 
pressure,  by  means  of  water,  which  flowing 
down  a  tube  carries  the  air  with  it. 

Trona,  (tro'na).  A  mineral,  chiefly  ^rfrftMvt 
of  soda. 

Tropsw>lace»,  (trop-«-o-la'se-«).  [Tropieolum, 
q.v.]  A  family  of  plants:  trailing  herbs,  be- 

Trop»M»ium,  (trop-tfo-lum).  [Ok.  tropaion, 
trophy.}  Indian  cress :  an  herb,  the  type  of 


Tropic,  (trop'ik).  v.  Tropics.  T.  6ird= Phaeton, 

Tropics,  (trop'iks).  [Ok.  tromkot,  turning] 
The  hottest  portion  of  the  Earth's  surface, 
between  23 J*  N.  and  23 J«  8.  latitudes:  i.e.,  a 
zone  47'  wide,  having  the  equator  for  its 
central  line. 

Trout,  (trout).  [Trulit,  the  A.-S.  name.)  A 
fish,  resembling  the  salmon,  belonging  to 
SalmonidsB, 

Troy,  (troy).  (Troyes,  in  France.]  T.  weight: 
used  for  gold  and  silver,  Ac.,  v.  Tables. 

Truffle,  (truf fl).  (Trvflt,  the  French  name.] 
= Tuber:  an  edible  fungus,  belonging  to 

\  ..-.  :n\, ••  •••  , 

Trumpet.  T.  /**=Centri*cus  scolopar.  T. 
/MNrvBlfWMU.  q.v.  T.  *w=Cecropis, 

Trumpeter.    Mat*   7l.=Psophia  crepiuns. 
T.    ncan  =  Cygnus   buc- 
cinata. 

Truncated,  (trung-ku'ted). 
(  Trvncatu*.  the  Latin 
word.]  Cut  short;  having 
the  apex  removed. 

Trunk.(trungk).  [Truncv*, 
the  Latin  word.]  1.  Stem 
of  a  tree:  body  of  a  verte- 
brate animal:   generally/ 
the  chief  portion  or  main 
body   of  any    organised  Trumpeter.  GoUso 
structure.     2.  The   pro- 
boscis of  an  elephant.     T.  engine:  a  steam 
engine  in  which  the  piston  and  connecting- 
rod  an  connected  within  a  tubular  piston- 
rod.    T.  ./Uft«=Ostraciontidie;  named  from 
the  quadrangular  cuirass  of  ganoid  plates. 

Trunnions,  (trun'yunz).  [F.  troanon,  stump.] 
Side  projections  by  which  a  gun  is  supported 
in  its  carriage. 

Truss,  (trus).  [Trouue,  the  French  word.]  1. 
A  timber  framework,  for  support,  as  of  a 
roof.  2.  Any  system  of  bars  or  rods  int.  ni.  .1 
for  support.  3.  A  pad  used  for  support  in 
cases  of  rupture. 

Trygon,  (tri'gon).  [Gk.  trygo,  I  pluck.]= 
Sting-ray:  a  tish  belonging  to  Raiidie. 

Tube.  Euxtachian  T.,  v.  Eustachian  tubes. 
•tVenral  T.,  v.  Neural  tube.  T,  tc<w;n«= 
Tubicola.  q.v. 

Tuber,  (tu'ber).  [L.  tuber,  nwelling.]  1.= 
Truffle,  q.v.,  the  type  of  Tuberacea;.  -.  A 
bulbous  underground  portion  of  a  Bt<'in, 
the  buds  of  which  are  called  eyes;  e.g. ,  potato, 
crocus. 

Tuberaceae.  (  tu-ber-a'se-C  ).  [  Tuber,  7.  r.  ] 
Truffles:  fungi,  having  rounded  tutier-like 
bodies,  usually  underground,  belonging  to 
Ascomycetes. 


TUBERCLES 


333 


TURNSOLE 


Tubercles,  (ttt'ber-klz).  [L.  tuberculum,  small 
tuber.]  Small  swellings  or  tubers. 

Tubes.  Eustachian  T.,  v.  Eustachian  tubes. 
Fallopian  T.,  v.  Fallopian  tubes.  Lightning 
T.—  Fulgurites,  q.v. 

Tubicola,  (tu-biko-la).  [L.  tuba,  tube;  eolo, 
I  inhabit.  ]=Tube-worms:  animals,  belonging 
to  Annelida,  living  in  calcareous  tubes. 

Tubularidae,  (tu-bu-lar'i-de).  A  sub-division 
of  Hydrozoa. 

Tubulata,  (ta-bu-la'ta).  Ehrenberg's  term  for 
Bryozoa,  Turbellaria,  Nematoidea,  dec. 

Tuff,  (tuf).  [Tufo,  the  Italian  word.]=Vol- 
canic  tuff:  a  compound  of  sand,  cinders,  iic., 
thrown  from  voleanoes=Volcauic  ash;  also 
called  Tufa. 

Tufted  quail =Lophortyx. 

Tulipa,  (tu'li-pa).    (The  Latin  nanie.]=Tulip: 
:i    pi. mt    belonging    to 
Liliucese  :    remarkable 
for  the  beauty  of  its 
flowers. 

Tulip,  (tii'lip).  [Tulipa, 
g.r.]=Tulipa.  q.v.  T. 
*r«=Liriodendron,  q.v. 
T.  of  j7u;i=Swell ;  in- 
crease of  thickness  at 
muzzle. 

Tumbril,(tum'bril).  [Tom- 
berenu,      the      French  Tullpi 

word.]= Caisson  :  a  covered  cart  to  carry 
military  tools,  <bc. 

Tumulus,  (tu'mii-lus).  [L.  tumulus,  mound.] 
Artificial  mound  of  earth,  of  ancient  origin, 
Intended  for  a  tomb;  also  called  Barrow. 

Tunbridge  Wells  sand  =  A  sub-division  of 
Hastings  sand. 

Tungstates,  (tung'stats).  [Tungsten,  q.v.] 
Compounds  of  tungstic  acid  and  bases. 

Tungsten,  (tungsten).  [Sw.  tung,  heavy; 
tten,  stone.  ]=Wolframium=WTi:  a  heavy, 
hard,  infusible  metal. 

Tungstic  acid,  (tung'stik).  [Tungsten,  q.v.]= 
lIj\V4O4:  a  yellow  powder;  also  called  Tung- 
stic triozide. 

Tunicata,  (tfin-i-ka'ta).  [L.  tunicata,  cloak. ]= 
Ascidioida=3ea  squirts:  marine  animals,  in 
coriaceous  bags,  fixed  to  rocks,  or  floating  in 
compound  masses -have  three coats,ortunics=: 
Test, mantle,  and  peritoneum;  owing  to  their 
nature,  no  fossil  remains  have  been  found. 

Tunicin,(tu'ni-sin).  [Tunicata.g.v.^CgHjoCV 
a  substance  resembling  cellulin,  found  in  the 
coating  of  tunicata. 

Tuning  fork.  A  bar  of  steel,  having  two 
prongs,  which  always  vibrates  at  the  same 
rate,  and  gives  the  same  musical  note. 

Tunny,  (tuu'ni).  [Thunnus,  the  Latin  name.] 
=Thynnus:  a  fish  re- 
sembling the  mack- 
erel,  belonging  to 
Scorn  bridae. 

Tupaia,    (ttt'pT-a). 
[The  Malayan  name.]  Tunny. 

A  carnivorous  animal  somewhat  resembling 
the  squirrel. 

Turacin,  (tu'ra-sin)=An  animal  pigment,  con- 
taining copper,  found  in  the  feathers  of 
touracon. 


Turanian,  (tu-ra'ni-au).  Caucasian,  Egyptian, 

Tibetic,  Malay,  Mongol,  American,  and  other 

races;   forming  a  primary  division  of  the 

human  race. 
Turbellaria,    (ter-bel-la'ri-a).      [L.    turbella, 

tumult.]    Turbellarii  :  Nemertes,  Pianaria, 

&c:  :mimals  belonging  to  Scolecida,  which  pro- 
duce currents  by  the  vibrations  of  their  cilia. 
Turbinal  bones.  (ter'bi-nal)=Spongy  bones: 

bones  in  the  nose,  the  interior  of  which  have 

many  air  cavities,  giving  them  a  spongy 

nature. 
Turbine,  (te.rT>in).      [L.   turbo,  whirlwind.] 

A  water-wheel,  usually 

horizontal,     which     is 

made  to  revolve  by  the 

action  of  running  water. 
Turbinida,  (t§r-bin'i-do). 

[L.  turbinatut, conical.] 

=Top-shells  =  Turbin- 

ated  shells :  a  family  of 

Molluscs,  belonging  to 

Gasteropoda. 
Turbot,    (ter'bot).      [The 

Rhombus  maximus: 

a  flat  fish,  belonging 

to  Pleuronectidse. 
Turdus,    (  teydus  ). 

[The  Latin  name.] 

Thrush,  &c. :  a  bird 

belonging  to  Meru- 

luia-;   a  family  of 

dentirostral  birds. 

T.  7ne)-«!a=Black-  Turbot 

bird.    T.  minor  —  Corkling.    T.  musica=: 

Mavis=Song-thrush. 
Turf,  (t«rf).     [The  A.-S.  word.]    Bog-earth: 

used  as  fuel;  v.  Bog.  T.  sheep:  a  small  sheep, 

of  the  stone  period. 
Turkey,  (tei-Tci).     A  poultry-bird=Meleagris, 

q.v. ;  named  from  being  supposed  to  have 

originally  come  from  Turkey.     T.  stone= 

Novaculite,  q.v. 
Turkish,  (ter'kish).     T.  language=O8ma.nli: 

spoken  at  Constantinople.     T.  rflce=Turko- 

man  or  Tartar  nomadic  race  of  N.  Asia.    T. 

«adclte=Sella  Turcica:  a  depression  in  tho 

sphenoid  bone.  T.to&acco=Nicotianarustica. 
Turk's  cap  lily=J, ilium  martagon.     v.  Mar- 

tagon. 
Turmeric,   (ter'mer-ik).      [Terra-merita,   tho 

Latin  name.]    A  yellow  colouring  matter, 

obtained   from    turmeric    plant,  Curcuma 

longa. 

TurnbulTs  blue=Ferrons  ferricyanide. 
Turner's  yellow=:Oxychloride  of  lead. 
Turneraceae,  (ter-ner-a'se-6).  [Turnera,  the 

typical  genus.]  =  Turnerads:    ti.   American 

herbs,  belonging  to  Violales. 
Turnip,  (ter'nip).      [W.  turn,  round;   A.-S. 

nape.]    Brassica  rapa:  a  plant,  with  edible 

root,  belonging  to  Brassicaceso.      T.   ftea= 

Haltica  brassicae:  a  beetle =Phyllotreta  ne- 

morum.    T.  /y=Nigger=Athalia  spinarum, 

belongs  to  Hymenoptera.    T.  molh=A.grotia 

segetum:  a  moth. 
Turnsole,  (tern'sol).     [Tournesol,  the  French 

name.  ]  =  Heliotropium,    q.v.  ;    also  called 

Heliotrope  and  Sun  flower. 


231 


ULNA 


Turnstone.  (t*.rn'ston)=StrensiUs  interpret: 
n  binl  belonging  to  Charadriadm. 

Turn-table.  A  pin- 
form,  capable  of 
revolving     hori-  "^ 
zon tally:  used  on  mm^^M 
railways  to  turn 
engines,  Aw., — •« 
round. 

Turpentine,    <t^      — 
pen-tlnX  [7Vr«o*B> 
tttint.  the  French  Tvm-uua. 

word.]  A  rcainout  substance  obtained  from 
pine  trees.  CAian  T. :  from  PUtacia  luutiacua. 
Otl  of  7*.  =  i'|ollie:  a  volatile  very  inflam- 
mable liquid:  obtained  from  tuptjfttine,  T. 
lrer=Pistacia  terebinthua.  »ai<*  T.:  from 


fclllll,  (tfrTwls).     (The  French  name.] 
A  mineral,  chiefly  hydrated   phosphate  of 

aluminum  and  oxide  of  copper.     Occidental 

T.-Bont  r=Odontolite:  bone  coloured  by 

phtMphate  of  iron.    Oruaf  <i  I  T.  -  ifiutral  f. 
Turrilitee,  (tur'ri-liUX      (L.   Urru,  tower.) 

A  family  oioaphalupod  tuolltuowu  animals. 
"!*••  Hells    (tur-ri-tel'la).     (L.  (HITU.  tower.] 

A  gatteropod  molluacoiu  animal. 
Turtle,  (trr^tl)  =  Teatado.  f.v.     Or«*  T.s 

Chvlorie    mydas  = 

Cbeloaia      Ttmiu 

llatfk't    Ml    T.- 

CheloM  imbricata. 

Mud  7*.=Trion 


lydra 


onyx  ferox.  Voitl* 

Turtle-dore^Colamba  t  nrtur=Turtnraorilna 
Tuscan,  (tus'kanX  (Tiu- 
oany.)  T.  order:  the 
least  ornate  of  the  orders 
of  architecture,  v.  Orders. 
Tuaks,  (tu»k»).  [Tux-.  th« 
A.-S.  word.)  Elongautl 
conical  teeth,  often  pro- 
truding: in  elephant,  nar- 
whal, dngong,  4e.  =  In- 
cison :  in  boar,  walrun, 
hip|ionotamus,  Ac.  =  Ca- 
uinus.  : 


TMdkM,  (tu»ei-la  go).     [L.  r«u*u.  cough.] 
Colte-fo* :  an  herb  belonging  to 

Uctnal  a 


named  from  its  mtxlici 
linuah  tobacco. 
Tutsan,  (tut  **n)=  Hyperieuin  andn 
a  plant  belonging  to  IlyperkMMB. 


T.  /or/am. 


Tuttle's  eom^    StTi?  orbit  identkal  with 

that  of  August  meteorm. 
T«tui=Al«urites  triloba:  a  plant 
Tuyere   (toyir).     (The  French  word.)    The 

opening  of  a  pipe  by  which  air  is  admitted 

into  a  blast  furnace. 
Tway-bladesListera, «.». 
Twilight,  (twflft).     frajjBlgglf   the 


d    following    ranee*, 
time  that  the  ana  is  lees  than 
18*  below  the  horiaon. 

Twin,   r.er^to^:  two  crystals  ao  joined  that 
•.    •-.  •  •  :-     :    .-  ,   .     •   •     •    .x  ...... 

»onld  come  into  the  space  ocevpied  by  the 
other.    T.irmfUHt*    Didymograpsas. 
TwiaasGemini,  o.v. 

TUJJI.  (tTkdX    (Tycho  Brahe  ]    An  enclosed 
crater  in  the  Moon,  about  50  mile*  in  dia* 
by  mountains,  MOMS 


of  the  ear  u  attached. 


Urum  of  the  ear  : 
separating  the  external  opening  of  the  ear 
from  ts»  ape*!*  ••<  tarterntJ  mechanism. 

Type-mttaL  An  alloy  of  lead,  antimony,  and 

tin. 
Typha,  (ti'fa).    (TyjAot,  the  Greek  name.) 

CatVtail:  an  herb,  the  tjrj*  of  Typhacesa, 


, 
ru»h«:  marmh  herbs,  with  long  narrow  leares, 

:. 

Typhoid,  (U'foidX    (Typhua,  o.».:  Gk.  ride*. 

f.Tra.)    A  phase  of  disease  somewhat  mam, 

Ming  typhus  fever. 
Typhoons,  (U  foonA  [L.  fvpaen,  whirlwind) 

Hurricane-like  storms,  in  Indian  and  Chinese 

Tyjhua,  (ti'ftui).      fOk.    lypkot,  sntoke.)    A 
febrile  variety  of  disease;  very  contagions. 


U. 


Ugric=Uprian:  tribe*  of  the  great  Asiatic 
table  land:  also  called  Finno-Turkic. 

Ulcer,  (nl'str).  [Ulau,  the  Latin  word.)  A 
"ore  discharging  puc 

Ulex,  (uleks)  =  Furze-whin,  Gorze,  &c. :  a 
thorny  shrub,  with  yellow  flowers,  boJongi 
ing  to  Fabaoem. 

Ullmannite,  (ul'man-nTt).  A  mineral,  con- 
taining antimony,  nickel,  and  sulphur. 

TTlmacesB,  (ul-mase-«).  (Ulmns,  Q.v.]=Elm- 
worU:  shrubs  and  trees,  with  apetalous 
flowers,  belonging  to  Rhaiunalea. 


Ulmie  acid,  (nl'mik).  [Ulmns,  9.v.]=C^H,4 
O«:  a  brittle,  brown  substance  obtainedftom 
decaying  wood;  ahn  called  Homna. 

Ulmin,  (ui'min).    (Ulmos,  o.».J=Ulmic  acid. 

Uimus,  (nl'muB).  (The  Latin  name.]  =1  Kim: 
a  tree,  the  timber  of  which  is  very  durable, 
thetypeof  Ulmacee.  2.=Uiunus:  decaying 

Ulna,  (ulna).  fGk.  olene,  elbow.  ]= El  how: 
larger  bone  of  the  fore-arm;  corresiionda  to 
the  fibula  of  the  leg. 


ULTRAMARINE 


335 


UNIVALENT 


Ultramarine,  (ul-tra-ma-rt-n').  [L.  ultra,  be- 
yond; >nar«,  sea.]  A  blue  colouring  mat- 
ter :  a  mineral,  chiefly  phosphate  of  alumi- 
num. Ai-tiriciul  If.,  made  from  silicate  of 
aluminum,  soda,  sulphur,  carbon,  &c.  Na- 
tural tf.  =  Lapiz-lazuli. 

Ulva.  (ul'va).  [L.  ulvu,  sedge.]  A  sea-weed, 
belonging  to  Algae. 

Ulvacess,  (ul-va'se-e).  [Ulva,  q.9.]  A  sub- 
division Of  AlgSB. 

Umbel,  (um'bel).    [L.  umbella,  small  shade.] 
A  variety  of  inflorescence, 
h  the  flower  stalks 
all  rise  from  one  point  of 
the  stem. 

Umbellate*,  (um-bel-la'- 
let).  [Umbel,  q.v.]  Plants 
with  dichlaraydeons  poly- 
petalous  flowers,  forming 
a  division  of  Epigynous 
Exogens. 

Umbclliferss,  (um-bel-lif- 
er-*).  [Umbel,  «.».;  L. 
/fro,  I  carry.  ]=Apiacese, 

TJmber,  (unVbrr).  [Umbria,  in  Italy.]  1.  A 
soft  earthy  com- 
pound of  per- 
oxideof  iron  and 
manganese,  used 
as  a  brown  pig- 
ment. 2.  An 
African  crow-like 
bird=Soopns  um- 

!.!••••    L 

Umbilical,  (nm- 
bil'i-kal).  [Um- 
bilicus, <y.r.)  Re- 
lating to  the 
n  m  ;. 

Umbilicus,  (um-bil'i-ku*).  [The  Latin  word.] 
=The  navel:  a  depression  in  the  abdomen  of 
a  mammalian  animal,  being  the  remains  of 
the  point  of  attachment  of  the  umbilical 
cord,  or  cord  connecting  the  parent  and  child 
previous  to  birth. 

Umbo,  (um'bo).  [The  Latin  word.]=Beak  of 
a  shell;  and  generally  any  pointed  projection. 

Umbra,  (um'bra).  [L.  umbra,  shadow.]  Tho 
darker  portion  of  a  shadow. 

Umbrella.  U.  oird=Cephalopterus  ornatns: 
a  crow-like  bird  of  8.  America. 

Umbriel,  (um'bri-el).    A  satellite  of  Uranus. 

Unaw.     v.  Bradypus. 

Unakalkay.  (u-n.-i-kal'ka).  The  chief  star  of 
the  constellation  Serpens. 

Uncaria,  (un-ka'ri-a).  A  plant  belonging  to 
Rubiacea;,  from  which  a  dye-stuff,  gambier, 
i~  obtained. 

Undecagon,  (  un-dek'a-gon  ).  [L.  undeeim, 
eleven ;  gonia,  angle.]  A  plane  figure  hav- 
ing eleven  sides,  and,  therefore,  eleven 
angles. 

Under -clay.  Beds  of  clay,  or  firestone, 
usually  found  below  coal,  in  which  are 
found  roots  of  trees,  the  trunks  of  which, 
usually  flattened,  are  in  the  coal ;  also 
used  for  any  fossil  soil  which  once  supported 
trees. 


Undershot     V.  wheel :  a  wheel  moved  by  a 

stream  of  water  passing  under  it 
Undulation,  (un-dtt- 

lii'bhun).      [L.  un- 

dula,  small  wave.] 

Vibration:  wave  of 

motion ;    alternate 

motion.  >x 

of  light.  That  light' 
is  a  vibratory  mo- 
tion of  the  particles          Uudenbot-wheeL 
of  a  luminiferous  ether. 

Ungual,  (ung'wal).  [L.  unyuit,  nail.]  Re- 
lating to  claws,  nails,  or  hoofs.  If.  bonet^s 
lachrymal  bone*:  two  small  bones  in  the 
orbit  of  each  eye. 

Unguents,  (  ung'gwenta ).  [L.  unyufnturn, 
ointment.]  Any  soft  composition  used  as 
an  ointment,  or  for  the  lubrication  of 
machinery. 

Unguiculata.  (nng'wik-a-lu'ta).  [L.  unpuii. 
nail.]  Animals  having  nails  or  claws  ;  used 
by  Owen  for  Quadrumana  and  Cturnivora. 

Unguis,  (ung'wis).  [The  Latin  word.]  Noil 
or  claw. 

UngulaU,  (nn-gu-la'ta).  [L.  ungula,  hoof.] 
HffitfH  quadrupeds:  hones, 
pigs,  &c. ;  a  division  of  Mam- 
malia, marked  by  a  non-de- 
ciduate  placenta,  enamelled 
teeth,  and  hoof-like  nails  en- 
closing the  toes. 

Unguligrade,   ( un-Ru'li-Kr.1.1). 
[L.  vnyula,    hoof;    gradior, 
I  walk.]  =  Horse,   &c.:   ani- 
mals  walking  on  the  tips  of  their  hoofed 
digits. 

Uniauriculate  animals=Gasteropoda,  q.v. 

Uniaxial.  (a-ni-aks'i-al).  [L.  vnut,  one;  Axis, 
q.v.]  U.  cryttaU:  crystals  having  one 
optic  axis.  U.  development:  in  all  ver- 
tebrate animals,  some  molluscs  and  annu- 
losa;  in  some  of  exogeus,  endogens,  algiu, 
and  fungi. 

Unicorn,  (u'ni-kawrn).  [L.  unicornii,  one- 
horned.]  1.  Monoceros:  a  southern  constel- 
lation. 2.  A  fabulous  animal,  represented 
in  heraldry.  Sta  f/".=Narwhal,  q.v. 

Unio,  (u'ni-6).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  fresh- 
water lamellibranchiate  animal;  also  called 
Rtver-musssJfc 

Unisexual,  (u-ni-seks'u-al).  U.  plant»=T)ic- 
linous  plants;  those  having  stamena  and 
pistils  in  different  flowers. 

Unison,  (u'ni-son).  [L.  unus,  one;  tonus, 
sound.]  Sounds  caused  by  the  same  number 
of  vibrations,  and  therefore  having  the  same 
pitch,  are  said  to  be  in  unison. 

Unit.  U.  jar  =  A  small  Leyden  jar,  the 
charge  of  which  is  taken  as  a  unit  of  electric 
tension.  U.  of  capacity  —  Cubic  foot:  in 
French=Litre.  Absolute  U.  of  force=Dyne 
=the  force  which  acting  on  a  gramme  for  one 
second  generates  a  velocity  of  a  centimetre 
per  second.  Absolute  U.  ofwork=Vfork  done 
by  a  dyne  working  for  the  distance  of  a  cen- 
timetre. 

Univalent=Monatomic.    v.  Monads. 


UNIVALVE 


336 


URTICA 


Univalve  shells.    Having  the  shell  in  bat 

one  piece.    Land  andfretk- 

water    U. :     mostly    plant 

eaten,  with  entire  mouths. 

Marine    U. :    carnivorous, 

with  notched  mouths. 
Universe,  (  u'ni-ve.rs  ).     [L. 

univertum,  the  whole.]  The 

general  system  of  all  the 

stars  visible,  together  with 

all  other  bodies  influenced 

by  them. 
Universal.      U.  di»charge=.        Univalve. 

an   apparatus   for   discharging   electricity, 

adapted  to  general  use.     U.  joint  =  Ilooke's 


U.  equiMrium,  v. 

Equilibrium. 
Unstratified,    (  nn-strat'i-fid  ).       U.  drift  = 

Boulder  clay;  also  called  Till.    U.  roeki :  not 

in  layers  or  strata;  formed  by  igneous  forces, 

and  not  deposited  in  water;  v.  Formations. 
Unukalkay=Unakalkay,  7.9. 
Upas  tree,  (u'pas).     [Malay;  vpai,  poison.] 

1.  =  Antiaris  toxicaria :    a 

tree  belonging  to  Artooarpa- 

ceae.    2.=Strychnos  tieute: 

a  poisonous  tree. 
Upland -goose  =  Cloephaga 

Upper  Miocene  of  France= 

Faluns,  q.v. 
Upupidse,  (up'u-pi-de).    [Up- 

upa,  the  typical  genus.]    A 

family  of  birds  belonging  to        Upu  t»& 

Insessores=Hoopooes,  q.v. 
Ural-altaic.   A  primary  divi 

T?ralite,  (Q'ra-HtX  [Ural  Mountains.]  A 
mineral  connecting  the  amphibole  and 
pyroxene  varieties  in  one  group. 

Uranates,  (u'ra-nats).  [Uranic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  uranic  acid  and  bases. 

Uranic,  (Q'ra-nik).  [Uranium,  q.v.].  Relating 
to  Uranium,  q.v. 

Uranium,  (u-ra'ni-um).  [Ok.  urannt,  heaven.] 
=U :  one  of  the  iron-like  metals;  a  steel- 
white  malleable  metal. 

Uranus,  (u'ra-nus).  [Gk.  uranos,  heaven. ]= 
Georgium  Sidus=Herschel:  one  of  the  Major 
Planets,  discovered  in  1781  by  Herschcl;  has 
four,  and  perhaps  six,  moons;  distance  from 
the  sun  1752  millions  of  miles;  diameter 
S3  '000  miles;  year  about  85  of  ours;  shines 
with  a  yellow  light 

Uranyl,  (u'ra-nil).  [Uranium,  q.v.]=UaO2= 
Oxide  of  uranium. 

Urates,  (u'rats).  [Uric,  q.v.]  Compounds  of 
uric  acid  and  bases. 

Urceola,  (er'se-o-la).  [L.  urceolut,  pitcher.] 
A  plant  belonging  to  Apocynacese.  U.  elat- 
f  tca=Caoutchouc  vine. 

Urchin,  (gr'chiu).  [Urchone,  the  O.E.  word.] 
=  Hedgehog,  v.  Erinaceus.  Heart  U.t., 
belong  to  Echinoidea,  q.v.  Sea  Cf.«=Echi- 
ii idea,  q.v. 

Urea,  (u're-a).  [Urine,  <7.v.]=CH4N2O=Carba- 
mide:  a  colourless,  crystalline,  animal  base; 
an  essential  constituent  of  urine;  the  diamide 


of  carbonic  acid.      Compound  ureat:  sub- 
stances  obtained  from  urea  by  part  of  its 
hydrogen   being   replaced    by    an    organic 
radicle.      Ethyl  urtat:  urea  in  which  one 
atom  of  hydrogen  has  been  replaced  by  some 
alcoholic  radicle. 
Uredinacese=Coniomycetes,  q.v. 
Ureides,  (Q'ridz).     (Urea,  q:v.]=8alts  of  urea 
-water:  urea  in  which  part  of  the  hydrogen 
is  displaced  by  the  radicle  of  an  acid.    J/onu- 
reidu:  compounds  formed  by  combining  one 
atom  of  urea  with  an  acid. 
Ureter,  (tt-rg'te. r).    [The  Greek  word.]  A  tube 
paarinfl  from  the  kidney  to  the  bladder,  cun- 
veying  urine. 

Urethane=Carbamic  ether,  q.v. 
Urethra,  (u  rC'thra).     [The  Greek  word.]    A 
tube  by  which  the  bladder  is  emptied. 
Uria=Guillemot,  q.v. 

Uric   acid.  (Q'rik).      [Gk.  ouron,  urine .]= 

GaH^jOg:  a  crystalline  substance  for. i id  in 

urine.  Uypcr  U.:  a  modification  <>(  un<  a< -id. 

Urine,  (u  riii).    \Urina,  the  Latin  word.)  Tin; 

liquid  which  the  kidneys  secrete  from  the 

blood;  holds  in  solution  urea,  uric  acid,  4c. 

Urinary  organs,  (u'ri-na-ri).     [Urine,  q.v.]= 

Kidneys,  ureters,  bladder.    U.  calculi:  M«.i,y 

concretions  sometimes  deposited  fioin  urino. 

Urinometer,  (u-ri-uom'e-tfr).      (Urine,  q.v.; 

Gk.  metron,  measure.]    An  instrument  fur 

measuring  the  density  of  urine. 

Urn-mosses=Bryacete,  q.v. 

Urochs,  (Q'roks)=:Bo8  primigenius:  an  animal 

talonging  to  Bovidsa.    cf.  Aurochs. 

Urodela,  (u-ro-de'la).     [Gk.  euro,  tail;  Jtlm, 

visible.]    Salamanders,  newts,  &c.:  am]>lii 

bious  animals  which  retain  the  tail  thr.  n.-ii- 

out  life,  chiefly  N.  American;  not  known  in 

Australia,  ti.  Africa,  or  Hindostan=Ichthyo- 

morpha. 

Una  Major,  (jr'sa  ma'jor).    [The  Latin  name.J 
=Tlie  Greater  Bear:  one  ;" 
of  the   northern   con- 
stellations, of  which  the 
chief  stars  are  Dubhe, 
Merak,  Phecda,  Megrez, 
Alioth,  Mizar,  and  Al- 
kaid.   The  constellation 
is  also  known  by  the 
names,     The     Plough, 
David's    Car,    Bier    of          Urn  Major. 
Lazarus,  and  Charles's  Wain. 
Ursa  Minor,  (or'saiui'nor).    [The  Latin  name.] 
=The  Lesser  Bear:  one  of  the  northern  con- 
stellations; resembling  the  Greater  Bear  in 
having  the  body  and  tail  marked  by  seven 
stars,  the  chief  of  which  are  Polaris  (at  the 
end  of  the  tail),  and  Kocab. 
Ursidse,  (gr'si-de).      [Ureus,  q.v.;  Gk.    cidos, 
form.]    A  family  of  Mammalia,  of  which  tho 
bear  ia  the  type. 

Ursus,  (gr'sus).  [The  Latin  name. ]= Bear:  a 
largeomnivoroushybernatinp quadruped.  U. 
Indicut:  Indian  badger.  U.  Malayanu*= 
Helarctos  =  Malay  bear.  U.  «p«tou*=Cave 
bear.  U.  ^wio=Glutton.  U.ferox- grisly  bear. 
Urtica.  (er-ti'ka).  [The  Latin  name.]=N<-t tit- 
an herb,  with  stinging  hairs,  the  type  of 
Urticaceae.  U.  urentissima^=I)Qvil'a  bit. 


URTICACEJE 


337 


VARIABLE  STARS 


Urticaceae,  (  er'ti-ka'se-e  ).  [Urtica,  $.».]= 
Nettle-worts:  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees,  with 
rough  stinging  leaves,  and  light  spongy  wood, 
belonging  to  Urtinales. 

Urticales,  (er-ti-ki'lez).  [Urtica,  q.v.]  Plants, 
with  monochlaiuydeous  flowers,  forming  a 
division  of  Diclinous  Exogens. 

Usnea,  (ns'ne-n).  A  lichen,  yielding  a  yel- 
low dye -stuff.  U.  florida  =  lizard-like 
lichen. 

Usnic  acid,  (us'nik).  [Usnea,  g.v.]=CoHifiO7: 
a  yellow  dye-stuff,  found  in  usnea  and  other 
lichens. 

Uterogestation,  (u-ter-O-jes-ta'shun).  [Uterus, 
q.v. ;  L.  gesto,  I  carry. ]— Pregnancy :  tbe 


period  of  foetal  life  between  conception  and 

birth. 
Uterus,  (u'ter-us).    [The  Latin  word.]  Womb: 

the  part  of  the  female  generative  organ  in 

which  the  foetus  is  contained  during  gestation. 
"Utricle,  (u'tri-kl).   [L.  utriculus,  small  bottle.] 

=A  bottle-shaped  cell  or  bladder;  any  small 

I>:r4-*haped  cell. 
Utricularia,  (Q-tri-ku-l:Vri-a).     [Utricle,  q.v.] 

A  plant  belonging  to  Lentibulariaceco. 
Tlvula,  (ii'vu-la).    [L.  uva,  grape.]   A  prolonga- 
tion of  the  soft  palate  at  the  back  of  the  mouth. 
XTwarowite,   (u'war-6-wlt).      [M.   Uwarow,  a 

Russian.]— Chrome  garnet:  a  greeii  variety 

of  garnet. 


V. 


Vaagmaer,    (vag'mer)  =  Deal   fish  =  Trachy- 

pterus  bogmarus. 
vaccination,  (vaks-in-a'shun).     [L.  vaceinus, 

from   a  cow.]      To  inoculate  with  vaccine 

lymph,  to  produce  cow  pox  as  a  preventive 

o'f  small  pox.     cf.  Inoculation. 
Vacciniaceae,  (vaks-in-i-a'se-e).     [Vaccinintn, 

the  typical  genus.]=Cr;inoerries:  shrubs  and 

trees  belonging  to  Cinchonales. 
Vaccinic  acid,  (vaks-in'ik).     [L.  vacca,  cow.] 

rrCgHijC^:  an  acid  found  in  butter. 
Vacuoles,   (vak'ii-olz).      [L.   vacuv.s,  empty.] 

Spaces  full  of  water,  as  found  in  singes. 
Vagina,  (va-jl'na).    [L.  vagina,  sheath.)    1.  A 

general  term  for  a  sheath  in  animal  and 

vegetable  organisms.     2.  The  passage  lead- 
ing from  the  uterus  to  the  outeide  of  the 

body. 

Vala!     No.  131  of  the  Minor  Planets. 
Valentinite,  (val-en'ti-nit).   A  mineral,  chiefly 

oxide  of  antimony. 
Valeral,  (val'e-ral).    [Valeric,  $.i;.]=C5H10O= 

Valeric  aldehyd:  a  pungent  acrid  liquid,  the 

vapour  of  which  is  inflammable. 
Valerates,  (val'er-ats).     [Valeric,  q.v.]    Com- 
pounds of  valeric  acid  and  bases. 
Valerene,   (val'er-gn).      [Valeric,  g.v.]=Bor- 

neene,  q.v. 
Valeriana,   (val-er-i-a'na).     [L.   valeo,   I   am 

strong. ]= Valerian:    a    plant,    the    type    of 

Valerianaceae. 
ValerianaceaB,  (val-t'-ri-an-a'se-e).    [Valeriana, 

q.  v.]= Valerian- worts  :    herbs    belonging   to 

Campanales. 
Valerianella,   (  val-5-ri-a-nel'la  ).     [Valeriana, 

q.v.]    An  herb  belonging  to  Valerianaceae. 

V.  oh'£oria=Lamb's  succory. 
Valerianic  acid= Valeric  acid,  q.v. 
Valeric  acid,  (val'er-ik).  [Valerian a. ]=C5H]0p2 

=Tetrylformicacid=Phocenicacid= An  acrid 

oily  liquid  obtained  from  valerian  root,  and 

by  oxidation  of  fousel  oil,  oleic  acid,  &c. 
Valerol,  (val'e-rol).     [Valeric,  q.v.]=C6Hl(>O: 

a  crystalline  substance  found  in  essence  of 

valerian. 
Valeryl,  (val'e-ril).    [Valeric,  q.v.]  The  radicle 

of  the  valerianic  group. 
Valerylene  =  CsHg :   a   hydrocarbon    of  the 

acetylene  series. 


Valley  of  the  Alps,  A  crater  in  the  Moon, 
75  miles  long,  6  wide. 

Valve,  (valv).  [L.  valvoe,  folding  doors.] 
Generally:  any  movable  partition  which  serves 
to  regulate  tHe  passing  of  a  fluid  along  a 
passage.  Safety  V.:  one  kept  closed  by  a 
weight  until  the  pressure  of  the  steam 
becomes  great  enough  to  be  dangerous. 

Valyl,  (val'il)=C8H18=Dibutyl,  q.v. 

Vampire,  (vam'pir).     [The  French  word.]     V. 
la  t = Vam  pi  r  us  spec- 
trum,   belongs    to 
Cheiroptera. 

Van  Beneden's  clas- 
sification, v.  Bene- 
den. 

Vanadiates.  (  van  - 
a'di-ats).  [Vanadic, 
q.v.]  Compounds  of 
vanadic  acid  and 
bases. 

Vanadic,  (van'a-dik).  [Vanadium,  q.v.]  Re- 
lating to  vanadium.  V.  anhydride=\zQ§:  a, 
crystalline  substance. 

Vanadium,  (van-a'di-um).  [Vanadis=Freia, 
the  Scandinavian  goddess.  ]=V:  a  very  rare 
metal,  first  obtained  from  the  mineral  vana- 
dinite:  acts  upon  glass  and  porcelain. 

Vanadyl,  ( van'a-dil ).  [  Vanadium,  q.v.  ]•= 
Oxide  of  Vanadium. 

Vanellus,  (van-el'lus).  V.  crigtatu*  =  Bath- 
bird=Peewit=Lap-wing:  a  bird  belonging 
to  Charadriadae. 

Vanessa,  (va-nes'sa).  A  butterfly.  V.  cardui 
=Paiuted  lady.  V.  Io  =  Peacock  butter- 
fly- 
Vanilla,  (  van-il'la  ).  [  Baynilla,  the  native 
name.]  A  climbing  plant  belonging  to  Orchi- 
daceaj,  found  wild  in  tropical  America. 

Vanishing  Fraction,     v.  Fraction. 

Vapour,  (va'per).  [L.  vapor,  steam.]  The 
gaseous  condition  of  liquids  that  can  be  eva- 
porated without  decomposition. 

Varanus,  (va-ra'nus).  [Ouaran,  Arabic  name.] 
=  Monitor:  a  large  reptile  found  in  Old 
World  only. 

Variable  stars.     Stars,  the  apparent  magni- 
tude of  which  is  variable ;   e.g.,   TJ  Argus, 
o  Ceti,  S  Cancri,  /3  Persei,  &c. 
v 


VABIATION 


338 


VENUS 


Variation.  l.=Declination,  2.  The  connec- 
tion between  two  quantities,  when,  if  one  be 
changed,  the  other  changes  in  the  same  ratio: 
expressed  by  o=,  as  a  oo  6.  3.  The  tendency 
of  offsprings  to  differ  from  their  parents,  in- 
dividually and  within  narrow  limits. 

Varicella,(var-i-seria).  [Variola,Q.i;.]=Chicken 
pox:  an  eruptive  phase  of  disease. 

Varicose,  (va'ri-kos).  [L.  varix,  swollen  vein.] 
Dilated;  swollen. 

Variety.  In  biology:  an  offspring  differing 
from  the  parent  within  narrow  limits. 

Variola,  (va-ri-6'la).  [L.  varius,  spotted.  ]= 
Small  pox:  contagious  eruptive  febrile  phase 
of  disease. 

Varioline,  (va'ri-o-Hn).  A  principle  found  in 
lichens,  especially  in  Variolaria, 

Varley's  constant  battery.  A  modification  of 
Daniell's. 

Varm=Sea  tape-worm. 

Varnish.  Solutions  of  gums,  resins,  wax,  amber, 
&c.,  in  alcohols,  oils,  and  turpentine.  V.  tree 
=Melanorrhoea,  belongs  to  Anacardiaceae. 

Varvicite,  (  var'vi-sit ).  A  mineral,  chiefly 
hydrated  oxide  of  manganese. 

Vascular,  (vas'ku-lar).  [L.  vasculum,  small 
vessel.]  V.  system:  traversed  by  minute  con- 
nected capillary  tubes  or  canals,  forming  a 
kind  of  network.  V.  plants=CotylodonovLa 
plants=Endogens  and  Exogens. 

Vas  deferens,  (vas  defe-renz).  [The  Latin 
words.]  The  vessel  through  which  the  semi- 
nal fluid  passes. 

Vector,  (vek'tor).  [L.  vector,  carrier.]  An 
imaginary  line  connecting  a  body  moving 
rou  nd  a  centre  with  that  centre. 

Vectors,  (vek'torz).  [Vector,  q.v.]  A  class  of 
magnitudes  having  direction  in  space,  and 
so  capable  of  reversal;  the  subject  of  quater- 
nions: requiring  three  numerical  specifica- 
tions for  definition;  e.g.,  the  velocity  of  a 
body,  or  of  an  electric  current. 

Vedahs.     An  Asiatic  people  in  Ceylon. 

Vega.     In  Lyta:  a  star  of  first  magnitude. 

Vegetable,  (vej'e-ta-bl).  [L.  vegetus,  lively.] 
Relating  to  plants.  V.  acids:  malic,  tartaric, 
citric,  &c.,  obtained  from  plants.  V.  alka- 
lies, v.  Alkaloids.  V.  feeding  lizards— I gua- 
nodon,  scelidosaurus.  V.  feeding  animals= 
Phytophaga.  V.  groicth:  absorption  of  in- 
organic matter,  and  its  conversion  into  starch, 
&c.,  which  is  carried  on  under  the  influenca 
of  light  in  the  plant-cells  of  green  plants 
only.  V.  ivory =Tag\ia,,  a  palm-like  tree 
also  albumen  of  Corozo  nuts.  V.  jelly= 
Pectin,  a  gelatinous  principle  found  in  plants. 
V.  leather,  v.  Leather.  V.  m«n-ow=Cucur- 
bita  ovifera.  V.  parchment,  v.  Parchment. 
V.  sulphur,  v.  Lycopodium. 
Veins,  (vanz).  [L.  vena,  blood-vessel.]  Tubes 
conveying  blood  to  the  heart  from  the  various 
parts  of  the  body;  differ  from  arteries  in 
having  valves.  Liquid  V.,v,  Liquid.  Minera 
V.}  v.  Mineral. 
Velleda,  (vel'le-da).  [Classical.]  No.  126  of 

Minor  Planets. 

Vellum, (vel'um).  [Velin,  the  French  word.]  A 

fine  kind  of  parchment,  made  from  calf-skin 

Velocity;  of  electjripity  =  288 -COO   miles   per 


second,  as  measured  by  Wheatstone's  appa- 
ratus under  given  conditions.  V.  of  light= 

190*000  miles  per  second.    F.  o/s<rand=1093 

feet  per  second  in  air :  in  solid  stone=1600  feet. 
Velum,  (ve'lum).  [L.  refaim,curtain.]=Arach- 

noid  membrane  of  brain. 
Velvet,  (vel'vet).     [L.  vellus,  fleece.]    A  silk 

fabric,  having  a  soft  surface  formed  of  a 

number  of  loose  threads. 
Velveteen,   (vel-ve-ten).      [Velvet,  q.v.]     v. 

Fustian. 

Vena,  (ve'na).  [The  Latin  word. ]= Vein,  q.v. 
V.  cava :  the  great  trunk  vein  into  which 
all  the  smaller  veins  empty  themselves,  and 
which  conveys  the  venous  blood  so  received 
to  the  heart;  divided  into  vena  cava  supe- 
rior and  inferior,  from  the  upper  and  lower 
parts  of  the  body.  V.  contracta:  the  amount 
of  liquid  passing  out  of  an  orifice  in  a  vessel 
containing  it,  is  a  stream  having  a  diameter 
of  about  f  of  the  diameter  of  the  opening; 
this  is  called  the  vena  contracta,  because 
the  liquid  vein  contracts  in  passing  through 
the  opening.  V.  portce  =  Portal  vein  :  a 
trunk  vein  receiving  the  blood  of  the  veins 
from  the  stomach  and  intestines,  and  con- 
veying it  to  the  liver. 

Veneer,  (ve-neV).  [Furnier,  the  German 
word.]  A  thin  layer  of  wood  ;  usually  of  a 
valuable  kind,  intended  to  be  laid  upon  a 
substratum  of  inferior  wood. 

Venom,  (ven'om).  [Venenum,  the  Latin 
word.]  Poison  when  communicated  by  means 
of  stings  or  bites.  V.  fangs:  teeth  having  a 
groove  along  which  the  poison  passes. 

Venomous  serpents.  Adder,  asp,  rattle- 
snake, viper,  &c. 

Venous,  (ve'nus).  [Vena,  q.v.]  Related  to 
the  veins. 

Vent=Fire-hole  of  a  gun ;  an  opening  made 
in  a  copper  plug.  • 

Ventral,   (ven'tral). 
Related  to  the  in-, 
ferior  surface  of  the 
body.    V.fins:  not 
so  fixed  in  position 
nor    so    fully    de- 
veloped as  the  pec-  «  Ventral  fin. 
toral.     V.  <w6e=Hsemal  tube:  enclosing  the 
heart,  lungs,  and  alimentary  system. 

Ventricles,  (ven'tri-klz).  [L.  ventriculus, 
little  belly.]  Two  cavities  of  the  heart, 
which  receive  the  blood  from  the  auricles 
and  transmit  it  to  the  lungs,  and  through 
the  aorta  to  the  body  generally. 

Ventriloquism,  (ven-tril'6-kwizm).  [L.  venter, 
belly ;  loquor,  I  speak.]  The  imitation  of 
sounds  so  as  to  produce  the  impression  of 
voices  from  other  places. 

Venus,  (ve'nus).  [Classical.]  1.  One  of  the 
inferior  planets;  a  very  brilliant  star;  also 
called  Hesperus,  when  an  evening  star;  and 
Lucifer,  when  a  morning  star;  the  nearest 
planet  to  the  earth,  and  so  near  it  as  to  pre- 
sent phases  in  the  same  way  as  the  Moon; 
diameter  7500  miles;  year  224  days;  dis- 
tance from  sun  66  millions  of  miles.  2.  A 
bivalve  mollusc,  the  type  of  the  family 
Veneridae.  V's  bath= Common  teazel,  the 


[L.  venter,  stomach.] 


VERATRIA 


VIBRIONES 


leaves  of  which  collect  water.    V.'s  fty-trap= 

Dionsea  muscipula. 
Veratria,  (ve-ra'tri-a).     [Veratrum,  q.v.]    An 

alkaloid  poisonous  principle  in  veratrum. 
Veratrum,  (ve-ra'trum).     [The  Latin  name.] 

A  plant  belonging  to  Melanthaceae.    V.  album 

=White  hellebore. 
Verbascum,  (ver-bas'kum).  [The  Latin  name.] 

:=Mullein :    a  woolly    shrub    belonging   to 

Scrophulariaceae. 
Verbena,   (ver-be'na).      [L.  verbence,  sacred 

boughs.]=Vervain:  an  herb,  the  type  of  Ver- 

benaceae. 
Verbenacese,  (ver-be-na'se-e).     [Verbena,  q.v.] 

Verbenes:  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees,  between 

Echiales  and  Bignonales. 
Verd-antique,  (verd-an-tek').    [P.  verd,  green; 

antique,  ancient.]     1.  A  variety  of  marble, 

containing  serpentine,     2.  =Serpentine,  q.v. 
Verdigris,   (ver-di-gris').      [Verd-de-gris,   the 

French  name.]  =  Dibasic  cupric  acetate  :  a 

green,  poisonous,  crystalline  substance,  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  acetic  acid  on  copper. 
Verditer,    (ver'di-ter).       [ Verd-de-terre,   the 

French  name.]  =  Normal  cupric  acetate  :  a 

blue  crystalline  substance. 
Verga,  (ver'ga).     A  sun-star. 
Verjuice,  ~  ( versus ).      [Verjus,    the    French 

name.]     The  juice  of  unripe  fruit. 
Vermes,   (  ver'mez ).      [L.   vermis,  worm.]  = 

Worms=Scolecida,  q.v. ;  sometimes  used  for 

Annuloida. 
Vermicelli,    (ver-mi-chel'li).      [The  Italian 

name.]    Thread-like  baked  wheaten  paste, 

used  for  food  in  Italy. 
Vermiform,  (ver'mi-fawrm.)  [Vermes,  q.v.] 

=Helminthoid :  having  an  external  resem- 
blance to  worms. 
Vermifuge,  (vei-'mi-fuj).      [L.  vermis,  worm; 

fugo,  I  drive  away.]    Any  substance  which 

drives  away  worms. 
Vermilion,  (ver-mil'yun).     [Vermiolione,  the 

Italian  word.]=HgS— Mercuric  sulphide:  a 

red  pigment. 
Vernal,  (ver'nal).     [L.  ver,  spring.]    Relating 

to  spring.     V.  grass= Anthoxanthum. 
Vernier,  (ver'ni-er).     [M.  Vernier.]     A  short 

graduated  scale, 

sliding  along  a 

longer  one,  for 

greater      preci- 
sion of  measure-          J2 liil 

ment.  Vernier. 

Veronica,  (ve-ron'i-ka).     [The  Italian  name.] 

=Speedwell :  an  herb  or  shrub  belonging  to 

Scrophulariacese.      V.  beccabunga  =  Brook- 
lime. 
Versed  sine.     The  versed  sine  of  angle  is  the 

difference  between    its    cosine   and  unity: 

vers.  A=l— cos.  A. 

Vertebra,(ver'te-bra). 

[L.  verto,  I  turn.] 

One  of  the  bones 

forming  the  spinal 
column ;  one  of 
the  segments  of 
the  endoskeleton, 
or  axis  of  tha 
body.  Vertebra. 


Vertebrae,  (ver'te-bre).  [ Vertebra,  q.v.]  l.The 
endo-skeleton  forming  the  axis  of  the  body  in 
vertebrata,and  forming  also  the  canal  contain- 
ing the  nervous  trunk ;  also  called  Back- 
bone. 2.  The  series  of  connected  calcareous 
plates  forming  the  floor  of  the  rays  of  star- 
fishes. 

Vertebral,  (ver'te-bral).  [Vertebra,  q.v.]  Re- 
lated to  the  vertebrae,  or  backbone. 

Vertebrata,  (ver'te-bra'ta).  [Vertebra,  q.v.] 
The  highest  sub-kingdom  of  animals :  in- 
cludes such  diverse  animals  as  men,  baboons, 
cobra,  frogs,  skylarks,  and  sprats;  those  hav- 
ing a  spinal  column,  visceral  arches,  a  vas- 
cular system,  and  an  hepatic  portal  system; 
never  more  than  four  limbs,  and  the  jawa 
always  in  the  head;  divided  into  Mammalia, 
Aves,  Reptilia,  Amphibia,  and  Pisces;  also 
into  Mammalia,  Sauropsida,  and  Ichtbyop- 
sida.  Abranchiate  V.  =  Mammalia,  Aves, 
and  Reptilia.  Branchiate  F.=Reptilia,  and 
Pisces. 

Vertical,  (ver'ti-kal).  [L.  vertex,  summit.] 
Upright ;  at  right  angles  with  the  horizon. 
cf.  Horizontal. 

Vertigo,  (ver-ti'go).  [The  Latin  word.]  1. 
Giddiness:  caused  by  the  flow  of  blood  to  tha 
brain  being  irregular.  2.  A  very  small  mol- 
luscous animal,  belonging  to  Gasteropoda. 

Vervain,  (ver'vun).  [Verveine,  the  French 
name.  ]= Verbena,  q.v. 

Vesicle,  (ves'i-kl).  [L.  vesica,  bladder.]  A 
small  bladder. 

Vespa,  (ves'pa).  [The  Latin  name.]  Wasp: 
the  type  of  Vespidse.  V.  crabro :  hornet. 

Vespertilio,  (ves-per-ti'li-o).  [The  Latin  name.] 
=Bat,  v.  Cheiroptera. 

Vespidae,  (ves'pi-de).  [Vespa,?.*.;  Gk.  eidos, 
form.]  Social- wasps:  a  family  of  insects  be- 
longing to  Hymenoptera. 

Vesta,  (ves'ta).  [Classical.]  One  of  the 
asteroids. 

Vesuvian,  (ve-so'vi-an).  [Vesuvius.]  =  Ido 
crase:  a  mineral  of  the  garnet  group. 

Vetch,  (vech).  [Vicia,  the  Latin  name.]= 
Vicia,3.v.  Kidney  F.  =  Anthyllis.  Milk  V. 
= A  stragalus . 

Viaduct,  (vi'a-dukt).  [Viaductus,  the  Latin 
word.  ]  A  road, 
supported  by  a 
series  of  arches, 
crossing  a  valley, 
road,  &c. :  when 
crossing  water  = 
Bridge. 

Vi,  (vi)  =  Brazilian 
plum=Spondias 
dulcis.  Viaduct. 

Via  lactea,  (vi-a  lak'te-a).  [The  Latin  name.] 
Milky- way,  q.v. 

Vibrations^  (vl-bra'shunz).  [L.  vibro,  I  swing.] 

Oscillations.     V.  of  sound:  in  the  direction 

of  the  wave,     V.  of  light :  perpendicular  to 

the  direction  of  the  wave,  in  every  direction. 

V.  of  polarised  light:  perpendicular  to  the 

direction  of  the  wave,  in  one  direction  only. 

Vibrio,   (vi'bri-o).     [L.  vibro,  I  vibrate.]    A 

microscopic  organism,     v.  Vibriones. 

Vibriones,  (vi-bri-o'nez),    [Vibrio,  q.v.]  Very 


VTBTTBNTJM 


340 


VITRIFIED 


minute  long  filamentous  bodies  which  live 
without  oxygen  ;  developed  from  bacteria. 

Viburnum,  (vi-ber'num).  [The  Latin  name.] 
v.  Guelder  rose,  <tc.:  shrubs  and  trees  be- 
longing to  Caprifoliaceae.  V.  opulus:  Snow- 
ball tree. 

Vicia,  (vis'i-a).  [The  Latin  name.]=Vetch, 
tare,  <fcc. :  an  herb  belonging  to  Fabaceae. 

Victoria  stone  =  Silicated  concrete :  an  hy- 
draulic cement  in  alkaline  solution  of  silica. 

Victoria    regia  =  Nym- 
phaea  alba. 

Vigor's  classification  of 
birds— 

Raptores. 

Incessores. 

Rasores. 

Grallatores. 

Natatores. 

Villi,  (vil'li).     [Villus, 
q.v.]     Plural  of  villus. 

Villus,  (vil'lus).    [L.  vil- 
lus, tuft  of   hair.]     A         Victoria  regia. 
vascular  process;  especially  belonging  to  the 
choriou. 

Vinca,  (vinTca).  [The  Latin  name. ^Peri- 
winkle: an  herb  belonging  to  Apocynaceae. 

Vine,  (vin).  [Vinea,  the  Latin  name.]  A 
plant,  the  type  of 
Vitaceae,  the  fruit  of 
which  is  the  grape. 
V.  disease:  oidiuru : 
a  variety  of  white 
mould,  belonging  to 
Mncedines.  V.-wortt 
=VitaceB2,  q.v. 

Vinegar,    (vin'e-gar).  Vine. 

[Vinaigre,  the  French  word.]  An  acid  liquor, 
the  base  of  which  is  acetic  acid,  obtained  from 
beer,  wine,  &c.,  by  acetic  fermentation.  V. 
«<e£=Anguillula  aceti.  V.  eci«=Nematoids. 
V.  fungus,  v.  Mucedines. 

Vinic  ether=C4H10O=Ordinary  ether. 

Vinometer,  (vi-nom'e-ter).  An  instrument 
for  determining  the  purity  of  wine,  by  mea- 
suring its  density. 

Viola,  (vi'o-la).  [1.  The  Latin  name ;  2.  The 
Italian  name.]  =  1.  Violet,  pansy,  &c.:  an 
herb,  with  beautiful  flower,  the  type  of  Vio- 
laceae.  2.  A  large  violin.  V.  tricolour^ 
Heart's-ease. 

Violacese,  (vi-o-la'se-e).  [Viola,  o.v.]=Violet- 
worts  herbs  and  shrubs  with  polypetalous 
flowers  belonging  to  Violales. 

Violales,  (vi-o-lfi'lez).  [Viola,  q.v.]  Plants, 
with  monodichlamydeous  flowers,  forming  a 
division  of  Hypogynous  Exogens. 

Violet,  (vi'o-let).  [Viola,  o.v.]=Viola,  q.v. 
Dane's  F.=Hesperis.  Water  V.—  Hottonia. 

Viper,  (vi'per).     [Vipera,  the  Latin  name.J^ 
Coluber    berus  =  Vipera 
communis,  v.  Vipera. 
Homed  F.=Acanthophis 
cerastiuus. 

Vipera,  (vi'per-a).  [The 
Latin  name.]  Viper:  a 
snake,  the  type  of  the 
family  Viperidw.  F.  Viper. 


Virgo. 


Virgin  =  Virgo,  q.v.  V.  bower  =  Clematis. 
Seven  Fs.=Pleiades,  q.v. 

Virginian,  (ver-jin'i-an).  F.  poplar=Lvcio- 
dendron. 

Virgo,  (ver-go).     [The  Latin  name.]    1.  The 
Virgin :  the  sixth  sign 
of  the  Zodiac.     2.  The 
Virgin,  one  of  the  con- 
stellations of  the  Zodiac. 

Virus,  (vi'rus).  [L.  virus, 
poison.  ]  Contagious 
matter,  such  as  of  dis- 
eases, venom,  &c. 

Vis,  (viz).      [The  Latin 
word.]  =  Force.     V.  inertia,  v.  Inertia.     V. 
vii-a,  v.  Kinetic  energy. 

Viscera,  (vis'er-a).  [The  Latin  word.]  In- 
ternal organs:  contents  of  thorax,  abdo- 
men, &c. 

Visceral,  (vis'er-al).  Belonging  to  the  viscera. 
F.  arches:  found  only  in  vertebrate  animals. 

Viscosity,  (vis-cos'i-ti).  [L.  viscidus,  sticky,  j 
Viscidity:  stickiness. 

Viscum.  (vis'kum).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Mistletoe:  a  twining  parasitic  herb  belong- 
ing to  Loranthaceae. 

Visible.  V.  horizon:  the  line  in  which  sky 
and  earth  appear  to  meet. 

Vision,  (vizh'un).  [Visio,  the  Latin  word.] 
Sight:  perception  of  external  objects  by 
means  of  the  eyes. 

Visual,  (viz'u-al).  [Visio,  q.v.]  Relating  to 
sight.  V.  angle;  formed  at  the  eye  by  tha 
two  straight  lines  coming  from  the  extre- 
mities of  the  given  object. 

Vis  viva=Kinetic  energy,  q.v. 

Vitacese,  (vi-ta'se-e).  [Vitis,  7.v.]=Vine-worts: 
shrubs  with  small  green  flowers,  the  fruits 
of  which  are  grapes,  belonging  to  Berberales. 

Vital  food  stuffs.  Proteids,  Amyloids,  and 
Fats,  which  can  be  obtained  only  from  ani- 
mals or  plants;  substances  containing  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  carbon,  and  sometimes  nitrogen. 

Vitellin,  (vl-tel'lin).  [Vitellus,  q.v.]  v.  Al- 
bumenoid  principles. 

Vitello,  (vi-tel'16).  A  crater  in  the  Moon,  24 
miles  in  diameter. 

Vitellus,  (vi-tel'lus).  [L.  vitellus,  yolk  of  eg?.] 
=Amniotic  sac:  the  inner  integument  of  the 
ovule,  between  the  smbryo  and  cotyledon. 
=Yolk,  or  yelk,  of  an  egg. 

Vitex,  (vl'teks).  A  plant  belonging  to  Ver- 
benaceae. 

Vitis,  (vi'tis).  [The  Latin  name.]  Grape- 
vine :  a  plant  the  type  of  Vitaceae. 

Vitreous,  V.  copper:  a  variety  of  chalcocite, 
q.v.;  an  ore  of  copper.  V.  electricity —Positive 
electricity :  developed  on  glass  by  friction.  V. 
fusion:  gradual  fusion;  the  intermediate  soft 
condition  of  iron,  glass,  <fcc.,  between  rigidity 
and  fluidity.  V.  humour:  tills  the  space  be- 
tween the  cornea  and  crystalline  lens  of  the 
eye.  V.  lustre:  in  glass,  quartz,  emerald,  &c. , 
with  refractive  index  between  1'3  and  1*8. 

Vitrification,  (vit-ri-n-ka'shmi).  [L.  vitrum, 
glass;  facio,  I  make.]=Vitrifuction:  conver- 
sion into  glass. 

Vitrified,  ( vit'ri-fid).  [L.  vitreus,  glassy.] 
wholly  or  partially  converted  into  glass. 


VITRIOL 


341 


VON  SIEBOLD 


Vitriol,  (vit'ri-ol).  [The  French  word.]=Sul- 
phate.  Blue  V.  =Sulphate  of  copper.  White 
F.=Sulphate  of  zinc.  Green  F.=Sulphate 
of  iron.  Oil  of  F.=:Sulphuric  acid. 
Viverra,  (  vi-ver'ra  ).  [The  Latin  name.]= 
Civet,  genet,  coati,  &c.  v.  Viverridse.  V. 
ichneumon  =  Ichneumon.  V.  mellivora  = 
Honey  ratel. 

Viverridae,  (vi-ver'i-de).     [Viverra,  q.v.;  Gk. 
eidos,  form.]     A  family  of  carnivorous  ani- 
mals belonging  to  Felidse. 
Vivianiaceae,  (vi-vi-an-i-a'se-e)=Vivianads:  S. 

American  herbs  belonging  to  Malvales. 
Vivianite,  (viv'i-a-nit).    A  mineral  of  the  iron 
group,  with  oblique  crystallisation,  chiefly 
phosphate  of  iron. 

Vivipara,  (vi-vip'a-ra).  De  Blainville's  term 
for  Mammalia. 

Viviparous,  (vi-vip'a-rus).      [L.  yivus,  alive; 
pario,  I  bring  forth.]     Producing  offspring 
alive:  the  development  of  the  embryo  being 
considerably  advanced  before  detachment. 
Vizcacha.     v.  Lagostomus  and  Lagotis. 
Vocal  chords.     Elastic  cushions,  whose  edges 
form  the  sides  of  the  glottis,  which  nearly 
close    the   aperture   of   the   windpipe,     v. 
Voice. 

Vochyacese,  (  vok-i-a'se-e ).  [Vochy,  the  S. 
American  name.]  =  Vochyads  :  shrubs  and 
trees,  with  large  showy  flowers,  belonging  to 
Sapindales. 

Vogt's  classification  of  animals,  according  to 
the  structure  of  the  egg,  and  arrangement  of 
organs. 

Vertebrata,  with  central  yolk. 
Mammalia. 

Aplacentaria. 
Placentaria.   ' 
Aves. 

Insessores. 
Autophagi. 
Reptilia. 
Amphibia. 
Pisces. 

Articulata,  with  dorsal  yolk. 
Insecta. 
Myriapoda. 
Arachuida. 
Crustacea. 
Cephalopoda,  with  cephalic  yolk. 

Cephalopoda. 

Mollusca,  with  organs  irregularly  disposed. 
Cephalophora. 
Acephala. 
Tunicata. 
Ctenophora. 
Bryozoa. 

Vermes,  with  bilateral  organs. 
Annelida. 
Rotatoria. 
Platyelmia. 
Nematelmia. 

Radiata,  with  radiate  organs. 
Echinodermata. 
Siphouophora. 
Hydromedusse. 
Polypi. 


Voice,  (vois).  [Vox,  the  Latin  word.]  Modi- 
fications of  sound  produced  by  the  larynx: 
the  larger  the  larynx  the  deeper  the  voice, 
owing  to  the  slower  vibrations  of  the  vocal 
chords,  or  elastic  bands,  which  nearly  close 
the  aperture  of  the  windpipe. 

Volatile,  (vol'a-til).  [  VoloMis,  the  Latin 
word.]  Evaporating  readily.  V.  liquid,  v. 
Liquid.  V.  oils=  Essential  oils,  q.v. 

Volcanic,  (vol-kan'ik).  [Volcano,  q.v.]  Re- 
lating to  volcanoes.  V.  fonnations,  v.  V. 
rocks.  V.  gfZass=Obsidiau,  q.v.  V.  rocks: 
basalt,  greenstone,  granite ;  produced  by 
action  of  heat,  mostly  unstratified  and  with- 
out fossils.  V.  tuff:  a  compound  of  sand, 
cinders,  &c.,  resulting  from  volcanic  action. 

Volcano,  (vol-ka'no).     [Vulcano,  the  Italian 
word.]    An  opening  in 
the  crust  of  the  earth, 
through     which     lava, 
&c.,  is  thrown  out;  be- 
comes   surrounded    by 
lava,  ashes,  &c.,  until  aj 
mountain  is  gradually 
formed. 

Voltaic,  (vol-ta'ik).  [Sig-  -f 
norVolta.]  V.  arc:  the; 
arc  of  light  between  the " 
two  poles  of  a  Voltaic  Volcano, 

battery,  or  of  an  induction  coil.  V.  battery,  a 
number  of  Voltaic  cells,  couples,  or  elements, 
connected  so  as  to  act  together.  V.  <-urrent= 
the  current  of  chemical  electricity.  V.  couple: 
two  substances,  one  usually  a  metal,  having 
different  affinities  for  the  liquid  in  which 
they  are  placed.  V.  electricity,  v.  Electricity. 
V.  pile:  a  number  of  discs  of  copper  and  zinc, 
piled  in  uniform  pairs  between  pieces  of  cloth 
moistened  by  diluted  acid. 

Volt,  (volt).    [Signer  Volta.] 
netic  units. 

Voltameter,  (vol-tam'e-ter). 
Gk.  metron,  measure.]  An 
apparatus  for  measuring 
the  force  of  a  Voltaic  cur- 
rent. Faraday's  V.:  by 
which  the  quantity  of 
water  decomposed  in  a 
given  time  is  made  the 
measure  of  intensity. 

Volumetric,(vol-u-met'rik). 
[Volume ;  Gk.  metron,mea.- 
sure.]     Relating  to  mea- 
surement of  volume.     V. 
analysis:    a    variety    of 
quantitative  analysis,  in         Voltameter. 
which  the  quantity  of  a  constituent  of  a  com- 
pound is  estimated  by  the  volume  of  some 
solution  which  must  be  added  to  produce 
certain  effects. 

Volute,  (vo-laf).  [L.  volutum,  rolled.]  A 
rolling  or  spiral  curve  or  scroll. 

Vomer,  (vo'mer).  [L.  vomer,  ploughshare.]  A 
slender  bone  forming  the  centre  of  the  nasal 
vertebra. 

Vomicine,  (vo'mi-sm).  [Nux  Vomica,  q.v.} 
=Brucine,  q.v. 

Von  Baer's  classification,    v.  Baer. 

Von  Siebold's  classification,    v.  Siebold. 


v.  Electro-mag- 
[Voltaic,  q.v.; 


VORTEX 


342 


WATER 


Vortex,  (vor'teks).     [The  Latin  word.]     v. 

Eddy.     Ring  V.,  Ring-vortex,  q.v. 
Voussoirs,  (voo-swawrz').    [The  French  word.] 

Wedge-shaped  stones,  &c. ,  forming  an  arch. 
Vulcan,  (vul'kan).     [Classical]    A  supposed 

planet,  probably  seen  in  1859  and  in  1S62, 

between  the  Sun  and  Mercury. 
Vulcanicity,  (vul-kan-is'i-ti).     [Vulcan,  god  of 

fire.]    v.  Vulcanology  and  Seismology :  vol- 
canic energy :   reaction  of  the  interior  of  a 

planet  upon  its  exterior. 
Vulcanised,   ( vul'ka-nizd ).      V.  caoutchouc: 

caoutchouc  and  sulphur  combined  by  heat. 
Vulcanists,  (vul'ka-uists).     [Vulcan,  god  of 

fire.]=Huttonians,  q.v. 
Vulcanite,  (vurka-mt)=Ebonite=Vulcanize<l 

India-rubber;  a  hard,  horny  modification  of 

caoutchouc. 
Vulcanology,  (vul-ka-nol'6-ji).    The  science  of 

the  phenomena  of  high  temperatures,  such 

as  fuse  minerals. 


Vulgar.     V.  fractions,  v.  Fractions. 
Vulpecula  et  Anser.    [The  Latin  name.]=The 

Fox  and  the  Goose:  a  northern  constellation 

formed  in  the  17th  century. 
Vulpes,  (vul'pez).     [The  Latin  name.]     Fox, 

Vulpine,  (vul'pin).     [Vulpes,  q.v.]    Fox-like. 

V.  opo«stt»i=Phalan- 

gista  vulpina. 
Vulpinic    acid,   (  vul  - 

pin'ik)=Carmelochi  o- 

mine:  a  colouring  mat- 
ter obtained  from  the 

Wolves-lichen,   Ever- 

nia  vulpina. 
Vulture.(vul'tur).  [\Tul- 

tur,  the  Latin  name.] 

A  bird  belonging  to 

Raptores.   King  V.= 

Sarcorhamphus  papam.  Vulture. 


W: 


Wacke,  (wak'e).     [The  German    word.]     A 

clay-like  rock,  formed  by  the  decomposition 

of  basalt,  <fcc. 
Wad,     l.=Hydrated  dioxide  of  manganese: 

an  amorphous  metallic  mineral,  resembling 

pyrolusite.     2.  A  local  term  for  blacklead. 

3.  v.  Wads. 
Wadhurst  clay.     A  sub-division  of  Hastings 

sand,  in  Wealden  formation. 
Wads.    Used  to  keep  shots  steady  in  guns: 

made  of  oakum,  rope,  paper,  coal-dust,  «kc. 
Waggoner= Auriga,  q.v. 
Wagnerite,  (wag'ner-it).     A  mineral,  chiefly 

chloride  of  magnesium. 
Wagtail=Motacilla,  q.v.\ 
Wain, (wan).  [Ween, 

the    A.-S.    word.] 

Charles's  !F.=Ursa 

Major,  q.v. 
Wake-robin  =Arum 

maculatum. 
Walker's  battery.  A  Wagtail. 

galvanic  battery  consisting  of  plates  of  zinc 

and  graphite  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  the 

graphite  being  roughened  to  allow  of  the 

ready  escape  of  the  evolved  hydrogen. 
Walking.     W.-stick  insects  =  Phasmidae:  in- 
sects resembling  dried  twigs.     W.  leaves= 

Phyllium:  insects  resembling  leaves. 
Wall.     W.   butterrly=Sa.tyrns  megsera.     W. 

o-e.ss=Arabis.     W.  /lo?ce?-=Cheiranthus. 
Wall-pepper=Sedum  acre. 
Walnut,  (wawl'nut).     [A.-S.   icealh,  foreign; 

knut,  nut.]=Juglans  regia,  q.v.     White  W. 

= Hickory. 
Walrus,     (  wawl'rus ). 

[D.   ical,  whale;  ros, 

horse.  ]=  Morse=Tri- 

chechus  rosmarus:  an 

aquatic    animal    be- 

lonsing  to  Phocidje. 
Walter.     A  crater  in 

the  Moon,  70  miles  in 

diameter.  Walrus. 


Wanderoo,  (won'd§r-6).    [ll'andern,  tlie  Ger- 
man name.]    A  variety  of  Maoacus:  has  a 

long  mane,  encircling  the  face. 
Warbler,  (wawr'bler)  =  Svlviadas  :  a  general 

name  for  a  number  of  birds  belonging  to 

Dentirostres.  Marsh  JF.=Salicaria  palustris. 

Reed   JP.=Salicaria    strepera.     Sedge    ?F.= 

Salicaria  phragmitis. 
Ware.    v.  Honey-ware. 
Wargentin.    A  crater  in  the  Moon,  53  miles  in 

diameter. 
Wannth,(wawrmth).  [Wearm,  the  A.-S.  word.] 

Tremulous  molecular  motion,    v.  Heat. 
Warp,  (wawrp).     [A.-S.  iceorpan,  to  throw.] 

1.  An  alluvial  deposit  obtained  by  allowing 

water  to  cover  the  land  for  some  time.     2. 

The  main  threads  of  a  textile  fabric;  cf.  Weft. 
Warrior's  belt.      Three  bright  stars,  Alnitak, 

Alnilam,  and  Mintaka,  in  the  constellation 

Orion. 
Wart,  (wawrt).   [Weart, 

the      A.-S.     word.] 

jr.    cress  =  Senebiera. 

W.  hog  =  Phacochcerus 

ffithiopicus.  ^j 

Warts,(wawrts).  [Wearts, 

the  A. -8.  word.]    Sm.-ill 

hard    tumours  formed 

on  the  skin.  Wart-hog. 

Wash  leather,   v.  Leather. 
Wasp,  (wosp).      [Wasp,  the  A.-S.  name.]=: 

Vespa :  an  insect  belonging 

to  Hymenoptera.     W.  bees 

=Nomada:  wasp-like  bees; 

also  called  Naked  bees.    W. 

beetle=Clytns  arietis.     W. 

fiies=ETistaz\s. 
Wasps,  (wosps).  [Wasp,  q.v.] 

:=Vespidae:  a  family  of  in- 
sects belonging  to  Hymen- 
optera. Mason  W.=Ody- 

nerus   murarius.     Solitary 

JF.=Eunienida;. 
Water,  (waw'tcr).     [Water,  the  A.-S.  word]. 


Wasp 


WATER 


343 


WEED 


1.  =HoO :  a  compound  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen ; 
liquid  between  32°  and  212°  F.,  tasteless,  in- 
odorous, neutral;  most  extensively  used  as  a 
solvent.  2.  Tei-m  iised  for  diamonds ;  those 
having  the  highest  refracting  power,  and 
being  as  transparent  as  pure  water,  are 
diamonds  of  the  "  first  water."  W.  ofcrystal- 
lization= Water  which  is  absorbed  by  a  salt 
in  crystallising.  Hard  W. ,  v.  Hard  water. 
Mineral  W.y  v.  Mineral  waters.  Rain  W.= 
Pure  water.  Soda  W.:  water  impregnated 
with  carbonic  acid.  •  Soft  JP.=Rain  water. 
W.  beans  =  Nelumbiaceie,  q.v.  W.  bears= 
Arctisca,  q.v.  W.  beetle  =  Dyticus,  q.v. 
W.  birds=Gra.l\as,  Pimiatipedes,  and  Palmi- 
pedes. W.  boatman=~Kotouecta.  glauca,  q.v. 
W.  &Mgrs=Hydrocorisae,  q.v.  W.  chestnut= 
Traps  natans  :  a  plant  belonging  to  Onag- 
raceje.  W.  colour,  v.  Water  colour.  W.  cress 
:=Nastiirtium  officinale,  q.v.  W.  drop-icort= 
CEnanthe,  q.v.  W.flea— Daphnia,g.v.  W.  gas: 
hydrogen  obtained  from  water.  W.  glass,  v. 
Water  glass.  W.  hemlock=Cicuta.,  q.v.  W. 
leaf=  Hydrophyllum,  q.v.  W.  level:  a  tube 
with  turned-up  ends,  in  both  of  which  the 
contained  water  stands  at  the  same  level 
when  the  tube  is  horizontal.  W.  Lily: 
Lesser  W.  L.  =  Hydro- 
charis  morsusramnse. 
White  W.  L.  =  Nym- 
phsea,  q.v.  Yellow  W.L. 
=Nuphar,g.v.  W.Lilies 
=  Nymphasacese,  q.  v. 
W.  ?ocws«=Gleditschia 
monosperma,  q.v.  W. 
measurers  =  Hydrome- 
tridse,  q.v.  W.  milfoil 
=Myrophyllium,  belongs  to  Haloragacese. 
W.  mites  =Hydrachnidsc,  q.v.  W.  mole= 
Ornithorhynchus,  q.v.  W.  net=.  W.  flannel 
=Hydrodictyon  utriculatum :  a  sea-weed. 
W.  parsnio=Smm,  q.v.  W.  pepper  1.= 
Polygonum  hydropiper;  2.  =Elatine  hydro- 
piper.  W.  peppers=El&tma.ce?e,  q.v.  W. 
plantain=Al\sm&,q.v.  W.  purslane=~Pep\is, 
q.v.  W.  ret£=Mus  amphibius.  W.  salaman- 
ders=Ne\vts,q.v.  !V.scorpion=Ne'pa.  W.scor- 
2Mows=Nepidse:  belong  to  Hydrocorisae.  W. 
shields  —  Hydropeltidse  =  Cabombacese,  q.v. 
W.  slater,  v.  Slaters.  W.  snakes  =.  Hydro- 
phidae,  q.v.  W.  soMier=Stratiotes,  q.v.  W. 
spider:  l.=Argyronetra  aquatica;  2.=Hy- 
drachna  crueuta.  W.  spout,  v.  Gargoyle. 
W.  thyme=A.nncha.ris,q.v.  W.  twt*f==ftame, 
v.  Mule.  W.  vascular  system:  a  set  of  vessels 
found  in  Rotifera  and  other  Scolecida,  which 
ramify  within  the  body,  and.  communicate 
with  the  exterior  by  means  of  openings.  W. 
ri?ze=Phytocrene,  q.v.  W.  «WWW=Naididie, 
q.v.  W.  woj-£=E]atine,  q.v.  W.  icorts=~Phily- 
dracese,  q.v. 

Water-colour  painting,     v.  Painting. 

Water-glass.  A  solution  of  silica  in  potassa 
or  soda;  used  to  form  a  protecting  transparent 
coating  for  fresco  and  other  paintings. 

Watered.     W.  silk,  v.   Moire. 

Watt's.  W.  condenser:  in  which  the  steam 
is  condensed  at  a  distance  from  the  cylinder. 
W.  governor,  v.  Governor. 


•Water  Lily. 


Wattle= Acacia  discolor:  a  plant  of  New  Hol- 
land. W.  birds:  a  variety  of  honey-eaters; 
also  called  Glaucopis. 

Wave,  (wuv).  [Weg,  the  A.-S.  word.]  To 
and  fro  motion :  alternate  rise  and  fall  of 
water  in  tides,  &c.  W.  theory  of  light=\3n- 
dulatory  theory.  W.  of  sound :  undulation 
of  air,  v.  Sound. 

Wax,  (waks).  [Waes,  the  A.-S.  word.]  Sees' 
W.;  secreted  by  bees.  Chinese  W.,  v.  Chinese 
wax.  Fossil  W.= Ozocerite,  q.v.  Mineral 
W.=Petrolene.  Sealing  W.:  a  mixture  of 
shellac,  turpentine,  &c.  Tree  TF.=Palmitin. 
W.  myrtle=Myrica.  cerifera.  W.  palm=Cer- 
oxylon  andicola :  a  palm 
tree.  W.  icing:  a  bird,  v. 
Bombycilla. 

Way-bent.  A  variety  of 
barley=Hordeum  muri- 
num. 

Wayfaring  tree  =  Vibur- 
num lantana. 

Wealden  strata,  (wel'den). 
[Weald,  in  Kent  and  Sus- 
sex. ]  Fluviatile  beds, 
forming  the  lower  portion  of  the  cretaceous 
formations;  marked  by  large  extent  of  heath 
land,  and  by  large  size  of  heather;  also  by 
numerous  remains  of  reptiles.  Middle  W. 
=Hastings  sand. 

Weasel,  (we'zl).  [Wesle,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Mustela  vulgaris:  a 
burrowing  noctur- 
nal quadruped,  be-' 
longing  to  Mus- 
telidse. 

Weather,  (weTH'er).  -fc 
[Weder,  the  A."-S. 
word.]  1.  A  general 
term  for  the  atmo-  Weasel, 

spherical  conditions.  2.  Inclination:  as  of 
the  sails  of  a  windmill  to  the  plane  of  revolu- 
tion. W.  beam=1o  windward.  W.  boarding 
=Outercoveringof  sheds ,&c., usually  feather- 
edged.  W.  harp  =  Giant  harp  :  a  large 
Eolian  harp,  q.v. 

Weaver.  W.  bird=Plo- 
ceus.  W.  birds :  belong- 
ing to  Ploceinse;  named 
from  the  elaborate  cha- 
racter of  the  nests.  W. 
<ere&e«o=Terebellatex- 
trix.  Tram  TFs.=Laby- 
rinthula3,q.i;. 

Websterite,  (web'ster-Tt). 
[Mr.  Webster.]=Afuffli- 
nite,  q.v. 

Wedge,  (wej).     [Weag,  the  A.-S.  word.]    A 
double  inclined  plane  ;   especi-  §^-\ 
ally  if  of  hard  material:  one  of 
the  mechanical  powers. 

Wedgwood,  (wej-wood).  [Mr. 
Wedgwood.]  W.  ware:  a  fine 
variety  of  stoneware.  W.'s  pyro- 
meter; in  which  temperature  is 
measured  by  the  contraction  of 
baked  clay. 

Weed,  (wed).     \Weod,  the  A.-S.      Wedge. 
word.]    Bind  ]V.= Convolvulus,  q.v.   Cotton 


WEEDS 


344 


WHIN 


JP.=Diotis,  g.v.     Duck  JK.=Lemna,    q.v. 

Goat  W.  —  JBgopodium,  q.v.     Guinea-hen  W. 

=Petiveria,  g.v.  Hawk  Wr.=Hieracium,  g.v. 

Hen   W.=Guinea-hen  W.,   g.v.     Mat   W.= 

Nardus,  g.v.     Mauritius  IT.=Rocella  fusi- 

formis,  g.v.     Shore  W.=Littorella,  g.v. 
Weeds.    Duck  W.=Lenniacese,  g.v.    Sea  W. 

= Algae,  g.v. 
Week,  (wek).     (Weoct,  the  A.-S.  word.]    A 

period  of  time  equal  to  seven  civil  days. 
Weeper.      W.  monkey,  v.  Cebus. 
Weeping.      W.  »nonAry=Sajous=Cebus,  g.v. 

W.  ioi«oic=Salix  Baby- 
lon ica. 
Weevil, (we'vil).  [Wifel, 

the    A.-S.    name.]      v. 

Weevils.      Corn    W.= 

Calandragranaria.  Hut 

W.=Balaniuus  nucum. 

Rice  JP.=Silophilusoryza5.  Weeptng-wtiiow. 
Weevils,  (we'vilz).      [Weevil,  g.v.]  =  Curcu- 

lionidae:  insects  belonging  to  Coleoptera= 

Rhynchophora. 
Weft,  (weft).    [The  A.-S.  word.]    The  cross 

threads  in  a  woven  fabric,     cf.  Warp. 
Weight,  (wat).     [A.-S.  vegan,  to  bear.]    The 

force  of  gravitation  acting  on  any  given  body 

is  called  its  weight.     Hundred  W.=U2  Ibs. 

avoirdupoise.      Unit  of  W. :    in    Britain = 

Pound,  g.v.:  in  metric  system =Gramme,  g.v. 
Weights  and  measures,    v.  Tables.    French 

W. = Metric  system,  g.v. 
Weir.(wer).  [War,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Dam,g.v. 
Weld,  (weld).     [Wad,  the  A.-S.  name.]=Re- 

seda  luteola. 
Welding,  (wel'ding).      [Wtllcn,  the  German 

word.]      Uniting    two 

pieces  of  iron  by  heat-' 

ing  and  compression. 
Weld-worU,  (weld'wgrts). 

[Weld  and  Wort,  g.v.]  f 

=Resedaceje,  g.v.  *• 

Well.     Artesian    W.,   V.      .Mode,  of  welding 

Artesian  wells. 
Wellingtonia,  (wel-ling- 

to'ni-a)  =  Sequoia  :  a  tree  resembling  the 

pine,  found  in  Mexico,  California,  &c.     W. 

gigantea:  discovered  in  California,  400  feet 

high,  110  feet  in  circumference. 
Welsh,  (welsh).     W.  poppy =Meconopsi8.  g.v. 
Wen,  (wen).    [Wenn,   the   A.-S,   w<mi]    A 

small  tumour. 
Wernerian  theory,  (wgr-nfi'ri-an).    pl^emer, 

of  Freiburg.]     In  geology:  that  all  the  earth 

was  covered  by  water,  and  that  the  rocks 

were  precipitated  as  they  are  now  found. 
Wernerite,   (w§r'ner-ft).    [Werner,  of  Frei- 

burg.]=Glaucolite,  g.v. 

Wenlock  formation,  (wenlok).    [W.  in  Shrop- 
shire.] Beds  of  limestone,  forming  a  sub-divi- 
sion of  Upper  Silurian;  also  called  Ballstone. 
Whale,(hwal).  [Hwal, 

the  A.-S.  name.  ]=. 

Balaena  =  Cetus: 

a    large    marine 

animal  belonging 

toCetacea.  Bottle- 


11,  butt-weld,  or  Jiunplng- 
weld;  6.  Karf-weld. 


rostrata.       Pilot 


TF.=Globiocepbalu8  svineval.  Sight  W. 
=  Baloena  mysticetus.  Spermaceti  W.  = 
Physeter  micrpps.  W.  6onc=Baleen:  the 
horny  plates  lining  the  roof  of  the  mouth 
in  some  whales.  W.  tou*«=Cyauus  ceti:  a 
small  crustacean  animal. 
Wheat,  (hwet).  [Hwcete.  the  A.-S.  name.]= 
Triticum:  a  grass-like  plant,  the  seeds  of 
which  are  much  used  for  bread;  belongs  to 
Hordeaceae.  Cow 
W. =Melampyrum. 
W.  «ar  =  Motacilla 
oenanthe  =  Saxico- 
lacenanthe:  a  small 
bird.  W.  fly=C«- 
cidomyatritici.  W. 
m»W<w=Pucciniiei, 
belong  to  Coniomy- 
cetes. 

Wheatstone's  bridge. 
[SirC.Wheatetone.] 
An  apparatus  for  wTieal-««r. 

estimating  the  conductivity  of  a  given  sub- 
stance for  electricity. 

Wheel,  (hwel).  [Hweol,  the  A.-S.  word.] 
One  of  the  mechanical  powers:  a  number  of 
levers  arranged  radiately  round  a  common 
centre.  Faraday's  W.,  V.  Faraday's  wheel. 
Face  W.,  v.  Face  wheel  Fly  W.,  one  hav- 
ing a  heavy  rim,  which  moderates  a  fluctuat- 
ing force.  Marlborovgh  W.t  v.  Marl  borough 
wheel.  Mitre  W.,  v.  Mitre  wheels.  KnighCt 
W.,  v.  Knight's  wheel.  W.  animalcules= 
Rotifera,  g.v.  W.  barometer:  a  modification 
of  the  syphon  barometer,  in  which  the  rise 
and  fall  of  the  column  of  mercury  turns  a 
wheel,  and  so  indicates  upon  a  dial  plate  the 
kind  of  weather  to  be  expected.  W.  train: 
a  number  of  wheels  arranged  in  succession, 
so  that  the  revolution  of  one  causes  the  re- 
volution of  all.  When  the  teeth  of  one 
wheel  is  an  exact  multiple  of  the  teeth  in 
the  next,  the  same  teeth  come  in  contact 
frequently;  if  an  odd  tooth,  called  a  hunting 
cop,  be  inserted  in  one  wheel,  this  contact 
will  occur  as  seldom  ax  possible. 
Whelks,  (hwelks).  (Weolc,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
=Buccinidaj,  g.v. 

Whelp,  (hwelp).    (Hwelp,  the  A.-S.  name.] 
The  young  of  a  dog,  lion,  etc. 
Whetstone,  (hwet'ston).  Any  hard  fine-grained 
stone  used  for  sharpening  cutting  tools. 
Whewellite,  (hwu'el-lit).     (Dr.  Whewell.J    A 
mineral,  chiefly  oxalate  of  calcium. 
Whey,  (hwa).     [Hwaey,  the  A.-S.  word.]    A 
clear  straw-coloured  liquid:  being  what  is 
left  of  milk  when  the  casein  and  fatty  matter 
are  removed. 
Whiff.       (hwif). 
[Chiciff,  the  Welsh 
word.]  =  Rhom- 
bus, g.v. 

Whimbrel,(hwim'- 
brel).  A  variety 
of  the  curlew= 
Numenius  phaeo- 
pus. 

Whin,(hwin).  [W. 
chwyn,  weed.]=  WhimbreL 


WHIP-POOR-WILL 


345 


WINDS 


Whip-poor-will. 


Genista,  q.v.      Petty 

TF.  =  Genista    Aug- 

lica ;       also       called 

Needle  -  furze.        W. 

chat  =  Saxicola     ru 

betra. 
Whip-poor-will  =  Ca- 

primulgus  vociferus: 

a  bird  named  from 

its  note. 
Whip  tongue=Galium 

aparine. 
Whirl,      (hwerl). 

fA.-S.     hicyr   'fan, 

to   turn.]  =  Eddy, 

Whirligig  beetles= 
Gyrinidfe:  a  family 
of  water  beetles. 

Whirlwig  =  Whirli- 
gig beetle. 

Whiskers,  (hwisTjerz).  [Ger.  icisken,  to 
whisk.]  Common  to  men  and  some  of  the 
apes. 

Whistle  fish=Mot.ella  vulgaris,  q.v. 

Whistle-mouth=Butterfly  boiler. 

White.  W.  ttH<«=Termes,i?.v  Not  really  ants; 
also  called  Soldiers.  W.  um/u'c=Arsenious 
acid.  W.  bait  = 
Clupea-alba:  asmall 
herring -like  fish. 
W.  bream  =  Abra- 
mis  blicca.  W.  but- 
terflies =  Pieridse.  White-bait. 
IF.  cap=Microcheraparvirostris:  thesmallest 
humming  bird.  W.  cedaj-=Melia  azedarach. 
W.  c?'«<7=Coralline  crag:  an  older  Pliocene 
bed,  found  in  Suffolk.  W.  of  <#c/=Glairin, 
q.v.  W.  eyelid  monkey:  resembles  Cercopi- 
thecus.  W.  flux:  a  compound  of  potassic 
carbonate  and  nitre.  W.  garnet=Leucite, 
q.v.  W.  gunpowder:  a  variety  of  gunpowder, 
consisting  of  potassic  chlorate,  potassic 
ferro-cyanide  and  sugar.  W.  hellebore,  v. 
Hellebore.  W.  i?idi(/o=Indigogen,  q.v.  W. 
kangaroo,  v.  Kangaroo.  W.  laurel=~M.ag- 
nolia  glauca.  W.  Jead=Carbonate  of  lead= 
PbCO3.  W.  lead  o)-e=Cerussite.  W.  light= 
Ordinary  light.  W.  niowW=Mucedines,  q.v. 
W.  muncftc=Mispickel,  q.v.  W.  mustard = 
Brassica  alba=Sinapis  alba.  W.  pepper,  v. 
Pepper.  W.  pigments:  obtained  from  lead, 
chalk ,  zinc,  &c.  W.  poplar:  populus  alba. 
W.  poppy,  v.  Papaver.  W.  precipitate= 
HgHgNCl:  chloride  of  ammonium,  in  which 
two  equivalents  of  hydrogen  are  replaced 
by  mercury.  TF.  race:  Teutons,  Latins, 
Slavonians,  Greeks,  Libyans,  Semitics,  Per- 
sians, Georgians,  and  Circassians.  W.  rot= 
Hydrocotyle,  q.v.  W.  rust  =  Cysiop\is:  a 
fungus.  TF.  s/ia?-fc=Carcbarias  vulgaris:  the 
largest  known  shark.  TF.  stars:  Sirius, 
Regulus,  Fomalhaut,  Denebola,  Polaris, 
Alpherat,  Vega,  &c.  TF.  thorn=Cra,tseg\is. 
TF.  i/troa(z=Sylvia  cinerea;  also  called  Nettle- 
creeper.  TF.  vitriol  =  Goslarite,  q.v.  TF. 
?cootf=Liriodendron,  q.v.  W.  worm=Larva. 
of  cock-chafer. 

Whiting,  (hwlt'ing).    l=Morrhua  vulgaris= 


Merlangus  =  Gadus 

merlangus:    a    fish 

belonging    to    Ga- 

dida;.  2=Soft  white 

chalk;    also    called 

Spanish  white.  Whiting. 

Whitlow,  (hwit'lo).     [A.-S.  hwit,  white;  low, 

firs.]    An  inflammation  of  the  fingers;  some- 
times of  the  toes.     TF.  grrass=Draba,  q.v. 

Vernal  TF.  G.  =Erophila,  q.v. 
Whitworth  gun  has  a  hexagonal  spiral  bore. 

v.  Gun. 
Whortle-berry,  (hwor-tl-ber'ri).    [Heortberg, 

the  A.-S.  name.]=Vaccinum  myrtillus. 
Widgeon,    (wij'un).      [Vinjeon,  the   French 

name.  ]  =  Mareca 

Penelope   —   Anas 

Penelope:  a  duck- 
like  bird. 
Widow-bird  =Vidua 

paradisea :    a    bird 

belonging    to  Plo- 


Wife.      Sea    TF. 

Acantholabrus  Ya- 

rellii:  a  fish. 
Wild.      TF.   apple=  Widgeon. 

Pyrus  mains.      TF.   ass  =  Onager  =  Asinus 

onager.      TF.   hyacinth=Sci\la.  nutans.      TF. 

£e«£=Allium  ampeloprasum.      TF.    lemon-= 

Podophyllum  peltatum:  has  poisonous  leaves. 

W.  liquorice=Oiioi\ia  arvensis.     TF.  olive= 

Oleaster.  [cyanide. 

Williamson's  blue  =  Ferrous  potassic    ferri- 
Willow,  (wil'16).     [Wilig,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 

Salix,  q.v.    Goat  W.= 

Salix  caprea.      Moun- 
tain   W.  =  Saliz    mir- 

sinites.     Sea    TF.=Gor- 

gonia   anceps:   a  coral , 

polype.     TF.  herb—Epi-  • 

lobium,  q.v.    TF.  leaves: 

a  name    given    to  the  Willow. 

small  bright  spots  on  the  photosphere  of  the 

Sun,  or  in  its  atmosphere.     TF.  warbler= 

Phylloscopus  trochilus. 
Willows=Salicaceae,  q.v. 
Winch,  (winsh).  [Wince,  the  A.-S.  word.]  A 

cylinder  revolving  on 

its  axis:  resembles  a 

solid  wheel  of  great 

thickness  and  small 

diameter ;    used    for 

raising  weights,  &c. 
Wind,    (wind).      [The 

A.-S.  word.]    Air  in 

motion,      v.    Winds. 

Hurricane:  a  violent 

wind  moving  at  from  30  to  120  miles  per 

hour.    Mistrale:  a  N.-W.  wind.     Simoom;  a 

hot  dry  wind.     Sirocco:  a  warm  S*  or  S.-W. 

wind.     W.  flower= Anemone:  the  leaves  of 

which  are  easily  blown  off. 
Windage.(win'daj).  [Wind.]  Space  bet  ween  the 

internal  surface  of  a  gun  and  the  projectile. 
Windpipe=Trachea,  q.v. 
Winds,  (windz).     [Wind,  q.v.}    Air  tides:  the 

motion  of  the  air  consequent  upon  the  action 

of  the  Sun.    Trade  W.,  v.  Trade  winds. 


WINDLASS 


346 


WOOTZ 


Windlass.  An  apparatus,  resembling  the 
winch,  used  for  rais- 
ing great  weights, 
such  as  anchor, 
Ac.  Chinese  W.= 
Differential  screw, 

Wine,  (win).  [Win, 

the    A.-S.    word.  ) 

The  fermented  j  uice 

of  the  grape.  British 

W.:  made  from  fruits  common  in  Britain. 

W.  odour:  caused  by  the  presence  of  oenanthic 

ether. 
Winged.     W.  fa>ra=Pegasus,  q.v.     W.  pca= 

Tetragonolobus  purpureus. 
Wingshell«=Strombid». 
Wings,  (wingz).   [  Vangr,  the  Icelandic  word.] 

IVIodinedfore-linibs.adapted  for  flight;  v.Birds. 
Winslow.     Foramen  of  W.,  v.  Foramen. 
Winter,  (win'ter).     [The  A.-S.    word.]     IP. 

oconite=Eranthis,  q.v.    W.  c/ierry=Physalirt 

alkekengi      W.  creM=Barbarea,  q.v.      W* 

green=Pyrol*.  q.v.     Oil  of  W.  ?r«»=Gaul- 

thericacid.    W.  yree>u=lSrmlaoMB,  q.v.    W. 

teason,  r.  Seasons.     W.  toUtice,  v.  Solstice. 
Winterace»,  (win-ter-ft'se-e).     [Captain  Win- 
ter.]   A  family  of  aromatic  plants  belonging 

to  Ranales. 

Wipers=Tappets=Teeth  on  cams.    v.  Cam. 
Wire.     W.  worms:  larvre  of  Elateridso  tud 

other  beetles;  named  from  the  shape. 
Wisdom  teeth.    The  end  teeth  of  the  upper 

jaw  in  man. 
Witch.      W.  hazels  =  HamamelidaoetB,"f.«t. 

W.  «£m=Ulmus  montana. 
Witherite,  (wiTH'sr-It)=  Native  carbonate  of 

barium :  a  poisonous  mineral,  crystallising  in 

rhombs. 
Withy,  (wiTH'i).     [Wiling,  the  A.-S.  name.]  = 

Salix  progilis:  a  variety 

of  the  willow. 
Woad,  (wod).  [Wad,  the 

A.-S.    name.]  =  Isatis 

tinctoria=Qenista  tinc- 

toria  :    a    plant    from 

which  a  blue  dye-stuff 

is  obtained. 
Wolf,  (woolf).      [Wulf,  the  A.-S.   name.]= 

Lupus :  an  animal 

belonging   to  Car- 

nivora.   Strand  W. 

=  Hyaena   villosa. 

Tasmanian     W.  = 

Canis  dingo. 

W.  &erry=Symphori- 

carpas     occidental  is. 

W.  do$r=Canis  grains 

Hibernicus.     W.  fish 

=Anarrhichas  lupus. 

Tarantula.     W.'s  6an«=Acouitum. 
Wolfram,  (wodrfram).     [The  German  word.] 

=Tungstate  of  iron :  a  native  ore  of  tungsten, 

crystallising  in  rhombs. 
Wolframium,   (wo61-fra'mi-um). 

:=W=Tungsten,  q.v. 
Wollastpn's   battery.      [Dr.  Wollaston.]     A 

galvanic  battery,  consisting  of   a  series  of 

zinc  and  copper  cells,  so  arranged  that  all 


WolL 


W. 


[Wolfram.] 


the  plates  can  be  at  once  lifted  from  the 
liquid  in  the  cells. 

Wolverene,  (wool've-ren).  [Wolf,  g.r.]=Gulo 
luscus,  q.v.;  also  called  Glutton. 

Womb,  (woom).  [The  A.-S.  word. ]= Matrix: 
a  general  term  for  the  uterus,  or  fur  any 
cavity  in  which  generation  takes  place. 

Wombat,  (wdm'bat).  [Womb,  g.v.]=Didelr>his 
nrsina:  a  marsupial  animal. 

Wood,  (wood).  [Wiulu,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
hard  vascular  portion  of  the  stein  :in<l 
branches  of  plants,  between  the  bark  and 
the  pith;  when  in  large  pieces  =  TimU T. 
Heart  Hr.=Duramen,  q.v.  Leather  W.,  v. 
Leather  wood.  Mountain  W.:  a  variety  of 
asbestos.  Ornamental  W.  work,  v.  Parquetry 
and  Marquetry.  Sop  W. = Alburnum,  q.v. 
White  W.  =  Lariodendron,  q.v.  W.  ant  = 
Formica  rufa.  W.  app/«=Feronia  elcph m- 
tum.  W.  avens  =  Geum,  q.v.  W.  bine= 
Honey0uckle=Louicera  periclyn«-inuin  ir. 
bo)*in^<Artmp=Cheluraterebrai)8.  II'. 
a  burrowing  animal  bel<>!  -M  ;  ID 
W.  coc*=Scolopax 
rustioola.  W.  cut- 
tinfr=W.  engraving: 
a  process  by  which 
a  design  is  cut  on  a 
Mrikft*  of  wood,  so 
that  it  can  be  trans- 
ferred by  printing, 
v.  Xylography.  W. 
gat :  carburetted 
hydrogen  obtained  from  wood.  W.  humble 
6«=Bombus  lucorum.  W.  iron:  a  fibrous 
variety  of  chalybite,  q.v.;  also  of  limonite, 
q.v.  W.  lice  =  Isopcida,  q.v.  W.  louse  — 
Oniscus :  belongs  to  Isopotla.  W.  mitfs= 
Oribatidae,  q.v.  W.  tnou««=Mus  sylvaticus. 
W.  nap/itAa=Naphtha  Obtained  from  wood 
by  distillation.  W.  nymph  =  Thalurauia 
glaucopis:  a  humming  bird.  W.  opal:  sili- 
cified  wood.  W.  pecker  =  Picus  and  other 
genera.  W.  rw/f=Asperula 
odorata.  W.  7-u«A=Luzula, 
q.v.  W.  sorrel  =  Oxalis, 
q.v.  W.  *piri<=Carbinol 
=Methyl  alcohol.  W.  tin: 
tin  ore  with  a  fibrous 
woody  appearance.  W. 
war6ier=Sylvia  sylvicola 
=Phylloscopus  Bibilatrix. 

Wool,  (wool).  [Wull,  the 
A.-S.  word.]  The  soft 
curly  variety  of  hair  found 
on  sheep,  &c. 

Woolffian  bodies,  (wool'fi-ari).  Tlie  primitive 
form  of  the  urinary  gland :  they  are  ab- 
sorbed as  the  kidneys  (which  they  represent), 
are  developed. 

Woolly,  (wool'li).  [Wool,  q.v.]  Having  the 
character  of  wool.  W.  6«ar=Larva  of  tiger 
moth.  W.  lemur:  belongs  to  Indrisinae. 

Woolwich  and  Reading  beds  =  Plastic  clay. 
Beds  of  clay  and  sand  belonging  to  Lower 
Eocene  formations. 

Woolwich  gun.    r.  Gun. 

Wootz,  (wotz)= Indian  steel:  a  fine  variety  of 
steel. 


Woodpecker. 


WOBK 


347 


XYLITE 


Work.  Unit  of  W. :  in  Britain  the  power  to 
raise  1  Ib.  through  1  foot  of  distance :  the 
power  to  raise  33000  Ibs.  weight  through  a 
distance  of  1  foot  in  1  minute  is  generally 
reckoned  as  the  unit  of  horse-power. 

Worm.  (werm).  [Wj/rm,  the  A.-S.  word.]  r. 
Worms.  'Bladder  JT.=Hydatid,  q.v.  Fluke 
W.,  v.  Fluke.  Glow  >F.=Lampyris  noctiluca. 
Guinea  W.,  v.  Guinea  worm.  Lob  W.= 
Earth  W.= Annelida  terricola.  Slow  W.= 
Blind  W.,  q.v.  Thread  W.  =Oxyuris,  q.v.  W. 
t?-ocfcs=.Helminthites,  v.  Lithichnozoa.  W. 
wheel :  one  having  teeth  on  the  edge  adapted 
to  fit  the  teeth  on  a  screw  or  worm. 

Worms,  (wermz)= Annelidans:  animals  repre- 
senting the  lowest  form  of  Articulata;  having 
elongated  bodies,  formed  of  numerous  rings, 
a  soft  integument,  and  feeble  limbs.  Used 
V»y  Linnaeus  to  include  all  known  Inverte- 
brata  except  insects.  Earth  JF.=Lumbrici. 
Hair  W.  =  Gordiaceae.  Mud  Wr.=Limicolae. 
Ribbon  TF.=Nemertida,  q.v.  Sea  W.:  be- 
longing to  Errantia,  q.v.  Water  W.=Nai- 
didae,  q.v. 

Wormwood= Artemisia,  q.v. 

Wort,  (wert).  [Ger.  irurz,  plant.]  Gipsy  W. 
=Lycopus.  Glass  IK.=Salicornia.  Horn. 
W.  -=Ceratophyllum.  Lead  JF.=Plumbago. 
Liver  TF.=Marchantia.  Madder  JF.=As- 
perugo.  Moon  W.=Botrychium.  Mother 
JF.=Leonurus.  Mud  TF.=Limosella.  Pepper 
W.  =  Lepidium.  Spear  W.  =  Ranunculus 
lingua.  Wound  TT.=Stachys. 

Worts,  (werts).  [Wort,  q.v.]  Apple  W.= 
Tomaceae."  Birch  Tf^Betulaceae.  Gutter 
W.  =  Lentibulariaceie.  Crown  F".=Male 


fiherbiacepe.  Ginger  W.  =Zingiberaceae.  Horn 

TF.^Ceratophyllacese.      Knot    W.  =  Illece- 

braceae.     Lead    JF.=Plumbaginacea3.      Lily 

tt'.=Liliaceae.  Liver  TF.=Hepatiese.  Madder 

»r.=Galiaceae. 
Wrack,  (rak).     Grass  IP.  =Zostera,  q.v.     Sea 

Ws.  =Zosteracere,  q.v. 
Wrasse,  (ras).     [Wrach,  the  Welsh  name.]= 

Rock-fish =Labrus,  q.v. 
Wrasses,   (ras'ez).      [Wrasse,  q.v.]  =  Cyclola- 

brida8=Labridae,  q.v. 
Wren.  (ren).     [Wrenna,  the  A.-S.  name.]= 

Troglodytes  vulgur :    a 

building  bird.  Reed  W. 

=Salicaria  strepera. 
Wrist,     (  rist  ).       [  The 

A.-S.    word.]=Carpus: 

the    bones    connecting 

the  hand  and  arm . 
Writing,  (rit'ing).  [A.-S. 

writan, to  write.]  Sculp- 
ture JF.=Hieroglyphics. 
Written.     W.  Jicfcen=Opegrapha  scripts . 
Wrought-iron=Soft  iron : 

cast-iron  rendered  tough 

and  malleable. 
Wryneck=T 

=Cuckoo*8  mate. 
Wyandotte  cave.     In 

Louis  Limestone,    Ci 

ford  county,   South-west., . 

Indiana.  /j 

Wych  elm  =  Witch  elm,  /"  A 

q.v. 

Wurzel,  (wer-zel).  v.  Man- 
gel-wurzel Wryneck. 


Wren. 


X. 


Xanthates,  (zan'thats).  [Xanthic,  q.v.]  Com- 
pounds of  xanthic  acid  and  bases. 

Xanthic  acid,  (zau'thik).  [Gk.  xanthos, 
yellow.]=C3H6OSo:  a  viuic  acid;  also  called 
Ethyl  sulpho-carbonic  acid. 

Xanthin,  (zan'thin).  [Gk.  xanthos,  yellow.] 
A  yellow  colouring  matter  obtained  from 
flowers. 

Xanthine,  (zan'thin).  [Gk.  xanthos,  yellow.] 
=Xanthic  oxide=CgH4N4O2:  a  white  powder 
found  in  the  brain,  liver,  &c.,  and  in  urinary 
calculi.  Hypo  X.  =Xanthine  with  one  atom 
less  of  O. 

Xanthium,(zan'thi-um).  [Gk.  xanthos,  yellow.] 
An  herb  belonging  to  Asteracese. 

Xanthophyll,  ( zan'tho-fil ).  [Gk.  xanthos, 
yellow  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  A  bright  yellow 
colouring  matter  found  in  leaves. 

Xanthornis,  (zan-thor'nis).  [Gk.  xanthos, 
yellow ;  ornis,  bird.]  A  bird  belonging  to 
Sturnidse. 

Xanthorrhosa,  (zan-tho-re'a).  [Gk.  xanthos, 
yellow. ]=Grass  tree:  a  plant  belonging  to 
Liliaceae.  X.  o?-&orea=Botany  Bay  gum  tree. 

Xanthoxylacese,  (zan-thoks-i-la'se-e).  [Xan- 
thoxylum,  the  typical  genus.] =Xanthoxyds: 
trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  tropical,  belonging 
to  Rutales. 


Xebec,  (ze'bek).  [Xebeque,  the  Spanish  name.] 
A    small    three-masted 
vessel. 

Xenogenesis,  (zen-o-gen'- 
e-sis).  [Gk.  xenos,  stran-    =r£ 
ger  ;    Genesis,    q.v.  ]=  y~~ 
Heterogenesis,  q.v.  Ex-  1 
amples    of  X. ;    galls,  J 
tumours,  corns,  &c. 

Xiphias,  (zif'i-as).     [Gk.y/ 
xiphos,  sword.]   Sword- 
fish:  a  fish  belonging  to  1 
Scorn  bridge,  named  from    ~" 
its     long     sword -like  Xe)>cc. 

beak. 

Xiphodon,  (zifo-don).  [Gk.  xiphos,  sword; 
odous,  tooth.] =Anoplotherium  gracile  :  fos- 
sil remains  of  which  are  found  in  Upper 
Eocene  of  France. 

Xiphosura,  (zif-6-su'ra).  [Gk.  xiphos,  sword; 
ura,  tail.]  =  King-crab,  &c.=Merostomata, 
q.v. 

Xylem,  (znem).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood.]  A  con- 
stituent of  fibro-vascular  tissue,  or  wood, 
which  consists  of  xylem  and  phlcem  ;  xylem 
being  more  abundant  in  the  wood  of  Exogens 
and  phlcem  in  that  of  Lycopods, 

Xylite,  (zi'lit).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood.]  A  mineral, 


XYLO 


348 


YUCCA 


chiefly  iron  ore;  also  called  Mountain-wood, 
from  its  woody  appearance. 

Xylo,  (zi'lo).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood.]  A  prefix 
implying  some  relation  to  wood. 

Xylocopa,  (zi-lok'o-pa).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood; 
koplo,  I  cut.]  Carpenter  bees:  insects  be- 
longing to  Hymenoptera. 

Xylography,  (zi-log'ra-fi).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood; 
grapho,  I  write.]  Wood-cutting  ;  wood- 
engraving  ;  the  art  of  cutting  designs  on 
wood  for  the  purpose  of  being  printed, 
from. 

Xylol,  (zllol).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood.]=C8H10= 
Dimethyl  benzol :  a  hydrocarbon  obtained 
from  wood-spirit. 

Xylophagi,  (zi-lofa-ji).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood; 
phago,  I  eat.]=Timber-eaters=Hyle«imd»: 
a  family  of  insects  belonging  to  Coleoptenu 


Xylopia.  (zi-ld'pi-a).  A  pl;mt  belonging  to 
Anonaceaj.  X.  glabra=^ Bitter  wood. 

Xylophyll*,  (zMofil-a).  [Gk.  xylon,  wood; 
phyllon,  leaf.]  W.  Indian  plants,  belonging 
to  Euphorbiacese. 

Xylyl,  (zllil).  [  Gk.  xylon,  wood;  hyle, 
material J  The  radicle  of  the  xylylio  aeries 
of  compounds;  also  called  Formyl. 

XylyliarzCgHjiN :  an  oily  base  belonging  to 
the  aniline  senes. 

Xyridace«,  (zi-ri-da'se-8).  [Xyris,  the  typirnl 
genus.  ]=Xy  rids:  herbaceous  plants,  elm •tiy 
tropical,  with  thread-like  leaves  and  gay 
terminal  flowers,  belonging  to  Xyridalus. 

Xyridales,  (zi-ri-da'lez).  [Xyridacew,  q.v.]= 
Water-wort*,  spider-worts,  &c.:  plants  with 
bisexual  tripetaloid  flowers,  forming  a  divi- 
sion of  Endogeus. 


Y. 


Yacht,  (yot).     [Jagi,  the  Dutch  word.]    A 

sea-going  vessel  adapted    for  speed  or  for 

pleasure-travelling. 
Yak,  (yak)=Poephagu«:  an  ox-like  animal, 

belonging  to  Bovidae,  found  in  Central  Asia. 
Yams,  (yamz).  (Jhanie,  the  W.  Indian  name.] 

l.=Dioscoreaceie,?.v.  2.  The 

fniit :  large  fleshy  tubers, 

much  used  for  food. 
Yapock,  (ya'pok)=Didelphis 

paJmata  :    a   semi -aquatic 

marsupial  animaL 
Yard,  (yird).  [A.-S.  geard,  a 

measuring  rod.  ]  The  stand- 
ard measure  of  length =36 

in.=38?8H  of  the  len«th 

of  a  pendulum  which  oscillates  once  every 

second  at  the  sea-level.   Golden  T.,  v.  Orion. 

Yarn,  (yarn).  [Oearn,  the  A.-S.  word.]  1. 
Woollen  threads.  2.  A  general  term  for 
thread,  whether  of  wool,  cotton,  or  linen. 

Yarrow,  (yar'ro)  =  Achillea  millefolium  :  a 
plant  belonging  to  Asteracese. 

Yawl.  (yawl).  (Jol,  the  Dutch  word.]  A 
small  launch,  about  25  feet  long;  also  called 
Jolly-boat. 

Year,  (y6r).  [Gear,  the  A.-S.  word.]  The 
time  required  for  one  revolution  of  the  Earth 
round  the  Sun.  Anomalistic  F.=365  days 
6  h.  13  m.  49-3  sec.  Civil  Y.  =365  days  5  h. 
4Sra.  497  sec.  Julian  Y.=0regorian  F.= 
305  days  6  h.  Sidereal  T.:  time  of  recurrence 
of  a  given  fixed  star  in  the  same  position= 
365  days  6  h.  9  m.  9'6  sec.  Solar  7. :  interval 
between  two  passages  through  the  vernal 
equinox=365  days  5  h.  48  m.  46  sec. 

Yeast,  (yest).  [Gist,  the  A.-S.  word.]=Torulae 
=Barm :  minute  fungi,  belonging  to  Muce- 
dines,  reproduced  by  gemmation;  used  to 
produce  alcoholic  fermentation  of  eugar. 
German  Y.:  dried  yeast,  imported  in  cakes, 
obtained  by  the  brewing  of  Bavarian  beer. 

Yelk,  (yelk).  [Geolca,  the  A.-S.  word.]= 
Yitellus;  also  called  Yolk. 


Yellow,  (yello).  [Geolu,  the  A.-S.  word.) 
One  of  tlie  colours  of  the  spectrum.  Imim  n 
T. = Euxanthate  of  magnesium.  Napla  Y. , 
v.  Naples.  Y.  baltam,  v.  Impatiens.  Y. 
<*ntaury=Chlora,  q.v.  Y.  cora«tn«=Aurin.-, 
o.r.  Y.  dyet:  obtained  from  fustic,  morin- 
din,  turmeric,  weld,  Ac.  Y.  flag;  Iris  pseu- 
dacoras.  Y.  Aamm«r=Enih«riza  citrinella. 
}'.  light  exerts  no  chemir.il  action,  v. 
Actinism.  Y.  7ne*af=Muntz's  metal.  Y. 
ochre:  a  clay  coloured  with  oxide  of  iron:  an 
earthy  variety  of  limonite,  q.v.  Y.  pigments: 
obtained  from  antimony,  arsenic,  chalk, 
chromium,  lead,  &c.  Y.  race:  include* 
Chinese,  Esquimaux,  Japanese,  Lappn,  Mon- 
gols, &c.  Y.  raftf«=Rninanthus,  q.v.  Y. 
«nato=Chilabrothrus  inomatus.  Y.  tpol:  in 
the  retina  of  the  eye,  v.  Macula  lute.i  ami 
Foramen.  Y.  ttart:  Altair,  Arcturus,  Kocab, 
Polaris,  Procyon,  Rigel,  &c.  Y.  irater-lily= 
Nuphar,  q.v.  Y.  wor<=Y.  centaury,  q.v. 

Yew,  (Q).     [Eow,  the  A.-S.  name.]  =  Taxus, 

-K'(il).  [Gk.  hyle, 
material.]  A  ter- 
mination used  for 
the  names  of  chemi- 
cal radicles. 

Yorubans.  An  Af- 
rican  people. 

Yphantet,(i-fan'tez). 
[Gk.  yphantes,  wea- 
ver.) A  bird,  v. 
Oriole. 

Yponomenta,(T-pon-  Yew. 

6-mQ'ta.)  [Gk.  yponomeutes,  miner.]=nypo- 
nomeuta  :  a  moth.  Y.  padella  =  Ermine 
moth. 

Yttria,  (it'ri-a).  [Ytterby,  in  Sweden.]=YO: 
oxide  of  yttrium,  a  rare  earth. 

Yttrium,  (it'ri-um).  [Yttria/ 3. r.]=Y:  one  of 
the  earth  metals;  very  rare. 

Yucca,  (yok'ka).  A  plant  belonging  to  Lili- 
ace»;  also  called  Adam's  needle. 


ZAFFEE 


349 


ZODIAC 


Z. 


Zaffre,  (zaf  fer).  A  mineral:  chiefly  oxide  of 
cobalt;  also  called  Zaphara. 

Zambo,  (zaui'bo).  Offspring  of  red  and  black 
parents;  also  used  for  the  child  of  a  mulatto 
and  a  negro. 

Zamboni's  pile,  A  dry  pile  (v.  Pile),  in  which 
binoxide  of  manganese,  and  tin  or  silver  are 
used. 

Zamia,  (za'mi-a).  [L.  zamia,  loss.]  A  tree  be- 
longing to  Cycadaceae.  Z.  co$Va=Bread  tree. 

Zannichellia,  (zan-i-chelli-a).  [Sig.  Zanni- 
chelli.)  Homed  pond-weed:  a  plant  belong- 
ing to  NaiadacesB. 

Zanonia,  (za-no'ni-a).  [Sig.  Zanoni,  of  Bo- 
logna.] A  plant  belonging  to  Cucurbitaceae. 
Z.  7ncZica=Bandolier=  Indian  cucumber. 

Zapornia,  (za-por'ni-a).  Spotted  crake:  a  bird 
belonging  to  Rallidae. 

Zea,  (ze'a).  [The  Latin  name.]  A  plant  be- 
longing to  Grammacese;  also  called  Maize  and 
Indian  corn. 

Zealand.  NewZ.,fiax= 
Phormium,  q.v.  New 
Z.  porcupine  «=  Myr- 
mecophaga  aculeata. 

Zebeck.    v.  Xebec. 

Zebra,  (zo'bra).  [The 
Spanish  name.  ]  = 
Asinus  Zebra:  a  horse- 
like  animal,  white, 
with  black  bands, 
found  in  S.  Africa.  Zebra. 

Zebu,   (ze-bo').     [The  Hindoo  uame.]  =  Bos 
Indicus :    an    ox-like 
animal  belonging  to 
Bovidae. 

Zechstein=:Mine  stone: 
the  German  represen- 
tative of  Upper  Per- 
mian strata. 

Zenith,  (zen'ith).  [Cor- 
ruption of  Arabic 
Semt-ur-ras,  vertical 
place.]  The  point  of 
the  heavens  directly  overhead ;  ef.  Nadir.  Z. 
dis£cmce=Angnlar  distance  from  the  zenith. 

Zeolites,  (ze'6-llts).  [Gk.  zeo,  to  boil.]  Sili- 
cates of  alumina,  lime,  &c.,  which  boil  when 
strongly  heated.  Needle  Z.=Natrolite.  Z. 
group  of  minerals:  includes  analcite,  iiatro- 
lite,  stilbite,  and  chabazite;  silicates  of  alu- 
mina, &c.,  found  in  volcanic  districts. 

Zero,  (zS'ro).  [It.  zero,  naught.]  In  Centi- 
grade and  Reaumur's  scales=Freezing  point 
of  water:  in  Fahrenheit's  8cale=32°  below 
freezing  point  of  water.  Absolute  Z.= 
—  273°  C.,  at  which  temperature  any  given 
body  is  supposed  to  contain  no  heat.  Gene- 
rally, zero  is  0°  of  any  scale. 

Zeuglodon,  (zu'glo-don).  [Gk.  zeugle,  yoke- 
strap;  odous,  tooth. ]=Basilosaurus :  an  ex- 
tinct cetacean  animal,  about  70  ft.  long, 
whose  teeth  were  in  two  groups  united  by  a 
band;  known  by  fossil  remains,  found  in 
Eocene  strata  of  America. 


Zeus,  (ze'us).  A  fish  belonging  to  Scombridae. 
Z./u6er=Dory. 

Zinc,  (zingk).  [Zinl;  the  German  word.]= 
Zn"=Spelter:  one  of  the  magnesian  metals; 
a  hard  bluish  crystalline  metal,  much  used 
to  coat  sheet-iron  with,  and  as  a  constituent 
in  brass.  Z.  carbon  battery ='Bunaeu' a  bat- 
tery. Z.  ethyl=Zn(C<>H.5fo.  an  odorous  trans- 
parent liquid,  which  ignites  in  contact  with 
air.  Z.  glance  =  Siliceous  calamine.  Z. 
group  of  minerals:  includes  calamine,  smith- 
sonite,  and  blende.  Z.  methyL=Zn(Cll^:  a 
volatile  strongly  odorous  liquid,  which  takes 
fire  in  contact  with  air,  and  explodes  iix 
oxygen.  Z.  spor=Calamine. 

Zincic,  (zin'sik).  [Zinc,  q.v.]  Related  to  zinc. 
Z.  sulphide=Bleude. 

Zincography,  (zing-kog'ra-fi).  [Zinc,  q.v. ;  Gk. 
graplio,  I  write.]  Engraving  on  zinc  plates, 
used  for  printing  maps,  plans,  writings,  &c. 
Photo-Z.:  a  process  by  which  a  photographic 
print  is  transferred  to  a  zinc  plate,  and  en- 
graved for  printing  from. 

Zingari=Gipsie8,  q.v.    , 

Zingiber,  (zin'ji-b§r).  [The  Latin" name.]= 
Ginger:  a  tree  belonging  to  Zingiberaceae. 

Zingiberaceae,  (zin-jib'er-a-se-e).  [Ziugiber, 
q.v.]  =  Ginger-worts:  herbaceous  aromatic 
plants,  with  creeping  rhizome  .  and  ;  gay 
flowers,  belonging  to  Amomales. 

Ziphius.     A  cetacean  animal.       « 

Zircon,  (zer'kon).  [The  Cingalese"word.]= 
Zirconic  silicate:  a  mineral  from  which  zir- 
conium  is  obtained. 

Zirconia,  (zer-ko'ni-a).^  [Zircon,'5.v.]=ZrO2: 
oxide  of  zirconium. 

Zirconium,  (zer-ko'ni-tim).  *  [Zircon,  q.v.]= 
Zr"":  one  of  the  silicon  group  of  elements; 
a  rare  metal. 

Zoa,  (zo'a).  [Gk.  zoon,  animal.]  J  Aristotle's 
term  for  all  animals. 

Zoanthida,  (zo-anth'i-da).  [Gk.  zoon,  animal; 
anthos,  flower;  eidox,  form.]  Intermediate 
between  Acrita  and  Radiata  in  M'Leay's 
arrangement,  q.v. 

Zoantharia,(z5-an-tha'ri-a).  [Gk.  zoon,  animal; 
anthos,  flower.]  1.  A  general  term  for  helian- 
thoid  polypes,named  from  their  flower-like  ap- 
pearance. 2.  De  Blainville's  term  for  Actiniae. 

Zoarces.  A  fish  belonging  to  Gobiidse.  Z.  vivi- 
parus= Viviparous  blenny,  also  called  Green- 
bone,  which  brings  forth  its  offspring  alive. 
|  Zodiac,  (zo'di-ak).    [Zodiakos,  the  Greek  word.] 

A  zone  of  the  hea-  N 

|  vens,  which  includes 
all  the  apparent 
motions  of  the  Sun, 
Moon,  and  greater 
planets.  It  is  di- 
vided into  twelve 
equal  portions,  each 
called  a  sign ;  of 
these  the  names  are 
as  follows,  three 
belonging  to  each  Zodiac. 


ZODIACAL 


350 


ZYMOTIC 


>n.  Spring:  Aries,  Taurus,  Gemini. 
Summer:  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo.  Autumn: 
Libra,  Scorpio,  Sagittarius.  Winter:  Cap- 
ricorn, Aquarius,  Pisces.  The  signs  and 
the  constellations  of  the  Zodiac  do  not 
now  agree,  owing  to  the  precession  of  the 
equinoxes. 

Zodiacal,  (z5-di'a-kal).  [Zodiac,  q.v.]  Z. 
light:  a  ring  of  nebulous  matter  seen  near 
the  ecliptic.  Z.  conttellationt:  the  twelve 
constellations  through  which  the  Sun  passes, 
at  one  time  identical  with  the  signs  of  the 
Zodiac;  and  having  still  the  same  names. 

Zoea.  (zo'e-a).  [Gk.  toe,  life.]=Zoe:  the 
earliest  form  of  shore-crab,  has  two  sessile 
eyes. 

Zoisite,  (zo'i-sit).    A  dark  variety  of  epidote. 

Zonary  placenta,  (zo'na-ri).  [Gk.  tone, 
belt]  A  deciduous  placenta,  in  which  the 
villi  of  the  chorion  are  arranged  in  a  zone 
or  belt. 

Zones  of  the  earth.  Torrid  Z.:  the  central 
zone,  extending  23)*  « 

N.  and  S.  of  the  equa- 
tor. Two  frigid  Z*.: 
extending  234"  round 
the  poles.  Two  tem- 
perate Zt.:  bui»««H 
the  torrid  and  frigid 
zones. 

Zones  of  life,  Littoral: 
between  high  and  low 
watermarks.    Lamin- 
anan;   between    low 
water  and  15  fathoms. 
15  and  50  fathoms. 
50  fathoms. 


Coralline: 
Dttp  Sta  Coral:  below 


Zooid,  (zo'oid).  [Gk.  soon,  animal;  eidot, 
form.]  A  general  term  for  any  organisms, 
such  as  polyps,  7. r.:  the  individual  organism 
produced  by  gemmation. 

Zoological  anatomy.  The  science  of  the  general 
structure  and  adaptation  of  animals. 

Zoology,  (zd-ol'6-ji).  [Gk.  toon,  animal;  logos, 
discourse.]  The  science  of  animal  life:  the 
branch  of  biology  relating  to  the  nature  and 
habit  of  animals.  Z.  of  6trd»=Ornithology. 
Z.  of,fishet= Ichthyology.  Z.  ofinttctt—  En- 
tomology. 

Zoon,  (zoon).  [Gk.  roon,  animal.]  An  indi- 
vidual animal,  whether  mammal,  bird,  &c. , 
or  a  niuuiK-r  of  zooids. 

Zoophagoida,  (zo-of-a-goi'da).  [Gk.  zoon,  ani- 
mal; phago,  I  eat.]  Beings  subsisting  on 
animal  and  azotised  vegetable  food. 

Zoophyta,  (zo-ofi-ta).  [Gk.  coon,  animal; 
phylon,  plant.]  A  general  term  for  radiate 
animals,  or  for  those  having  any  resemblance 
in  form  to  planU.  v.  Zoophytes. 

Zoophytes,    (zo'o-fits).      [Gk.   soon,    animal; 


phyton,  plan  t.]= Protozoa  and 
Ccelenterata:  first  used  to  ex- 
preM  the  plant-like  form  of 
animal  life:  sometimes  mis- 
taken to  mean  something  in- 
termediate between  plant*  and 
animals.  GUutZt.=Ilya.lone- 
mad»,  q.v.  Ilydroid  Zt.= 
Hydroida,  q.v.  Zoophyta. 

Zoospores,  (zoos-porz).  [Gk.  zoon,  animal: 
tporn,  seed.]  Bulb-like  products  of  vegetative 
growth,  in  algae,  mould*,  &c. 

Zoothome,  (zo'o-thom).  [Gk.  toon,  animal: 
thoMot,  heap.]  The  compound  animal  luaos 
of  coral  polyps:  a  living  sheet  of  animal 
matter,  fed  and  nourished  by  numerous 
mouths  and  as  many  stomachs;  formerly 
called  Zoophyte. 

Zootica,  (zo-otl-ka).  A  lizard  belonging  to 
I^certa,  q.v.  Z.  ri»ipar«=Scaly  lizard. 

Zootoka,  (zo-ot  o-ka).  Used  by  Owen  as  equi- 
valent to  Mammalia. 

Zootomy,  (  zo-ot '6-mi ).  [Gk.  zoon,  animal: 
tome,  section.]  Anatomy  of  animals  as  dis- 
tinct from  that  of  the  human  body.  Z.  of 
birdt  =  Ornithotomy.  Z.  of  inttctt=:  Ento- 
</".  Phytotomy. 

A  bright  scarlet  star-fish,  first 
discovered  in  1869. 

Zostera,  (zos'tcr-a).  (Gk.  totter,  girdle.]=Grasi 
wrack:  a  plant  belonging  to  Zosteraoee. 

ZosKracess,  (zos-te.r-a'se-<<).  [Zostera,  o.r.]a 
Sea-wracks:  marine  plants,  resembling  sea- 
weeds, with  small  naked  flowers,  found  at 
the  bottom  of  the  sea, 

IjfgasU,  (zi-gu'na).  Z.  malleut  =  Uammer- 
i.i  i'ii  .i  .-<ii.ii  K. 

Zygantruro,  (zi-gan'trum).  [Gk.  sygon,  yoke; 
anfruni,  cave.]  A  cavity  in  the  vertebra;  of 
serpents. 

Zygapophysis,  (zl-ga-pofi-sis).  [Gk.  tygon, 
yoke;  apophytii,  outgrowth.]  Processes  of 
v»li»sB%  by  means  of  which  they  are  con- 
nected. 

Zygoma,  (zf-g<yma)i  [Gk.  tygonu,  yoke.]  The 
arch  at  the  side  of  the  skull. 

Zygophyllacese,  (zi-go-fil-la'se-C).  [Zygoph.vl- 
lum,  typical  genus.]=Bean  capers:  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  very  hard  wood,  belonging  to 
Uutales. 

Zygopteris,  (zl-gop'ter-is).     A  fossil  leaf  stalk. 

Zygosphcne,  (zi'g6-sfCn).  [Gk.  zyyon,  yoke: 
sphen,  Wedge.]  A  wedge-like  projection  of 
the  vertebra  of  snakes. 

Zygospore,  ( zi'go-spor ).  [Gk.  sygon,  yoke; 
spora,  seed.]  Formed  of  small  cells  break- 
ing into  one  larger,  as  in  fungi. 

Zymotic  diseases,  (zi-mot'ik).  (Gk.  zymosis, 
fermentation.]  Those  communicable  by  con- 
tagion of  a  fermentable  virus. 


TABLES. 


MEASURES  OF  WEIGHT. 

AVOIRDUPOISE  WEIGHT. 

Used  for  all  goods  sold  by  weight,  excepting 

gold,  silver,  and  gems. 

cwts.     qr.    pounds      ounces.        drams. 
1  ton.  .  .  =  20  =  SO  =  2240  =  35,840  =  573,440 
Icwt  .......    =    4  =    112=     1792=    28,672 

1  quarter  .............  28=       448=       7168 

IrtOM  ...............  14=       224=       3584 

1  pound  .......................  16=      ^256 

1  ounce  .................................  16 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

Used  for  weighing  gold,  silver,  and  precious 
stone*. 

ounces,  drams,  temples,  grains. 
=  12  =  96  =  288  =  5700 
=    8=    24=    480 
=       3=       CO 


1  pound 
lounce 

1  drain 
1  scruule 


APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

Used  in  the  preparation  of  drugs  for  medical 

use. 
ounces,  drams,  scruples,  grains. 

1  pound =  12  =  96  =  288  =  5760 

lounce =    8=    24=    480 

1  .Irani =       3=       60 

1  scruple 20 

The  pound,  ounce,  and  grain,  are  alike  in 
Troy  and  Apothecaries'  Weight. 

LONG  MEASURE. 
Used  for  measurement  of  length  only. 

furs.  chns.  phs.  yards.  feet.  Inches. 
1  mile  =8=80=320  =  1760  =5280  =63,360 
1  furlong  =10=  40  =  220  =  660  =  7920 

1  chain 8=     22    =     66   =      792 

1  perch 5i=     16i=      198 

lyard 3    =         36 

1  foot 12 

1  league  =3  miles. 
1  fathom =2  yards. 
1  haud. .  =4  ins.  (used  in  horse  measurement). 


CLOTH  MEASURE. 

quarter     nails       inches 
1  yard  ..............  =4    =16    =36 

1  quarter  ..................  =    4    =    9 

liiail  ............................  =    2J 

An  ell=lj  yards. 

A  French  ell=l  J  yards. 

SOLID  MEASURE. 
•  (Also  called  CUBIC  MEASURE.) 
1  cubic  yard  .......  =  27  cubic  feet. 

1  cubic  foot  ........  =  1728  cubic  inches. 

42  cubic  feet=l  ton,  as  a  measurement  of 
the  capacity  of  a  ship  for  cargo. 

METRIC  SYSTEM. 

These  numbers  are  given  to  only  two  places  of 
decimals:  the  others  can  mostly  be  inferred 
from  these. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

feet  Inches 

Metre  ..............  =3'280    =39'370 


Decimeter 
Centimetre  ......... 

Millimetre  .......... 

The  Decametre.... 

The  Hectometre.  .  . 

The  Kilometre  ---- 

The  Myriametre.  .  . 


=0'328    =    3937 
=  0'032    =    0'393 
=  0'003    =    0'039 
=  nearly  11  yards. 
=  1091  yards. 
=  nearly     of  a  mile. 
=  nearly  6$  miles. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 
The  Are  =100  sq.  metres=4  so.  poles  nearly. 
The  Hectare=10'000  „     =2fr  acres 
The  Centiare=l          „    =101  sq.  feet      „ 

MEASURES  OF  CAPACITY. 
The  Litre  ........   =  1J  pints  nearly. 

The  Deca-litre..  ..  =  2i  gallons      „ 

The  Hecto-litre  .  .  =  22        „         „ 


The  Myrio-htre  .  .  =275  bushels  nearly. 

MEASURES  OF  WEIGHT. 
The  Gramme.  .  .  .  =15£  grains  nearly. 
The  Decagramme=     1  of  an  ounce  troy  nearly. 
TheHectogramme=  3i       „ 
The  Kilogramme  =  2j  Ibs.  avoirdupoise. 
The  Myriagramme=  i  cwt.  nearly. 


NOMENCLATURE  OF  CLASSIFICATION. 

BOTANICAL. 
All  Plants  being  grouped  as 
THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM, 

This  is  divided  into Classes. 

Each  Class  into Orders. 

Each  Order  into Families. 

Each  Family  into Genera. 

Each  Genera  into Species. 

Sub-divisions  of  Species  are  called  Varieties. 


ZOOLOGICAL. 
All  Animals  being  grouped  as 
THE  ANIMAL  KINGDOM. 

This  is  divided  into Divisions. 

Each  Division  being  sub-divided  into  Classes. 
Each  Class          ,,  „  Orders. 

Each  Order        ,,  „  Families. 

Each  Family      ,,  ,,  Genera. 

Each  Genera      ,,  ,,  Species. 

Sub-divisions  of  Species  are  called  Varieties. 


Many    other    terms—  e.g.,    Sub-class,  Sub-family,  etc.;   Tribe,  Alliance,  etc.,  are  used  in 
the  various  systems  of  classification,  in  Biology. 


NOMENCLATURE  OF  CLASSIFICATION. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL. 


The  human  race  has  been  classified  by  many 
writers,  gome  of  these  classifications  are  here 
give  in  outline. 

By  Blumcnbach. 

Caucasian.  Malayan. 

Mongolian.  American. 

Negro. 

By  Buff-on. 

Lapp*.  Ethiopians. 

Tartars.  Negroes. 

Chinese.  Kaffirs. 

Malays.  Hottentots. 

Hindoos.  Esquimaux. 

Georgians.  American  Indians. 


By  Q.  Cuvicr. 


Caucasian 

or  white 

race. 


Mongolic 


Assyrians, 


. 
andl'elasgic. 


Scvthian  and 
Tartaric. 


.    Ac. 
(Hindoos,  Per- 
1  sians,    Celts, 
)  Greeks, 
?  Latins,  Ac. 

SSoythians. 
Turks,  Hun- 
garians, Tar- 
tars, Ac. 


KamUchatka, 


Ethiopio   ( 

or  black   •'  Africans  of  South  Africa, 
race.       ( 

Mixed     (  Malays,  Polynesians,  Esquimaux, 
races.      (     American  Indians,  Ac. 


By  Linncfu*. 

European  or  white.      I     African  or  1-1 
Aaiatic  or  yellow.         |     American  or  brown. 

By  Maury. 

White  race—  Arabs,  Jews,  Hindoos,  Europeans, 
lied   race— Californians,    Mexicans,    Pata- 

gonians,  Ao. 

Northern  race -Esquimaux,  Finns,  Ao. 
JUtay-Polynesian  race-Malays,  Polynesians, 

&c. 
Yellow  race  —  Mongol,  Cliinese,  Tlubetans, 

Turk*. 

Australian  race—  Papous,  Australians,  Ac. 
Hottentot  race— Hottentots.  Ac. 
Egypto-Berber  race— Egyptians,  Abyssinians, 

Barbers,  Ac. 
Negro  race— Dahomans,  Cuffres,  Ao. 

By  Quatrefaget. 

f  ( Uindoos.GreekR, 

D 1    Slavs.   • 

(    Scandinavian*. 

White  or  J  Semitic ,'  Chald«-ea,  Aral*, 

Caucasian  1  i    Egyptian*,  Ac. 

/American, 

Allophyletique^   ££*  ^ 

V  Ac. 

Yellow  or  j  Turanian,  Chinese,  Ac. 
Mongolic.  ( Esquimaux,  Ac. 


Kaffi"' 

Mixed     (  Americans,    Japanese,    Poly- 
races.      "(      n«wiait8,  AuHtrali.iiis,  Ac. 

Otljer  classifications   have  been  made  by 
Pritchard,  Latham,  Ac. 


CHEMICAL. 


Compound  tulttaneet  have  sometimes  names 
formed  by  combining  the  names  of  the  con- 
tained elements,  as  hydro-chloric,  hydro- 
potassic,  Ac. 

Metals  have  names  ending  in  urn,  as  thal- 
lium, sodium,  Ac. 

Acidt  have  names  terminating  in  ic,  as  sul- 


phuric, citric,  oxalic,  Ac.,  when  the  termina- 
tion ic  is  given  to  a  fiulMtanue  containing  the 
highest  known  quantity  of  oxygen  or  chlorine, 
as  sulphuric,  chloric,  Arc. 

The  termination  ous  is  used  for  similar  sub- 
stances containing  less  oxygen  or  chlorine, 
as  sulphurous,  chlorous,  Ac. 


NEOZOIC  . 


PALEOZOIC.. 


GEOLOGICAL. 

Post  Tertiary Recent  and  Post- Pliocene. 

Tertiary     (  Pliocene Divided  into  Newer  and  Older; 

or         J.  Miocene Divided  into  Upper  and  Lower. 

Cainozoic    (.Eocene Divided  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower. 

/rw*  f  Maastricht,  Chalk,  Chloritic,  Gault,  Neocomian, 

Secondary  (  Cretaceous  ....  -^         and  Wealden 

or         <  T  J  Purbeck,    Portland,     Kimmeridge    Clay,   Coral 

Mesozoic     I  Jura8MC \         Reef.  Oxford  Clay,  Oolite,  and  Lias. 

V  Trias Divided  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower. 

Permian 

Coal  Measures  and  Carboniferous  Limestone. 
Divided  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower. 
Divided  into  Upper  and  Lower. 
Divided  into  Upper  and  Lower. 
Divided  into  Upper  and  Lower. 


Primary 
or 

Palaeozoic 


i  Carboniferous 
)  Devonian  ... . 

}  Silurian 

f  Cambrian .... 
*  Lauren  tian  . . 


9483 


' 


.-• 


